Article(id=1320882055907492663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050176, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852422930, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852422930, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852422929, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852422929, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=43, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882056154956601, articleId=1320882055907492663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comparison of Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Idesia polycarpa Proteins from Different Extraction Sites, columnId=1320882056083653432, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors-, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the physicochemical and functional properties of Idesia polycarpa whole fruit protein (IPWP), Idesia polycarpa pericarp protein (IPPP), and Idesia polycarpa seed protein (IPSP) were compared. To reveal the differences in the properties of Idesia polycarpa proteins in different extraction sites, it was also compared with commercially available soybean protein isolate (SPI) to explore the potential of Idesia polycarpa protein application. It was found that the protein content (69.13%±0.61%) and total amino acid content of IPSP were significantly higher than those of IPWP and IPPP (P<0.05). The three Idesia polycarpa proteins all exhibited a porous structure, with molecular weights below 45 kDa, among which IPSP had the most extended structure and the highest content of the 18.4 kDa subunit. At the same pH, IPWP and IPSP showed smaller average particle size and higher absolute value of Zeta-potential and surface hydrophobicity than IPPP. The three Idesia polycarpa proteins demonstrated superior solubility, foaming capacity, and emulsifying activity compared to SPI. Compared with IPWP and IPPP, IPSP possessed enhanced solubility, foam stability, emulsification and emulsion stability, especially at pH7, the solubility and emulsion stability of IPSP increased by 79.47% and 43.65%, respectively, than those of IPPP. In summary, the performance of the three Idesia polycarpa proteins was better than that of the commercially available SPI. IPSP showed the greater advantages in protein composition and functional properties. This study would provide the basic theoretical and technical support for the high-value utilization and development of Idesia polycarpa functional components.

, authors=Xuan LIU1, 2, 3, Yongchen LIU1, Jiamin ZHANG1, Jing ZHANG1, Zhanmei JIANG1, Hongxia FENG2, 3, Mingfa SONG2, 3, Juncai HOU1, 2, 3, *, Yunhe CHANG2, 3, *, authorsList=Xuan LIU, Yongchen LIU, Jiamin ZHANG, Jing ZHANG, Zhanmei JIANG, Hongxia FENG, Mingfa SONG, Juncai HOU, Yunhe CHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Juncai HOU, Yunhe CHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882059392959306, articleId=1320882055907492663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同提取部位山桐子蛋白的理化及功能特性比较, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究对比分析了山桐子全果蛋白(Idesia polycarpa whole fruit protein,IPWP)、山桐子果皮蛋白(Idesia polycarpa pericarp protein,IPPP)和山桐子种子蛋白(Idesia polycarpa seed protein,IPSP)的理化性质及功能特性,旨在揭示不同提取部位山桐子蛋白性质的差异,并与市售大豆分离蛋白(Soybean protein isolate,SPI)对比,探究山桐子蛋白的应用潜力。研究发现:IPSP的蛋白含量(69.13%±0.61%)及总氨基酸含量显著高于IPWP和IPPP(P<0.05);三种山桐子蛋白均呈孔隙结构,分子量范围均小于45 kDa,其中IPSP结构最为舒展,18.4 kDa亚基含量最丰富;同一pH下,IPWP与IPSP比IPPP具有更小的平均粒径及更高的Zeta-电位绝对值和表面疏水性;三种山桐子蛋白在溶解度、起泡性及乳化性方面均优于SPI。与IPWP和IPPP相比,IPSP具备更强的溶解度、泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性,尤其在pH7时,IPSP的溶解度及乳化稳定性分别比IPPP增加了79.47%和43.65%。综上对比,三种山桐子蛋白性能整体优于市售大豆蛋白,其中IPSP在蛋白组成及功能特性方面更具优势。本研究为山桐子功能性成分的高值化利用与开发提供基本的理论与技术支撑。

, authors=刘璇1, 2, 3, 刘永辰1, 张佳敏1, 张静1, 姜瞻梅1, 冯红霞2, 3, 宋明发2, 3, 侯俊财1, 2, 3, *, 常云鹤2, 3, *, authorsList=刘璇, 刘永辰, 张佳敏, 张静, 姜瞻梅, 冯红霞, 宋明发, 侯俊财, 常云鹤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=侯俊财, 常云鹤, authorNote=

刘璇(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
侯俊财(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:。
常云鹤(1986−),男,博士,高级实验师,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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2Engineering Technology Research Center for Processing and Comprehensive Utilization of Idesia polycarpa of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guiyang 550005, China
3College of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320882060110185306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, authorId=1320882059913053013, language=CN, stringName=刘璇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
2国家林业草原山桐子加工与综合利用工程技术研究中心,贵州贵阳 550005
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Study on oil accumulation in Idesia polycarpa fruits and its storage process[D]. Enshi: Hubei Minzu University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882068242940844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Song, ZHENG Wei, WANG Yanmei, et al. Dynamic changes of endogenous hormones in different seasons of Idesia polycarpa Maxim[J]. 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注:不同大写字母表示同一pH时不同蛋白样品之间差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示同一蛋白样品在不同pH时数据差异显著(P<0.05),图4、图6~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=QqiELBjxPs/OmR63HC5a9g==, figureFileBig=yrB8ZMAAoudJ2GZeta/eWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882064891691926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Average particle size and Zeta-potential of proteins from different parts of Idesia polycarpa at different pH conditions, figureFileSmall=M0BONcblA73AR7vFjUdtsw==, figureFileBig=2lJ2RCUElsD5Wo7KGwsLEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882064958800791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同部位山桐子蛋白在不同pH条件下的平均粒径及Zeta-电位, figureFileSmall=M0BONcblA73AR7vFjUdtsw==, figureFileBig=2lJ2RCUElsD5Wo7KGwsLEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882065021715352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Microstructure of proteins from different parts of Idesia polycarpa, figureFileSmall=f3/cmpde9v9La1yinL4WIw==, figureFileBig=JsycqFNSAxGEVi3sG39iJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882065097212825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同部位山桐子蛋白的微观结构

注:图(A)~(D)依次代表放大500倍的IPWP、IPPP、IPSP、SPI的SEM结果;图(E)~(H)依次代表放大5 k倍的IPWP、IPPP、IPSP、SPI的SEM结果。

, figureFileSmall=f3/cmpde9v9La1yinL4WIw==, figureFileBig=JsycqFNSAxGEVi3sG39iJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882066770740122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Solubility of proteins from different parts of Idesia polycarpa at different pH conditions, figureFileSmall=B4Cjuoi7FcTuRcrJkSYGzg==, figureFileBig=Od85fxBGzrxQ87yzH45qlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882066842043291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同部位山桐子蛋白在不同pH条件下的溶解度, figureFileSmall=B4Cjuoi7FcTuRcrJkSYGzg==, figureFileBig=Od85fxBGzrxQ87yzH45qlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882066921735068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=FC and FS of proteins from different parts of Idesia polycarpa at different pH conditions, figureFileSmall=O/MRjGBfP0Tauo0Y9gyyWg==, figureFileBig=6oKMY02Vi2DnLAOfz5pfuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882066988843933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同部位山桐子蛋白在不同pH条件下的起泡性(FC)和泡沫稳定性(FS), figureFileSmall=O/MRjGBfP0Tauo0Y9gyyWg==, figureFileBig=6oKMY02Vi2DnLAOfz5pfuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882067068535710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=EAI and ESI of proteins from different parts of Idesia polycarpa at different pH conditions, figureFileSmall=EtDxT/NXVURHONdZ1F2yjQ==, figureFileBig=NxIXK50982z6bhzEmnud7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882067169199007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同部位山桐子蛋白在不同pH条件下的乳化性(EAI)和乳化稳定性(ESI), figureFileSmall=EtDxT/NXVURHONdZ1F2yjQ==, figureFileBig=NxIXK50982z6bhzEmnud7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882067261473696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Proximate composition of proteins from different parts of Idesia polycarpa

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品蛋白质(%)总糖(%)灰分(g/100 g)水分(g/100 g)总酚(mg/g)总黄酮(mg/g)
IPWP56.57±0.27b16.52±0.13b4.35±0.29b5.62±0.34a26.96±0.08b72.21±2.19b
IPPP47.59±0.24c21.50±0.42a8.58±0.40a3.73±0.22b27.47±0.47b53.46±1.36c
IPSP69.13±0.61a7.95±0.40c2.66±0.35c3.50±0.09b28.41±0.36a95.88±2.46a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882067353748385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同部位山桐子蛋白基本成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品蛋白质(%)总糖(%)灰分(g/100 g)水分(g/100 g)总酚(mg/g)总黄酮(mg/g)
IPWP56.57±0.27b16.52±0.13b4.35±0.29b5.62±0.34a26.96±0.08b72.21±2.19b
IPPP47.59±0.24c21.50±0.42a8.58±0.40a3.73±0.22b27.47±0.47b53.46±1.36c
IPSP69.13±0.61a7.95±0.40c2.66±0.35c3.50±0.09b28.41±0.36a95.88±2.46a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882067412468642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Amino acid composition of proteins from different parts of Idesia polycarpa (g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类蛋白样品FAO/WHO
(成人)
IPWPIPPPIPSP
天冬氨酸5.09±0.24b3.01±0.02c7.01±0.13a
苏氨酸1.87±0.31a1.27±0.25b2.31±0.11a1.10
丝氨酸2.33±0.04b1.42±0.05c3.32±0.04a
谷氨酸7.62±0.15b3.39±0.23c12.70±0.31a
甘氨酸2.35±0.30b1.41±0.23c3.22±0.32a
丙氨酸2.42±0.08b1.39±0.11c3.29±0.13a
半胱氨酸0.16±0.03b0.09±0.02c0.30±0.04a0.60
缬氨酸2.88±0.11b1.66±0.13c4.01±0.15a1.50
蛋氨酸0.82±0.03b0.37±0.01c1.69±0.12a1.60
异亮氨酸2.27±0.15b1.39±0.04c3.08±0.12a1.50
亮氨酸3.57±0.12b2.13±0.10c4.99±0.19a2.10
酪氨酸1.70±0.23b1.09±0.13c2.22±0.31a2.10
苯丙氨酸2.52±0.11b1.52±0.14c3.34±0.19a
赖氨酸1.49±0.11a0.95±0.03b1.71±0.13a1.80
组氨酸0.97±0.02b0.48±0.01c1.55±0.12a1.50
精氨酸0.30±0.02b0.17±0.06b1.96±0.04a
总氨基酸38.36±2.05b21.73±1.56c56.69±2.45a
必需氨基酸16.38±0.96b9.76±0.71c22.68±1.13a
疏水性氨基酸14.48±0.60b8.45±0.53c20.40±0.90a
亲水性氨基酸23.88±1.45b13.28±1.03c36.30±1.55a
芳香族氨基酸4.22±0.34b2.61±0.27c5.55±0.50a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882067513131939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882055907492663, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同部位山桐子蛋白氨基酸组成(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类蛋白样品FAO/WHO
(成人)
IPWPIPPPIPSP
天冬氨酸5.09±0.24b3.01±0.02c7.01±0.13a
苏氨酸1.87±0.31a1.27±0.25b2.31±0.11a1.10
丝氨酸2.33±0.04b1.42±0.05c3.32±0.04a
谷氨酸7.62±0.15b3.39±0.23c12.70±0.31a
甘氨酸2.35±0.30b1.41±0.23c3.22±0.32a
丙氨酸2.42±0.08b1.39±0.11c3.29±0.13a
半胱氨酸0.16±0.03b0.09±0.02c0.30±0.04a0.60
缬氨酸2.88±0.11b1.66±0.13c4.01±0.15a1.50
蛋氨酸0.82±0.03b0.37±0.01c1.69±0.12a1.60
异亮氨酸2.27±0.15b1.39±0.04c3.08±0.12a1.50
亮氨酸3.57±0.12b2.13±0.10c4.99±0.19a2.10
酪氨酸1.70±0.23b1.09±0.13c2.22±0.31a2.10
苯丙氨酸2.52±0.11b1.52±0.14c3.34±0.19a
赖氨酸1.49±0.11a0.95±0.03b1.71±0.13a1.80
组氨酸0.97±0.02b0.48±0.01c1.55±0.12a1.50
精氨酸0.30±0.02b0.17±0.06b1.96±0.04a
总氨基酸38.36±2.05b21.73±1.56c56.69±2.45a
必需氨基酸16.38±0.96b9.76±0.71c22.68±1.13a
疏水性氨基酸14.48±0.60b8.45±0.53c20.40±0.90a
亲水性氨基酸23.88±1.45b13.28±1.03c36.30±1.55a
芳香族氨基酸4.22±0.34b2.61±0.27c5.55±0.50a
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不同提取部位山桐子蛋白的理化及功能特性比较
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刘璇 1, 2, 3 , 刘永辰 1 , 张佳敏 1 , 张静 1 , 姜瞻梅 1 , 冯红霞 2, 3 , 宋明发 2, 3 , 侯俊财 1, 2, 3, * , 常云鹤 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(1): 43-53
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (1) : 43 -53
不同提取部位山桐子蛋白的理化及功能特性比较
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刘璇1, 2, 3 , 刘永辰1, 张佳敏1, 张静1, 姜瞻梅1, 冯红霞2, 3, 宋明发2, 3, 侯俊财1, 2, 3, * , 常云鹤2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
  • 2国家林业草原山桐子加工与综合利用工程技术研究中心,贵州贵阳 550005
  • 3贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005
通讯作者:
侯俊财(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:。
常云鹤(1986−),男,博士,高级实验师,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘璇(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:

Comparison of Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Idesia polycarpa Proteins from Different Extraction Sites
Xuan LIU1, 2, 3 , Yongchen LIU1, Jiamin ZHANG1, Jing ZHANG1, Zhanmei JIANG1, Hongxia FENG2, 3, Mingfa SONG2, 3, Juncai HOU1, 2, 3, * , Yunhe CHANG2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 2Engineering Technology Research Center for Processing and Comprehensive Utilization of Idesia polycarpa of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guiyang 550005, China
  • 3College of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050176
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本研究对比分析了山桐子全果蛋白(Idesia polycarpa whole fruit protein,IPWP)、山桐子果皮蛋白(Idesia polycarpa pericarp protein,IPPP)和山桐子种子蛋白(Idesia polycarpa seed protein,IPSP)的理化性质及功能特性,旨在揭示不同提取部位山桐子蛋白性质的差异,并与市售大豆分离蛋白(Soybean protein isolate,SPI)对比,探究山桐子蛋白的应用潜力。研究发现:IPSP的蛋白含量(69.13%±0.61%)及总氨基酸含量显著高于IPWP和IPPP(P<0.05);三种山桐子蛋白均呈孔隙结构,分子量范围均小于45 kDa,其中IPSP结构最为舒展,18.4 kDa亚基含量最丰富;同一pH下,IPWP与IPSP比IPPP具有更小的平均粒径及更高的Zeta-电位绝对值和表面疏水性;三种山桐子蛋白在溶解度、起泡性及乳化性方面均优于SPI。与IPWP和IPPP相比,IPSP具备更强的溶解度、泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性,尤其在pH7时,IPSP的溶解度及乳化稳定性分别比IPPP增加了79.47%和43.65%。综上对比,三种山桐子蛋白性能整体优于市售大豆蛋白,其中IPSP在蛋白组成及功能特性方面更具优势。本研究为山桐子功能性成分的高值化利用与开发提供基本的理论与技术支撑。

山桐子蛋白  /  不同部位  /  理化特性  /  功能特性

In this study, the physicochemical and functional properties of Idesia polycarpa whole fruit protein (IPWP), Idesia polycarpa pericarp protein (IPPP), and Idesia polycarpa seed protein (IPSP) were compared. To reveal the differences in the properties of Idesia polycarpa proteins in different extraction sites, it was also compared with commercially available soybean protein isolate (SPI) to explore the potential of Idesia polycarpa protein application. It was found that the protein content (69.13%±0.61%) and total amino acid content of IPSP were significantly higher than those of IPWP and IPPP (P<0.05). The three Idesia polycarpa proteins all exhibited a porous structure, with molecular weights below 45 kDa, among which IPSP had the most extended structure and the highest content of the 18.4 kDa subunit. At the same pH, IPWP and IPSP showed smaller average particle size and higher absolute value of Zeta-potential and surface hydrophobicity than IPPP. The three Idesia polycarpa proteins demonstrated superior solubility, foaming capacity, and emulsifying activity compared to SPI. Compared with IPWP and IPPP, IPSP possessed enhanced solubility, foam stability, emulsification and emulsion stability, especially at pH7, the solubility and emulsion stability of IPSP increased by 79.47% and 43.65%, respectively, than those of IPPP. In summary, the performance of the three Idesia polycarpa proteins was better than that of the commercially available SPI. IPSP showed the greater advantages in protein composition and functional properties. This study would provide the basic theoretical and technical support for the high-value utilization and development of Idesia polycarpa functional components.

Idesia polycarpa protein  /  different parts  /  physicochemical properties  /  functional properties
刘璇, 刘永辰, 张佳敏, 张静, 姜瞻梅, 冯红霞, 宋明发, 侯俊财, 常云鹤. 不同提取部位山桐子蛋白的理化及功能特性比较. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 43 -53 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050176
Xuan LIU, Yongchen LIU, Jiamin ZHANG, Jing ZHANG, Zhanmei JIANG, Hongxia FENG, Mingfa SONG, Juncai HOU, Yunhe CHANG. Comparison of Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Idesia polycarpa Proteins from Different Extraction Sites[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 43 -53 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050176
山桐子(Idesia polycarpa)是一种含有油籽的雌雄异株落叶乔木,其产果期长、果实产量高[1]。该果实由果皮、果肉和种子构成,富含油脂(40.25%)、蛋白质(8.5%)、总黄酮(178.24 mg RE/g)、总多酚(133.62 mg GAE/g)等多种营养成分,同时含有钙(Ca)、磷(P)、氮(N)等微量元素[2],可用于动物饲料、果园施肥、化妆品等多种应用场景,且山桐子果实中富含维生素E及天然红色素,常用于制备保健品和天然食品添加剂中[3]。此外,不同生长时期以及不同生长部位的山桐子所含营养成分含量存在差异[4],这种差异为山桐子的多元化利用提供了科学依据。
目前,国内外对山桐子的研究大多集中在生态学、栽培和育种方面[5];在食品领域,关于山桐子的研究多聚焦于油脂提炼及其营养品质分析方面[6],另有学者从山桐子果实中分离出苦味化合物,阐明了其苦味形成机制[7],还有研究发现山桐子果实中酚类化合物具有抗炎活性[8]。然而,山桐子蛋白的研究尚处于起步阶段,多数仍停留在果实中蛋白成分的含量测定、提取工艺优化与基础性质表征层面:闻乐嫣等[9]在研究两品种山桐子干果(重庆1号、重庆2号)的不同部位的成分差异时发现,重庆1号果肉中蛋白含量最高,重庆2号种子中蛋白含量最高;杨静等[10]测得毛叶山桐子粕中粗蛋白含量可高达12.92%;还有研究[11]通过超声辅助三相萃取技术对山桐子粕中的脂肪、蛋白质和多糖进行同时提取,虽确定了最佳提取条件,其中山桐子蛋白提取率为5.03%,但仅分析了其氨基酸组成;Fan等[12]对山桐子果实中不饱和脂肪酸酶(IpFAD2)的基因型进行了克隆和表达分析,表征发现IpFAD2分子量为44.03 kDa,等电点为8.04,其二级结构由α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角及无规则卷曲构成。Dou等[13]采用超滤-色谱法从山桐子粕中分离纯化出具有抗氧化能力的肽;Yang等[14]以山桐子蛋白为基材,制备了具有生物活性功能的新型食品包装材料,用于包裹和延长甜樱桃的采后货架期。尽管山桐子蛋白研究已取得阶段性进展,但仍存在显著不足:目前尚缺乏对山桐子蛋白理化及功能特性的系统性研究,不同部位山桐子蛋白的特性差异也未得到充分揭示,这极大限制了其在食品工业和生物医药领域的应用潜力。
近年来,传统植物蛋白开发高度集中于豆类[15]及谷物类[16]原料,但这类蛋白具有一定局限性,例如,玉米醇溶蛋白存在必需氨基酸失衡问题(缺乏赖氨酸)[17],大豆蛋白制品中常伴有豆腥、苦涩等不良风味[18]。而新兴优质蛋白(藜麦、奇亚籽、杏仁、微藻等蛋白)虽在营养特性及功能特性上优于传统植物蛋白[19−20],但因生长条件严苛导致其原料产量受限,难以对其实现大规模持续开发。在此背景下,山桐子作为一种非粮型高产植物,其蛋白资源具备独特开发价值:一方面,可拓宽植物蛋白原料来源,缓解传统豆类、谷物蛋白的应用局限;另一方面,其生长适应性强、产量高,符合可持续食品体系的发展需求。目前来看,尽管已有学者对山桐子蛋白的提取及表征进行了初步探究,但其理化、功能特性等潜在优势尚未被挖掘,且不同部位蛋白的差异化特征可能为山桐子的多元应用提供新方向。基于此,本研究通过对比分析不同部位(全果、果皮、种子)山桐子蛋白的组成成分、理化特性及功能性质,同时与市售大豆蛋白对比,旨在揭示山桐子蛋白的独特优势,探究其在食品领域替代传统蛋白的应用潜力,为山桐子的高值化利用提供新思路。
山桐子干果 贵州省仁怀市新华丰农业发展有限公司;大豆分离蛋白(Soybean protein isolate,SPI) 纯度88.2%,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;大豆油 中国粮油食品有限公司;8-苯胺基-1-萘磺酸(ANS)、β-巯基乙醇、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS) 均购自Sigma公司;本研究采用的其余化学试剂均为分析纯级别。
XH-300A+型超声微波组合合成仪 上海新仪微波化学科技公司;H1750R型高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;DYY-6C型电泳仪 北京六一生物科技有限公司;杜马斯定氮仪 德国元素公司;T-18高速分散器 德国IKA公司;S-3400N钨灯丝扫描电子显微镜、LA8080氨基酸分析仪、F-7100荧光分光光度计 日本日立公司;LGJ-18真空冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司;GelDoc EZ全自动免染凝胶成像分析系统 美国bio-rad公司;纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪 马尔文帕纳科技有限公司。
山桐子干果→预处理→粉碎→溶剂脱脂搅拌→离心→沉淀→风干→过筛→脱脂山桐子粉。
挑选形态饱满、色彩均匀的山桐子干果,摘除果梗后获得全果,将全果轻微碾压破碎,人工分离果皮与种子。随后分别对全果、果皮和种子进行粉碎处理,各取上述样品与石油醚按料液比1:5(g/mL)混合于密闭烧杯中,常温下充分搅拌2 h,以4000 r/min离心10 min后分别收集上清液和沉淀,该过程重复3次并全程于通风橱内进行。合并三次脱脂后的上清液,通过真空旋转蒸发仪回收溶剂,将离心与回收溶剂后的沉淀合并,置于通风橱自然风干,过60目筛后干燥保存,即为脱脂的全果、果皮和种子山桐子粉。
山桐子脱脂粉→溶解→碱性条件下微波提取→离心→上清液→酸沉→离心→水洗沉淀→冷冻干燥→山桐子蛋白。
称取上述脱脂后的全果、果皮、种子山桐子粉,分别按照料液比1:10(g/mL)加入去离子水分散,用1 mol/L NaOH溶液将分散液pH调至13.0,并置于冰水浴中,设置微波参数为恒温50 ℃,微波辅助碱溶提取1 h,8000 r/min离心20 min,收集上清液并用1 mol/L HCl溶液调节pH至3.2进行酸沉,然后8000 r/min离心20 min,取沉淀水洗3次,将不溶物真空冷冻干燥,即得到山桐子全果蛋白(Idesia polycarpa whole fruit protein,IPWP)、山桐子果皮蛋白(Idesia polycarpa pericarp protein,IPPP)和山桐子种子蛋白(Idesia polycarpa seed protein,IPSP)。
蛋白含量测定参照国家标准 GB 5009.5-2016《食品中蛋白质的测定》[21]中燃烧法;水分含量测定参照国家标准GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》[22]中直接干燥法;灰分含量测定参照国家标准GB 5009.4-2016《食品中灰分的测定》[23]。
根据Chen等[24]的方法稍作修改,采用硫酸-苯酚法测定总糖含量。准备1 mg/mL山桐子蛋白溶液,将1 mL蛋白溶液与1 mL 6%苯酚混合均匀,缓慢加入5 mL浓硫酸,立即涡旋混匀30 s,室温避光反应10 min后,冷却至室温,测定490 nm处吸光度。以葡萄糖为标准溶液(0~0.2 mg/mL)作标准曲线(y=5.0306x+0.0942,R2=0.9954),通过标曲计算总糖含量。
根据Idowu等[25]的方法稍作修改测定总酚含量。称取0.25 g山桐子蛋白,加入5 mL 60%乙醇溶液,设置超声功率为100 W,采用超声2 s停3 s的间隔模式辅助提取30 min,超声过程中维持体系温度在25 ℃左右,6000 r/min离心15 min,上清液即为待测液。将1 mL上清液与0.5 mL 10%福林酚试剂混合均匀,静置1 min,再加入1.5 mL 20%碳酸钠溶液,去离子水定容至10 mL,70 ℃下避光反应1 h,冷却至室温后,测定765 nm波长处吸光度。以没食子酸标准溶液(0~1.0 mg/mL)作标准曲线(y=5.1801x+0.1094,R2=0.9950),通过标曲计算总酚含量。
根据Ivanović等[26]的方法稍作修改测定总黄酮含量。按照总酚测定方法制得待测液,移取1.2 mL待测液,加入3.8 mL 60%乙醇溶液和0.3 mL 5%亚硝酸钠溶液,充分混匀后静置8 min,再加入0.3 mL 10%硝酸铝溶液和4.0 mL氢氧化钠溶液,用60%乙醇溶液定容至10 mL,静置反应12 min,于510 nm处测定吸光值。以芦丁为标准品(0~1.0 mg/mL)作标准曲线(y=1.0042x+0.0444,R2=0.9992),通过标曲计算总黄酮含量。
根据酸水解法测定蛋白质样品的氨基酸组成。向包含蛋白含量约30 mg的蛋白质样品中加入10 mL 6 mol/L的盐酸,用氮吹装置置换溶液中的空气30 min,然后将溶液在110 ℃下加热23 h,冷却至室温后定容至50 mL得到水解液,摇匀后取出部分水解液过膜进行氮吹干燥,干燥后的氨基酸用0.02 mol/L的盐酸复溶,再用0.22 μm的滤膜过滤到液相进样瓶中待测。用氨基酸分析仪进行分析,设置自动进样器温度4 ℃,进样体积20 μL,用茚三酮进行柱后衍生后,在570 nm处检测氨基酸。结果表示为g/100 g,并与联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO/WHO)推荐的氨基酸评分模式进行比较。
参照Shi等[27]的方法稍作修改,使用SDS-PAGE分析蛋白质样品的分子量。取适量蛋白质样品溶于去离子水配成7 mg/mL的蛋白溶液,将蛋白溶液分别与非还原上样缓冲液(不含β-巯基乙醇)及还原上样缓冲液(含β-巯基乙醇)以1:4的体积比混合均匀,然后沸水浴5 min,随后冷却。将混合溶液和14.4~116 kDa的Maker(上样体积均为6 μL)加到凝胶(12%分离胶)上样孔中,设置电泳电压为恒压150 V。电泳结束后,将凝胶用考马斯亮蓝R-250染色15~30 min,染色完成用脱色液(冰醋酸:甲醇:去离子水=1:1:8)反复脱色直至条带清晰可见。
参照Li等[28]的方法,以ANS荧光探针法测定蛋白样品的表面疏水性。准备1 mg/mL的蛋白溶液(pH分别为4、7、9、11),用PBS缓冲液将其依次稀释成0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/mL浓度的样品溶液。吸取5 mL样品溶液,加入8 mmol/L ANS试剂25 μL,漩涡混匀后,室温下避光反应15 min,用荧光分光光度计检测其荧光强度,设置检测参数为激发波长(EX)390 nm,发射波长(EM)470 nm,狭缝宽度2.5 nm,电压550 V,以蛋白浓度为横坐标,测得的荧光强度为纵坐标,得到的初始斜率即为样品的表面疏水性(H0)。
将蛋白溶液(pH分别为4、7、9、11)稀释至浓度为1 mg/mL,使用纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪测定蛋白样品的平均粒径及Zeta-电位。测定前,设置仪器平衡温度为25 ℃,测定样品平均粒径时,设置仪器平衡时间为30 s,测定Zeta-电位时设置仪器平衡时间为120 s。
采用钨灯丝扫描电子显微镜观察蛋白质样品的微观结构。观察前将待观测的蛋白样品置于离子溅射仪中进行喷金处理,在5 kV的电压下放大500倍和5000倍对样品进行微观结构的观察。
根据Mohan等[29]的方法稍作修改测定蛋白质样品的溶解性。将蛋白质样品溶解在去离子水中至浓度为2 mg/mL,使用1 mol/L HCl或1 mol/L NaOH溶液将蛋白样品溶液pH调节至4、7、9、11,室温下搅拌30 min,并保持1 h,在4 ℃下以8000 r/min离心15 min。采用BCA试剂盒测定上清液中蛋白质含量,按照如下计算公式计算溶解度:
$ \text{溶解度}({\text{%}})=\frac{\text{上清液中蛋白质含量}}{\text{总蛋白含量}}\times 100 $
根据GarcÍa等[30]的方法稍作修改测定蛋白质样品的起泡性(Foam capacity,FC)和泡沫稳定性(Foam stability,FS)。取浓度为2 mg/mL的蛋白溶液(pH分别为4、7、9、11)于量筒中,记录初始溶液体积,使用高速均质机以12000 r/min的速度均质蛋白溶液1 min。均质后,分别在0 min和30 min时读数。按如下计算公式计算起泡性和泡沫稳定性:
$ \begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{FC}}({\text{%}})=\dfrac{{\mathrm{V}}_{0}-{\mathrm{V}}}{\mathrm{V}}\times 100\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{FS}}({\text{%}})=\dfrac{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{t}}-\mathrm{V}}{{\mathrm{V}}_{0}-\mathrm{V}}\times 100\end{array} $
式中:V为均质前的体积,mL;V0为均质后0 min的体积,mL;Vt为静置30 min后的体积,mL。
根据Souza 等[31]的方法稍作修改测定蛋白质样品的乳化性(Emulsifying activity index,EAI)和乳化稳定性(Emulsifying stability index,ESI)。准备浓度为2 mg/mL的蛋白样品溶液(pH分别为4、7、9、11),使用高速均质机将10 mL大豆油与30 mL蛋白质溶液混合,以10000 r/min的速度均质1 min。混匀后,立即将从容器底部获得的50 μL乳液加入5 mL 0.1% SDS溶液中,混匀,在500 nm处测吸光值。室温静置10 min后,将从容器底部获得的50 μL乳液加入5 mL 0.1% SDS溶液中,混匀,在500 nm处测吸光度,0.1% SDS为对照。按如下计算公式计算乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数:
$ \begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{EAI}}({\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{g})=2{\mathrm{T}}\dfrac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}\times \mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{\varphi }\times \mathrm{L}\times \mathrm{C}\times 10000}\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{ESI}}({\mathrm{min}})=\dfrac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}\times 10}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-{\mathrm{A}}_{10}}\end{array} $
式中:N为稀释因子;T为常数2.303;L为光学直径1 cm;φ为油体积分数为0.25;C为蛋白质溶液的初始浓度为2 mg/mL;A0和A10分别指乳液在0和10 min时的吸光度值。
实验数据以平均值±标准偏差(n=3)表示,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0软件进行显著性分析(ANOVA),通过Duncan多重比较评估各个平均值之间的差异显著性,显著性水平设定为P<0.05,并以不同字母标注。使用Origin 2018软件进行绘图。
表1和图1分别为不同部位山桐子蛋白的基本成分及样品实物图。由表1可以看出,不同部位山桐子蛋白的基本成分存在差异。其中,IPWP的蛋白含量为56.57%±0.27%,其总酚、总黄酮含量显著低于IPSP(P<0.05);IPPP的蛋白含量最低,仅为47.59%±0.24%,但其总糖和灰分含量显著高于其他两种蛋白(P<0.05),从成分组成角度来看,IPPP因非蛋白组分占比较高,故山桐子果皮部位不适宜作为蛋白提取的最佳部位;三种蛋白中IPSP的蛋白含量最高,可达69.13%±0.61%,且其总糖、灰分和水分等非蛋白组分含量处于最低水平,同时其总酚和总黄酮含量显著高于IPWP和IPPP(P<0.05),表明IPSP在蛋白质含量以及酚类、黄酮类功能性成分的富集方面具有突出优势。从图1中可以看出,三种山桐子蛋白的颜色存在差别,具体表现为:IPPP颜色最深,IPWP与IPSP的颜色依次变浅。综合组成成分及颜色特征,IPSP因蛋白含量高、样品颜色浅,更适于作为蛋白基料应用于食品工业中。上述不同部位山桐子蛋白在组成成分上的差异,为其针对性的定向开发利用提供了参考依据。
氨基酸组成是决定蛋白质质量的关键参数[32],依据氨基酸分析结果,一定程度上可反映出蛋白质的理化及功能特性[33]。如表2所示,三种山桐子蛋白的氨基酸组成存在显著差异(P<0.05),IPWP、IPPP、IPSP的总氨基酸含量分别约为38.36±2.05、21.73±1.56、56.69±2.45 g/100 g。所有山桐子蛋白样品中的主要氨基酸为谷氨酸(3.39~12.70 g/100 g),其次为天冬氨酸(3.01~7.01 g/100 g)、亮氨酸(2.13~4.99 g/100 g)和缬氨酸(1.66~4.01 g/100 g),但其含硫氨基酸(如半胱氨酸)含量较低[34],这一结果与其他大多数谷物、豆类蛋白质的氨基酸组成类似[35]。且山桐子蛋白均含有FAO/WHO(2007)要求的必需氨基酸,其中IPSP中必需氨基酸含量最高,其次是IPWP,特别是亮氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和异亮氨酸的含量最多,可以认为山桐子蛋白具有理想的营养特性,可以用作人的蛋白质补充剂[36],是功能性食品的良好备选来源。山桐子蛋白中疏水性氨基酸含量(8.45~20.40 g/100 g)明显低于亲水性氨基酸含量(13.28~36.30 g/100 g),有研究表明[37],蛋白质中亲水性氨基酸和疏水性氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例与蛋白质的溶解度息息相关,进而影响其乳化和发泡特性。
蛋白分子量大小与其功能特性直接相关[38],通过非还原SDS-PAGE和还原SDS-PAGE可以分析IPWP、IPPP、IPSP的亚基分布(图2)。整体而言,三种山桐子蛋白条带主要分布在45 kDa低分子量范围以下,且三者条带颜色存在显著差异。还原SDS-PAGE结果显示,IPWP、IPPP、IPSP均呈现约三条清晰的特征条带,其分子量分别位于35、18.4 kDa附近及14.4 kDa以下的范围,参考豆类蛋白质亚基的分子量分布特征[39],上述条带位置与SPI中Vicilin及Legumin-β亚基的特征分子量较为接近,由此推测山桐子蛋白中可能含有7S和11S球蛋白组分,但该推测仍需在后续研究中通过质谱鉴定等技术手段进一步验证。具体来看,三种山桐子蛋白均在18.4 kDa处表现出强条带,说明该分子量对应的蛋白亚基在山桐子蛋白中占比较高,该亚基可能属于球蛋白成分;接近泳道底端的条带,说明山桐子蛋白中可能含有小分子蛋白成分(其分子量低于14.4 kDa)。对比IPWP、IPPP、IPSP的SDS-PAGE结果发现,IPWP和IPSP在18.4 kDa处条带显色强度显著高于IPPP,表明这两种蛋白中可能含有更多与Legumin-β类似的亚基,这可能与IPWP和IPSP中赖氨酸、精氨酸等碱性氨基酸含量较多有关;相比之下,IPPP在35、18.4 kDa处条带强度最弱,说明IPPP中球蛋白含量明显低于IPWP和IPSP。此外,观察非还原电泳结果可知,SPI泳道的进样孔处存在明显深色残留,这可能是由于SPI中二硫键交联,使蛋白形成高分子量聚集体,导致其迁移受阻并截留于浓缩胶中[40]。对比还原与非还原条件下的SDS-PAGE结果发现,SPI进样孔颜色在还原处理后变浅,而山桐子蛋白进样孔处显色强度未出现明显变化,表明山桐子蛋白并未因二硫键作用发生显著的蛋白聚集现象。
表面疏水性是影响蛋白质功能特性的因素之一,与蛋白表面疏水残基的结构、含量和分布密切相关[41]。由图3可知,在相同pH条件下,三种山桐子蛋白的表面疏水性存在显著差异,具体表现为IPSP>IPWP>IPPP(P<0.05),这可能与其疏水氨基酸含量不同有关(见表2)。例如pH7时,IPWP的表面疏水性为208.79±10.64,IPPP的表面疏水性最低,为156.58±13.64,这可能是由于IPPP中疏水性氨基酸总含量较低造成的;IPSP的表面疏水性显著高于IPWP、IPPP及SPI(P<0.05),表明其蛋白结构具有更高的舒展性,促使更多的疏水区域暴露于蛋白表面[42],进而表现出更强的表面疏水性。在不同pH条件下,三种山桐子蛋白的表面疏水性随着pH的增加而显著提高(P<0.05)。以IPSP为例,其在pH7时的表面疏水性约为pH4时的2倍(P<0.05),这是可能是因为在碱性环境下,蛋白质的结构展开,蛋白质分子内部的疏水基团暴露在表面,更易与荧光探针ANS作用,使其表面疏水性增加。
蛋白质的平均粒径和Zeta-电位与蛋白质的功能特性息息相关。本研究采用纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪,测定了IPWP、IPPP、IPSP和SPI在不同pH下的平均粒径与Zeta电位,结果见图4。
平均粒径反映了蛋白质的聚集程度,由图4A可知,不同部位山桐子蛋白在相同pH下的平均粒径差异显著(P<0.05),且均小于SPI。在pH为7、9、11时,三种山桐子蛋白的平均粒径表现为IPSP<IPWP<IPPP(P<0.05),这可能与样品中总糖等非蛋白成分的含量差异有关。由表1可知,IPSP、IPWP、IPPP中总糖含量依次升高,而已有研究表明[43],糖类物质可通过氢键或静电相互作用与蛋白质结合形成复合物,从而造成样品颗粒体积增大,因此,总糖含量较高的IPPP可能因糖-蛋白复合物的形成而呈现更大的粒径;在pH4时,IPPP的平均粒径仍然最大,但IPSP的粒径大于IPWP。随着pH增加,三种山桐子蛋白的平均粒径逐渐降低(P<0.05),这可能是由于偏离蛋白等电点时,蛋白表面净电荷增加,抑制分子聚集,使样品粒径减小。这些变化可能会提高蛋白溶解性、增加蛋白向空气/油-水界面扩散的速度,使蛋白质表现出更好的界面特性[44]。
Zeta-电位绝对值的大小代表着蛋白在溶液体系中分散稳定性的高低,由图4B可知,在相同pH下,IPSP、IPWP、IPPP的Zeta电位绝对值依次降低,且均大于SPI。其中IPSP电位绝对值显著高于IPPP(P<0.05),这可能与IPSP中富含带负电的氨基酸有关[45],由氨基酸结果(见表2)可知,IPSP中天冬氨酸和谷氨酸两种带负电的氨基酸总量大于IPPP,使其表现出较高的电位绝对值,表明IPSP溶液的分散稳定性更好[46]。随着pH向碱性偏移,蛋白样品的Zeta-电位值逐渐降低,这可能是因为当溶液pH高于蛋白质等电点时,蛋白分子中羧基解离程度增加[47],表面负电荷增多,Zeta-电位值降低,从而表现为更高的Zeta-电位绝对值。这一变化可使蛋白分子间静电斥力增强[48],蛋白聚集减弱,从而提高蛋白质颗粒在溶液中的分散程度,使蛋白溶液更加稳定。
图5展示了IPWP、IPPP、IPSP在不同放大倍数下的微观结构,由图可知,三种山桐子蛋白之间的微观结构存在显著差异。在500倍放大倍数下观察样品(图5A~D),IPWP呈现不规则块状结构,部分区域可见片状堆叠,边缘锐利,整体呈松散的聚集体状态;IPPP以不规则片状结构为主,层叠排列紧密,片状物尺寸较大,局部可见断裂边缘;IPSP以团块状颗粒为主,形状不规则,颗粒表面粗糙,可观察到部分凹陷,大小颗粒嵌套分布。商品化SPI因采用喷雾干燥工艺,呈现球状结构,与本研究中通过冷冻干燥获得的块状或片层状山桐子蛋白结构不同。
进一步放大倍数至5 k观察样品(图5E~H),可以发现,IPWP表面为密集多孔的网状结构,孔隙大小不一,形成复杂三维网络,孔壁薄,显示出高度发达的孔隙体系,这可能与蛋白内部成分溶出有关。IPPP以有序层状结构为主,层间界限清晰,表面有小孔,与IPWP的无序多孔结构形成鲜明对比。IPSP表面粗糙,呈絮状交织结构,孔隙大且形状不规则,疏松度高。山桐子蛋白的这种孔隙结构可能有利于其泡沫性质及乳化性质等功能特性的改善。
溶解度是蛋白质重要的功能性质之一,其溶解性能受粒径大小、氨基酸组成以及pH等多种因素影响[49]。如图6所示,相同pH下,三种山桐子蛋白的溶解度均显著高于SPI(P<0.05),其中IPSP溶解度最高,其次为IPWP和IPPP,这一结果与蛋白样品的粒径大小呈负相关(见图4A)。IPPP、IPWP、IPSP的平均粒径依次减小,粒径减小会使蛋白颗粒比表面积增大,从而增强蛋白质与水之间的相互作用,使三种山桐子蛋白呈现不同的溶解度。此外,氨基酸种类及含量也会影响蛋白质溶解度。以pH7为例,IPSP的溶解度最高,约为83.51%±1.18%,比IPWP和IPPP的溶解度分别提高了约24.40%和79.47%(P<0.05),这可能是因为IPSP、IPWP和IPPP三者的亲水性氨基酸含量依次减少(见表2)。有研究表明,亲水性氨基酸(尤其天冬氨酸、谷氨酸)含量较高的蛋白质,与水分子的结合能力更强,因此通常具有更高的溶解度[50]。与IPWP和IPPP相比,IPSP中的亲水性氨基酸含量占总氨基酸比例最多,故表现出最大的溶解度。
在不同pH条件下,三种山桐子蛋白质整体显示相似的溶解度规律,即随着溶液pH的增加,蛋白溶解度逐渐提高。在pH为4时,所有蛋白样品均展现出最低的溶解度,均低于10%,这是由于该pH最接近四种蛋白的等电点,此时蛋白所带正负电荷量相当,净电荷接近为0,蛋白质的静电相互作用导致蛋白易聚集[51]。当pH从4升至7时,IPWP、IPPP和IPSP的溶解度均显著提高(P<0.05),这可能是因为蛋白质带有离子电荷,pH的提高使静电排斥力增加,促进了蛋白聚集体的解离[52],使不溶性聚集转变为可溶性聚集,蛋白样品的溶解度显著提高。
蛋白质的起泡性及泡沫稳定性是指快速搅打蛋白溶液时,蛋白质在气-液界面迅速扩散而形成一层薄膜气泡并维持气泡稳定的能力。蛋白质的发泡能力与其溶解度、粒径大小、表面电荷及表面疏水性等性质有关[53]。
如图7A所示,在相同pH下,山桐子蛋白的FC排序为IPWP>IPPP>IPSP,且均显著高于SPI(P<0.05)。蛋白质与盐离子的相互作用对其起泡性有重要影响[54]。有研究表明[55],在低盐离子浓度体系中,盐离子可与蛋白中带相反电荷的氨基酸残基结合,削弱蛋白分子间的静电斥力,促使更多蛋白质分子在气-水界面吸附并形成薄膜,从而提升起泡性;但盐离子浓度过高,会导致蛋白聚集,反而不利于其发挥起泡性。本研究中三种山桐子蛋白中灰分含量均处于较低水平(见表1),其中IPWP和IPPP灰分含量显著高于IPSP,即可能IPWP和IPPP中无机盐成分更多,两者表现出更高的起泡性。在不同pH条件下,所有蛋白样品的起泡性变化规律一致,均为随着pH的增加而逐渐提高。在pH4时,IPWP、IPPP和IPSP的FC均达到最低值,可能是由于接近蛋白质等电点,蛋白表面净电荷减少,阻止蛋白质扩散到气-液界面形成薄膜,起泡能力较差。与pH4相比,pH7时三种蛋白的FC显著增加了40%~50%(P<0.05),所有蛋白样品均在pH11时表现出最大起泡性,可能是由于随着pH的增加,蛋白平均粒径减小(见图4A),有助于蛋白质分子更快地吸附到气-液界面,起泡性提高。这一结果也有可能与蛋白质溶解度的增加有关,高溶解度表明更多的可溶性蛋白质可以扩散到气-液界面并降低表面张力[56],有助于泡沫的形成。
图7B展示了不同部位山桐子蛋白在不同pH处理下的泡沫稳定性差异。由图可知,在相同pH时,三种山桐子蛋白样品的FS与其FC呈相反趋势,表现为IPWP、IPPP和IPSP的FS依次升高,均显著低于SPI(P<0.05)。这可能是因为IPSP表面疏水性显著高于其他两种山桐子蛋白(见图3),因此IPSP具有更高的界面膜强度,表现出较好的泡沫稳定性[57]。在不同pH条件下,蛋白样品的泡沫稳定性表现为:随着pH的增加,FS先上升后下降。pH4时,所有蛋白质样品的FS均达到最低值;当pH为7时,所有蛋白样品的泡沫稳定性显著提升(P<0.05),其中 IPSP 的 FS 较 pH4 时增加了 16%(P<0.05);随着pH继续向碱性偏移,蛋白样品的FS呈下降趋势,这说明在高pH环境下,蛋白表面负电荷增加,分子间强静电斥力会阻碍蛋白分子聚集,使其气-水界面处蛋白间的相互作用力减弱[58],导致泡沫更容易破裂,FS降低。
衡量蛋白质乳化性质的常用指标为乳化性和乳化稳定性,用来反映蛋白质在油-水界面通过吸附形成乳液,以及在油-水界面维持一定稳定性的能力[59]。蛋白质的乳化性质通常与蛋白的表面疏水性、溶解度、表面电荷及粒径大小等性质有关[60−61]。
如图8A所示,在相同pH下,三种山桐子蛋白的EAI高低排序为IPSP>IPWP>IPPP,其中IPSP和IPWP的EAI均显著高于IPPP(P<0.05)。这可能与三种蛋白质的溶解度有关,IPSP和IPWP的溶解度高于IPPP(见图6),较高的溶解度意味着单位体积内有更多蛋白质分子能够快速扩散并吸附在油-水界面[62],从而提高乳化活性。另一方面可能与蛋白质粒径大小有关,粒径结果显示(见图4A),IPPP、IPWP、IPSP的平均粒径依次减小,有研究表明[63],较小的粒径意味着蛋白具有更大的表面积与体积比,使得蛋白分子更易与油滴接触并吸附于油-水界面上,提高乳化活性。在不同pH条件下,所有蛋白样品的EAI均表现为随着溶液pH的增加而提高,在Ngo等[64]的研究中也发现了同样的趋势。pH为4时,三种山桐子蛋白质的EAI均达到最低值,当pH升至7时,IPWP、IPPP、IPSP的EAI显著提高(P<0.05)。这与山桐子蛋白质的溶解度趋势一致(见图6),由于pH4接近等电点,蛋白溶解度较低,不利于油水的吸附[65],从而表现为最差的EAI,pH增加后溶液中可溶性蛋白分子增多,有利于蛋白分子吸附在油滴表面[66],EAI增加。
图8B为山桐子蛋白在不同pH下的乳化稳定性结果。由图可知,在相同pH下,三种山桐子蛋白的ESI趋势为IPSP>IPWP>IPPP,这一结果与三种山桐子蛋白质的表面疏水性不同有关(见图3),即表面疏水性较强的蛋白质与油的结合能力更强,从而表现出更高的乳化稳定性。在不同pH条件下,所有蛋白样品的乳化稳定性随着pH的增加而逐渐升高。在pH4时,所有蛋白的ESI最低,这可能是因为在等电点附近,蛋白质表面电荷量少,缺乏静电排斥的相互作用,蛋白质分子间容易发生絮凝和聚集,导致ESI较低。随着溶液pH增大,蛋白质的ESI增加,这可能是由于在碱性条件下蛋白质表面电荷增加,静电斥力增强,液滴之间不易聚集,使蛋白乳液维持更高的稳定性[67]。另一方面,也可能是由于pH的增加促进蛋白质分子结构展开,使蛋白质暴露更多的疏水性基团,从而提高蛋白质在油-水界面的吸附能力[68],ESI增加。
本研究以市售大豆蛋白为对照,比较了三种不同部位山桐子蛋白(IPWP、IPPP、IPSP)在不同pH(4、7、9、11)下的理化特性及功能特性差异。研究结果表明:IPSP与IPWP的蛋白含量、生物活性成分(总酚、黄酮)及总氨基酸含量显著高于IPPP(P<0.05),且二者结构更为舒展,不同部位蛋白的亚基组成含量存在差异;同一pH下,IPWP与IPSP较IPPP具有更小粒径和更高Zeta-电位绝对值,三种山桐子蛋白在溶解度、起泡性及乳化性方面均优于SPI,展现出山桐子蛋白的潜在应用价值。与IPPP相比,IPSP在表面疏水性、溶解度、乳化性及乳化稳定性等功能特性上表现最佳,IPWP则具有更强的起泡性,且这些性质随pH的增加得到改善。综合对比表明,IPSP和IPWP在蛋白组成及功能特性方面表现卓越,结合实际加工的可行性,后续可围绕IPWP开展改性或脱色研究,以优化其功能特性、提升蛋白含量并改善色泽,推动山桐子蛋白向高附加值产品转化。本研究对山桐子资源的高效利用及功能性成分的定向开发具有重要意义。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050176
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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    1东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
    2国家林业草原山桐子加工与综合利用工程技术研究中心,贵州贵阳 550005
    3贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005

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侯俊财(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:。
常云鹤(1986−),男,博士,高级实验师,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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