Article(id=1320882058533122362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060368, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751126400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852423555, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852423555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852423555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852423555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=513, endPage=522, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882058717671739, articleId=1320882058533122362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Application of Spatial Electric Field Technology in Food Storage and Preservation, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Food storage and preservation is a key link in extending shelf life and ensuring food safety and quality. As an emerging physical preservation technology, spatial electric field (SEF) technology features advantages such as non-thermal effect, no chemical residues, minimal interference with the microstructure of food matrices, and wide applicability. It has been proven to exhibit significant food preservation and synergistic preservation effects, and has made remarkable progress in food storage and preservation research in recent years. From the perspective of physical field-organism interaction, this paper systematically sorts out the basic conceptual framework, technical classifications, applications across diverse food categories, and multiple action mechanisms of SEF in food storage and preservation. At the same time, it objectively points out the core limitations of the current application of this technology: the prevention and control system for potential safety risks under high-voltage operating conditions still needs to be improved, the preservation effectiveness of low-voltage electric field is insufficient, the adaptability of a single electric field technology to different types of food varies significantly, and the high cost of core equipment restricts its industrial application. Future research should focus on three key areas: a. Promoting the development of "multi-field synergy" and "electric field-composite preservation" technologies to further improve preservation effectiveness. b. Developing an intelligent control system for dynamic parameters based on food characteristics to enhance technical adaptability. c. Reducing application costs through modular production of core components and modular equipment design. This paper aims to provide a theoretical reference for constructing a SEF food preservation technology system that is suitable for industrial applications, green and efficient.

, authors=Xianglong ZHANG*, Yushan CHEN, Leipeng YANG, Lishui CHEN, Jingfang GUO, Fangfang JIAN, authorsList=Xianglong ZHANG, Yushan CHEN, Leipeng YANG, Lishui CHEN, Jingfang GUO, Fangfang JIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xianglong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882059808190788, articleId=1320882058533122362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=空间电场技术在食品贮藏保鲜中的应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

食品贮藏保鲜是延长货架期、保障食品安全与品质的关键环节。空间电场技术作为一种新兴物理保鲜手段,具有非热效应、无化学残留、对食品基质微观结构干扰小及适用对象广泛等优势,已被证实具有显著的食品保鲜及协同保鲜作用,近年来在食品贮藏保鲜研究中取得显著进展。本文从物理场-生物体互作视角,系统梳理了空间电场在食品贮藏保鲜中的基础概念构架、技术分类体系、在多品类食品中的应用及多重作用机理;同时客观指出当前技术应用的核心局限性:高压工况下的潜在安全风险防控体系仍有待健全、低压电场保鲜有效性不足、单一电场技术对不同品类食品的适配性差异显著,且核心设备成本投入较高制约了产业化落地。未来研究需重点聚焦:a.推进“多场协同”与“电场-复合保鲜”技术,以进一步提升保鲜效果;b.开发基于食品特性的动态参数智能调控系统,提升技术适配性;c.通过核心部件模块化生产与模块化设备设计,降低应用成本。本文旨在为构建适配产业应用的绿色高效空间电场食品保鲜技术体系提供理论参考。

, authors=张祥龙*, 陈雨珊, 杨雷鹏, 陈历水, 郭净芳, 菅芳芳, authorsList=张祥龙, 陈雨珊, 杨雷鹏, 陈历水, 郭净芳, 菅芳芳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张祥龙, authorNote=

张祥龙(1990−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏保鲜,E-mail:

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张祥龙(1990−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏保鲜,E-mail:。
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空间电场技术在食品贮藏保鲜中的应用研究进展
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张祥龙 * , 陈雨珊 , 杨雷鹏 , 陈历水 , 郭净芳 , 菅芳芳
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(13): 513-522
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (13) : 513 -522
空间电场技术在食品贮藏保鲜中的应用研究进展
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张祥龙* , 陈雨珊, 杨雷鹏, 陈历水, 郭净芳, 菅芳芳
作者信息
  • 中原食品实验室,河南漯河 462300
通讯作者:
张祥龙(1990−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏保鲜,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张祥龙(1990−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏保鲜,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Application of Spatial Electric Field Technology in Food Storage and Preservation
Xianglong ZHANG* , Yushan CHEN, Leipeng YANG, Lishui CHEN, Jingfang GUO, Fangfang JIAN
Affiliations
  • Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060368
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食品贮藏保鲜是延长货架期、保障食品安全与品质的关键环节。空间电场技术作为一种新兴物理保鲜手段,具有非热效应、无化学残留、对食品基质微观结构干扰小及适用对象广泛等优势,已被证实具有显著的食品保鲜及协同保鲜作用,近年来在食品贮藏保鲜研究中取得显著进展。本文从物理场-生物体互作视角,系统梳理了空间电场在食品贮藏保鲜中的基础概念构架、技术分类体系、在多品类食品中的应用及多重作用机理;同时客观指出当前技术应用的核心局限性:高压工况下的潜在安全风险防控体系仍有待健全、低压电场保鲜有效性不足、单一电场技术对不同品类食品的适配性差异显著,且核心设备成本投入较高制约了产业化落地。未来研究需重点聚焦:a.推进“多场协同”与“电场-复合保鲜”技术,以进一步提升保鲜效果;b.开发基于食品特性的动态参数智能调控系统,提升技术适配性;c.通过核心部件模块化生产与模块化设备设计,降低应用成本。本文旨在为构建适配产业应用的绿色高效空间电场食品保鲜技术体系提供理论参考。

空间电场  /  高压静电场  /  交变电场  /  高压脉冲电场  /  贮藏保鲜

Food storage and preservation is a key link in extending shelf life and ensuring food safety and quality. As an emerging physical preservation technology, spatial electric field (SEF) technology features advantages such as non-thermal effect, no chemical residues, minimal interference with the microstructure of food matrices, and wide applicability. It has been proven to exhibit significant food preservation and synergistic preservation effects, and has made remarkable progress in food storage and preservation research in recent years. From the perspective of physical field-organism interaction, this paper systematically sorts out the basic conceptual framework, technical classifications, applications across diverse food categories, and multiple action mechanisms of SEF in food storage and preservation. At the same time, it objectively points out the core limitations of the current application of this technology: the prevention and control system for potential safety risks under high-voltage operating conditions still needs to be improved, the preservation effectiveness of low-voltage electric field is insufficient, the adaptability of a single electric field technology to different types of food varies significantly, and the high cost of core equipment restricts its industrial application. Future research should focus on three key areas: a. Promoting the development of "multi-field synergy" and "electric field-composite preservation" technologies to further improve preservation effectiveness. b. Developing an intelligent control system for dynamic parameters based on food characteristics to enhance technical adaptability. c. Reducing application costs through modular production of core components and modular equipment design. This paper aims to provide a theoretical reference for constructing a SEF food preservation technology system that is suitable for industrial applications, green and efficient.

spatial electric field  /  high-voltage electrostatic field  /  alternating electric field  /  high-voltage pulsed electric field  /  storage and preservation
张祥龙, 陈雨珊, 杨雷鹏, 陈历水, 郭净芳, 菅芳芳. 空间电场技术在食品贮藏保鲜中的应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 513 -522 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060368
Xianglong ZHANG, Yushan CHEN, Leipeng YANG, Lishui CHEN, Jingfang GUO, Fangfang JIAN. Research Progress on the Application of Spatial Electric Field Technology in Food Storage and Preservation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 513 -522 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060368
食品贮藏保鲜是食品供应链中减缓品质劣变、延长货架期的核心环节。据联合国粮农组织统计,全球每年约13亿吨食物因腐败损耗,造成高达1万亿美元的经济损失[1]。在我国,生鲜农产品采后损失率高达20%~30%,远高于发达国家5%~10%的水平,亟需发展高效保鲜技术以保障食品安全与资源可持续性。
在当前主流保鲜技术中,化学保鲜通常依赖化学添加剂(如苯甲酸钠、山梨酸钾),而存在安全风险和消费者接受度瓶颈问题;生物保鲜通过利用微生物(如乳酸菌)或天然提取物(如溶菌酶)等实现生物拮抗,但其效果易受环境参数波动制约[2];而物理保鲜技术因无需外源添加物,在维持食品固有品质特性方面具有显著优势。其中,以低温、气调及电场为代表的物理手段,通过调控微环境或代谢过程实现食品保鲜,已成为绿色技术发展的重要方向。
空间电场(spatial electric field,SEF)技术作为物理保鲜的新兴分支,凭借其非热效应调控和多场景适用性,成为当前跨学科研究的焦点之一。根据技术成熟度和应用现状,已形成高压静电场(high-voltage electrostatic field,HVEF)、高压脉冲电场(high-voltage pulsed electric field,HVPEF)和交变电场(alternating electric field,AEF)等核心技术类型。现有研究证实,空间电场通过物理场与食品基质、微生物等的相互作用,可实现多重保鲜功效:一方面通过破坏微生物细胞膜[3−5],减少微生物污染;另一方面通过抑制内源酶活性[6]、调控水分子迁移特性和缔结状态[7−8]、抑制果蔬呼吸强度与乙烯生成等[9],延缓食品代谢劣变。具体实验数据显示:35 kV-HVEF处理猪肉15 min后,−1 ℃冰温保藏时假单胞菌的数量显著减少0.5 log CFU/g,并显著减缓猪肉蒸煮损失的下降等,有效维持肉品新鲜度[10];HVPEF(960 kV/m,1000 Hz)处理苹果汁20 min,能够有效减少细菌数量1.89~4.76 log CFU/mL,同时较小影响到果汁可溶性固形物、有机酸和风味[3];交变电场(1.8 kV/m,300 Hz)能够降低牦牛肉冰点,抑制冰点保藏时冰晶的形成,从而能够减少鲜肉汁液损失率和减缓剪切力的下降,显著保留鲜肉嫩度[7]。
在产业化探索层面,空间电场保鲜已从实验室研究逐步走向产业化应用。例如,日本DENBA交变电场技术在辅助果蔬低温保鲜中显示出明显的作用[11],目前在我国、日本和欧洲等商超冷链中规模化部署;美国Genesis Juice公司早已在实际生产线中采用HVPEF结合60 ℃热处理生产混合果汁产品[12]。然而,当前技术仍面临技术安全性(如高压风险)、核心部件成本较高,以及因不同食品品类对电场参数适配性差异显著带来的通用型设备开发难度大等问题,这些问题制约了SEF技术的产业化应用。
空间电场保鲜技术的多学科融合推动了其交叉学科创新体系的发展,然而现有文献对“空间电场”的概念界定仍存在明显偏差——部分研究将其简单等同于“静电场”或“高压电场”,或将“交变电场”混淆为“静电场”,未明确不同电场类型作为特定保鲜技术的独立内涵。鉴于该技术在食品品质维持与绿色保鲜领域的巨大潜力,本文将从空间电场基础概念构架、技术分类体系、在多品类食品中的应用及多重作用机理等层面进行综述,以期为该技术在食品贮藏保鲜中的应用和发展提供理论参考。
空间电场本质上是电荷在周围空间激发形成的物理场,其作用区域内存在电势差并对带电体产生作用力。从物理学和食品科学交叉角度来看,空间电场保鲜技术是在密闭或半密闭的食品贮藏环境中,通过特定结构的电极施加电压,使空间内形成稳定电场,进而利用电场实现对致腐微生物活性的抑制,以及对食品自身代谢过程的调控等,从而实现延缓食品品质劣变、延长货架期的非热保鲜技术[13]。
根据电压大小,空间电场可分为高压电场与低压电场;依据电场强度或/和方向是否随时间变化,其又可分为静态电场和时变电场。静电场作为静态电场的主要形式,按照电极结构不同,主要存在平行板式(parallel-plate)、针-板式(needle-plate)、刺-板式(barbed plate-plate)和线-板式(line-plate)等构型[14−16](图1A)。空间电场食品保鲜的基础来源于电场力的作用,因此电场电压和电场强度是空间电场最重要的两个参数。因静电场强度随距离衰减的特性,工业应用中多采用高压静电场形式,其中平行板高压静电场因形成匀强电场且无电晕放电[17−18],成为食品贮藏保鲜的主流应用形式[14]。刺-板式高压静电场主要由一个带有芒刺的电极板与另外一个不带芒刺的平行电极板组成,该形式可能存在尖端放电现象,目前主要限于科学研究而产业化应用较少[19−20]。针-板式高压静电场产生非匀强电场,针状电极附近的高场强易引发电晕放电[17],目前主要应用于纺织、印刷[21]及农业领域[22]。线-板式高压静电场作为线状电极与平行板电极间的场型构架(图1A),目前对这种高压静电场的研究相对较少。
时变电场表现为场强或/和方向随时间动态变化,在食品保鲜领域的应用主要包括AEF和脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)(图1A)。其中,AEF呈周期性连续变化,可由磁感线切割(工频)或振荡电路(数万至百兆赫兹)产生;高频振荡电场多在通信及医疗领域应用广泛,而食品保鲜领域主要采用工频正弦交变电场(详见2.2小节)。PEF呈现非连续的周期性特征,常见方波、锯齿波和三角波等波形(图1B);因处理效果随场强在一定范围内增强而提升,食品工业普遍采用100~5000 kV/m的HVPEF[23]。从信号时域特性看,AEF信号多呈现时域周期性连续变换,而PEF信号则是在周期内呈间断性变化(图1B)。
平行板式高压静电场(parallel-plate high-voltage electrostatic field,PP-HVEF)是目前在食品贮藏保鲜中应用到的主要HVEF形式之一。在实际应用中,PP-HVEF主要通过交流市电经整流、滤波、能量转换等过程得以实现,其电路连接示意图如图2A所示。目前文献中对于高压的数值并没有明确的界定,而在实际的应用中通常电压会在数十千伏以上[24−27]。已有的研究表明,在一定范围内(不达到介质击穿电压前提下),随着电场强度的增加或者处理时间的延长,高压静电场显示出更好的保鲜效果。李远慧[28]在4 ℃条件下采用不同强度的PP-HEVF处理猪肉,结果显示随着电场强度的增加,猪肉菌落总数、总挥发性盐基氮、汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率等呈现减少的趋势,表明随着电场强度的增加PP-HVEF具有更好的保鲜效果。Nie等[26]采用48 kV的PP-HVEF处理西红柿并在4 ℃贮藏,证实延长电场作用时间可有效延缓西红柿硬度下降、质量损失、颜色劣变及果胶降解进程。
AEF作为食品贮藏保鲜领域另一主流空间电场技术,其实际应用需规避高压高频工况下的热累积效应——电压(振幅)与频率的增大会显著提升系统产热量,故当前工业级AEF系统均采用低压(<5.0 kV)工频模式,通过交流市电升压转换实现低频电场生成,典型电路见图2B。依据麦克斯韦电磁场理论,AEF系统由于时变特性必然伴随同频交变磁场。然而,因为工频AEF频率极低,本质上则形成耦合微弱的空间电磁场而不形成有效电磁波辐射,并不以波动形式传递能量。由于工频AEF的电压与频率相对较低,相较于高压电场,其作用于食品的电场力通常更小,因此对微生物的抑制效果有限。但工频AEF由于能量传递依赖同步电场振荡,进而诱导食品分子振动,尤其通过驱动极性水分子振动改变其缔合结构,进而调控食品冰点和冰晶形态,从而减少冻藏食品由于大尺寸冰晶形成造成的汁液损失[29]。
典型的HVPEF处理系统由升压变压器、脉冲发生器、控制器、滤波器、输出电极、样品处理室等组成[30]。电场强度、脉宽、脉冲周期、作用时间、波形、环境温度、食品自身基质特性(如pH、水活度、可溶性固形物含量)等对HVPEF的处理效果有重要的影响[23]。有研究显示HVPEF在处理固体食品时可能对食品质构存在负面影响[31−33],因此在食品工业中,HVPEF多用于液体或半固体食品的加工处理。在处理时,样品处理室位于电极板中间,液体食品多采用流经样品处理室的连续性操作而进行HVPEF处理。此外,在工业实际应用中HVPEF处理过程通常需要配合适当温度进行[34],并且由于HVPEF处理时存在短暂的热效应[35],因此在样品处理后往往经过温度平衡装置来控制样品温度(图3)。同样地,由于HVPEF为时变电场,因此HVPEF在产生时也伴随磁场的产生,并以脉冲磁场的形式与脉冲电场共同作用于食品基质。
动物源性食品作为优质蛋白的重要来源,其高营养基质特性易导致腐败变质。空间电场技术可协同低温环境有效延长动物源性食品的保质期,并延缓质构、风味与营养品质的劣变。在辅助水产品保鲜中,高压静电场技术显示出显著的效果:一方面,该技术通过影响冷冻过程中的冰晶形态与生成效率发挥作用,例如缩短深水虾等水产品在冷冻时通过最大冰晶生成带的时间以加速冷冻进程,同时促使体系形成更小且分布更均匀的冰晶,这种冰晶特性能最大程度减少对细胞结构的破坏,从而有效维持虾肉等水产品的质构稳定性[8];另一方面,高压静电场对水产品的品质劣变路径具有多方面抑制作用,如高压静电场既能抑制冷藏罗非鱼多酚氧化酶等酶类活性、减缓ATP降解与蛋白质变性速率,又能减少水分流失与脂质氧化,同时显著抑制腐败微生物的生长,且当高压静电场场强从300 kV/m提升至900 kV/m时,其对罗非鱼的保鲜效果得到提升,呈现出一定的场强依赖性[36−37]。在畜禽肉保鲜中,交变电场(2.2 kV和3.4 kV,50 Hz)可通过提升冻结速率,同时降低贮藏过程中挥发性盐基态氮的积累、抑制脂肪氧化与嫩度下降、减少菌落总数等起到对猪肉的保鲜[38];在鸡肉的冷鲜保藏中,高压静电场(4.0 kV)能够延缓冷鲜鸡肉硫代巴比妥酸值(反映脂质过氧化程度)的上升和抑制微生物的生长,并且减小贮藏过程中鸡肉色泽、组织状态和气味等的劣变[39]。除水产和畜禽肉制品外,研究发现,使用高压静电场(30 kV/m,60 min;60 kV/m,30 min)处理新鲜带壳鸡蛋,可有效维持其在低温贮藏(13 ℃)过程中的内部含水量,并显著减缓哈夫单位、蛋黄指数及挥发性盐基氮的变化速率[40]。此外,采用高压脉冲电场(4615 kV/m,处理温度20~60 ℃,脉宽2 μs,脉冲数30)对生牛乳进行处理,也能延缓其在低温贮藏(4 ℃)时稳定性的下降速度[41]。这些研究表明,不同类型的空间电场可辅助低温条件,有效对动物源性食品起到保鲜作用。
果蔬产品富含维生素、矿物质和膳食纤维等营养成分,在大众饮食结构中占据重要地位。果蔬的保鲜不仅能够维持果蔬原有营养品质,而且能够有效保持其在食用时的感官品质,如脆度、硬度、色泽等。崔帅等[42]研究发现,空间交变电场(2~4 kV,50 Hz)辅助低温可显著提升葡萄和无花果的保鲜效果:在12 d贮藏期内,该技术使二者重量损失率显著降低(P<0.05),并显著抑制腐烂率(P<0.05)。Chang等[9]进一步对比了高压静电场(250 kV/m,120 min)与交变电场(250 kV/m,30~120 min)对西红柿贮藏品质的影响,结果表明两种电场处理组较对照组显著(P<0.05)减少重量损失、褐变及抗坏血酸降解,同时抑制硬度下降。相同场强大小下交变电场的保鲜效果优于高压静电场,凸显电场动态调控的优势。此外,对草莓[43]、杨梅[44]、石榴[45]、西蓝花[46]和圣女果[47]等的研究同样表明,空间电场(高压静电场或交变电场)能够辅助低温,或协同其它栅栏因子,有效延长果蔬的保鲜期。
除了对完整形态的果蔬产品能够发挥保鲜作用外,空间电场对于鲜切果蔬同样有明显的保鲜作用。鲜切果蔬因其机械切面会与空气直接接触,所以针对其保鲜效果的考量,除了要关注质构方面外,重点还体现在能否有效减缓切面出现的褐变情况,以及能否抑制切面微生物的繁殖等。研究人员发现采用600 kV/m的HVEF处理黄甜竹笋2 h能够显著(P<0.05)抑制多酚氧化酶活性,起到延缓其切面褐变的作用,并且还能显著降低(P<0.05)其呼吸速率、硬度以及纤维素和木质素含量等的上升[48];另外,经HVPEF处理后,鲜切马铃薯(940 kV/m,21 min)和鲜切苹果(500~4500 kV/m,15 min,30.5 kHz,占空比24.4%)切面的褐变现象能够得到显著减缓(P<0.05)。同时,HVPEF还有效减缓鲜切马铃薯菌落总数的增加[49],并减缓鲜切苹果表面大肠杆菌和肠炎沙门氏菌的增加[50]。
目前,空间电场在果蔬汁、豆制品等食品的保鲜应用中也逐步拓展。研究人员采用不同类型的空间电场,对苹果汁[51]、聚乙烯瓶包装胡萝卜汁[52]、西瓜汁[53]等果蔬汁制品,以及内酯豆腐[54]进行了保鲜效果评价。研究结果显示,相比于未施加电场的对照组,各类型空间电场均能有效减缓上述食品在贮藏期间的品质劣化进程。具体而言,采用HVPEF(3500 kV/m,脉宽75 μs)处理苹果汁时,可有效降低多酚氧化酶活性(抑制率98.45%)和过氧化物酶活性(抑制率94.2%),且能较好地维持果汁总酚含量与抗氧化能力[51];HVEF(100 kV/m)处理则可有效减缓4 ℃冷藏12 d期间胡萝卜汁的颜色褪变,抑制类胡萝卜素含量下降,维持总酚含量,同时对胡萝卜汁中的微生物具有明显抑制作用,有效延长其贮藏周期[52];而AEF(2.5 V/m,60 Hz)辅助内酯豆腐的冷冻和解冻过程,均能减轻对其弹性和硬度的破坏,且可与低温协同进一步抑制微生物生长[54]。上述研究表明,空间电场技术不仅适用于动物源性食品和果蔬产品,对于加工后的液体果蔬汁、豆制品等同样具备保鲜和延长保质期的应用潜力。
在空间电场技术的应用研究中,研究者的关注焦点主要集中于其保鲜效果;而针对食品包装材料对该技术保鲜效果的影响,目前尚缺乏系统性研究。然而,从包装材料的电学性质来看,包装材料的不同必定影响到电场对食品的保鲜效果。根据电学性质差异,食品包装材料主要可分为电介质类(如塑料、纸质包装)和导体类包装(如马口铁),二者在电场作用下的行为机制存在本质差异。对于典型的电介质类包装材料,其内部几乎不存在自由移动的电荷,介电常数通常较低(如室温下聚乙烯、聚丙烯介电常数分别为2.2和2.3)[55]。在空间电场作用下,电介质材料允许电场线穿透包装层,进而对食品基质产生作用,通过影响微生物代谢、酶活性等实现保鲜效果。例如,聚乙烯包装胡萝卜汁在HVEF处理后可显著抑制微生物繁殖并延缓颜色褪变(见3.3小节)。电介质类包装材料的厚度对空间电场保鲜效果同样也有着不可忽视的影响:一般来说,较薄的电介质包装层相对更有利于电场线的穿透[56]。这是因为电场线在穿透包装材料的过程中会有一定程度的衰减,包装越薄,电场强度的衰减幅度越小,能够更有效地作用于食品,从而更好地发挥保鲜功效。并且随着电介质包装厚度的增加,电场强度的衰减可能呈现指数规律[57]。而金属包装材料作为优良导体,在外部电场作用下会遵循法拉第笼原理[58]。当施加空间电场时,金属包装表面迅速产生感应电荷,进而形成一个与外部电场方向相反的内建电场,导致净电场在金属内部几乎为零,完全屏蔽外部电场对食品的作用,从而无法实现电场的保鲜作用。此外,对于含有金属层的复合包装材料(如含有聚乙烯、原纸和铝箔的利乐包)而言,尽管外层塑料薄膜部分可能允许一定的电场穿透,但内层金属层又会起到屏蔽电场的作用,同样无法受到空间电场的作用。综上所述,包装材料是影响空间电场技术在食品保鲜应用中不可忽视的一个因素;在空间电场保鲜实际应用中,有必要依据食品的自身特性、期望的保鲜时长以及具体的包装材料特性等多方面进行综合考量,以达到最佳的保鲜效果。
微生物的继续繁殖一方面会消耗食品本身营养成分,另一方面微生物可能会产生有毒害作用的代谢产物,因此是造成食品腐败的重要原因之一。空间电场能够有效抑制/杀死食品中携带的潜在致腐微生物。Hsieh等[52]和Ko等[36]分别在高压静电场对胡萝卜汁(100 kV/m)和罗非鱼(300~900 kV/m)品质的影响研究中发现,高压静电场处理组在贮藏期间菌落总数虽整体仍呈现增加趋势,但显著低于无静电场的条件(P<0.05)。同样地,对于交变电场来说,研究人员发现交变电场作用于猪肉(2.5 kV,50 Hz)[59]、牛米龙肉(3.3~4.0 kV,50 Hz)[60]及奶豆腐(2.5 kV,50 Hz)[54]时,电场处理组菌落总数虽在增加,但整体低于无电场处理组。Golberg等[61]采用间歇(每12 h一次)高压脉冲电场(1200 kV/m,脉宽40 μs,脉冲数30)处理大肠杆菌时发现,在每次脉冲电场处理之后的短暂时间内大肠杆菌菌落数明显降低,而在之后的一段时间里又呈现增加趋势。这表明高压脉冲电场能够抑制大肠杆菌的生长,而处理后菌数的反弹可能是由于处理强度不足,未能彻底灭活细菌所致。
对于高压空间电场(HVEF和HVPEF)的抑菌或杀菌机理,目前的理论认为高压电场对微生物的直接影响主要是高压电场使细胞膜电穿孔或电崩解(跨膜电压>临界阈值)致使细胞内容物流失,从而引起细胞损伤或死亡[3,30];另一方面,高压电场能够激发臭氧、活性自由基等的产生,从而间接地起到杀灭微生物的作用[62](见4.4小节)。然而,空间电场不仅能够抑制某些腐败微生物,一定条件下对于某些微生物可能有促进作用。例如Aşık-Canbaz等[63]在使用700 kV/m的HVPEF对鸡胸肉处理时发现,该电场处理对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制作用,却对单核细胞增生李斯特菌存在促进作用,这可能与不同微生物的菌属特性差异有关。
未经烹调、再制等深加工的生鲜食品因存在活体细胞,在贮藏过程中仍通过酶促反应持续进行代谢活动。空间电场通过调控细胞内源酶活性干预此类代谢进程,从而实现对生鲜食品的延期保鲜。空间电场对生鲜食品内源酶的作用无特异性,可广泛影响果蔬产品[9,45,64]、肉制品[37,65]、乳制品[66−67]、果蔬汁制品[51]等众多食品的内源酶活性。
机理上,由于生物体内多数酶是两性蛋白质(同时携带正电氨基与负电羧基),外加电场可改变其空间构象,从而影响其催化特性。Chang等[9]研究发现,采用相同场强(250 kV/m)的高压静电场和交变电场(50 Hz)对西红柿进行一定时长(30~120 min)的处理,结果表明两种空间电场均能够有效抑制西红柿果胶酯酶、聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶活性和多酚氧化酶的活性,并且能够抑制抗氧化系统中相关酶(如过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶)活性的下降。然而,空间电场对内源酶的影响不仅包括负向作用(抑制酶活),也存在正向作用(促进酶活)。例如,在使用间歇式高压静电场(1.5和3 kV/m,2 h/周)对石榴贮藏品质影响的研究中,研究人员发现1.5 kV/m的高压静电场能够抑制石榴多酚氧化酶的活性,而在3 kV/m条件下则会促进多酚氧化酶的活性;1.5和3 kV/m的空间电场会抑制愈创木酚过氧化物酶活性,而促进石榴超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性[45]。这种差异可能源于不同酶分子构象不同带来的对于电场响应阈值的不同。
水分对维持食品质构特性(如脆度、硬度)和食用品质具有关键作用。尤其在生鲜食品中,水分占比高达60%~95%,是生鲜食品的重要组成成分之一。研究表明,空间电场能够影响生鲜食品中水分子的迁移特性和缔结行为,从而改变生鲜食品的贮藏特性。例如,在西红柿贮藏实验中,经交变电场(250 kV/m,50 Hz)预处理90 min后,于18~20 ℃下贮藏12 d后,电场处理组的组织自由水含量显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05);核磁共振成像进一步显示,该处理能有效抑制结合紧密水分的流失[9]。这表明交变电场干预了水分在细胞内的迁移特性。在猪肉化冻过程中,交变电场同样表现出对水分重分布的影响:实验发现,交变电场辅助化冻可减缓核磁共振横向弛豫时间(T2)的变长(T2值增加反映自由水比例增加),同时提升结合水和不易流动水相对比例,减少自由水相对比例[68]。此外,Mok等[69]采用0.9%的氯化钠模拟生理条件对脉冲电场(0.178 kV/m,20 kHz)下水分子的冻结过程进行了研究,实验结果显示相比于无电场对照组,脉冲电场作用下氯化钠溶液随着冻结温度降低其过冷度增加,冻结过程中形成的冰晶更小且均匀,并呈现出球形(圆度0.88~0.90),这表明脉冲电场处理影响了水分子的缔结状态,改变了水分子簇的氢键网络。
电场影响水分子的微观机理与其极性结构密切相关。水分子是有极分子,其分子结构包括一个显示负电的氧原子和两个显示正电的氢原子。对于静电场来说,其作用于水分子时会引起水分子的位移极化而重新定向和排列,一方面引起水分子间已有氢键断裂,使得水分子结构化变小,另一方面电场会使得水分子在电场方向极化度增加,从而影响水分子成核行为[29]。交变电场则通过周期振荡,使得水分子发生振动和碰撞,从而造成更薄的固液界面,减小传热阻力,阻止水分子自发成核并产生小的均匀冰晶[29]。
空间电场在食品保鲜中不仅起到直接调控作用,亦可通过间接效应影响食品贮藏品质。研究表明,高压电场可诱导生成微量臭氧(O3),进而通过生物灭活等提升食品贮藏安全性 [14,70]。臭氧通常由高压电场产生,而在低压电场难以形成。其形成机制为:高压电施加于金属电极两端产生高能电子,电子经碰撞电离空气分子产生活性粒子[71]。当高能电子与氧分子(O2)碰撞时,引发解离反应生成游离的氧原子(O),该原子与氧分子结合形成臭氧(如反应式(1)和(2))。
生成的臭氧一部分可以与空气中的水蒸气和氮气等反应生成过氧化氢、一氧化氮等活性物质[72];另外,臭氧分子因亚稳态特性(常温常压下)易自发分解为氧气和氧原子[73],赋予强氧化能力(2.07 V氧化电势)[74]。该特性使其能直接灭活微生物,其杀菌效率受臭氧浓度、暴露时间、环境pH、温湿度、微生物种类/载量及共存反应物浓度等因素调控[75]。据文献报道,臭氧能够杀死食源性的多种细菌(如大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、李斯特菌)和霉菌(如黑曲霉、桔青霉)[76],作用机理包括:氧化细胞膜糖蛋白/糖脂组分、失活膜结合酶并最终导致细胞裂解[75](图4)。
$ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}+{\mathrm{e}}^-\xrightarrow{\mathrm{hv}}2\mathrm{O}+{\mathrm{e}}^- $
$ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}+\mathrm{O}+{\mathrm{e}}^-\rightarrow {\mathrm{O}}_{3}+{\mathrm{e}}^- $
$ {\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}+{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\rightarrow {\text{CH}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{HCOOH}~$
除了杀菌作用,高压电场产生的臭氧还可通过消耗乙烯(如反应式(3))降低贮藏环境乙烯浓度,从而延缓植物性食品成熟(详见4.5节)。此外,高压电场下的臭氧还能够刺激鲜肉和果蔬酶活性和代谢的改变进而影响食品贮藏品质[72]。一些研究指出臭氧可延缓猕猴桃软化和细胞壁的分解[77]、降低鸡胸肉和鸭胸当中的过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性[78]、增加鲜切红心火龙果中的多酚含量[79]。
高压电场诱导臭氧浓度主要受电压强度与贮藏空间容积调控。尽管贮藏环境实测数据有限,但杀菌研究证实:1~3 mg/L(ppm级)臭氧即可有效抑制食源性微生物[74]。但过高浓度或过久暴露会因臭氧强氧化作用导致鲜肉组织氧化损伤[80−81]或果蔬品质劣变[82],如导致变色、变味等。此外,若在密闭空间中臭氧浓度超过0.1 ppm,长时间接触则会对人体健康造成危害[83]。
采后果蔬的呼吸作用(根据果蔬保藏实际情况,主要指有氧呼吸)伴随着营养物质消耗和能量、热量产生[84],而乙烯作为成熟调控因子可加速果蔬成熟和衰老进程[85]。二者共同构成采后生理活动的核心环节[84],是果蔬贮藏保鲜中重要的调控点。相关研究表明,特定空间电场能够降低果蔬呼吸强度/速率并抑制乙烯生成,进而延缓果蔬衰老进程。在探究高压静电场(250 kV/m,120 min)和高压交变电场(250 kV/m,30~120 min)对西红柿的保鲜效果中,研究人员发现两种类型的空间电场预先处理西红柿均能够减少其在之后贮藏过程中二氧化碳和乙烯的生成[9],这表明这两种空间电场能够调控西红柿的呼吸作用和乙烯代谢。Li等[86]在采用高压静电场辅助低温(4 ℃)保鲜菠菜时发现,经高压静电场(25 kV/m)处理120 min后的菠菜在之后7 d的贮藏中呼吸强度较无电场处理组平均下降16.6%,且整体品质优于无电场对照组。但当电场强度在75 kV/m和100 kV/m时,菠菜的呼吸强度反而超过对照组且保鲜效果减弱,这种非线性效应暗示电场强度与生物效应间的复杂关联,可能与生物分子弛豫机制相关[87]。
在食品工业实际应用中,HVEF、HVPEF和AEF是三类应用较广的空间电场保鲜技术。尽管这些空间电场保鲜技术已取得显著进展,但在工业规模化应用中仍存在诸多局限性。从技术适配性来看,HVPEF主要适用于果蔬汁、牛奶等液体食品的管道连续化处理,而固体食品的处理仍需要优化(见2.3节);HVEF和AEF保鲜技术能够适配固体、液体等不同食品体系,但在操作便捷性上较难实现。在潜在安全风险上,多数电场保鲜技术的用电电压均高于人体安全阈值(36 V),在长期使用时可能由于绝缘失效,均存在高压安全风险,特别是HVEF和HVPEF[88−89]。在工业化应用成本上,除了人工和维护成本外,三类空间电场均需考虑到硬件设备投入和改造带来的成本:据相关报道,在处理量为5 t/h的大型HVPEF杀菌生产线中,相关核心设备(高压脉冲发生器、处理室和冷却系统)投入约1000万以上[90];对于HVEF来说,一个配备300 kV的100 m3保鲜库,其高压电源投入约在5~10万元,电路系统(电极板、绝缘材料、导线等)约在10~20万、控制和显示系统(控制台、高压表)等约在3万元以上;而对于实际应用中的AEF技术,单台设备硬件(发生电源、电极板/棒)成本约2~3万元,但由于单台设备功率仅为数瓦,其产生的电场能量较低,且随着电场能在空间距离上逐渐衰减;若要达到理想的保鲜效果,往往需要增加AEF电源发生器和电极数量以提供足够能量,这同样提升了应用的成本。在设备体积方面,HVEF和HVPEF由于需要将市电进行大幅的升压转变并提供足量的电场能,其体积较大;而AEF仅需要较低的升压变化,其设备体积较小。此外,高压电极在高湿度小型移动保鲜库中易引起高压击穿风险,而AEF由于相对较低的电压值,可集成于移动保鲜库使用。综合以上技术适配性、安全风险、成本投入和设备体积来看,HVEF和HVPEF技术主要适用于商用场景,而AEF不仅可用于商用,还具有家庭场景应用的潜力。
虽然文献报道显示室温条件下空间电场处理也具备延长食品保质期的作用[9,27],但低温仍是维系食品品质的关键要素,这一结论可从已发表文献中得以证实——空间电场应用于食品保鲜时,多数研究均在低温环境下开展[19,26,37]。研究表明,在未超出生理损伤温度范围(冻伤与高温界限)时,贮藏温度每降低10 ℃,生物反应速率通常会下降2~3倍[84]。而空间电场与低温协同作用,能够进一步延长食品的保质期。但由于食品体系及生物代谢过程的复杂性,任何形式的空间电场设备都无法普适性地应用于所有食品体系,即便是同一类型的空间电场技术,针对不同食品的最佳保鲜条件也存在差异。
空间电场技术是一种依托电场能量实现食品保鲜的物理场技术,当前研究与应用较为广泛的类型主要包括HVEF、HVPEF和AEF。不同类型的空间电场可通过杀灭/抑制微生物、产生臭氧、调控水分子缔结状态及迁移特性、抑制果蔬呼吸作用与乙烯生成,以及调节内源性酶活性等多重机理,对动物源性食品、果蔬及塑料包装果蔬汁等不同品类食品发挥保鲜作用。然而,该技术的应用仍面临诸多挑战:高压电场存在安全风险、低压电场的保鲜有效性有待提升、单一空间电场技术对不同食品的保鲜效果存在显著差异,以及设备成本投入较高等问题。面对以上局限性与挑战,未来空间电场技术的发展需从多维度突破:首先,可通过优化绝缘处理工艺、设备外壳加装低电阻接地屏蔽层,并集成智能安全系统(如过载自动断电、电场泄漏监测、误触预警),从物理防护与智能管控双端规避风险;针对低压电场(如部分AEF应用场景)保鲜有效性不足的问题,可通过动态优化电场参数(如根据食品品类调整强度、频率与作用时间)、改进电极布局(采用立体分布式阵列提升电场均匀性),或借助复合模式强化保鲜效果;为解决单一空间电场技术对不同食品保鲜效果差异大的问题,需基于食品特性定制化方案,例如对果蔬类侧重通过电场抑制乙烯生成与呼吸作用,对动物源性和塑料包装果蔬汁食品重点强化微生物杀灭,必要时采用“多场协同”(如电场+超声波、电场+磁场)进一步适配不同品类需求;在成本控制方面,可通过核心部件(如高压电源、电极系统)的模块化设计,并通过设备共享模式分摊中小型企业初期投入。通过上述技术创新与跨领域融合,空间电场技术有望在保障安全性与适用性的同时,显著降低应用门槛,为其在食品保鲜领域的规模化推广与产业化升级奠定核心支撑。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060368
  • 接收时间:2025-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-29
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    中原食品实验室,河南漯河 462300

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张祥龙(1990−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏保鲜,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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