Article(id=1320882081366922031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010255, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737561600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852429000, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852429000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852429000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852429000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=168, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882081568248624, articleId=1320882081366922031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of High-amylose Maize Starch at Different Heating Temperatures on the Pasting Properties, Gelation Behaviors and Anti-digestibility of Whole Wheat Flour, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of high-amylose maize starch (HA) on the pasting properties, gelation behavior, and anti-digestibility of whole wheat flour (WWF) under different high-temperature cooking conditions. Composite flours were formulated by incorporating varying ratios of HA into WWF, with the protein content standardized at 13.8% through gluten adjustment. The composite flours were evaluated for farinograph properties and pasting behavior, thermal characteristics, gel hardness, and digestibility following heat treatments at 100 ℃ and 140 ℃. Results demonstrated that the addition of HA increased water absorption and reduced dough development time. Wheat starch (WHE) in WWF could gelatinize and form a gel network at temperatures below 100 ℃, while HA largely retained its granular form. At 140 ℃, HA could be fully gelatinized, with its granular structure completely destroyed. Notably, gel hardness did not show a consistent trend of reduction with increasing HA content. The enthalpy values of amylose-lipid complexes (ALC) in HA and WWF were determined to be 3.2 J/g and 1.9 J/g, respectively. However, no significant changes in enthalpy values were observed in the composite flour after the addition of HA. The RDS content of the composite flour decreased significantly compared to WWF (P<0.05) and the sum of SDS and RS content was greater than the theoretically expected value after treatments at 100 ℃ and 140 ℃. Therefore, the addition of HA could enhance the anti-digestibility of the starch of the composite system more effectively than its own anti-digestibility effect.

, authors=Duanyang LIANG1, Yangguang ZHANG1, Wenjing LUO1, Minming XU2, Jiayue GUO2, Yao HU2, Siyuan LIU2, 3, *, authorsList=Duanyang LIANG, Yangguang ZHANG, Wenjing LUO, Minming XU, Jiayue GUO, Yao HU, Siyuan LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Siyuan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882084693005115, articleId=1320882081366922031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同温度下高直链玉米淀粉对全麦面粉糊化特性、凝胶行为和抗消化性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究探究了高温蒸煮后高直链玉米淀粉(HA)对全麦面粉(WWF)的糊化特性、凝胶行为以及抗消化性的影响。首先配制了含有不同比例HA的高直链全麦复合粉,并通过调整谷朊粉添加量使其蛋白质含量保持在13.8%,然后研究了该复合粉的粉质特性和在100 ℃和140 ℃热处理下的糊化特性、热特性、凝胶强度和抗消化性等性质。结果表明,添加HA增加了面团的吸水率,缩短了面团形成时间。在100 ℃时WWF中的小麦淀粉(WHE)可以糊化形成凝胶网络结构,但是HA未发生糊化仍以淀粉颗粒形态存在;在140 ℃时,HA可以完全糊化,颗粒结构完全被破坏。在100 ℃时,复合粉的凝胶硬度并未随着HA的增加而持续减小。HA中直链淀粉-脂质复合物(ALC)的焓值为3.2 J/g,WWF中的焓值为1.9 J/g,添加HA后,复合粉的焓值并未发现显著变化。在100 ℃和140 ℃处理后,与WWF相比,复合粉的RDS含量显著下降(P<0.05),并且SDS与RS含量之和大于理论预期值,因此添加HA可以在其本身的抗消化性效果以外更有效地增强复合体系淀粉的抗消化性。

, authors=梁端阳1, 张阳光1, 罗文静1, 徐敏鸣2, 郭佳悦2, 胡瑶2, 刘思源2, 3, *, authorsList=梁端阳, 张阳光, 罗文静, 徐敏鸣, 郭佳悦, 胡瑶, 刘思源, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘思源, authorNote=

梁端阳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能碳水化合物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘思源(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能碳水化合物,E-mail:。
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梁端阳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能碳水化合物,E-mail:

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梁端阳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能碳水化合物,E-mail:

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注:图中不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Oj8xGgBOVMUFvwpnf61vBw==, figureFileBig=o2Rs0Cs0m5hx2cvJHu3YmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882090942518141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882081366922031, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of HA in different proportions on farinograph parameters of flour

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品吸水率(%)形成时间(min)稳定时间(min)断裂时间(min)
WWF71.6±0.8a11.1±0.8a12.4±0.5ab17.8±1.1a
10%HAG71.8±0.3a9.0±0.1b13.1±1.8a14.7±0.9b
20%HAG72.6±0.8a7.7±0.4bc10.7±0.2bc12.0±0.6c
30%HAG73.0±0.2a6.8±0.1c8.8±0.7c9.3±0.4d
), ArticleFig(id=1320882091231925119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882081366922031, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同添加比例HA对面粉粉质参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品吸水率(%)形成时间(min)稳定时间(min)断裂时间(min)
WWF71.6±0.8a11.1±0.8a12.4±0.5ab17.8±1.1a
10%HAG71.8±0.3a9.0±0.1b13.1±1.8a14.7±0.9b
20%HAG72.6±0.8a7.7±0.4bc10.7±0.2bc12.0±0.6c
30%HAG73.0±0.2a6.8±0.1c8.8±0.7c9.3±0.4d
), ArticleFig(id=1320882091320005504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882081366922031, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Thermal properties of mixed flour in different proportions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品第一次扫描第二次扫描
To (℃)Tp(℃)Tc(℃)ΔH (J/g)To (℃)Tp(℃)Tc(℃)ΔH (J/g)
WWF63.7±0.4a71.1±0.5a81.3±0.9a4.6±0.0a94.3±0.2a100.8±0.4ab113.5±0.4ab1.9±0.4b
10%HAG63.7±0.3a71.0±0.1a81.3±0.5a4.1±0.1ab94.2±0.1a100.7±0.3ab112.4±2.3b1.8±0.1b
20%HAG63.5±0.0a70.8±0.3a81.4±1.2a3.9±0.9ab94.0±0.1a100.4±0.5b110.8±2.2b1.9±0.4b
30%HAG63.7±0.1a70.9±0.2a81.2±0.2a3.1±0.1b93.9±0.3a100.3±0.4b110.4±0.4b2.0±0.2b
HAG86.7±2.6102.8±0.6117.3±0.611.2±1.891.1±2.4b101.2±0.2a116.3±0.9a3.2±0.4a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882091630384001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882081366922031, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同复配粉的热特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品第一次扫描第二次扫描
To (℃)Tp(℃)Tc(℃)ΔH (J/g)To (℃)Tp(℃)Tc(℃)ΔH (J/g)
WWF63.7±0.4a71.1±0.5a81.3±0.9a4.6±0.0a94.3±0.2a100.8±0.4ab113.5±0.4ab1.9±0.4b
10%HAG63.7±0.3a71.0±0.1a81.3±0.5a4.1±0.1ab94.2±0.1a100.7±0.3ab112.4±2.3b1.8±0.1b
20%HAG63.5±0.0a70.8±0.3a81.4±1.2a3.9±0.9ab94.0±0.1a100.4±0.5b110.8±2.2b1.9±0.4b
30%HAG63.7±0.1a70.9±0.2a81.2±0.2a3.1±0.1b93.9±0.3a100.3±0.4b110.4±0.4b2.0±0.2b
HAG86.7±2.6102.8±0.6117.3±0.611.2±1.891.1±2.4b101.2±0.2a116.3±0.9a3.2±0.4a
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RDS, SDS, and RS content of different proportions of compounded powders after pasting at different temperatures

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样品100 ℃140 ℃
RDS(%)SDS(%)RS(%)实际SDS+RS(%)理论SDS+RS(%)RDS(%)SDS(%)RS(%)实际SDS+RS(%)理论SDS+RS(%)
WWF63.3±0.6a16.9±2.7ab19.8±2.1b36.736.772.7±1.1a2.4±0.3b24.9±1.4b27.327.3
10%HAG61.4±0.8b19.1±4.1ab19.5±3.3b38.638.166.1±0.3b8.9±1.4ab25.0±1.8b33.929.8
20%HAG60.1±0.7bc18.0±0.9ab21.9±1.6b39.939.561.3±0.4c13.4±4.4a25.3±4.0b38.732.3
30%HAG58.9±0.2c22.7±5.5a18.4±5.8b41.140.963.1±1.9c18.5±7.5a18.4±9.4b36.934.8
HAG49.4±0.2d12.7±1.5b37.9±1.7a50.650.647.6±0.8d14.6±0.9a37.8±1.7a52.452.4
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不同比例复配粉在不同温度下糊化后的RDS、SDS和RS含量

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样品100 ℃140 ℃
RDS(%)SDS(%)RS(%)实际SDS+RS(%)理论SDS+RS(%)RDS(%)SDS(%)RS(%)实际SDS+RS(%)理论SDS+RS(%)
WWF63.3±0.6a16.9±2.7ab19.8±2.1b36.736.772.7±1.1a2.4±0.3b24.9±1.4b27.327.3
10%HAG61.4±0.8b19.1±4.1ab19.5±3.3b38.638.166.1±0.3b8.9±1.4ab25.0±1.8b33.929.8
20%HAG60.1±0.7bc18.0±0.9ab21.9±1.6b39.939.561.3±0.4c13.4±4.4a25.3±4.0b38.732.3
30%HAG58.9±0.2c22.7±5.5a18.4±5.8b41.140.963.1±1.9c18.5±7.5a18.4±9.4b36.934.8
HAG49.4±0.2d12.7±1.5b37.9±1.7a50.650.647.6±0.8d14.6±0.9a37.8±1.7a52.452.4
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不同温度下高直链玉米淀粉对全麦面粉糊化特性、凝胶行为和抗消化性的影响
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梁端阳 1 , 张阳光 1 , 罗文静 1 , 徐敏鸣 2 , 郭佳悦 2 , 胡瑶 2 , 刘思源 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(1): 168-176
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (1) : 168 -176
不同温度下高直链玉米淀粉对全麦面粉糊化特性、凝胶行为和抗消化性的影响
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梁端阳1 , 张阳光1, 罗文静1, 徐敏鸣2, 郭佳悦2, 胡瑶2, 刘思源2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457
  • 2中国农业大学营养与健康系,北京 100193
  • 3中原食品实验室,河南漯河 462300
通讯作者:
刘思源(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能碳水化合物,E-mail:。
作者简介:

梁端阳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能碳水化合物,E-mail:

Effect of High-amylose Maize Starch at Different Heating Temperatures on the Pasting Properties, Gelation Behaviors and Anti-digestibility of Whole Wheat Flour
Duanyang LIANG1 , Yangguang ZHANG1, Wenjing LUO1, Minming XU2, Jiayue GUO2, Yao HU2, Siyuan LIU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 2Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
  • 3Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010255
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本研究探究了高温蒸煮后高直链玉米淀粉(HA)对全麦面粉(WWF)的糊化特性、凝胶行为以及抗消化性的影响。首先配制了含有不同比例HA的高直链全麦复合粉,并通过调整谷朊粉添加量使其蛋白质含量保持在13.8%,然后研究了该复合粉的粉质特性和在100 ℃和140 ℃热处理下的糊化特性、热特性、凝胶强度和抗消化性等性质。结果表明,添加HA增加了面团的吸水率,缩短了面团形成时间。在100 ℃时WWF中的小麦淀粉(WHE)可以糊化形成凝胶网络结构,但是HA未发生糊化仍以淀粉颗粒形态存在;在140 ℃时,HA可以完全糊化,颗粒结构完全被破坏。在100 ℃时,复合粉的凝胶硬度并未随着HA的增加而持续减小。HA中直链淀粉-脂质复合物(ALC)的焓值为3.2 J/g,WWF中的焓值为1.9 J/g,添加HA后,复合粉的焓值并未发现显著变化。在100 ℃和140 ℃处理后,与WWF相比,复合粉的RDS含量显著下降(P<0.05),并且SDS与RS含量之和大于理论预期值,因此添加HA可以在其本身的抗消化性效果以外更有效地增强复合体系淀粉的抗消化性。

高直链玉米淀粉  /  全麦面粉  /  糊化特性  /  凝胶特性  /  抗消化性

This study investigated the effects of high-amylose maize starch (HA) on the pasting properties, gelation behavior, and anti-digestibility of whole wheat flour (WWF) under different high-temperature cooking conditions. Composite flours were formulated by incorporating varying ratios of HA into WWF, with the protein content standardized at 13.8% through gluten adjustment. The composite flours were evaluated for farinograph properties and pasting behavior, thermal characteristics, gel hardness, and digestibility following heat treatments at 100 ℃ and 140 ℃. Results demonstrated that the addition of HA increased water absorption and reduced dough development time. Wheat starch (WHE) in WWF could gelatinize and form a gel network at temperatures below 100 ℃, while HA largely retained its granular form. At 140 ℃, HA could be fully gelatinized, with its granular structure completely destroyed. Notably, gel hardness did not show a consistent trend of reduction with increasing HA content. The enthalpy values of amylose-lipid complexes (ALC) in HA and WWF were determined to be 3.2 J/g and 1.9 J/g, respectively. However, no significant changes in enthalpy values were observed in the composite flour after the addition of HA. The RDS content of the composite flour decreased significantly compared to WWF (P<0.05) and the sum of SDS and RS content was greater than the theoretically expected value after treatments at 100 ℃ and 140 ℃. Therefore, the addition of HA could enhance the anti-digestibility of the starch of the composite system more effectively than its own anti-digestibility effect.

high-amylose maize starch  /  whole wheat flour  /  pasting properties  /  gelation properties  /  anti-digestibility
梁端阳, 张阳光, 罗文静, 徐敏鸣, 郭佳悦, 胡瑶, 刘思源. 不同温度下高直链玉米淀粉对全麦面粉糊化特性、凝胶行为和抗消化性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 168 -176 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010255
Duanyang LIANG, Yangguang ZHANG, Wenjing LUO, Minming XU, Jiayue GUO, Yao HU, Siyuan LIU. Effect of High-amylose Maize Starch at Different Heating Temperatures on the Pasting Properties, Gelation Behaviors and Anti-digestibility of Whole Wheat Flour[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 168 -176 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010255
由第10版《全球糖尿病地图》中的统计数据可知,我国2021年糖尿病患病人数约1.41亿人,位居世界首位[1]。糖尿病会引起一系列的并发症,因此,严格控制血糖至关重要,通过科学的饮食控制,可以有效稳定血糖水平[2]。全麦面粉(WWF)是制作低GI食品的常用原料,但其降低淀粉消化率的能力有限[3]。进一步提高WWF的抗消化性,降低其在人体肠道的消化速率,有助于改善淀粉对人体血糖的影响[4]。
抗性淀粉(RS)是一种不能被胃和小肠消化吸收,但进入大肠后通过菌群发酵产生短链脂肪酸的淀粉和淀粉降解物[5−6]。高直链玉米淀粉(HA)是一种商品化的抗性淀粉,其直链淀粉(AM)含量达到70.0%,颗粒结构密实。长链直链淀粉双螺旋可以在100 ℃以上保持半结晶结构,使其具有相对较高的糊化温度[7]。因HA耐高温的特性,与普通淀粉相比,经高温后抗性淀粉成分保留的多,具有较高的抗消化性和较低的血糖指数[8]。因此,HA作为一种能够延缓食物消化的功能性食品原料,已被广泛应用。
流行病学研究表明,食用全谷物食品可以预防Ⅱ型糖尿病、心血管疾病等[9],100%全麦面粉制作的面包已被证明是低GI食品,然而全麦面粉比例过多在一定程度上会影响面包的品质[10]。而HA具有原淀粉粒细、色白、风味淡、口感好的特点,不会引起面包色泽、质地等品质的大幅度劣变,与传统膳食纤维相比具有明显的优势[11]。将HA加入到WWF中后,当加热至100 ℃时,HA基本保持其颗粒结构,而WWF中的小麦淀粉(WHE)则发生糊化[12]。从WHE中释放的分子链与未糊化的HA颗粒相互作用,形成较大的聚集体,从而影响淀粉的消化率。140 ℃时,HA发生糊化,游离的AM和支链淀粉(AP)链纠缠在一起,进一步影响复合体系的消化率[13−14]。
本研究以HA和WWF为原料,配制了含有不同比例HA的高直链全麦复合粉(WWF-HAG),并通过调整谷朊粉添加量使其蛋白质含量保持在13.8%,从100 ℃(WHE分子-HA颗粒相互作用)和140 ℃(WHE分子-HA分子相互作用)的不同热加工条件出发,研究了该复合粉的粉质特性和在100 ℃和140 ℃热处理下的糊化特性、热特性、凝胶强度和抗消化性等性质,为研发低GI淀粉基食品提供重要的数据支持。
高直链玉米淀粉(直链淀粉含量71.0%) 荃银祥玉(北京)生物科技有限公司;全麦面粉(小麦淀粉含量:61.1%;蛋白质含量:13.8%) 新乡良润全谷物食品有限公司;淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(P7095,260 U/mL)、猪胰酶(P7545,8 U/mL)、瓜尔胶 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;D-葡萄糖检测试剂盒(GOPOD法) 爱尔兰Megazyme公司;其他试剂均为分析纯。
JSM-7610F型SEM 日本电子株式会社;D8Advance型XRD仪 德国Bruker公司;RVA-4800快速黏度分析仪 澳大利亚Perten仪器有限公司;CTX质构仪 美国Brookfield公司;DSC-4000差示扫描量热仪 美国PerkinElmer公司;Farinograph-TS粉质仪 德国Brabender公司;MCR 302e型流变仪 奥地利Anton Paar公司;TD-5M型离心机 四川蜀科仪器有限公司;XMTD-704型恒温水浴摇床 常州普天仪器制造有限公司;SCIENTZ-12N/A真空冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司。
将HA和WWF以WHE含量为基础,配制HA比例为0%、10%、20%、30%和100%的复合粉,并添加谷朊粉使其蛋白质含量为13.8%,分别命名为WWF、10%HAG、20%HAG、30%HAG和HAG。参照杨艺[15]的方法测定WWF-HAG的粉质特性。以14.0%含水量为基础,准确称取300.0 g WWF-HAG,在程序开始前20 s加入适当质量的水,观察粉质仪的稠度变化,当其平均稠度在500±20 FU时,记录粉质仪测试结果。
参考Gu等[16]的方法并稍作修改。使用快速黏度分析仪测试WWF-HAG的成糊特性。制备7.8%干重的复合粉匀浆27.5 g,RVA程序为:在50 ℃下平衡1 min,以6 ℃/min的速率分别加热至目标温度100 ℃和140 ℃,在目标温度下保持5 min,以同样速率冷却至50 ℃,在50 ℃保持2 min,观察复合粉的糊化曲线。
使用差示扫描量热仪测试淀粉的热特性。参照Yuan等[12]的方法,在不锈钢中压液体坩埚中准确称取10 mg样品,加入3倍质量的蒸馏水,密封之后放入自封袋中涡旋将两者混匀,于室温放置2 h至充分水合。程序设置为:以10 ℃/min速率从10 ℃扫描至150 ℃,以20 ℃/min速率迅速冷却至10 ℃,再次以10 ℃/min速率从10 ℃扫描至150 ℃观察直链淀粉-脂质复合物(ALC)的解离。使用Pyris Manager软件分析热转变的起始温度(To)、峰值温度(Tp)、终止温度(Tc)和焓值(ΔH)。
参照Shahsavani等[17]的方法并稍作修改。参照1.2.2设置RVA程序制备糊化凝胶,将凝胶在室温下放置半小时之后,使用流变仪进行测试。样品间距设为1.0 mm,应力设为1%,频率扫描范围为1~100 rad/s。
通过扫描电子显微镜观察不同HA含量的糊化淀粉凝胶在贮藏期的表面微观形态变化。参考Huang等[18]的方法,参照1.2.2设置RVA程序制备糊化凝胶,将淀粉凝胶冻干后固定在铝载物台上,表面进行镀金处理后拍照,放大倍数为500倍和2000倍。
参照1.2.2设置RVA程序制备糊化凝胶,将制备好的凝胶转移至圆形带盖塑料盒内(内径35 mm)并达到约20 mm的高度。将容器盖上盖子并在4 ℃下分别贮藏0(常温放置2 h)、3、7和14 d,使用配备有TA10探头的质构仪进行测试,测试触发力为2 g,测试速度为0.5 mm/s,压缩深度为8 mm。记录压缩过程中测定的最大正向力作为凝胶硬度。
将淀粉样品在RVA中加热,参照1.2.2设置RVA程序,处理后的凝胶用液氮快速冷冻,并在冻干机中冻干48 h,使用研钵研磨并过100目筛,得到的样品用来测试淀粉的体外消化率。采用Englyst等[19]的方法并稍作修改。精确称量25 mg瓜尔胶和300 mg淀粉样品(干基),加入7.5 mL蒸馏水和2.5 mL乙酸缓冲液[20],将样品管置于37 ℃恒温水浴摇床中平衡样品10~15 min。加入2.5 mL淀粉葡萄糖苷酶和猪胰酶的混合酶,充分涡旋,放回水浴锅中水解淀粉。在样品反应20 min和120 min时,分别取出250 μL样品,加入到10 mL的66%乙醇溶液中,在3000×g下离心10 min,取离心后的上清液50 μL,用Megazyme D-葡萄糖检测试剂盒测定酶解20、120 min时释放的葡萄糖量。采用以下公式计算不同RVA温度下糊化的复合粉的快消化淀粉(RDS:20 min内消化)、慢消化淀粉(SDS:20~120 min消化)、抗性淀粉(RS:120 min内不消化)的含量和理论SDS与RS含量:
$\rm \mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}(\text{%})=[(\mathrm{G}20-\mathrm{F}\mathrm{G})\times 0.9/\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}]\times 100 $
$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}(\text{%})=[(\mathrm{G}120-\mathrm{G}20)\times 0.9/\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}]\times 100 $
$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}(\text{%})=[(\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S})/\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}]\times 100 $
$ \mathrm{理}\mathrm{论}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}=(1-\mathrm{a})\times {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{E}}+\mathrm{a}\times {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{G}} $
$ \mathrm{理}\mathrm{论}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}=(1-\mathrm{a})\times {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{E}}+\mathrm{a}\times {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{G}} $
式中:G20和G120分别表示20 min和120 min时的葡萄糖含量;FG表示空白对照组的葡萄糖含量;TS表示总淀粉含量;a为HA含量百分比。
对于所有实验,每个样品重复测定3次。采用SPSS对各项实验数据进行统计,进行邓肯检验确定统计学显著性差异,采用方差分析与Duncan多重范围检验计算均值差异的统计学意义(P<0.05),使用Origin 2022作图。
从粉质曲线中可以得到多个粉质参数,包括吸水率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间和断裂时间等。吸水率为稠度达到500 FU时的加水量,以占面粉质量的百分比表示;影响吸水率的主要因素为面筋蛋白的含量和淀粉结合水的能力[21]。随着HA含量的增加,面团的吸水率增大,但其增幅未达到统计学显著性水平(P>0.05),与WWF相比差异不显著。吸水率的增大归因于HA较高的持水力,使复合粉在和面的过程中大量吸收水分,造成面团吸水率的上升[22];同时由于WWF中含有较多的膳食纤维,纤维中的羟基基团会影响氢键与水分子的相互作用,从而影响面团的吸水能力。因此当HA含量从10%增加到30%时,膳食纤维含量的下降带来的吸水率减小和HA含量增加使吸水率上升的叠加效果,表现为吸水率的相对增加,但两者的协同作用使面团的吸水率较为稳定,无显著变化。面团形成时间为面团最大稠度达到500 FU时对应的时间,与面粉的品质呈正相关关系,随着HA添加量的增加,WWF-HAG的形成时间逐渐缩短,对于30%HAG,面粉的形成时间与WWF相比缩短了4.3 min,明显影响了复合粉的面粉筋力。面团的稳定时间可以反映面团耐机械搅拌的能力强弱。稳定时间较长的面团相对应的产品会具有更大的比容[22]。由表1可见,添加10%的HA时,面团的稳定时间达到最大值,说明适当的HA添加量有利于面团的稳定性,继续增加HA会降低面团的稳定性,推测是由于WWF-HAG样品较高的吸水率,HA可能会与面筋蛋白竞争水分,面筋蛋白不能有效地吸附水分形成稳定的面筋网络结构[21]。适当的HA添加量(10%)可能由于HA本身较强的稳定性而增强面团的稳定时间。断裂时间指面团达到曲线峰高后降低30 FU的时间,到达该值后,继续搅拌面团,会因过度搅拌而使面筋断裂。添加HA显著降低了面团的断裂时间(P<0.05),使面团更易断裂。
为了从不同角度了解WWF中WHE和HA的相互作用,在RVA中测试了WWF-HAG在100 ℃和140 ℃下的糊化曲线,可以模拟不同情况下(分子-颗粒和分子-分子)的黏度变化。
WWF-HAG的糊化性能变化如图1所示。由于HA的AM含量高于WWF,添加HA增加了WWF-HAG体系中的AM含量。直链淀粉双螺旋需要高温和能量来无序化,导致其糊化温度高于100 ℃,HA在100 ℃加热后仍保持结晶和无定形交替组成的层状结构[23]。在100 ℃加热时,由于HA较高的糊化温度(表2),不能充分吸收水分使淀粉颗粒膨胀,HA仍以颗粒形态存在,游离出的淀粉分子数量有限,WWF-HAG的糊化黏度值随着HA含量的增加而减小,因此,淀粉的溶胀能力与AM含量呈负相关[24]。糊化程度降低将有利于增加淀粉的抗消化性。
当加热温度到140 ℃时,与100 ℃相比,WWF的黏度明显降低。WWF黏度降低的主要原因是WHE在高温下的热降解和触变性分解。HAG在加热后可产生标准的黏度曲线,但峰值黏度明显低于WWF。WWF-HAG曲线显示出两个明显的糊化峰,分别为WHE和HA。随着HA添加量的增加,WWF-HAG峰值黏度逐渐降低,该变化趋势与100 ℃加热时的变化趋势一致。HA出现糊化峰,这表明该类淀粉颗粒结构被破坏,大量的分子链游离出来。在HA添加比例为30%时,HA的峰值黏度没有明显降低,这可能是由于WWF-HAG中足够的HA溶胀颗粒和游离的WHE分子链,溶胀的淀粉颗粒和破裂的颗粒碎片以及游离出的淀粉分子链之间形成的网络结构,增加了淀粉体系的黏度。
图2表现出不同复配粉DSC第一次扫描、第二次扫描的热特性。HA的糊化温度86.7~117.3 ℃,远高于WWF的糊化温度63.7~81.3 ℃(表2),这归因于存在于HA中的AM、中间组分和较长支链的AP形成的长链双螺旋微晶[12]。在第一次扫描中,除HAG外的所有样品都具有两个峰,前者为淀粉糊化峰,后者为内源性脂质复合物的解离峰。WWF和WWF-HAG的第一个峰为WHE的糊化峰;HAG中的淀粉糊化峰与内源性脂质复合物的解离峰重叠,显示出一个较大的宽峰。随着HA添加量的增加,WHE的糊化温度没有发生明显变化,但是焓变值逐渐降低,这是由于WHE含量的减少,在第一个峰出现的温度条件下,可糊化的淀粉含量变少。第一次扫描之后淀粉糊化发生,淀粉分子链游离出来,在冷却期间发生重结晶,并且也可与脂质形成ALC[12]。第二次扫描出现双峰,第一个小峰的温度低于100℃,为淀粉重结晶峰,第二个峰的温度相对较高,反映的是ALC的解离情况[12,16]。由表2可以看出,WWF与HAG中都含有ALC,WWF和HAG的焓值分别为1.9和3.2 J/g,HA中的ALC含量更高,但是WWF中ALC的解离起始温度更高。添加HA后,WWF-HAG中的ALC的含量并没有发生显著变化,表明在WWF-HAG中,AM更易与同为淀粉分子的AP相互缠绕作用,从而减少了可与脂质复合的AM的含量。
储能模量(G')表示每个变形循环中样品存储或回收的能量,反映淀粉凝胶弹性;损耗模量(G'')表示每个变形循环中样品耗尽或损失的能量,反映淀粉凝胶黏性[23]。热加工后得到复配淀粉凝胶的G'和G''见图3。随着角频率从1 rad·s−1增加至100 rad·s−1,所有WWF-HAG凝胶的G'和G''均呈现出增加的趋势,且G'基本大于G'',展示出高分子凝胶行为[25]。随着HA添加量的增加,凝胶的G'和G''在不同的温度下表现出不同的变化趋势,表明糊化温度会对WWF-HAG凝胶的黏弹性产生明显影响。在100 ℃加热时,由于HA未糊化,WWF-HAG体系的水合能力减弱,因此随着HA添加量的增加复合体系的G'和G''整体呈现出下降的趋势。但在140 ℃加热时,淀粉糊化程度增加,HA由于本身较高的AM含量,HA糊化后释放出的淀粉分子链可以填充在凝胶网络结构中形成更坚固的凝胶,两类淀粉之间的相互作用增强,从而表现出随着HA添加量的增加G'和G''升高的现象。
tan δ(损耗因子)是G''与G'的比值,该比值越大表明淀粉凝胶体系的流动性越强,反之凝胶体系的刚性越强[26]。在100 ℃加热时,WWF-HAG的tan δ随着HA添加比例的增加而增加,表明复合凝胶的流动性越来越强。添加量为20%和30%时,tan δ变化不大,这表明在20%的添加量下,WWF和HA的流动性到达一个基本的平衡点,不会继续降低凝胶的刚性。在140 ℃加热时,WWF-HAG的tan δ随着HA添加比例的增加而减小,表明复合体系的刚性越来越强。由140 ℃的RVA糊化曲线可以看出HAG具有更明显的回生趋势(较大的回生斜率),因此在140 ℃条件下添加HA会显著增加样品的刚性。
通过扫描电子显微镜观察不同HA含量的复合粉糊化凝胶在贮藏期的表面微观形态变化。如图4所示,随着贮藏期的增长,凝胶开始变得破碎,网络结构变得混乱,孔洞内壁变薄,呈现更不均匀的凝胶网络结构。这是因为在回生过程中,凝胶持水能力的降低,导致出现凝胶收缩的现象,形成更加无序的凝胶结构[27],复合淀粉凝胶的形貌均匀性降低。在100 ℃时,WWF中的WHE完全糊化,充分溶胀之后的WHE在冷却后能够形成凝胶网络结构增加凝胶强度,而未糊化的HA的淀粉颗粒填充在孔洞之中,可以进一步增加凝胶强度[28]。在140 ℃时,由于HA充分糊化,溶胀的淀粉颗粒消失,AM的进一步增加将产生具有更紧密间隔的连接区和更紧密网络的凝胶,存在更高程度的AM聚集。
复配体系的淀粉回生表现为AM的重结晶和较弱的AP的回生。如图5所示,在100 ℃时,WWF-HAG的胶凝能力较弱的原因是HA的糊化程度较低,100 ℃加热后因Tc较高而膨胀能力有限(表2),不能形成坚固的凝胶网络,而含有较高AP含量的WHE较难回生[28],因此随着HA添加量的增加,凝胶硬度会降低。在HA添加量为20%和30%时,凝胶的硬度并无显著差异,这与流变的tan δ变化相对应。在贮藏期为3 d和7 d时,凝胶的硬度没有随着HA添加量的增加而有规律的降低,这是由于淀粉在贮藏期时发生回生,形成凝胶网络结构时淀粉颗粒会填充在凝胶网络中而使结构更加紧实。因此,在WWF-HAG中,HA的增加使可糊化的淀粉减少,从而使凝胶的硬度降低,但是,在贮藏期,由于淀粉回生现象的发生,颗粒的存在会相对地增强凝胶硬度。
与100 ℃加热后形成的凝胶相比,WWF的凝胶硬度在140 ℃加热后降低,这是由于WWF中的WHE淀粉颗粒/残余物对更苛刻的蒸煮条件的耐受性较差[29],较长的蒸煮时间和在高压下施加的剪切导致颗粒崩解而引起触变性,并且较高的加热温度可能导致热降解并降低淀粉的分子量[30]。在140 ℃时,凝胶硬度随着HA的增加而增大,因为在该温度下HA可以充分糊化,随着添加量的增加,有更多的游离AM可用于凝胶网络的形成,出现更高程度的淀粉分子链的聚集回生[14]。随着贮藏期的增长,由于快速的AM回生和缓慢的AP重结晶,使凝胶的硬度增加。
在100 ℃和140 ℃时,发现贮藏3 d的HAG凝胶硬度明显高于其他贮藏期。由于淀粉回生,理论上来说HAG会随着贮藏期的增加,硬度也随之增加[31]。但是由于HAG中谷朊粉的存在,使HAG的混合粉体系具有一定量的蛋白质,有研究发现,蛋白质与淀粉的混合物在贮藏一周后,弱结合水的峰基本不变[32],表明在长期的贮藏过程中可能不会发生高AM的淀粉的聚集,蛋白质的空间位阻减少了淀粉链间分子结合和氢键形成,影响了淀粉的回生。
如表3所示,在100 ℃和140 ℃的温度下加热后,HAG中的RS含量分别为37.9%和37.8%,而WWF只含有19.8%和24.9%的RS。除140 ℃下处理的30%HAG外,随着HA添加比例的增加,复配体系的RDS含量逐渐减少。此外,WWF-HAG中的RS和SDS比例之和大于基于单独淀粉消化结果计算的理论预期值(表3)。该结果说明,一方面HA由于本身耐消化进而降低复配体系的淀粉消化性,另一方面淀粉之间的相互作用能够进一步降低消化性。
在100 ℃时,由于HA不能充分糊化,仍能保持大部分稳定的双螺旋结晶。HA可以保持较为完整的溶胀颗粒结构,WWF中的WHE游离出来的淀粉链与HA的溶胀颗粒发生相互作用,在冷却过程中形成复合凝胶结构,进而降低了淀粉的消化性。
在140 ℃时加热样品,HA可以完全糊化,淀粉颗粒吸热膨胀破裂,淀粉链游离出来,游离出的淀粉链可以在冷却过程中相互缠绕形成凝胶。与100 ℃相比,在140 ℃时加热后WWF的RDS增加,这是由于WWF中的WHE的淀粉颗粒/凝胶对更苛刻的蒸煮条件的抵抗力较差,在更高温度加热时,对淀粉破坏更为严重,增加了淀粉的消化性,这也与WWF在0 d的质构结果相对应;即在140 ℃下处理的WWF的硬度小于100 ℃处理的硬度。添加HA后,WWF-HAG的抗消化性增强,且所有WWF-HAG样品的SDS和RS之和都大于理论值。线性分子具有更好的分子流动性,AM的缠结和相互作用比分子量相似的AP更强[33]。因此当在WWF中添加HA时,增加的AM分子具有更好的分子流动性,可以相互渗透AP分子,造成分子缠结,有利于样品形成凝胶,且由于分子间加强的相互作用而形成更强的凝胶。
本研究通过RVA、DSC、XRD、SEM和体外消化等研究了高直链玉米淀粉与全麦面粉的复合粉的糊化特性、凝胶硬度以及消化特性等。添加高直链玉米淀粉增加了面团的吸水率,缩短了面团形成时间。在100 ℃的加热条件下,HA仍以颗粒形式存在,其颗粒在WHE形成的凝胶网络结构中分散,进而使结构更加紧实。而在140 ℃下加热时,HA和WHE都完全糊化,糊化后的两种淀粉都以分子形态存在。DSC的二次扫描发现,ALC的含量并没有显著提高,这是因为外源性添加的更多AM促进了淀粉分子链之间的相互缠结,进一步降低了淀粉的消化率。本研究揭示了在WWF中加入HA后,经过两种不同温度的热加工后都可有效降低淀粉消化率,为开发具有降血糖效果的低GI淀粉基食品提供了新的思路。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010255
  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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    1天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457
    2中国农业大学营养与健康系,北京 100193
    3中原食品实验室,河南漯河 462300

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刘思源(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能碳水化合物,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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