Article(id=1320882019886805013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756742400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852414342, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852414342, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852414342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852414342, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=166, endPage=175, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882020088131606, articleId=1320882019886805013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Processing Methods on the Structure, Physicochemical Properties and Digestibility of Highland Barley Starch, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of different processing methods on the structure and physicochemical properties of highland barley starch, this study used highland barley as the raw material to analyze the effects of four processing methods, namely, stir-frying (at 260 ℃ for 15 s), steaming (steaming in boiling water for 65 min), normal-pressure boiling (boiling in boiling water for 55 min), and high-pressure boiling (boiling in boiling water for 38 min), on the structure, physicochemical properties, and in vitro digestibility of highland barley starch. The results suggested that the raw starch particles were smooth and plump; The stir-fried starch was severely shrunk and aggregated; The steamed starch slightly expanded and wrinkled; The atmospheric boiled starch expanded, ruptured, and adhered together; The pressure boiled starch completely disintegrated. The boiling process severely damaged the structure and crystal structure of highland barley starch particles, with the relative crystallinity of the boiled starch being 5.61% (atmospheric boiling) and 4.77% (pressure boiling). Moreover, different processing methods led to changes in the gelatinization and thermal properties of highland barley flour. Typically, the gelatinization viscosity of highland barley starch under atmospheric boiling was only 26.67 cP, while that of stir-fried starch changed slightly, being 343 cP. Additionally, all the processing methods inhibited the retrogradation of starch, and the strongest anti-aging effect was achieved under atmospheric boiling, with a retrogradation value of 17 cP. As revealed by the analysis of sedimentation characteristics, the aging degree followed the tendency of atmospheric boiled starch>stir-fried starch>normal-pressure steamed starch>pressure boiled starch>raw starch. According to thermal property analysis results, the enthalpy value of pressure boiled starch exhibited the greatest change from 993.63 J/g (raw starch) to 759.89 J/g (pressure boiled starch), further confirming that pressure boiling had the most significant damage to the starch structure. In terms of rheological properties, all the starch pastes showed a shear-thinning fluid dominated by elasticity (G'>G'', tanδ<1). The values of G' and G'' increased with the increase in angular frequency, and the G' value of stir-fried starch demonstrated the most obvious increase. The tanδ value of pressure boiled starch showed irregular fluctuations, indicating the most thorough structural damage. By contrast, the tanδ values of starch under other processing methods fluctuated more gently, almost consistent with the raw starch state, suggesting the insignificant damage to their crystal structures. All treatments significantly increased the content of resistant starch (RS) (P<0.05), while atmospheric boiling and pressure boiling had the best enhancement effects, increasing from 63.55% to 69.10% (atmospheric pressure boiled starch) and 68.35% (pressure boiled starch), respectively. Therefore, they may be the processing methods for developing highland barley as a staple food. Stir-frying increased the RS content, but caused the soaring of the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content to 31.79% and the slowly digestible starch (SDS) content of only 0.72%, which may cause a sudden increase in blood sugar. Boiling could reduce the RDS content and retain a part of SDS, helping to maintain the relatively stable blood sugar level. This study provides a solid theoretical basis and scientific guidance for the development and utilization of hulless barley resources. It holds positive significance in enriching the processing methods of hulless barley and is expected to promote its broader application in the food industry.

, authors=Kanghui JIANG, Jie YANG, Liangliang HUANG, Shuyan ZHANG, Chunchao YUAN, Jianwen ZHANG, Liang LI*, authorsList=Kanghui JIANG, Jie YANG, Liangliang HUANG, Shuyan ZHANG, Chunchao YUAN, Jianwen ZHANG, Liang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882022906703907, articleId=1320882019886805013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=加工方式对青稞淀粉结构、理化性质及消化特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨不同加工方式对青稞淀粉结构及理化性质的影响,本研究以青稞为原料,分别使用炒制(260 ℃,15 s)、蒸制(沸水蒸制65 min)、常压煮制(沸水煮制55 min)和高压煮制(沸水煮制38 min)四种加工处理方式使青稞完全熟透,并分析不同加工处理对青稞中淀粉结构、理化性质及体外消化特性的影响。结果表明:原料淀粉颗粒光滑饱满;炒制淀粉严重皱缩、聚集;蒸制淀粉轻微膨胀起皱;常压煮制淀粉膨胀破裂、粘连;高压煮制淀粉则完全崩解。煮制对青稞淀粉颗粒结构和晶体结构造成严重破坏,煮制淀粉相对结晶度分别为5.61%(常压煮制淀粉)、4.77%(高压煮制淀粉)。不同加工方式还会导致青稞粉糊化特性与热特性改变,其中常压煮制处理的青稞淀粉糊化黏度仅为26.67 cP,而炒制淀粉黏度变化较小,为343 cP。此外,所有加工方式均会抑制淀粉的回生,其中常压煮制抗老化效果最强,回生值为17 cP;凝沉特性分析结果表明易老化程度大小为:常压煮制淀粉>炒制淀粉>蒸制淀粉>高压煮制淀粉>原料淀粉。热特性结果显示,高压煮制淀粉的焓变值改变程度最大,从993.63 J/g(原料淀粉)降至759.89 J/g(高压煮制淀粉),进一步证实了高压煮制对淀粉结构的破坏最为显著。在流变学特性方面,所有淀粉糊均表现为以弹性为主导(G'>G'',tanδ<1)的剪切稀化流体。G'与G''值均随角频率增大而升高,炒制淀粉的G'值升高最为明显。高压煮制淀粉的tanδ值呈现无规律波动,表明其结构破坏最为彻底,其余处理方式的tanδ值波动较为平缓,与原料淀粉状态几乎一致,表明其晶体结构破坏并不显著。所有处理均显著提高了抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)的含量(P<0.05),常压煮制和高压煮制的提升效果最优,从63.55%分别提升至69.10%(常压煮制淀粉)和68.35%(高压煮制淀粉),可作为青稞主食化处理方式;炒制虽提高RS,但导致快消化淀粉(Rapidly Digestible Starch,RDS)飙升至31.79%且慢消化淀粉(Slowly Digestible Starch,SDS)仅为0.72%,可能引发血糖骤升;而煮制处理则可以降低RDS含量并保留部分SDS,有助于维持血糖的相对稳定。本研究为青稞资源的开发利用提供了坚实的理论依据和科学的指导,对丰富青稞加工方式具有一定的积极意义,有望推动青稞在食品工业中的更广泛应用。

, authors=蒋康辉, 杨杰, 黄亮亮, 张书焱, 袁春超, 张健雯, 李梁*, authorsList=蒋康辉, 杨杰, 黄亮亮, 张书焱, 袁春超, 张健雯, 李梁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李梁, authorNote=

蒋康辉(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:高原特色农产品精深加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李梁(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:高原特色农产品功能成分挖掘与产地溯源,E-mail:。
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Modern Food Science and Technology, 2021, 37(1): 101−110., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882023149973540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882023154167845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, companyId=1320882023149973540, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and High-Value Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural and Livestock Products of Xizang Autonomous Region, College of Food Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882023162556454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, companyId=1320882023149973540, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西藏农牧大学食品科学学院西藏自治区特色农畜产品精深加工与高值化利用重点实验室,西藏林芝 860000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882027235225684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different treatment methods on the microstructure of highland barley starch, figureFileSmall=jupUSR/4B9QY616+oORQxw==, figureFileBig=BkNwoH8juIv0R/tibrGzZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882027293945941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理方式对青稞淀粉微观结构的影响

注:A:原料淀粉;B:炒制淀粉;C:蒸制淀粉;D:常压煮制淀粉;E:高压煮制淀粉。

, figureFileSmall=jupUSR/4B9QY616+oORQxw==, figureFileBig=BkNwoH8juIv0R/tibrGzZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882027499466838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=X-ray diffraction patterns of highland barley starch with different treatment methods, figureFileSmall=fEkWkRvLfQ5t7b0K4CLiOQ==, figureFileBig=Z8rK8/a26MS1uA/4pTIPHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882027570770007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理方式青稞淀粉的X-衍射图谱, figureFileSmall=fEkWkRvLfQ5t7b0K4CLiOQ==, figureFileBig=Z8rK8/a26MS1uA/4pTIPHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882027633684568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Infrared spectrum scanning of highland barley starch with different treatment methods, figureFileSmall=bIqoMgo5zmg2EkFx353wIQ==, figureFileBig=XZmt1lnX7+CKzb5I8mC6UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882027696599129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理方式青稞淀粉的红外光谱扫描结果, figureFileSmall=bIqoMgo5zmg2EkFx353wIQ==, figureFileBig=XZmt1lnX7+CKzb5I8mC6UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882027772096602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different treatment methods on the retrogradation properties of highland barley starch, figureFileSmall=RaDcROzqDxsCvXrk4YIpzw==, figureFileBig=xcPAODQbJDEf0djzQ2dbsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882027860176987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理方式对青稞淀粉凝沉特性的影响

注:不同大写英文字母表示同一凝沉时间不同处理方式的样品数据有显著性差异,P<0.05;不同小写英文字母表示同一处理方式不同凝沉时间的样品数据有显著性差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=RaDcROzqDxsCvXrk4YIpzw==, figureFileBig=xcPAODQbJDEf0djzQ2dbsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882027935674460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different treatment methods on the dynamic rheology of highland barley starch, figureFileSmall=ZlpYKb1abIxlyeC8SGGDHQ==, figureFileBig=wnX7YBphW88mBrb9AkZmeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882028015366237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理方式对青稞淀粉动态流变学的影响图

注:A为G'与G''值变化;B为tanδ变化。

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Effects of different treatment methods on the starch content of highland barley

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称总淀粉含量(%)直链淀粉含量(%)
原料淀粉97.03±0.76a19.11±0.27a
炒制淀粉95.32±0.93a18.82±0.56a
蒸制淀粉85.43±0.75b17.20±0.24b
常压煮制淀粉73.76±5.86c16.27±0.10c
高压煮制淀粉77.20±3.03c16.04±0.23c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882028350910561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同处理方式对青稞淀粉含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称总淀粉含量(%)直链淀粉含量(%)
原料淀粉97.03±0.76a19.11±0.27a
炒制淀粉95.32±0.93a18.82±0.56a
蒸制淀粉85.43±0.75b17.20±0.24b
常压煮制淀粉73.76±5.86c16.27±0.10c
高压煮制淀粉77.20±3.03c16.04±0.23c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882028422213730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different treatment methods on the RC, R1047/1022, and R1022/995 of highland barley starch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称RC(%)R1047/1022R1022/995
原料淀粉11.44±0.58b1.34±0.17a0.46±0.05b
炒制淀粉12.74±0.21a0.38±0.01c0.60±0.01a
蒸制淀粉9.94±0.27c0.50±0.06b0.63±0.06a
常压煮制淀粉5.61±0.87d0.54±0.07b0.66±0.06a
高压煮制淀粉4.77±0.61d0.27±0.05c0.66±0.06a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882028493516899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理方式对青稞淀粉的RC、R1047/1022和R1022/995的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称RC(%)R1047/1022R1022/995
原料淀粉11.44±0.58b1.34±0.17a0.46±0.05b
炒制淀粉12.74±0.21a0.38±0.01c0.60±0.01a
蒸制淀粉9.94±0.27c0.50±0.06b0.63±0.06a
常压煮制淀粉5.61±0.87d0.54±0.07b0.66±0.06a
高压煮制淀粉4.77±0.61d0.27±0.05c0.66±0.06a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882028573208676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different treatment methods on the pasting properties of highland barley starch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称峰值黏度(cP)谷值黏度(cP)崩解值(cP)最终黏度(cP)回生值(cP)糊化温度(℃)
原料淀粉1052.00±38.04a884.67±41.02a167.33±15.89a1061.00±45.90a176.33±21.39a86.35±0.39
炒制淀粉343.00±27.22b223.00±22.07b120.00±5.29b375.00±25.24b152.00±3.46b−
蒸制淀粉50.33±4.51d36.67±4.04c13.67±0.58c64.67±5.69d28.00±1.73d−
常压煮制淀粉26.67±0.58d19.67±0.58c7.00±0.00c36.67±0.58d17.00±1.00d−
高压煮制淀粉226.33±42.03c207.00±37.80b19.33±6.66c282.67±40.87c75.67±9.02c−
), ArticleFig(id=1320882028657094757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同处理方式对青稞淀粉糊化特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称峰值黏度(cP)谷值黏度(cP)崩解值(cP)最终黏度(cP)回生值(cP)糊化温度(℃)
原料淀粉1052.00±38.04a884.67±41.02a167.33±15.89a1061.00±45.90a176.33±21.39a86.35±0.39
炒制淀粉343.00±27.22b223.00±22.07b120.00±5.29b375.00±25.24b152.00±3.46b−
蒸制淀粉50.33±4.51d36.67±4.04c13.67±0.58c64.67±5.69d28.00±1.73d−
常压煮制淀粉26.67±0.58d19.67±0.58c7.00±0.00c36.67±0.58d17.00±1.00d−
高压煮制淀粉226.33±42.03c207.00±37.80b19.33±6.66c282.67±40.87c75.67±9.02c−
), ArticleFig(id=1320882028728397926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of different treatment methods on the rheological properties of highland barley starch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称起始温度(℃)峰值温度(℃)终止温度(℃)糊化焓(J/g)
原料淀粉105.92±10.57a134.70±0.79a160.28±3.13ab993.63±17.85a
炒制淀粉100.39±1.90a140.04±3.80a165.23±2.95a1022.36±44.42a
蒸制淀粉104.51±9.33a132.85±1.13a160.67±5.36ab957.59±4.47a
常压煮制淀粉102.03±2.86a136.59±6.24a162.81±6.03ab1018.15±61.67a
高压煮制淀粉108.77±14.16a134.44±1.40a154.30±2.82ab759.89±28.03b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882028791312487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同处理方式对青稞淀粉流变特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称起始温度(℃)峰值温度(℃)终止温度(℃)糊化焓(J/g)
原料淀粉105.92±10.57a134.70±0.79a160.28±3.13ab993.63±17.85a
炒制淀粉100.39±1.90a140.04±3.80a165.23±2.95a1022.36±44.42a
蒸制淀粉104.51±9.33a132.85±1.13a160.67±5.36ab957.59±4.47a
常压煮制淀粉102.03±2.86a136.59±6.24a162.81±6.03ab1018.15±61.67a
高压煮制淀粉108.77±14.16a134.44±1.40a154.30±2.82ab759.89±28.03b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882028875198568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of different treatment methods on the in vitro digestibility of highland barley starch (%)

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名称RDS(%)SDS(%)RS(%)
原料淀粉29.89±0.06b6.57±0.50a63.55±0.49c
炒制淀粉31.79±0.40a0.72±0.70d67.50±0.84b
蒸制淀粉30.39±0.81b3.23±1.50b66.37±0.64b
常压煮制淀粉29.07±0.72c1.84±0.69c69.10±0.07a
高压煮制淀粉28.76±0.40c2.89±0.33b68.35±0.12a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882028942307433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882019886805013, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同处理方式对青稞淀粉体外消化率的影响(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称RDS(%)SDS(%)RS(%)
原料淀粉29.89±0.06b6.57±0.50a63.55±0.49c
炒制淀粉31.79±0.40a0.72±0.70d67.50±0.84b
蒸制淀粉30.39±0.81b3.23±1.50b66.37±0.64b
常压煮制淀粉29.07±0.72c1.84±0.69c69.10±0.07a
高压煮制淀粉28.76±0.40c2.89±0.33b68.35±0.12a
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加工方式对青稞淀粉结构、理化性质及消化特性的影响
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蒋康辉 , 杨杰 , 黄亮亮 , 张书焱 , 袁春超 , 张健雯 , 李梁 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(16): 166-175
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (16) : 166 -175
加工方式对青稞淀粉结构、理化性质及消化特性的影响
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蒋康辉 , 杨杰, 黄亮亮, 张书焱, 袁春超, 张健雯, 李梁*
作者信息
  • 西藏农牧大学食品科学学院西藏自治区特色农畜产品精深加工与高值化利用重点实验室,西藏林芝 860000
通讯作者:
李梁(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:高原特色农产品功能成分挖掘与产地溯源,E-mail:。
作者简介:

蒋康辉(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:高原特色农产品精深加工,E-mail:

Effects of Processing Methods on the Structure, Physicochemical Properties and Digestibility of Highland Barley Starch
Kanghui JIANG , Jie YANG, Liangliang HUANG, Shuyan ZHANG, Chunchao YUAN, Jianwen ZHANG, Liang LI*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and High-Value Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural and Livestock Products of Xizang Autonomous Region, College of Food Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090013
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为探讨不同加工方式对青稞淀粉结构及理化性质的影响,本研究以青稞为原料,分别使用炒制(260 ℃,15 s)、蒸制(沸水蒸制65 min)、常压煮制(沸水煮制55 min)和高压煮制(沸水煮制38 min)四种加工处理方式使青稞完全熟透,并分析不同加工处理对青稞中淀粉结构、理化性质及体外消化特性的影响。结果表明:原料淀粉颗粒光滑饱满;炒制淀粉严重皱缩、聚集;蒸制淀粉轻微膨胀起皱;常压煮制淀粉膨胀破裂、粘连;高压煮制淀粉则完全崩解。煮制对青稞淀粉颗粒结构和晶体结构造成严重破坏,煮制淀粉相对结晶度分别为5.61%(常压煮制淀粉)、4.77%(高压煮制淀粉)。不同加工方式还会导致青稞粉糊化特性与热特性改变,其中常压煮制处理的青稞淀粉糊化黏度仅为26.67 cP,而炒制淀粉黏度变化较小,为343 cP。此外,所有加工方式均会抑制淀粉的回生,其中常压煮制抗老化效果最强,回生值为17 cP;凝沉特性分析结果表明易老化程度大小为:常压煮制淀粉>炒制淀粉>蒸制淀粉>高压煮制淀粉>原料淀粉。热特性结果显示,高压煮制淀粉的焓变值改变程度最大,从993.63 J/g(原料淀粉)降至759.89 J/g(高压煮制淀粉),进一步证实了高压煮制对淀粉结构的破坏最为显著。在流变学特性方面,所有淀粉糊均表现为以弹性为主导(G'>G'',tanδ<1)的剪切稀化流体。G'与G''值均随角频率增大而升高,炒制淀粉的G'值升高最为明显。高压煮制淀粉的tanδ值呈现无规律波动,表明其结构破坏最为彻底,其余处理方式的tanδ值波动较为平缓,与原料淀粉状态几乎一致,表明其晶体结构破坏并不显著。所有处理均显著提高了抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)的含量(P<0.05),常压煮制和高压煮制的提升效果最优,从63.55%分别提升至69.10%(常压煮制淀粉)和68.35%(高压煮制淀粉),可作为青稞主食化处理方式;炒制虽提高RS,但导致快消化淀粉(Rapidly Digestible Starch,RDS)飙升至31.79%且慢消化淀粉(Slowly Digestible Starch,SDS)仅为0.72%,可能引发血糖骤升;而煮制处理则可以降低RDS含量并保留部分SDS,有助于维持血糖的相对稳定。本研究为青稞资源的开发利用提供了坚实的理论依据和科学的指导,对丰富青稞加工方式具有一定的积极意义,有望推动青稞在食品工业中的更广泛应用。

青稞淀粉  /  加工方式  /  结构  /  理化性质  /  消化特性

To investigate the effects of different processing methods on the structure and physicochemical properties of highland barley starch, this study used highland barley as the raw material to analyze the effects of four processing methods, namely, stir-frying (at 260 ℃ for 15 s), steaming (steaming in boiling water for 65 min), normal-pressure boiling (boiling in boiling water for 55 min), and high-pressure boiling (boiling in boiling water for 38 min), on the structure, physicochemical properties, and in vitro digestibility of highland barley starch. The results suggested that the raw starch particles were smooth and plump; The stir-fried starch was severely shrunk and aggregated; The steamed starch slightly expanded and wrinkled; The atmospheric boiled starch expanded, ruptured, and adhered together; The pressure boiled starch completely disintegrated. The boiling process severely damaged the structure and crystal structure of highland barley starch particles, with the relative crystallinity of the boiled starch being 5.61% (atmospheric boiling) and 4.77% (pressure boiling). Moreover, different processing methods led to changes in the gelatinization and thermal properties of highland barley flour. Typically, the gelatinization viscosity of highland barley starch under atmospheric boiling was only 26.67 cP, while that of stir-fried starch changed slightly, being 343 cP. Additionally, all the processing methods inhibited the retrogradation of starch, and the strongest anti-aging effect was achieved under atmospheric boiling, with a retrogradation value of 17 cP. As revealed by the analysis of sedimentation characteristics, the aging degree followed the tendency of atmospheric boiled starch>stir-fried starch>normal-pressure steamed starch>pressure boiled starch>raw starch. According to thermal property analysis results, the enthalpy value of pressure boiled starch exhibited the greatest change from 993.63 J/g (raw starch) to 759.89 J/g (pressure boiled starch), further confirming that pressure boiling had the most significant damage to the starch structure. In terms of rheological properties, all the starch pastes showed a shear-thinning fluid dominated by elasticity (G'>G'', tanδ<1). The values of G' and G'' increased with the increase in angular frequency, and the G' value of stir-fried starch demonstrated the most obvious increase. The tanδ value of pressure boiled starch showed irregular fluctuations, indicating the most thorough structural damage. By contrast, the tanδ values of starch under other processing methods fluctuated more gently, almost consistent with the raw starch state, suggesting the insignificant damage to their crystal structures. All treatments significantly increased the content of resistant starch (RS) (P<0.05), while atmospheric boiling and pressure boiling had the best enhancement effects, increasing from 63.55% to 69.10% (atmospheric pressure boiled starch) and 68.35% (pressure boiled starch), respectively. Therefore, they may be the processing methods for developing highland barley as a staple food. Stir-frying increased the RS content, but caused the soaring of the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content to 31.79% and the slowly digestible starch (SDS) content of only 0.72%, which may cause a sudden increase in blood sugar. Boiling could reduce the RDS content and retain a part of SDS, helping to maintain the relatively stable blood sugar level. This study provides a solid theoretical basis and scientific guidance for the development and utilization of hulless barley resources. It holds positive significance in enriching the processing methods of hulless barley and is expected to promote its broader application in the food industry.

highland barley starch  /  processing methods  /  structure  /  physiochemical properties  /  digestibility
蒋康辉, 杨杰, 黄亮亮, 张书焱, 袁春超, 张健雯, 李梁. 加工方式对青稞淀粉结构、理化性质及消化特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 166 -175 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090013
Kanghui JIANG, Jie YANG, Liangliang HUANG, Shuyan ZHANG, Chunchao YUAN, Jianwen ZHANG, Liang LI. Effects of Processing Methods on the Structure, Physicochemical Properties and Digestibility of Highland Barley Starch[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 166 -175 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090013
青稞(Hordeum vulgare Linn var. nudum Hook. f.),禾本科、大麦属的一年生草本植物,因其在收获时内外颖壳分离,又称裸大麦、元麦、米大麦,其作为青藏高原的特色作物及传统主食,受到广泛关注。淀粉作为青稞籽粒的主要组成部分,约占谷物干重的56%~75%[1],其结构特性与理化性质直接决定了青稞在食品加工中的适用性和品质表现。
青稞一般经过初级加工后食用,蒸、煮等是青稞乃至杂粮开发和利用中最常用的热处理方式。在西藏地区,炒制是青稞的一种主要传统加工方式,经炒制后的青稞食品会散发出独特的香味与风味。此外,在加工过程中,极端温度条件(如蒸、煮等)以及压力因素(如高压处理等)会对淀粉的多尺度结构造成不同程度的破坏,这些结构包括直/支链淀粉分子、晶体结构以及淀粉颗粒等[2]。众多研究已证实了热处理对淀粉结构与性质的显著影响。例如干热处理可能会提高淀粉的消化性,而退火处理和热湿处理则被用于提高抗性淀粉含量或降低消化率[3−4]。唐艳红等[5]研究表明,水热处理会使玉米淀粉颗粒的晶体结构逐渐被破坏。曹菲等[6]发现煮制会使绿豆淀粉更容易糊化。曹征南等[7]发现热处理会使豌豆淀粉中快消化淀粉(Rapidly Digestible Starch,RDS)和慢消化淀粉(Slowly Digestible Starch,SDS)含量下降以及抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)含量上升,豌豆淀粉的抗消化性能增强。由此可见,在热处理的影响下,淀粉颗粒的晶体结构以及理化性质都会改变[8],通过加工来优化青稞产品的品质,并挖掘其作为健康食材的潜力。
但目前青稞的研究主要集中于青稞的营养品质、青稞品种以及青稞食品[9−11]等方面,尽管已有的研究关注于加工方式对谷物淀粉的影响,但系统性地比较不同加工技术,特别是传统与现代工艺对青稞淀粉结构及由此引发的系列理化性质变化的报道尚不充分。因此,本研究以青稞为研究对象,采用炒制、蒸制、常压煮制和高压煮制四种加工处理青稞并提取淀粉,通过对淀粉的微观结构、X射线衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、糊化特性、热力学性质、凝沉特性、流变学性质以及消化特性的测定,探讨不同处理前后对青稞中淀粉结构及理化性质的影响,以期为青稞精深加工以及青稞淀粉在食品加工中的应用提供理论依据。
青稞 西藏农牧大学植物科学学院;二硝基水杨酸(Differential behaviour of the dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS)试剂、α-淀粉酶(5万U/g)、糖化酶(10万U/g) 合肥博美生物科技有限公司;无水乙醇 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;醋酸钠缓冲液(0.02 mol/L,pH5.5) 飞净生物科技有限公司;植物淀粉含量试剂盒、直链淀粉含量试剂盒 苏州科铭生物技术有限公司;所有试剂均为分析纯。
J-03型炒制机 合肥亿久机电科技有限公司;FA2004电子天平 广州玉治仪器有限公司;GL21M离心机 湖南凯达科学仪器有限公司;HH-4数显恒温水浴锅 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;BJ-800A多功能粉碎机 浙江志高机械股份有限公司;Nicolet iS50衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔(上海)仪器有限公司;T6新世纪紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;DHS-16A卤素水分测定仪 上海仪昕科学仪器有限公司;SHA-BA水浴恒温振荡器 常州金南仪器制造有限公司;D8 ADVANCE X射线衍射仪 德国布鲁克公司;MCR 92型Anton paar流变仪 奥地利安东帕有限公司;SU8010扫描电子显微镜 HITACHI日立公司。
青稞籽粒经除杂后进行不同处理。炒制处理组:将青稞置于260 ℃的高温炒锅炒制15 s左右,使其膨化爆花[12];蒸制处理组:在常压下,待锅中水沸腾后,放入青稞蒸制至熟透(约65 min);常压煮制处理组:在常压下,将青稞置于沸水中煮制至熟透(约55 min);高压煮制处理组:将青稞置于沸水中高压煮制至开花熟透(约38 min)[13−14]。
参考李丹丹等[15]的方法采取碱法提取青稞淀粉,并略作修改。将原料及不同加工后的青稞分别浸泡12 h,按照1:10(m/v)加0.1% NaOH溶液,使用破壁机打浆,以6000 r/min离心10 min,所得沉淀依次进行数次水洗、醇洗,直至离心物全部为白色,干燥后得不同处理后青稞淀粉样品,过100目备用。总淀粉含量和直链淀粉相对含量分别利用总淀粉试剂盒和直链淀粉试剂盒测定。计算方法如式(1)~式(2)所示。
$\rm \mathrm{淀粉含量(mg/g)}=\frac{[(A+0.0295)\times V_{ \mathrm{1}} ]}{\mathrm{5.872/(W\times V}_{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{/V}_{ \mathrm{2}} )} $
其中,A:吸光度值;V1:加入反应体系中样本体积,0.05 mL;V2:加入提取液体积,1.7 mL;W:样本质量,g。
$\rm \mathrm{直链淀粉含量(mg/g)}=\frac{[(A_{ \mathrm{测定}}- \mathrm{A}_{ \mathrm{空白}} \mathrm{-0.0062)\times V}_{ \mathrm{1}} ]}{\mathrm{1.755/(W\times V}_{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{/V}_{ \mathrm{2}} )} $
其中,A:吸光度值;V1:加入反应体系中样本体积,0.05 mL;V2:加入提取液体积,1 mL;W:样本质量,g。
使用扫描电子显微镜观察淀粉样品颗粒的表面形态。测试前将样品50 ℃烘干至恒重。测试条件:加速电压为3 kV,放大倍数为500和1000。
采用X衍射仪对淀粉样品的结晶特性进行测定[13]。样品在2θ范围为5°至40°的条件下进行扫描,步长为0.02°,工作电压为40 kV,电流为40 mA,扫描速率为3°/min。利用式(3)计算样品的相对结晶度(Relative crystallinity,RC)。
$\rm \text{RC}( \text{%}) =\frac{{A_c}}{{A_c}+{A_a}}\times 100 $
其中,Ac代表结晶区域的面积;Aa代表非结晶(无定形)区域的面积。
使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的衰减全反射(ATR)模式测定样品的红外光谱。以空气作为背景,光谱范围为4000~400 cm−1。其中,设置扫描次数为32次,分辨率为4 cm−1。
参考李亚楠等[16]报道的方法,使用快速黏度分析仪(Rapid Visco Analyser,RVA)测定样品的糊化特性。测试条件:称取3 g样品于样品筒中,然后加入25 mL蒸馏水。样品在4 ℃平衡24 h,在50 ℃保持1 min,在12 ℃/min加热到95 ℃,保持2.5  min。再以相同的速率冷却到50 ℃。RVA搅拌转速设定如下,样品以980  r/min自动搅拌10 s后以160 r/min进行搅拌。根据RVA糊化曲线,记录样品糊化特征参数。
参考Song等[17]的方法采用差示量热扫描仪(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC)测定淀粉的热特性,并稍作修改。在专用液体坩埚中准确称取2.5 mg样品,按1:4(m/v)加入去离子水。用压样机密封坩埚,在4 ℃下平衡约12 h,空坩埚作为对照。测定条件:温度范围为0~200 ℃,升温速率为10 ℃/min、氮气流速40 mL/min。
根据王敏等[14]的方法测定样品的凝沉性,并稍作修改。1%淀粉悬浮液(w/w)在沸水浴中糊化25 min,然后冷却至室温。随后放入100 mL量筒中静置观察,分别记录0、2、4、6、8、24 h时的上清液体积。
10%淀粉悬浮液(w/w)在沸水浴中糊化30 min后立即置于流变仪上,采用PP25平板,测量间距为1 mm,温度为25 ℃。动态流变测试的条件如下:以频率为0.1~100 rad/s、应变为1%进行测定,记录G'、G''、tanδ和复数黏度的变化;静态黏弹性测试条件如下:以剪切速率为0.1~100 s−1进行测定,记录样品黏度和剪切应力的变化。
参考Ye等[18]的方法对样品的体外消化性进行测定,并稍作修改。将样品(200 mg)与15 mL醋酸钠缓冲液(0.02 mol/L,pH5.5)混合,沸水浴糊化30 min。冷却至37 ℃,平衡10 min。加入1 mL糖化酶(15 U/mL)、4 mL α-淀粉酶(290 U/mL)混合均匀后于37 ℃恒温水浴振荡酶解,分别在加酶后的0、20、120 min时吸取1 mL样品液,沸水浴灭活,离心(4500 r/min,5 min),收集上清液,采用DNS法测定葡萄糖含量,葡萄糖标准曲线为y=0.44071x−0.069(R2=0.99918)。快速消化淀粉(RDS)、慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量根据式(4)~式(6)进行计算。
$\rm \text{RDS}( \text{%}) =\frac{0.9\times ( {G_{20}}-{G_0}) }{样品质量 }\times 100 $
$\rm \text{SDS}( \text{%}) =\frac{0.9\times ( {G_{120}}-{G_{20}}) }{样品质量 }\times 100 $
$ \text{RS}(\text{%})=100\%-\text{RDS}(\text{%})-\text{SDS}(\text{%}) $
其中,G0、G20和G120分别为0、20和120 min时的葡萄糖含量(mg/mL)。
所有实验均进行3次平行测定,结果以平均值±标准差表示。使用Origin 2024软件绘图,使用SPSS 25.0软件对数据进行显著性分析,P<0.05表示样品间具有显著差异。
由表1可知,青稞在不同处理后淀粉含量及直链淀粉含量均有所变化。从淀粉总量来看,炒制对总淀粉含量影响最小,仅比原料淀粉的97.03%略微下降至95.32%。而湿热处理特别是常压煮制导致总淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.05),降至73.76%;高压煮制虽略高于常压煮制(77.20%),但仍远低于原料水平。这表明湿热加工更易引起淀粉的损失或溶出。从直链淀粉占比来看,其变化趋势与总淀粉一致,随加工处理程度的加剧而呈逐渐下降趋势,从19.11%(原料)降至16.04%(高压煮制)。这一结果表明,在加工过程中,直链淀粉可能更易发生降解或溶出,从而导致其在淀粉组分中的相对含量降低。综上所述,加工方式,特别是湿热处理,是影响青稞淀粉含量与构成的关键因素[19]。
由图1可知,原料淀粉颗粒表面光滑平整,饱满且界限明显。不同加工处理均对淀粉的微观形态产生影响。具体来说:炒制淀粉颗粒出现严重皱缩、变形,多个颗粒聚集为不规则块状,表面粗糙(图1B)。这可能是因为淀粉颗粒内部的水分在高温下汽化并逸出,从而导致颗粒失去原有的饱满结构[20]。此外,淀粉分子在加热过程中也会发生降解熔融,这进一步导致颗粒变形[21]。常压煮制淀粉颗粒(图1C)吸水膨胀,部分颗粒破裂或崩解表面出现裂痕,颗粒间粘连成团,这是由于持续的水热作用会破坏淀粉-淀粉间的氢键,使直链淀粉溶出,导致颗粒完整性丧失[22]。Soltani等[23]发现,蒸煮处理会使白米淀粉颗粒的形态变得粗糙,本研究的结果与之相一致。蒸制淀粉颗粒(图1D)表面轻微起皱,部分颗粒保持完整轮廓且颗粒间粘连较少。蒸汽加热温和,水分渗透较慢,所以被破坏程度低于常压煮制淀粉[13]。高压煮制淀粉颗粒几乎完全崩解,多个淀粉颗粒融合,以粗糙不规则的碎片形式存在(图1E)。这可能是煮制的过程中淀粉颗粒发生吸水糊化行为,膨胀、破裂成不规则形状[13]。
XRD常被用来检测淀粉分子的结晶结构[24]。图2为不同加工方式处理青稞淀粉的XRD图谱及RC变化。原料淀粉在15°、17°、18°及23°处呈现明显衍射尖峰,这与谷物淀粉典型的A型晶型特征峰一致[25]。经过炒制处理后的青稞淀粉A型特征峰尖峰形态仍较清晰,表明炒制处理未改变青稞淀粉的晶体类型,且RC(12.51%)略高于原料淀粉。这是由于炒制过程中,淀粉颗粒表面水分快速蒸发,分子链发生局部重排并形成新的有序结构(即“部分重结晶”),因此RC略有提升[26];但尖峰强度弱于原料组,说明干热仍轻微破坏了原始晶体的完整度。经过常压煮制和蒸制处理后,在15°、23°处的衍射峰逐渐弥散化。由表2可知,RC分别降至5.18%和10.16%,表明煮制对淀粉分子双螺旋结构的破坏程度更严重,这是由于在煮制过程中,淀粉分子与大量水接触,水分子进入了淀粉的无定形区和结晶区,造成淀粉分子间氢键断裂并且与水分子产生氢键,晶体有序程度下降,无定形区域增加,同时淀粉分子在水煮冷却过程中老化部分淀粉链自动排列成序,形成结晶[27−28]。这也与SEM中不同加工方式对青稞淀粉微观结构的破坏结果相对应。而高压煮制淀粉的A型晶型特征峰几乎完全消失,RC仅为4.69%,表明淀粉的结晶结构被破坏。这是因为高压与高温的协同作用加速了水分渗透与分子热运动,淀粉双螺旋结构彻底解旋,晶体有序结构被完全破坏[29]。
傅里叶红外光谱可以用于检测淀粉的短程有序结构[30]。R1047/1022、R1022/995附近的数值可以揭示淀粉相对有序度和双螺旋度的内部变化[31−32],R1047/1022反映淀粉分子有序度,结晶区/无定形区比例,比值越高,有序结晶结构越显著。R1022/995表征淀粉短程有序性,螺旋结构完整性,比值升高表明分子链解聚或无序化程度增加。
据图3可知,不同处理前后青稞淀粉的基本骨架没有明显变化,说明处理没有改变青稞淀粉的基本化学结构和官能团组成。由表2可知,原料淀粉R1047/1022比值最高,表明天然有序结构完整,其余处理均显著降低有序度(P<0.05),其中炒制和高压煮制破坏最剧烈,可能原因是高温导致氢键断裂和晶体熔融。蒸制与常压煮制次之,湿热处理部分瓦解结晶区,表明热加工破坏淀粉结晶网络,干热与高压湿热作用最强;淀粉经过蒸制、常压或高压煮制等热处理并伴随水分作用时,会发生糊化过程。糊化破坏了淀粉颗粒的晶体结构,分子从有序排列转变为无序状态,淀粉颗粒膨胀,氢键断裂。这个过程中,淀粉的双螺旋结构会解离或变得松散,因而导致R1022/995比值显著升高[33]。炒制淀粉的R1022/995增至0.60,但其升高幅度可能不如蒸制、常压煮制和高压煮制等湿热处理方式。这主要是因为炒制过程中的有限水分在一定程度上限制了淀粉的充分糊化和结构的均一变化。炒制的高温仍能破坏部分淀粉的螺旋结构,降低其短程有序性,但变化程度可能因具体炒制条件如温度、时间、水分含量等而异[34]。
糊化特性能够反映淀粉分子在热处理过程中的结构稳定性与凝胶性能,是指淀粉悬浮液在一定温度下,淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀,体积增大,淀粉颗粒破裂,成为黏稠状胶体溶液的过程[35],与淀粉增稠或胶凝行为模式直接相关[36],其具体表现可通过黏度参数的变化来体现。
由表3可知,峰值黏度(Peak Viscosity,PV)反映的是淀粉在糊化过程中淀粉颗粒的膨胀程度[37],它跟支链淀粉的含量、淀粉颗粒大小有关[38−40],膨胀程度越大,对应的峰值黏度越高。所有热处理样品的峰值黏度均显著(P<0.05)低于原料淀粉,说明处理后淀粉颗粒内部结构变得松散,结合水能力减弱,其原因在于热处理破坏了淀粉的结晶区域,削弱了分子间作用力,使其在加热过程中更易破裂,黏度上升受限。
谷值黏度(Trough Viscosity,TV)反映了淀粉在高温条件下耐剪切的能力[41]。不同处理方式下谷值黏度差异显著(P<0.05),常压煮制和蒸制淀粉的谷值黏度极低,说明其结构被彻底破坏,高温下几乎丧失增稠能力;高压煮制淀粉的谷值黏度相对较高,可能由于高压条件促使淀粉形成部分稳定结构,这些复合物通常以V型结晶结构存在[42],具有较高的热稳定性,能帮助淀粉颗粒在高温剪切下更好地保持结构完整性,从而抑制黏度的过度下降,表现为谷值黏度较高;炒制淀粉因未完全糊化,谷值黏度处于中等水平,来源于未崩解颗粒的物理填充。
崩解值(Breakdown,BD)为峰值黏度和谷值黏度的差值,它反映了淀粉糊在高温条件下的抗剪切能力以及淀粉糊热糊的稳定性[43–44],崩解值越大,淀粉糊的抗剪切能力越差,热糊稳定性越差。原料淀粉崩解值最高,热稳定性差;常压煮制和蒸制样品崩解值极低,并非由于稳定性高,而是由于淀粉结构在达到峰值前已基本崩解;高压煮制样品崩解值较低,说明其结构在高温下仍具有一定稳定性。
回生值(Setback,SB)是最终黏度与谷值黏度的差值[45],反映淀粉老化的趋势[46–47],它与直链、支链淀粉的含量有关,直链淀粉含量越高,冷却过程中淀粉分子越容易通过氢键发生再聚集,回生值越高[48]。所有热处理样品的回生值均下降,说明其短期回生速率加快,原因在于处理过程中淀粉结构受损,分子链更易在冷却时通过氢键重排,但形成的凝胶结构较弱,整体回生程度降低。
淀粉的糊化温度(Pasting Temperature,PT)是指淀粉溶液在升温过程中,淀粉粒随温度的升高,开始发生不可逆膨胀,丧失其双折射性和结晶性的临界温度[37]。由表3可知,青稞淀粉的糊化温度为86.35 ℃,所有热处理方式都明显改变了青稞淀粉的糊化特性,主要体现在糊化黏度的急剧下降和凝胶稳定性的变化上。不同处理方式的影响程度不同,其中蒸制和常压处理对淀粉结构的破坏最为彻底,导致糊化特性变化最大;高压处理次之;炒制的影响相对最小,但仍显著(P<0.05)。
DSC可反映淀粉晶体熔化过程中系统的能量变化和淀粉热稳定性[49]。由表4可知,热处理显著改变了淀粉的晶体结构完整性,特别是经过高压煮制后,但对糊化相变温度的影响有限。高压处理使淀粉晶体破坏程度最大,糊化焓(759.89 J)显著降低,而其他处理对相变温度及总糊化能影响并不显著(P>0.05)。这表明除高压煮制外,多数热处理未深度破坏淀粉结晶区。
糊化焓(ΔH0)表示颗粒内支链淀粉紊乱发生糊化所需的能量,该值是通过对糊化峰面积进行积分计算的[50]。由表4可知,仅高压煮制组糊化焓显著(P<0.05)低于其他组,其他组间无差异。可能是因为高压处理使淀粉结晶度显著降低,高温高压导致晶体结构部分瓦解。高压处理是唯一明显破坏青稞淀粉晶体结构的热处理方式,会使其糊化能耗降低;而其他方式主要影响非晶区如直链淀粉溶出、颗粒膨胀等,对结晶区影响有限。这解释了表3高压组黏度特性介于炒制与湿热处理之间——晶体部分破坏导致中等黏度与较低的糊化能耗。
淀粉的凝沉是淀粉分子从无序到有序重排的过程[51]。由图4可知,原料淀粉、高压煮制淀粉、蒸制淀粉、炒制淀粉、常压煮制淀粉的上清液体积都随着凝沉时间的延长而增加,符合淀粉老化特性。随着凝沉时间的延长,不同处理方式下淀粉的抗老化效果呈现出明显差异,其中:常压煮制>炒制>蒸制>高压煮制>原料,表明不同处理方式下常压煮制处理抗老化效果最强,高压煮制最易老化(P<0.05)。就不同处理方式的作用机制而言,常压煮制处理能够使淀粉充分糊化,同时可能保留部分原始结构,在此过程中直链淀粉溶出量较多,进而形成网络结构,有效抑制了淀粉的回生[13];炒制处理由于采用干热方式,会导致淀粉发生重结晶现象,但直链淀粉并未溶出,因此老化速度相对较慢;蒸制处理仅使淀粉发生部分糊化,直链淀粉未完全溶出,故而老化程度适中;高压煮制处理则能够彻底破坏淀粉的晶体结构,在冷却过程中会发生大量的分子重排[52]。
物质的流变特性与其分子量、结构密切相关。储能模量G'和损耗模量G''分别代表样品的弹性和黏性特征,tanδ值反映材料在受到外部应力或应变时黏弹性的相对比例。由图5A、图5B可知,炒制的G'值随角频率增大最为明显,其弹性最高,这可能归因于炒制处理对淀粉的颗粒结构破坏最小,淀粉并未得到完全糊化。所有样品淀粉溶液的G'与G''值都随着角频率增大,G'与G''值均持续升高,高压煮制淀粉tanδ无规律波动,结构彻底破坏;其他样品的tanδ值始终小于1,说明青稞中淀粉弹性应力比黏性应力更强,具有较高的弹性特性,导致流变粘性值截止。炒制淀粉的G'与G''值明显高于其他处理,说明干热处理可以增强凝胶的黏弹性和抗变形能力[53]。
由图6可知,不同处理方式下青稞淀粉溶液随着剪切速率增大,黏度整体呈下降趋势。原因是当淀粉糊受到剪切力的作用时,相互缠绕的淀粉分子链会在外力的作用下被拉直或者分散开,使淀粉糊更容易流动,进而导致表观黏度下降[54]。在相同剪切速率下蒸制和炒制处理比原料黏度要大,而常压煮制和高压煮制比原料黏度要小;可能是因为湿热处理导致了淀粉黏度降低[55]。
据表5可知,RDS、SDS、RS的差异,核心是不同处理方式对青稞淀粉结构的破坏/重组程度不同,进而影响消化酶的可及性:适宜含水量的湿热处理有利于淀粉分子中原有结构破坏与淀粉分子链迁移,增强无定型区域中分子链间互作,提高淀粉的抗消化性能[56]。原料淀粉的天然淀粉颗粒结构完整,RS占比最高,为63.55%,因为结晶区难以被酶分解;RDS仅29.89%,是无定形区少量直链淀粉被快速分解的结果。淀粉的炒制属于干热加工,淀粉颗粒表面受热但内部结构破坏有限,同时部分直链淀粉可能因脱水聚集,导致SDS大幅下降至0.72%,但RDS飙升至31.79%,而RS略有上升;RDS略增是表面无定形区被部分破坏的结果。蒸制淀粉是在湿热环境使淀粉部分糊化,但结晶区破坏程度中等,因此SDS高于炒制/常压煮制,RS略低于炒制。常压煮制/高压煮制淀粉的煮制是水环境让淀粉充分吸水糊化,常压煮制下直链淀粉溶出形成网络结构,抑制淀粉重结晶但仍保留部分有序结构,因此RS最高,为69.10%;高压煮制彻底破坏结晶结构,支链淀粉游离后冷却重排,形成的结构仍有一定抗性,但RS略低于常压,因为重排后的结构酶可及性稍高,为68.35%,研究表明,高压蒸煮后的芸豆子叶细胞,其消化率高于常压蒸煮,这间接证明了高压处理后的淀粉体系确实更易被酶作用[57];两者RDS均较低,是因为糊化后形成的网络/重排结构阻碍了酶与淀粉的结合。
本研究系统探讨了炒制、蒸制、常压煮制与高压煮制四种加工方式对青稞淀粉多尺度结构、理化特性及体外消化性能的影响。结果表明:在结构层面,不同处理均破坏了淀粉的天然有序性,其中高压煮制作用最为剧烈,导致颗粒完全崩解、相对结晶度下降至4.69%;炒制因有限水分引发颗粒皱缩与局部重排,结构变化不均;蒸制与常压煮制作为湿热处理,有效瓦解晶体网络但仍保留部分短程有序结构。在理化特性方面,所有处理均显著降低淀粉的糊化黏度,增强凝胶稳定性,并抑制老化回生,其中常压煮制抗老化效果最强,高压煮制因结构彻底破坏而表现出独特的流变行为即tanδ无规律波动。在体外消化性能方面,加工方式通过调控结构破坏与重组程度,显著影响淀粉的体外消化特性:常压与高压煮制能有效提升抗性淀粉含量,分别达到69.10%与68.35%,适于开发低血糖应答型主食;而炒制虽提高抗性淀粉含量,但引起快消化淀粉显著上升至31.79%与慢消化淀粉几乎消失,可能引发餐后血糖快速波动。本研究从“加工方式—结构变化—功能特性”多维度揭示了青稞淀粉的构效关系,为青稞在主食化与专用营养食品中的精准加工提供了理论依据与应用指导。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090013
  • 接收时间:2025-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-02
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    西藏农牧大学食品科学学院西藏自治区特色农畜产品精深加工与高值化利用重点实验室,西藏林芝 860000

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李梁(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:高原特色农产品功能成分挖掘与产地溯源,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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