Article(id=1320882060399596164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040358, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852424000, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852424000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852424000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852424000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=31, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882060617699973, articleId=1320882060399596164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Chlorella Protein Processing Characteristics and Its Application in Ice Cream Products, columnId=1320882056083653432, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors-, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the processing characteristics of Chlorella proteins and their application in ice cream. Chlorella high-pressure extract was prepared using 25 kpsi cell disruption, followed by ultrafiltration (100 kDa membrane) or enzymatic hydrolysis-ethanol precipitation to obtain Chlorella purified proteins with 72% (CPP72) and 81% (CPP81) purity. Their foaming, emulsifying, and rheological properties were systematically compared with those of whey protein, and the effects of replacing skimmed milk powder with CPP72 on ice cream quality were evaluated. Results showed that CPP72 exhibited significant functional advantages: at a protein concentration of 4%, its foaming capacity (76%) and emulsifying activity index (64 m2/g) were 33% and 14% higher than those of whey protein, respectively, and its viscosity reached 52242 mPa·s (270 times that of whey protein). In ice cream applications, replacing 20% of skimmed milk powder with CPP72 enabled a 33% reduction in xanthan gum and monoglyceride usage, while maintaining core product quality. The hardness (7.8 N), overrun (69%), and sensory score (93.1 points) showed no significant difference from the control ice cream (P>0.05), and the initial drip time extended from 5 to 10 minutes. This study demonstrates that CPP72 has excellent foam and emulsion stability, offering a promising alternative to whey protein and reducing dependency on additives in plant-based ice cream development.

, authors=Ankun WANG1, Yu LUO1, Qun GAO2, Yihuan LI3, Chen ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Ankun WANG, Yu LUO, Qun GAO, Yihuan LI, Chen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882064400962206, articleId=1320882060399596164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=小球藻蛋白质加工特性分析及其在冰淇淋产品中的应用, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在解析小球藻蛋白的加工特性及其在冰淇淋中的应用。通过25 kpsi高压破碎制备小球藻高压提取物,经超滤(100 kDa膜)和酶解-乙醇沉淀法分别获得72%纯度的纯化蛋白(Chlorella purified protein,CPP72)及81%纯度的纯化蛋白(Chlorella purified protein,CPP81),系统对比其起泡性、乳化性及流变性与乳清蛋白的差异,并评估CPP72替代脱脂奶粉对冰淇淋品质的影响。结果表明,CPP72表现出显著功能优势,当蛋白质浓度为4%时,其起泡性(76%)和乳化活性指数(64 m2/g)分别较乳清蛋白提高33%和14%,黏度达52242 mPa·s(乳清蛋白的270倍)。在冰淇淋应用中,CPP72替代20%脱脂奶粉可减少33%黄原胶/单甘酯用量,同时维持产品核心品质,其硬度(7.8 N)、膨胀率(69%)及感官评分(93.1分)与普通冰淇淋无显著差异(P>0.05),首次滴落时间延长至10 min(对照组5 min)。本研究表明,CPP72具备良好的泡沫稳定性和乳化持久性,可协同替代乳清蛋白并降低添加剂依赖,为植物基冰淇淋开发提供新方案。

, authors=王安坤1, 罗钰1, 高群2, 李亦欢3, 张晨1, *, authorsList=王安坤, 罗钰, 高群, 李亦欢, 张晨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晨, authorNote=

王安坤(2004−),男,大学本科,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张晨(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物资源再利用、绿色加工技术等,E-mail:。
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Food Bioscience, 2013, 3: 10−18., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882064656814751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882064665203360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, companyId=1320882064656814751, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882064673591969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, companyId=1320882064656814751, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福州大学生物科学与工程学院,福建福州 350108)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882064749089442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882064761672355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, companyId=1320882064749089442, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fuzhou Qingtai Linghang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882064770060964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, companyId=1320882064749089442, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福州青肽领航生物科技有限公司,福建福州 350000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882064828781221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882064837169830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, companyId=1320882064828781221, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Taixing Dongsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taixing 225400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882064845558439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, companyId=1320882064828781221, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3泰兴市东圣生物科技有限公司,江苏泰兴 225400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882068851118801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of protein concentration and purity on its foaming properties, figureFileSmall=qv6tumfeTix9DGbSwMrQFQ==, figureFileBig=4+C27CtdF7DulsBF2gWJHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882068918227666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蛋白质浓度和纯度对其起泡性的影响

注:(A)起泡性;(B)起泡稳定性;不同大写字母表示同一浓度下不同蛋白质样品间差异显著(P<0.05);不同小写字母表示不同浓度下同一蛋白质样品间差异显著(P<0.05),图3同。

, figureFileSmall=qv6tumfeTix9DGbSwMrQFQ==, figureFileBig=4+C27CtdF7DulsBF2gWJHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882069123748563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Chlorella protein emulsion visual diagram, figureFileSmall=ZbiDq5rycmZQx4/EW5Vjwg==, figureFileBig=+cmjoXbPEEC6TnoxjmhSOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882069207634644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图2, caption=小球藻蛋白质乳状液直观图

注:A:乳状液直观图(蛋白质浓度:2 mg/mL);B:乳状液直观图(蛋白质浓度:4 mg/mL)。

, figureFileSmall=ZbiDq5rycmZQx4/EW5Vjwg==, figureFileBig=+cmjoXbPEEC6TnoxjmhSOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882069287326421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Chlorella protein emulsifying index and emulsifying activity index, figureFileSmall=cO29XBUS7z5NXF7SYis3SA==, figureFileBig=50k5ejE6WcN3Nf1Vul66lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882069371212502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图3, caption=小球藻蛋白质乳化指数和乳化活力指数

注:(A)乳状液乳化指数(蛋白质浓度:2 mg/mL);(B)乳状液乳化指数(蛋白质浓度:4 mg/mL);(C)乳状液乳化活力指数(蛋白质浓度:2 mg/mL);(D)乳状液乳化活力指数(蛋白质浓度:4 mg/mL)。

, figureFileSmall=cO29XBUS7z5NXF7SYis3SA==, figureFileBig=50k5ejE6WcN3Nf1Vul66lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882069442515671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of concentration and purity of Chlorella protein on its viscosity, figureFileSmall=WE3imRP0CmjlaG2S2P/plg==, figureFileBig=diMtv5ZmaaEHtPnV+shMdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882069513818840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图4, caption=小球藻蛋白质浓度和纯度对其黏性的影响

注:A:CHPE;B:CPP72;C:CPP81;图5同。

, figureFileSmall=WE3imRP0CmjlaG2S2P/plg==, figureFileBig=diMtv5ZmaaEHtPnV+shMdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882071170568921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of protein concentration and purity of Chlorella on its gel properties, figureFileSmall=+Ni1opMTP7NvLu9Pu57R9A==, figureFileBig=eVGE+jlX5cnVk6/pZT9ovw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882071237677786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图5, caption=小球藻蛋白质浓度和纯度对其凝胶性的影响, figureFileSmall=+Ni1opMTP7NvLu9Pu57R9A==, figureFileBig=eVGE+jlX5cnVk6/pZT9ovw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882071317369563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Appearance of Chlorella protein ice cream, figureFileSmall=oDufpJ+0aCOYPYPxoJLwog==, figureFileBig=OxiMfM4bohW2bp2uvWVhPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882071380284124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图6, caption=小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋外观

注:A:小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋产品(CPP72-10%);B:普通冰淇淋;C:CHPE-10%;D:CHPE-20%:E:CHPE-40%;F:CPP72-10%;G:CPP72-20%;H:CPP72-40%。

, figureFileSmall=oDufpJ+0aCOYPYPxoJLwog==, figureFileBig=OxiMfM4bohW2bp2uvWVhPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882071451587293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of Chlorella protein on the viscosity of its ice cream, figureFileSmall=dWIBxs3Np9yYxXVNBOarXg==, figureFileBig=mmnwS6aeU1GEx3tnX99wKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882071560639198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图7, caption=小球藻蛋白质对冰淇淋黏度的影响

注:A:CHPE;B:CPP72。

, figureFileSmall=dWIBxs3Np9yYxXVNBOarXg==, figureFileBig=mmnwS6aeU1GEx3tnX99wKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882071627748063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of Chlorella protein on ice cream expansion, figureFileSmall=7ONoxycrjg+oXL9UmDfPjw==, figureFileBig=6+i6Fi0cdDj+hIS03s6nlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882071678079712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图8, caption=小球藻蛋白质对冰淇淋膨胀率的影响

注:A:CHPE;B:CPP72;不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=7ONoxycrjg+oXL9UmDfPjw==, figureFileBig=6+i6Fi0cdDj+hIS03s6nlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882071925543649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of Chlorella protein on the melting rate of its ice cream, figureFileSmall=5innUykkIfwOziY3DHHSzg==, figureFileBig=UgKwvfbAsXHA3N0wh9lzpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882072042984162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图9, caption=小球藻蛋白质对冰淇淋融化率的影响

注:A:CHPE;B:CPP72。

, figureFileSmall=5innUykkIfwOziY3DHHSzg==, figureFileBig=UgKwvfbAsXHA3N0wh9lzpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882072164618979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Viscosity of Chlorella protein ice cream, figureFileSmall=+dR0Fusmk/VYbX6LoxzfBQ==, figureFileBig=EE4+KOXmLYsm7a+ZBRxxig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882072227533540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图10, caption=小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的黏度

注:A:CPP72-20%;B:CPP72-60%。

, figureFileSmall=+dR0Fusmk/VYbX6LoxzfBQ==, figureFileBig=EE4+KOXmLYsm7a+ZBRxxig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882072340779749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Expansion rate of Chlorella protein ice cream, figureFileSmall=5ozIp136Iv+fc4ybStsWHg==, figureFileBig=Z4OCs1ekwpotx3gqOIxCcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882072424665830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图11, caption=小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的膨胀率

注:A:CPP72-20%;B:CPP72-60%。

, figureFileSmall=5ozIp136Iv+fc4ybStsWHg==, figureFileBig=Z4OCs1ekwpotx3gqOIxCcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882072487580391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Melting rate of Chlorella protein ice cream, figureFileSmall=gPYwYPBPIkSsyifxMhTK/Q==, figureFileBig=MYs0glgHU9bPcdJceQ+WKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882072558883560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=图12, caption=小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋融化率

注:A:CPP72-20%;B:CPP72-60%。

, figureFileSmall=gPYwYPBPIkSsyifxMhTK/Q==, figureFileBig=MYs0glgHU9bPcdJceQ+WKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882072642769641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Ice cream sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标标准得分
色泽色泽均匀,颜色自然14~20
色泽较均匀,绿色偏重7~13
色泽不均匀,绿色过重0~6
气味奶香味纯正,香草味适中14~20
奶香味不明显,海草味有点重7~13
海腥味过浓0~6
组织细腻,润滑,无明显粗糙冰晶,无气孔14~20
存在小冰晶或细微颗粒感7~13
较大冰晶,组织粗糙0~6
滋味甜味适中,可口,具有良好的滑腻感14~20
甜味不足或过甜,滑腻感偏差7~13
有酸败味,口感粗糙0~6
质地黏稠度好,入口即化14~20
黏稠度较差,口感偏差7~13
质地过黏稠,难以融化0~6
), ArticleFig(id=1320882072730850026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冰淇淋感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标标准得分
色泽色泽均匀,颜色自然14~20
色泽较均匀,绿色偏重7~13
色泽不均匀,绿色过重0~6
气味奶香味纯正,香草味适中14~20
奶香味不明显,海草味有点重7~13
海腥味过浓0~6
组织细腻,润滑,无明显粗糙冰晶,无气孔14~20
存在小冰晶或细微颗粒感7~13
较大冰晶,组织粗糙0~6
滋味甜味适中,可口,具有良好的滑腻感14~20
甜味不足或过甜,滑腻感偏差7~13
有酸败味,口感粗糙0~6
质地黏稠度好,入口即化14~20
黏稠度较差,口感偏差7~13
质地过黏稠,难以融化0~6
), ArticleFig(id=1320882072797958891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ice cream sensory evaluation score

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品奶粉替代率(%)
01020406080100
CHPE90.5±2.6a90.4±2.8a91.2±2.2a74.5±1.8b65.3±1.3c49.2±1.5d47.5±1.6d
CPP7290.5±2.6a93.1±1.8a92.3±0.8a74.4±1.6b68.3±1.5b51.8±2.8c43.3±1.5d
), ArticleFig(id=1320882072877650668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冰淇淋感官评价得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品奶粉替代率(%)
01020406080100
CHPE90.5±2.6a90.4±2.8a91.2±2.2a74.5±1.8b65.3±1.3c49.2±1.5d47.5±1.6d
CPP7290.5±2.6a93.1±1.8a92.3±0.8a74.4±1.6b68.3±1.5b51.8±2.8c43.3±1.5d
), ArticleFig(id=1320882072948953837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of Chlorella protein on the hardness of its ice cream (N)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品蛋白质替代率(%)
01020406080100
CHPE8.1±0.5bc7.3±0.4c8.2±0.4bc8.9±0.5b9.9±0.5b9.2±0.3b11.5±0.6a
CPP728.1±0.5d7.5±0.4d8.3±0.2d8.5±0.4d10.2±0.5c15.3±0.5b17.6±0.5a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882073016062702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

小球藻蛋白质对冰淇淋硬度的影响(N)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品蛋白质替代率(%)
01020406080100
CHPE8.1±0.5bc7.3±0.4c8.2±0.4bc8.9±0.5b9.9±0.5b9.2±0.3b11.5±0.6a
CPP728.1±0.5d7.5±0.4d8.3±0.2d8.5±0.4d10.2±0.5c15.3±0.5b17.6±0.5a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882073078977263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensory evaluation score of Chlorella protein ice cream

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品黄原胶和单甘酯添加量(%,g/100 g添加剂)
10067330
CPP72-20%92.3±0.8a93.1±0.8a89.6±1.1b85.5±1.2c
CPP72-60%68.3±1.5a69.3±0.7a64.1±1.4b60.3±1.5c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882073146086128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋感官评价得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品黄原胶和单甘酯添加量(%,g/100 g添加剂)
10067330
CPP72-20%92.3±0.8a93.1±0.8a89.6±1.1b85.5±1.2c
CPP72-60%68.3±1.5a69.3±0.7a64.1±1.4b60.3±1.5c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882073250943729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Hardness of Chlorella protein ice cream (N)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品黄原胶和单甘酯添加量(%,g/100 g添加剂)
10067330
CPP72-20%8.3±0.2a7.8±0.3ab7.3±0.3b4.8±0.3c
CPP72-60%10.2±0.5a9.5±0.2a8.3±0.3b6.4±0.2c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882073334829810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882060399596164, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的硬度(N)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品黄原胶和单甘酯添加量(%,g/100 g添加剂)
10067330
CPP72-20%8.3±0.2a7.8±0.3ab7.3±0.3b4.8±0.3c
CPP72-60%10.2±0.5a9.5±0.2a8.3±0.3b6.4±0.2c
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小球藻蛋白质加工特性分析及其在冰淇淋产品中的应用
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王安坤 1 , 罗钰 1 , 高群 2 , 李亦欢 3 , 张晨 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(1): 31-42
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (1) : 31 -42
小球藻蛋白质加工特性分析及其在冰淇淋产品中的应用
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王安坤1 , 罗钰1, 高群2, 李亦欢3, 张晨1, *
作者信息
  • 1福州大学生物科学与工程学院,福建福州 350108
  • 2福州青肽领航生物科技有限公司,福建福州 350000
  • 3泰兴市东圣生物科技有限公司,江苏泰兴 225400
通讯作者:
张晨(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物资源再利用、绿色加工技术等,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王安坤(2004−),男,大学本科,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

Analysis of Chlorella Protein Processing Characteristics and Its Application in Ice Cream Products
Ankun WANG1 , Yu LUO1, Qun GAO2, Yihuan LI3, Chen ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 2Fuzhou Qingtai Linghang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350000, China
  • 3Taixing Dongsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taixing 225400, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040358
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本研究旨在解析小球藻蛋白的加工特性及其在冰淇淋中的应用。通过25 kpsi高压破碎制备小球藻高压提取物,经超滤(100 kDa膜)和酶解-乙醇沉淀法分别获得72%纯度的纯化蛋白(Chlorella purified protein,CPP72)及81%纯度的纯化蛋白(Chlorella purified protein,CPP81),系统对比其起泡性、乳化性及流变性与乳清蛋白的差异,并评估CPP72替代脱脂奶粉对冰淇淋品质的影响。结果表明,CPP72表现出显著功能优势,当蛋白质浓度为4%时,其起泡性(76%)和乳化活性指数(64 m2/g)分别较乳清蛋白提高33%和14%,黏度达52242 mPa·s(乳清蛋白的270倍)。在冰淇淋应用中,CPP72替代20%脱脂奶粉可减少33%黄原胶/单甘酯用量,同时维持产品核心品质,其硬度(7.8 N)、膨胀率(69%)及感官评分(93.1分)与普通冰淇淋无显著差异(P>0.05),首次滴落时间延长至10 min(对照组5 min)。本研究表明,CPP72具备良好的泡沫稳定性和乳化持久性,可协同替代乳清蛋白并降低添加剂依赖,为植物基冰淇淋开发提供新方案。

小球藻蛋白质  /  乳清蛋白  /  冰淇淋  /  起泡性  /  乳化性  /  流变性  /  感官特性

This study aimed to investigate the processing characteristics of Chlorella proteins and their application in ice cream. Chlorella high-pressure extract was prepared using 25 kpsi cell disruption, followed by ultrafiltration (100 kDa membrane) or enzymatic hydrolysis-ethanol precipitation to obtain Chlorella purified proteins with 72% (CPP72) and 81% (CPP81) purity. Their foaming, emulsifying, and rheological properties were systematically compared with those of whey protein, and the effects of replacing skimmed milk powder with CPP72 on ice cream quality were evaluated. Results showed that CPP72 exhibited significant functional advantages: at a protein concentration of 4%, its foaming capacity (76%) and emulsifying activity index (64 m2/g) were 33% and 14% higher than those of whey protein, respectively, and its viscosity reached 52242 mPa·s (270 times that of whey protein). In ice cream applications, replacing 20% of skimmed milk powder with CPP72 enabled a 33% reduction in xanthan gum and monoglyceride usage, while maintaining core product quality. The hardness (7.8 N), overrun (69%), and sensory score (93.1 points) showed no significant difference from the control ice cream (P>0.05), and the initial drip time extended from 5 to 10 minutes. This study demonstrates that CPP72 has excellent foam and emulsion stability, offering a promising alternative to whey protein and reducing dependency on additives in plant-based ice cream development.

Chlorella protein  /  whey protein  /  ice cream  /  foaming properties  /  emulsifying properties  /  rheological properties  /  sensory characteristics
王安坤, 罗钰, 高群, 李亦欢, 张晨. 小球藻蛋白质加工特性分析及其在冰淇淋产品中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 31 -42 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040358
Ankun WANG, Yu LUO, Qun GAO, Yihuan LI, Chen ZHANG. Analysis of Chlorella Protein Processing Characteristics and Its Application in Ice Cream Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 31 -42 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040358
随着可持续发展理念的推进,植物基蛋白因其来源广泛、营养价值高、生产环境友好而成为乳制品替代的重要研究方向。其中,小球藻作为一种生长于淡水环境的球形单细胞绿藻,具有高蛋白含量(干重中蛋白占比超过50%),远高于大豆、核桃等传统植物蛋白来源[1]。此外,小球藻可通过异养方式在发酵罐中规模化培养,避免耕地资源占用,展现出极强的产业化潜力[2]。近年来,小球藻蛋白因其优良的起泡性、乳化性和流变性等加工特性,逐渐受到食品领域研究者关注,被视为具有广泛应用前景的新型植物基蛋白[3]。
当前研究表明,小球藻蛋白的结构与提取纯度对其功能特性具有重要影响。高压处理可有效破碎细胞壁,促进蛋白质释放并保留较完整的亚基结构,从而提升其界面活性,使其在起泡性和乳化性方面表现出优势[1]。然而,蛋白质中杂质的存在会增加蛋白质溶液的粘度或形成空间位阻,阻碍蛋白质分子间的相互作用或与其它大分子的结合,超滤、酶解-乙醇沉降技术可以有效去除小球藻蛋白中的多糖、脂质、色素等杂质,进一步提高其纯度[3]。近年来,有研究尝试将小球藻蛋白应用于发泡剂、乳化剂等功能食品材料中[4−5],但关于其不同纯度蛋白的系统加工性能评估及在复杂食品体系(如冰淇淋)中的具体应用仍研究较少。在冰淇淋体系中,蛋白质、乳化剂(如单甘酯)和稳定剂(如黄原胶)是关键成分,对产品的质地、膨胀率和融化特性至关重要[6]。目前广泛使用的乳清蛋白(Whey protein,WP)面临成本较高及潜在过敏风险的问题,而单甘酯和黄原胶的使用也存在成本压力[6−8]。凭借其优异的功能特性和可持续性,小球藻蛋白展现出替代WP并减少乳化剂/稳定剂用量的潜力。然而,实现这一替代面临挑战,小球藻蛋白可能与单甘酯竞争吸附位点而削弱乳化效果[9],其高粘度也可能干扰黄原胶的稳定网络结构[10]。因此,确定小球藻蛋白的最佳替代比例并优化添加剂用量,是开发高品质植物基冰淇淋的关键。
基于此,本研究聚焦于不同纯度小球藻蛋白的加工特性及其在冰淇淋产品中替代WP的应用潜力。通过25 kpsi高压细胞破碎获得小球藻高压提取物(Chlorella high-pressure extract,CHPE),并分别采用超滤(100 kDa)及酶解-乙醇沉淀法制备纯度为72%(Chlorella purified protein,CPP72)和81%(Chlorella purified protein,CPP81)的小球藻蛋白,系统比较其起泡性、乳化性和流变性,并在不同替代比例下评估其对冰淇淋质构、感官、融化率等品质特性的影响。本研究不仅明确了蛋白纯度对功能性能的调控作用,还探讨了小球藻蛋白在减少乳化剂与稳定剂使用中的可行性,为植物基冰淇淋的低添加、高品质开发提供理论支撑与技术路径。
蛋白核小球藻 福建省东圣生物科技有限公司;无水乙醇、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS) 分析纯,上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司;乳清蛋白(纯度>80%)、壳聚糖酶(20 U/mg) 上海源叶生物有限公司;大豆油 益海嘉里金龙鱼粮油食品股份有限公司;脱脂奶粉(雀巢) 北京高瀚国际贸易有限公司;黄原胶、单甘酯 河南万邦化工科技有限公司;棕榈油 良芝生物科技;白砂糖 市售。
F6/10均质机 上海净信实业发展有限公司;WKB-100-4恒温振荡器 上海净信实业发展有限公司;One shot高压细胞破碎仪 英国Constant Systems公司;ZD-2 pH计 上海精科仪器有限公司;Paar Physica MCR 302旋转流变仪 安东帕(上海)商贸有限公司;Vivaflow200超滤设备 德国赛多利斯(Sartorius);TA.XT Plus质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;BCD-332W冰箱 博西华家用电器有限公司;TNM-L ROHS总氮/总有机碳分析仪 日本京都岛津制作所。
通过单因素实验优化料液比、pH、压力、CHPE与乙醇的体积比、酶种类等条件,本论文探究前期最佳工艺条件下制备得到的蛋白的加工特性。配制料液比为1:10(w/v)、pH为7的小球藻水溶液,于25 kpsi的压力下高压处理一次,获得CHPE。取CHPE 200 mL,使用100 kDa的超滤膜对其进行分离纯化,待浓缩10倍至20 mL,添加200 mL去离子水进行二次超滤,浓缩10倍,保留100 kDa浓缩液,于室温下离心(7300 r/min,15 min)获得CPP72;配制含有壳聚糖酶(24 U/g,55 ℃,pH8)的CHPE溶液,于恒温振荡器中反应,采用DNS法测定反应体系中还原糖浓度的变化趋势,反应至3 h时无显著变化,碳水化合物基本水解完全。沸水浴10 min灭酶活,加入同等体积的无水乙醇,于室温下放置1 h后离心(7300 r/min,15 min)获得CPP81。于铝盘中放置三种样品的冻干粉150 mg,在80 ℃条件下烘24 h,测定样品干燥后的重量以确定样品的干物质质量,并通过总有机碳分析仪测定样品的蛋白质质量。样品蛋白质纯度根据以下公式计算:
$ 蛋白质纯度(\text{%})=\frac{\text{m}_2}{\text{m}_1}\times 100 $
式中:m2为样品蛋白质质量,g;m1为样品干物质质量,g。
参考Lyu等[11]的方法,取小球藻蛋白质(CHPE、CPP72和CPP81)和乳清蛋白配制浓度为1%、2%和4%(w/v)的蛋白质溶液4 mL,均质40 s(20000 r/min),连续3次,共计2 min,制得蛋白质发泡产品,测定起泡性能和起泡稳定性。
参考Guo等[12]的方法,以大豆油为油相,配制油水比7:3(v/v),蛋白质浓度分别为2 mg/mL和4 mg/mL的蛋白质油水混合溶液,均质2 min(10000 r/min),获得蛋白质乳状液,静置于常温下(10 min,1 d、15 d),观察直观形态并测定乳化指数和乳化活力指数。
参考Grossmann等[13]的方法,分别配制浓度为5%、10%和15%(w/v)的小球藻蛋白质和乳清蛋白溶液,于90 ℃下加热30 min,置于室温30 min后转移至冰箱(4 ℃),充分冷却12 h,即为蛋白质凝胶,对其流变性进行表征。
参考侯团伟等[14]的方法并稍作修改进行冰淇淋的制备。在蛋白质替代实验中,基础配方为脱脂奶粉(10%)、白砂糖(14%)、棕榈油(10%)、黄原胶(0.15%)、单甘酯(0.15%)和水(65.2%),实验组使用小球藻蛋白(CHPE或CPP72)按特定比例(0%、10%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)替代脱脂奶粉提供的蛋白质,保持总蛋白质含量不变。具体制备步骤:首先将黄原胶与白砂糖混合溶于水中,加入脱脂奶粉(或脱脂奶粉与小球藻蛋白的混合物)于60 ℃搅拌溶解;随后将单甘酯加入棕榈油中,加热至50 ℃搅拌至完全融化,并与上述物料混合均匀。采用巴氏灭菌法将混合物料在75 ℃下加热15 min进行灭菌处理,随后用均质机以10000 r/min的速度均质3次,每次2 min。均质后的物料在室温下冷却30 min,置于4 ℃冰箱中老化4 h后于−2 ℃至−6 ℃的条件下凝冻30 min,最后在−20 ℃下硬化24 h,完成冰淇淋的制备。对冰淇淋进行感官评价,并测定黏度、硬度、膨胀率和融化率。在添加剂替代实验中,评估在固定小球藻蛋白(CPP72)替代比例下,减少稳定剂(黄原胶)和乳化剂(单甘酯)用量的可行性。固定CPP72替代脱脂奶粉蛋白质的比例为20%或60%。添加剂(黄原胶、单甘酯)用量在基础配方(100%)中各为0.15%。实验组中,将黄原胶和单甘酯用量均减少至基准量(0.15%)的67%、33%或0%。冰淇淋制备步骤同“蛋白质替代实验”部分。
样品起泡性能按以下公式计算[11]:
$ {\mathrm{FC}}({\text{%}}) = \frac{{{\mathrm{V}}_1 - {\mathrm{V}}_0}}{{{\mathrm{V}}_0}} \times 100 $
式中:V0为初始体积,mL;V1为均质后样品体积,mL。
样品起泡稳定性按以下公式计算[11]:
$ {\mathrm{FS}}({\text{%}}) = \frac{{{\mathrm{V}}_{30} - {\mathrm{V}}_0}}{{{\mathrm{V}}_1 - {\mathrm{V}}_0}} \times 100 $
式中:V0为初始体积,mL;V1为均质后的样品体积,mL;V30为静置30 min后的泡沫体积,mL。
乳状液制备完成后,通过拍照记录乳状液外观及形态。乳化指数(Creaming index,CI)通过以下公式计算[15]:
$ {\mathrm{CI}} = \frac{{{\text{Hs}}}}{{{\text{Ht}}}} $
式中:Hs为乳状液体积,mL;Ht为总体积,mL。
参考Aziz等[16]的方法,取20 μL乳状液于SDS(0.1%,w/v)溶液中,在500 nm波长下测定吸光度(A500)。乳状液的乳化活力指数(Emulsifying Activity Index,EAI)计算公式如下:
$\rm {\mathrm{EAI}}(m^2/g) = \frac{{2 \times 2.303 \times {\mathrm{A}}_{500} \times {\mathrm{N}} \times {{10}^{ - 4}}}}{{\theta {\mathrm{C}}}} $
式中:N为稀释倍数;θ为油相在溶液中占比,%;C为蛋白质浓度,g/mL,计算值固定为1 g/mL。
小球藻蛋白质的流变性质(黏度和储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G''))通过旋转流变仪测定[13]。测定黏度时,以1~100 1/s的剪切速率对样品进行稳定剪切(25 ℃)。为确定储能模量和损耗模量,在25 ℃条件下以振荡频率扫描凝胶。在样品的线性黏弹性区域中,选择1%应变,通过扫频确定G'和G''的角频率依赖性(1~1000 rad/s)。
参考刘丽等[17]的方法,根据表1进行冰淇淋感官评价,由10名食品专业学生(经感官评价培训)依据感官评价表,按各项指标进行三次独立重复评分。评价过程中采用双盲法,样品编号随机化,评价员未知具体配方及处理组别,以确保结果客观性。
参考1.2.9测定老化后冰淇淋混料的黏度。
参考Roy等[18]的方法,冰淇淋的硬度通过质构仪测定。测试条件:预测试速度为2 mm/s,测试速度为3 mm/s,后测速度为10 mm/s。探头类型为p/6,探头距离样品距离为15 mm,样品高度约为20 mm,样品形变量为40%。
参考姜雪[19]的方法,使用以下公式确定冰淇淋的膨胀率:
$ 膨胀率({\text{%}})=\frac{{\mathrm{W}}_1-{\mathrm{W}}_2}{{\mathrm{W}}_2}\times 100 $
式中:W1为凝冻前冰淇淋的质量,g;W2为凝冻后同体积冰淇淋的质量,g。
参考Lomolino等[20]的方法,称取5 g冰淇淋样品于金属网上(孔直径为0.85 mm),将金属网置于天平上方,天平内部由烧杯收集从上方滴落的冰淇淋。记录冰淇淋第一次滴落的时间和重量,并每间隔2 min记录一次。融化率由以下公式确定:
$ 融化率({\text{%}} )=\frac{{\mathrm{W}}_3}{{\mathrm{W}}_4}\times 100$
式中:W3为一定时间下融化且滴落的冰淇淋质量,g;W4为冰淇淋取样质量,为5 g。
采用Microsoft excel 2016软件进行数据统计与分析,若无特别说明,每个样品重复测定3次,其结果表示为平均值±标准差(Means±SD)。采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan's法多重比较分析各组的差异显著性,显著性水平为P<0.05。
测定三种小球藻蛋白质(CHPE、CPP72和CPP81)在1%、2%、4%(w/v)浓度下的起泡性和起泡稳定性,并以WP作为参照,结果如图1所示。所有测试蛋白质(CHPE、CPP72、CPP81、WP)的起泡性和起泡稳定性均随蛋白质浓度的升高而显著提高(P<0.05)。当蛋白质浓度从1%增加至4%时,乳清蛋白(WP)的起泡性从39%显著上升至57%,起泡稳定性从42%显著增加至64%(P<0.05)。相比之下,在相同浓度梯度下,CPP72的提升幅度更为显著:其起泡性从44%显著上升至76%,起泡稳定性从64%显著增加至91%(P<0.05)。这一现象可能归因于蛋白质浓度的增加,使其在空气/水界面的吸附能力增强,进而提升了其形成界面膜的能力,从而使泡沫结构更加稳定[21]。此外,CPP72相较于乳清蛋白表现出更高的起泡性能,可能与其蛋白结构完整性和界面构型有关。CPP72由高压破碎细胞壁并经超滤去除了部分非蛋白杂质,其亚基结构较为完整、柔顺性更高,能够更快地迁移至气液界面并在界面处展开形成致密稳定的蛋白膜,从而使泡沫结构更加稳定[22]。相较之下,乳清蛋白虽具良好表面活性,但其亚基中含有β-乳球蛋白等致密结构,展开速率较慢,泡沫膜强度略逊于CPP72[23],从而导致其起泡性和泡沫稳定性均低于CPP72。
CPP81相比CPP72虽具有更高的蛋白质纯度,但在中高浓度下,其起泡性和稳定性却显著低于CPP72(P<0.05)。这可能与其结构变化及功能组分缺失有关。CPP81经酶解-乙醇沉淀获得,乙醇处理可能改变其三级结构,暴露疏水基团,削弱氢键与离子键作用,导致蛋白质过度展开,降低其在界面处形成致密膜的能力,从而不利于泡沫形成与稳定[24−25];相比之下,CPP72通过超滤纯化,保留了部分多糖、多肽等高分子杂质,这些成分可能协同蛋白质增强界面膜黏弹性和泡沫稳定性[26]。
测定CHPE、CPP72、CPP81和乳清蛋白乳状液在静置10 min、1 d和15 d后的直观状态和乳化指数(CI),以及乳化活力指数(EAI),结果如图2和图3所示。与乳清蛋白乳状液相比,小球藻蛋白乳状液在乳化状态和乳化程度上均表现出显著优势。在相同蛋白质浓度下,不同纯度的小球藻蛋白表现出差异化的乳化性能,提示蛋白纯度与乳化效果之间可能存在相关性,尤其在CPP72组表现最为突出。当蛋白质浓度为2 mg/mL且静置时间为10 min时,三种小球藻蛋白乳状液和乳清蛋白乳状液均处于完全乳化状态,CI值均为1。然而,随着静置时间延长至1 d和15 d,乳清蛋白乳状液开始出现分层现象,其CI值分别降至0.91和0.53;相比之下,CPP72乳状液的分层现象不明显,CI值分别为1和0.92。这可能是因为乳清蛋白的疏水性较大,导致其在油水界面上的结合能力较弱[27−28],从而降低了乳化量。在2 mg/mL条件下,静置15 d后,CPP81乳状液的CI值显著低于CHPE(P<0.05),这可能与CPP81在纯化过程中经过乙醇沉降处理有关。相关研究表明,乙醇可能改变蛋白质三级结构,破坏疏水与静电相互作用,影响其在油水界面上的吸附构型与紧密程度,进而降低乳化膜的稳定性[24−25]。在蛋白质浓度为4 mg/mL时,三种小球藻蛋白乳状液的乳化指数仍与乳清蛋白相当,即使在静置15 d后,其CI值仍接近1。这可能是由于小球藻蛋白质浓度的增加增强了蛋白质分子间的相互作用[29],从而形成了更为稳定的蛋白质膜,有效维持了乳状液的稳定性。相比之下,乳清蛋白的CI值在静置15 d后降至0.66,进一步说明了小球藻蛋白在乳化稳定性方面的优势。
EAI实验结果表明,在2 mg/mL浓度下,除静置15 d后CPP72的EAI值显著大于WP外(P<0.05),其余时间段小球藻蛋白质的乳化性均不如WP,这可能是因为WP本身具有较高的表面疏水性与柔性结构,有利于其快速迁移至油水界面并形成初始乳化膜,但在存放过程中更容易因蛋白聚集或界面膜破裂导致乳液分层[30],EAI随时间下降显著;而CPP72含有一定量可增强界面稳定性的非蛋白杂质(如糖类或小分子多肽),在延长储存过程中协同维持乳液稳定性。当蛋白质浓度从2 mg/mL增加到4 mg/mL,各蛋白质EAI值均上升,其中CPP72的EAI值在静置10 min后高达64 m2/g,CPP72和CPP81的乳化性显著高于WP(P<0.05),表明其在高浓度下具有更优异的乳化性能和稳定性。这种现象可归因于蛋白浓度的增加导致界面蛋白浓度相应提高,油滴表面被蛋白分子完全包裹,形成一层致密的蛋白膜[31],随着蛋白膜的厚度的增加,油滴粒径逐渐减小,乳液的稳定性也随之增强。此外,高纯度的小球藻蛋白质(CPP72、CPP81)在界面上能够形成更稳定的乳化膜,其乳化性能显著优于低纯度样品(CHPE),这可能是由于高纯度的蛋白质中多糖类物质含量较低,更易于形成均匀的分散体系[32],从而进一步增强乳液的稳定性。
测定CHPE、CPP72和CPP81在5%、10%和15%蛋白质浓度下的黏度,结果如图4所示。除5%的CHPE外,小球藻蛋白质溶液的黏度均高于乳清蛋白,且表现出典型的剪切稀化现象,符合非牛顿流体特征。
在15%的蛋白质浓度下,乳清蛋白的初始黏度为193 mPa·s,CHPE、CPP72和CPP81的初始黏度分别达到12467、52242和52366 mPa·s,分别是乳清蛋白的65、270和271倍,这一显著差异可能源于小球藻蛋白质中富含天冬氨酸、谷氨酸等酸性氨基酸[33],这些氨基酸能够形成更多的氢键和离子键,从而增强蛋白质溶液的黏度。此外,小球藻蛋白质溶液的黏度随蛋白质浓度的增加而上升。当蛋白质浓度从5%增加到15%时,CHPE的初始黏度从44 mPa·s上升至12476 mPa·s,增加了约280倍。这种黏度的显著提升可归因于蛋白质浓度的增加导致分子间距离缩短,进而增强了分子间的相互作用力,最终显著提高了溶液的黏度[29]。
小球藻蛋白质溶液的黏度还随蛋白质纯度的增加而增加。在蛋白质浓度为5%时,CHPE、CPP72和CPP81的初始黏度分别为44、160和238 mPa·s,在10%和15%浓度下,其黏度仍呈现出随纯度的提升而增加的趋势。这可能是由于小球藻蛋白质纯化过程中去除了更多的离子或其他杂质,增强了蛋白质分子之间的相互作用,使其形成更为稳定的空间网状结构,从而导致黏度提升[34]。
测定CHPE、CPP72和CPP81在不同蛋白质浓度下随角频率变化的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G''),并以乳清蛋白(15%)作为对照,结果如图5所示。实验结果表明,在中、高蛋白质浓度下,小球藻蛋白质展现出比乳清蛋白更优异的凝胶性能。在15%蛋白质浓度下,CHPE、CPP72、CPP81的G'值分别是乳清蛋白的33、267和554倍。此外,小球藻蛋白质的凝胶转换点向角频率增大的方向移动,表明其凝胶结构更为紧密,且具有更高的稳定性,不易被破坏。
小球藻蛋白质凝胶性随蛋白质浓度的增加而增强。以CPP72为例,当蛋白质浓度从5%增加至15%时,其G'值从40 Pa增加至9241 Pa,增幅达231倍。这一现象可能归因于蛋白质浓度的增加促进了蛋白质分子之间的相互作用,形成了更为紧密的三维网状结构,从而显著提升了凝胶性能[13]。
此外,小球藻蛋白质凝胶性随蛋白质纯度的增加而显著增强。在15%蛋白质浓度下,CHPE、CPP72和CPP81的G'值分别为1141、9241和19161 Pa。这可能是由于纯度的提高减少了蛋白质组成和结构的差异,使得蛋白质分子之间更容易形成稳定的相互作用,进而构建出更为紧密且均匀的凝胶网络[35]。
通过对小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的色泽、气味、组织、滋味和质地等特性进行感官评定,综合评定结果如图6和表2所示。普通冰淇淋色泽均匀,质地细腻润滑,感官评价得分为90.5分。当以CHPE替代冰淇淋中的脱脂奶粉时,替代率为10%和20%的冰淇淋均呈现出绿色,组织细腻绵密,其感官评价得分分别为90.4分和91.2分,与普通冰淇淋相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。然而,当蛋白质替代率超过20%时,冰淇淋颜色过绿,出现小冰晶,并带有轻微的海草味,导致感官评分显著下降(P<0.05)。这表明,当蛋白质替代率不超过20%时,小球藻蛋白质可作为替代普通冰淇淋中脱脂奶粉的潜在选择,具有良好的应用前景。此外,小球藻蛋白质的纯度对其在冰淇淋中的感官表现具有一定程度的影响。在蛋白质替代率为10%时,CPP72冰淇淋的颜色较CHPE浅,感官评价得分更高,达到93.1分。这可能是因为高纯度的小球藻蛋白质(如CPP72)能够更好地与冰淇淋体系中的脂肪膜重新排列,促进蛋白质与其他成分在脂肪球膜中共存[18],从而使冰淇淋的质地更加细腻、柔软,口感更佳。
测定CHPE和CPP72作为蛋白质替代品时冰淇淋混合料经老化后溶液(冰淇淋老化液)的黏度,结果如图7所示。冰淇淋老化液表现出明显的剪切稀化现象。当蛋白质替代率为20%时,冰淇淋老化液的黏度约为7500 mPa·s,与普通冰淇淋(7000 mPa·s)相近。这可能是因为小球藻蛋白质能够与脱脂奶粉中的酪蛋白和乳蛋白发生相互作用[36],从而使冰淇淋老化液的黏性与普通冰淇淋相似。蛋白质替代率较高时,冰淇淋老化液的黏度随替代率的增加而增强。随着CHPE的蛋白质替代率从40%增加到100%,CHPE和CPP72的冰淇淋老化液的黏度分别从11660、10500增加到63058、91000 mPa·s。此外,蛋白质纯度的提高也会显著增加冰淇淋老化液的黏度。在蛋白质替代率从20%增长至100%时,CHPE的黏度从7500 mPa·s增长至63058 mPa·s,而CPP72的黏度则从7806 mPa·s增长至91000 mPa·s。这一现象可能归因于蛋白质纯度的增加,使得小球藻蛋白质与溶液中的脂质等物质之间的相互作用更加高效,物质结合更加紧密[37],从而显著增强了老化液的黏度。
测定小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的硬度,并以普通冰淇淋为参照,结果如表3所示。当蛋白质替代率为0%到40%之间时,小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的硬度与普通冰淇淋相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。此外,在此替代率范围内,小球藻蛋白质纯度的提高对冰淇淋硬度的影响亦无显著差异(P>0.05)。然而,随着蛋白质替代率的进一步增加,冰淇淋的硬度显著提高。替代率由40%增加至100%时,CPP72冰淇淋硬度由8.3 N显著增加至17.6 N(P<0.05)。这一现象可能是因为少量的小球藻蛋白质与奶粉中的蛋白质发生相互作用,吸附冰淇淋乳化液中的游离水分子,从而减少冰晶的形成[38],使冰淇淋硬度较小。然而,当小球藻蛋白质含量增高时,其与冰淇淋配料中的多糖等物质发生更广泛的相互作用,形成更强的凝胶网络结构[39]。这种结构能够固定更多的游离水分子,增加冰淇淋的黏稠度,从而导致硬度显著增强。
测定小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的膨胀率,并以普通冰淇淋为参照,结果如图8所示。普通冰淇淋的膨胀率为61%,当CHPE的替代率低于60%或CPP72的替代率低于40%时,小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的膨胀率与普通冰淇淋无显著差异(P>0.05)。其中,CHPE替代率为10%时,其冰淇淋膨胀率与普通冰淇淋最为接近,约为59%。然而,当蛋白质替代率从20%上升至100%时,CHPE和CPP72冰淇淋的膨胀率分别从原来的63%、65%降至35%、31%。这一现象可能与乳蛋白在冰淇淋体系中的作用机制有关。乳蛋白能够在脂肪球表面形成黏弹性蛋白膜,这种膜能够稳定搅打过程中产生的气泡,从而对冰淇淋的膨胀率起到一定的促进作用[40],随着乳蛋白含量的降低,这种稳定的蛋白膜结构减少,导致冰淇淋的膨胀率降低。
测定小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的融化率,结果如图9所示。在较低的蛋白质替代率下,小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的融化速率与普通冰淇淋相似。普通冰淇淋在静置10 min后首次滴落,且在28 min时完全融化。相比之下,当CHPE的替代率为10%和20%时,小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的首次滴落时间分别为8 min和10 min,融化速率与普通冰淇淋相当。
随着蛋白质替代率的增加,小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的融化速率逐渐降低。当蛋白质替代率从10%增加到100%时,CHPE冰淇淋的首次滴落时间从8 min延长至20 min,且完全融化所需的时间也显著延长。特别地,当替代率达到100%时,冰淇淋的融化速率极为缓慢,在30 min内仍未完全融化。
此外,蛋白质纯度的提高也减缓了冰淇淋的融化速率。与CHPE冰淇淋相比,CPP72冰淇淋的首次滴落时间和滴落速率更慢。当蛋白质替代率为20%时,CHPE和CPP72冰淇淋的首次滴落时间分别出现在10 min和11 min。这一现象可能归因于蛋白质含量的增加导致冰淇淋浆料的黏稠度显著提高[41],从而显著降低了融化速度。
对小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的感官特性进行了综合评定,包括色泽、气味、组织结构、滋味和质地等方面。结果如表4所示。当蛋白质替代率为20%且黄原胶和单甘酯添加量从100%降至67%时,感官评分为93.1分,与普通冰淇淋(90.5分)无显著差异(P>0.05),表明小球藻蛋白在此条件下能有效维持品质。但当替代率升至60%时,即使保持100%添加量,评分显著降至68.3分(P<0.05),这主要源于高添加量积累的藻类风味物质(如叶绿素衍生物)产生青草味,而非蛋白功能缺陷。在完全不添加稳定剂时,20%替代率样品评分仍达85.5分,证实小球藻蛋白具有替代潜力。因此,小球藻蛋白在20%替代率时完全适用于冰淇淋,但需控制添加量以避免风味劣化。
测定添加不同含量黄原胶和单甘酯的小球藻蛋白质混合液(老化液)的黏度,分析其对小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋黏度的影响,结果如图10所示。20%和60%蛋白质替代率的冰淇淋老化液黏度均随着黄原胶和单甘酯添加量的减少而降低。黄原胶和单甘酯添加量从100%降至0时,蛋白质替代率为20%的冰淇淋老化液黏度从7806 mPa·s降低至1695 mPa·s;蛋白质替代率为60%的冰淇淋老化液的黏度从21847 mPa·s降低至2579 mPa·s。这可能是因为黄原胶能够通过其长链多糖的网状结构增强体系的黏度和稳定性,而单甘酯能够有效降低界面张力,促进脂肪和水相的均匀分散[42]。当这两种添加剂的含量降低时,冰淇淋乳化体系的稳定性受到破坏,导致老化液的黏度显著下降。
测定添加不同含量黄原胶和单甘酯的小球藻蛋白质冰淇淋的硬度,结果如表5所示。黄原胶和单甘酯的添加量降低至原来的67%时,蛋白质替代率为20%和60%的冰淇淋硬度均与原来无显著性差异(P>0.05)。然而,随着黄原胶和单甘酯添加量的进一步减少,其硬度呈现出降低的趋势。黄原胶和单甘酯添加量从100%降至0时,蛋白质替代率为20%的冰淇淋硬度从8.3 N下降至4.8 N,蛋白质替代率为60%的冰淇淋硬度从10.2 N下降至6.4 N。这可能是因为黄原胶和单甘酯含量较多时,它们在油/水界面与蛋白质分子发生相互作用,导致蛋白质亲水性增加并从界面解吸,迫使弱吸附的蛋白质进入水相,从而降低脂肪球的空间稳定性使物质聚结,导致硬度较大。然而,单甘酯和黄原胶添加量的减小,使脱脂奶粉中的蛋白质和小球藻蛋白质在油/水界面形成物理屏障,导致乳液更加稳定,从而阻止脂肪滴的絮凝和聚结[43],降低冰淇淋的硬度。
测定添加不同黄原胶和单甘酯含量冰淇淋的膨胀率,结果如图11所示。随着黄原胶和单甘酯添加量的降低,冰淇淋膨胀率呈现先升后降的趋势。蛋白质替代率为20%时,未添加黄原胶和单甘酯的冰淇淋的膨胀率仅为51%,而黄原胶和单甘酯的添加量为67%时,冰淇淋膨胀率达到了最高值69%。进一步分析发现,当蛋白质替代率为60%时,冰淇淋膨胀率在黄原胶和单甘酯添加量为67%时达到最高值51%,而当添加量为100%时,膨胀率则降至最低值45%。从机理上分析,随着黄原胶和单甘酯添加量的降低,冰淇淋中的气泡更容易扩散和膨胀,从而导致膨胀率升高;然而,当添加量过高时,冰淇淋中的气泡变得不稳定并容易聚集在一起[42],这使得冰淇淋的膨胀率下降。
测定添加不同含量黄原胶和单甘酯冰淇淋的融化率,结果如图12所示。随着黄原胶和单甘酯添加量的降低,冰淇淋融化速率显著加快。蛋白质替代率为20%时,黄原胶和单甘酯的添加量从100%降至0,冰淇淋的初始滴落时间从11 min提前至5 min,完全滴落时间从30 min提前至23 min。而当蛋白质替代率为60%时,黄原胶和单甘酯添加量从100%降至0,冰淇淋的初始融化时间从14 min缩短至7 min,但完全滴落所需的时间差异较小。这主要是因为随着稳定剂和乳化剂添加量的减少,冰淇淋体系的保水能力减弱,使冰淇淋质地变得松散且不稳定[44],从而导致冰淇淋的融化速率加快。
小球藻蛋白质在起泡性、乳化性和流变性方面均显著优于乳清蛋白(P<0.05),其中CPP72表现最为出色,当蛋白质浓度为4%时,起泡性高达76%,EAI值在静置10 min后可达64 m2/g,初始黏度是乳清蛋白的270倍,且在15 d后的CI值接近1,显示出优异的长期稳定性。在冰淇淋应用中,当小球藻蛋白的替代率为20%,黄原胶和单甘酯的添加量可减少至67%且不对感官产生显著影响(P>0.05)。
本研究全面评估了小球藻蛋白质作为植物基蛋白替代乳清蛋白在冰淇淋中的应用潜力,为小球藻蛋白质的实际应用提供理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040358
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
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    1福州大学生物科学与工程学院,福建福州 350108
    2福州青肽领航生物科技有限公司,福建福州 350000
    3泰兴市东圣生物科技有限公司,江苏泰兴 225400

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张晨(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物资源再利用、绿色加工技术等,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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