Article(id=1320882000643342700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852409753, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852409753, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852409753, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852409753, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=457, endPage=467, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882000848863597, articleId=1320882000643342700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Soy Isoflavones in the Regulation of Metabolic Disorders, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Although various therapeutic strategies exist, limitations in efficacy, tolerability, and long-term compliance remain major challenges. Consequently, natural bioactive compounds with well-defined mechanisms of action and favorable safety profiles have garnered growing research interest. Soy isoflavones, a group of naturally occurring plant-derived ingredients, have attracted considerable attention due to their promising effects in ameliorating metabolic disorders. This review summarizes recent in vitro, animal, and clinical studies on the regulatory effects of soy isoflavones and their major active components on obesity, T2DM, and NAFLD. Soy isoflavones ameliorate insulin resistance and maintain glucose homeostasis by modulating the PI3K/Akt and FOXO1/GSK3β signaling pathways. Furthermore, soy isoflavones regulate lipid metabolism balance by suppressing lipid synthesis and promoting fatty acid oxidation via the AMPK/SREBP-1C and PGC-1α pathways. Soy isoflavones also exhibit protective effects against the development and progression of metabolic disorders through mechanisms including suppression of inflammatory responses, amelioration of oxidative stress, and modulation of gut microbiota and its metabolic products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of soy isoflavones in managing glucose and lipid metabolic disorders, aiming to support further research and the development of soy isoflavones-based functional products.

, authors=Guoquan SHAO1, Zhe MING1, Wensheng WANG1, *, Nana ZHANG2, *, Fengzhong WANG2, authorsList=Guoquan SHAO, Zhe MING, Wensheng WANG, Nana ZHANG, Fengzhong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wensheng WANG, Nana ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882002342035829, articleId=1320882000643342700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=大豆异黄酮改善代谢紊乱的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

代谢紊乱如肥胖、2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病发病率在全球范围内日益严重,尽管当前对代谢性疾病已有多种治疗手段,但在疗效、耐受性或长期依从性方面仍面临挑战,因此开发具有明确作用机制和较高安全性的天然活性物质成为研究热点。大豆异黄酮作为一种植物性天然化合物,因其在改善代谢紊乱疾病方面的潜力而备受关注。本文梳理了大豆异黄酮及其主要活性物质在调节肥胖、2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的体外、动物和临床研究,阐述了大豆异黄酮通过调节PI3K/Akt、FOXO1/GSK3β信号通路改善胰岛素抵抗,维持糖稳态;通过调节AMPK/SREBP-1C、PGC-1α途径抑制脂质合成、促进脂肪氧化,维持脂质代谢平衡;并可通过抑制炎症反应、缓解氧化应激、调节肠道菌群及代谢产物等途径防治代谢紊乱的发生发展。对大豆异黄酮在改善糖脂代谢紊乱中的作用和机制进行综述,旨在为大豆异黄酮的深入研究和功能性产品开发利用提供参考。

, authors=邵国权1, 明哲1, 王文晟1, *, 张娜娜2, *, 王凤忠2, authorsList=邵国权, 明哲, 王文晟, 张娜娜, 王凤忠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王文晟, 张娜娜, authorNote=

邵国权(1996−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物化学与分子生物学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王文晟(1968−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:与复制和修复相关的人类遗传病,及自免疫的分子机制,E-mail:。
张娜娜(1990−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食物组分与营养,E-mail:。
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BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 2020, 8(1): e000948., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882019249275391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=76, rfOrder=82, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Honghua, LIANG Shaoxian, YIN Kewan, et al. Urinary equol and equol-predicting microbial genera are favorably associated with body fat measures among Chinese adults[J]. 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Food & Function, 2022, 13(22): 11715−11732., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882019458990593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=84, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOU Qihang, HUANG Jingxi, ZHAO Lihua, et al. Dietary genistein increases microbiota-derived short chain fatty acid levels, modulates homeostasis of the aging gut, and extends healthspan and lifespan[J]. 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European Journal of Nutrition, 2024, 63(5): 1877−1888., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882004145586550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882004153975159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, companyId=1320882004145586550, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882004162363768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, companyId=1320882004145586550, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河南师范大学生命科学学院,河南新乡 453002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882004233666937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882004242055546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, companyId=1320882004233666937, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Nuclear Energy Utilization, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882004246249851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, companyId=1320882004233666937, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国农业科学院原子能利用研究所,北京 100080)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882006586671519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Chemical structures of the major active compounds of soy isoflavones, figureFileSmall=r5NBqXqPup+d32IQRGgtOQ==, figureFileBig=Y/uwOKSe9WYsP0PYl+GAhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882006649586080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大豆异黄酮主要活性物质结构, figureFileSmall=r5NBqXqPup+d32IQRGgtOQ==, figureFileBig=Y/uwOKSe9WYsP0PYl+GAhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882006842524065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Absorption and metabolism of soy isoflavones in vivo, figureFileSmall=y1bTnKdDGzJ01IqMseeWhw==, figureFileBig=dFxd+cf/sE0J1YvEciRcQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882006913827234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大豆异黄酮在体内的吸收代谢, figureFileSmall=y1bTnKdDGzJ01IqMseeWhw==, figureFileBig=dFxd+cf/sE0J1YvEciRcQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882008557994403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Mechanisms of soy isoflavones in regulating metabolic disorders, figureFileSmall=t/lS02b+FMbJzTglGSABdw==, figureFileBig=rYTORKeNCVSGUPFMfh3XYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882008646074788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=CN, label=图3, caption=大豆异黄酮调节代谢紊乱的机制, figureFileSmall=t/lS02b+FMbJzTglGSABdw==, figureFileBig=rYTORKeNCVSGUPFMfh3XYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882008734155173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Isoflavone content in soybeans and processed soy products[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大豆及其加工产品含量(mg/100 g)
生大豆154.53
烤大豆148.5
豆腐13.1~34.78
豆浆0.7~10.73
味噌41.45
纳豆82.29
酱油1.18
毛豆17.92
天贝3.82
豆渣9.39
大豆油0
), ArticleFig(id=1320882008813846950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大豆和大豆加工制品中的异黄酮含量[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大豆及其加工产品含量(mg/100 g)
生大豆154.53
烤大豆148.5
豆腐13.1~34.78
豆浆0.7~10.73
味噌41.45
纳豆82.29
酱油1.18
毛豆17.92
天贝3.82
豆渣9.39
大豆油0
), ArticleFig(id=1320882008948064679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Metabolic process of soy isoflavones in vivo[23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢过程染料木素大豆苷元
水解前形式染料木苷大豆苷
相Ⅰ期代谢羟基化生成5,6,7,4'-THI等还原生成二氢大豆苷元,进一步转化为雌马酚和O-去甲基染料木素
相Ⅱ期代谢主要经葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化主要经葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化
代谢循环发生肠肝循环发生肠肝循环
主要代谢产物5,6,7,4'-THI, 5,7,8,4'-THI等二氢大豆苷元、雌马酚、O-去甲基染料木素、6-羟基大豆苷元等
排泄途径尿液、粪便尿液、粪便
), ArticleFig(id=1320882009036145064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大豆异黄酮在体内的代谢过程[23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢过程染料木素大豆苷元
水解前形式染料木苷大豆苷
相Ⅰ期代谢羟基化生成5,6,7,4'-THI等还原生成二氢大豆苷元,进一步转化为雌马酚和O-去甲基染料木素
相Ⅱ期代谢主要经葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化主要经葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化
代谢循环发生肠肝循环发生肠肝循环
主要代谢产物5,6,7,4'-THI, 5,7,8,4'-THI等二氢大豆苷元、雌马酚、O-去甲基染料木素、6-羟基大豆苷元等
排泄途径尿液、粪便尿液、粪便
), ArticleFig(id=1320882009099059625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

In vitro and in vivo studies on SI against metabolic disorders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称模型剂量结果参考文献
大豆苷元去卵巢大鼠150 mg·kg−1降低了血清和肝脏TC水平[27]
大豆苷元C2C12成肌细胞50 μmo·L −1显着降低了C2C12肌管中的脂质积累[38]
大豆苷元雌性大鼠35 mg·kg−1降低了肝脏 27-羟基胆固醇[35]
3’-羟基大豆苷元C57BL/6小鼠占饮食质量0.05%的
剂量
通过刺激白色脂肪组织的褐变和调节肠道微生物群
来改善HFD诱导的小鼠肥胖
[26]
大豆苷元、染料木素联合使用3T3-L1细胞各25 μmol·L−1显着抑制了地塞米松、IBMX和胰岛素诱导的脂质积累过程[25]
染料木素雌性ICR小鼠500 mg·kg−1抑制小鼠糖异生过程来缓解高脂肪饮食诱导的肥胖
染料木素雄性C57bl/6J小鼠60 mg·kg−1通过改善肝功能来预防胰岛素抵抗和高血糖[39]
大豆异黄酮雌性肥胖Zucker大鼠−含有SI的大豆浓缩蛋白可以防止肝脏脂肪变性,并且SI浓度越高,保护作用越大[40]
雌马酚雄性大鼠100 mg·kg−1降低血浆总TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C降低[41]
雌马酚147名年龄在70~89岁之间的糖尿病患者−绝经后妇女患有糖尿病和血脂异常的雌马酚生产者
比例较低
[33]
雌马酚1185名年龄在50~69岁之间的女性−产雌马酚组患有非酒精性脂肪肝的女性比例(34.8% 对 45.2%) 显著低于非产雌马酚组[37]
染料木素雄性Sprague-Dawley 大鼠16 mg·kg−1通过上调HDAC3和PPARδ以及抑制NF-κB表达来缓解非酒精性脂肪肝炎[42]
雌马酚BRL3A细胞10 μmol·L−1雌马酚通过抑制氧化应激反应改善非酒精性脂肪肝[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882009161974186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

大豆异黄酮在改善代谢紊乱中的体内外研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称模型剂量结果参考文献
大豆苷元去卵巢大鼠150 mg·kg−1降低了血清和肝脏TC水平[27]
大豆苷元C2C12成肌细胞50 μmo·L −1显着降低了C2C12肌管中的脂质积累[38]
大豆苷元雌性大鼠35 mg·kg−1降低了肝脏 27-羟基胆固醇[35]
3’-羟基大豆苷元C57BL/6小鼠占饮食质量0.05%的
剂量
通过刺激白色脂肪组织的褐变和调节肠道微生物群
来改善HFD诱导的小鼠肥胖
[26]
大豆苷元、染料木素联合使用3T3-L1细胞各25 μmol·L−1显着抑制了地塞米松、IBMX和胰岛素诱导的脂质积累过程[25]
染料木素雌性ICR小鼠500 mg·kg−1抑制小鼠糖异生过程来缓解高脂肪饮食诱导的肥胖
染料木素雄性C57bl/6J小鼠60 mg·kg−1通过改善肝功能来预防胰岛素抵抗和高血糖[39]
大豆异黄酮雌性肥胖Zucker大鼠−含有SI的大豆浓缩蛋白可以防止肝脏脂肪变性,并且SI浓度越高,保护作用越大[40]
雌马酚雄性大鼠100 mg·kg−1降低血浆总TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C降低[41]
雌马酚147名年龄在70~89岁之间的糖尿病患者−绝经后妇女患有糖尿病和血脂异常的雌马酚生产者
比例较低
[33]
雌马酚1185名年龄在50~69岁之间的女性−产雌马酚组患有非酒精性脂肪肝的女性比例(34.8% 对 45.2%) 显著低于非产雌马酚组[37]
染料木素雄性Sprague-Dawley 大鼠16 mg·kg−1通过上调HDAC3和PPARδ以及抑制NF-κB表达来缓解非酒精性脂肪肝炎[42]
雌马酚BRL3A细胞10 μmol·L−1雌马酚通过抑制氧化应激反应改善非酒精性脂肪肝[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882009229083051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of SI on gut microbiota

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称模型剂量结果参考文献
雌马酚18~65岁成年人−雌马酚产能者的肠道菌群结构和功能显著不同,Adlercreutzia equolifaciens和Bifidobacterium bifidum等益生菌丰度升高,尿液雌马酚浓度相关的多条代谢通路被鉴定,同时其血脂异常发生率
更低(27.1% vs. 50.0%)
[70]
大豆异黄酮雄性SD大鼠低剂量:150 mg·kg−1
高剂量:450 mg·kg−1
SI改善肥胖大鼠肠道屏障功能,表现为降低炎症、提高IL-10、减轻氧化损伤、恢复肠道通透性、增加益生菌及短链脂肪酸生成、减少有害菌,并下调结肠TLR4/NF-κB信号,从而缓解肥胖相关代谢异常[72]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠30 mg·kg−1显著富集的Blautia、 Ruminiclostridium_5和 Ruminiclostridium_9与褐变标志物和葡萄糖耐量显著相关;相关;对Rikenella、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1的明显增加与代谢改善有关[77]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠40 mg·kg−1增加了T2DM小鼠拟杆菌属和普雷沃氏菌属的丰度,并降低了幽门螺杆菌和瘤胃球菌属水平,进而改善炎症和胰岛素抵抗[69]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠400 mg·kg−1增加Lachnospira丰度和短链脂肪酸的产生,减轻了肿瘤坏死因子α诱导的肠道类器官损伤,促进调节性T细胞衍生的白细胞介素10的产生,从而减轻巨噬细胞衍生的炎症[78]
运动/染料木素C57BL/6小鼠600 mg·kg−1运动/染料木素治疗后瘤胃球菌的丰度显着更高,导致血清IL-6
浓度降低,从而预防HFD诱发的炎症
[79]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠40 mg·kg−1改善了肠道微生物群落的结构,促进了短链脂肪酸的产生,如Alloprevotella和 Bacteroides属的富集,并调节了巨噬细胞极化[80]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠3 mg·kg−1染料木素可增加小鼠肠道Prevotellaceae和Verrucomicrobia属的
丰度,这与改善高脂肪饮食小鼠的葡萄糖代谢有关
[68]
染料木素肥胖人群50 mg·d−1食用染料木素2个月可降低肥胖受试者的胰岛素抵抗,并伴有肠道微生物群分类学的改变,特别是疣微生物学门的增加[75]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882009308774828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882000643342700, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

大豆异黄酮对肠道菌群的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称模型剂量结果参考文献
雌马酚18~65岁成年人−雌马酚产能者的肠道菌群结构和功能显著不同,Adlercreutzia equolifaciens和Bifidobacterium bifidum等益生菌丰度升高,尿液雌马酚浓度相关的多条代谢通路被鉴定,同时其血脂异常发生率
更低(27.1% vs. 50.0%)
[70]
大豆异黄酮雄性SD大鼠低剂量:150 mg·kg−1
高剂量:450 mg·kg−1
SI改善肥胖大鼠肠道屏障功能,表现为降低炎症、提高IL-10、减轻氧化损伤、恢复肠道通透性、增加益生菌及短链脂肪酸生成、减少有害菌,并下调结肠TLR4/NF-κB信号,从而缓解肥胖相关代谢异常[72]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠30 mg·kg−1显著富集的Blautia、 Ruminiclostridium_5和 Ruminiclostridium_9与褐变标志物和葡萄糖耐量显著相关;相关;对Rikenella、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1的明显增加与代谢改善有关[77]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠40 mg·kg−1增加了T2DM小鼠拟杆菌属和普雷沃氏菌属的丰度,并降低了幽门螺杆菌和瘤胃球菌属水平,进而改善炎症和胰岛素抵抗[69]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠400 mg·kg−1增加Lachnospira丰度和短链脂肪酸的产生,减轻了肿瘤坏死因子α诱导的肠道类器官损伤,促进调节性T细胞衍生的白细胞介素10的产生,从而减轻巨噬细胞衍生的炎症[78]
运动/染料木素C57BL/6小鼠600 mg·kg−1运动/染料木素治疗后瘤胃球菌的丰度显着更高,导致血清IL-6
浓度降低,从而预防HFD诱发的炎症
[79]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠40 mg·kg−1改善了肠道微生物群落的结构,促进了短链脂肪酸的产生,如Alloprevotella和 Bacteroides属的富集,并调节了巨噬细胞极化[80]
染料木素C57BL/6J小鼠3 mg·kg−1染料木素可增加小鼠肠道Prevotellaceae和Verrucomicrobia属的
丰度,这与改善高脂肪饮食小鼠的葡萄糖代谢有关
[68]
染料木素肥胖人群50 mg·d−1食用染料木素2个月可降低肥胖受试者的胰岛素抵抗,并伴有肠道微生物群分类学的改变,特别是疣微生物学门的增加[75]
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大豆异黄酮改善代谢紊乱的研究进展
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邵国权 1 , 明哲 1 , 王文晟 1, * , 张娜娜 2, * , 王凤忠 2
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(13): 457-467
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大豆异黄酮改善代谢紊乱的研究进展
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邵国权1 , 明哲1, 王文晟1, * , 张娜娜2, * , 王凤忠2
作者信息
  • 1河南师范大学生命科学学院,河南新乡 453002
  • 2中国农业科学院原子能利用研究所,北京 100080
通讯作者:
王文晟(1968−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:与复制和修复相关的人类遗传病,及自免疫的分子机制,E-mail:。
张娜娜(1990−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食物组分与营养,E-mail:。
作者简介:

邵国权(1996−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物化学与分子生物学,E-mail:

Research Progress on Soy Isoflavones in the Regulation of Metabolic Disorders
Guoquan SHAO1 , Zhe MING1, Wensheng WANG1, * , Nana ZHANG2, * , Fengzhong WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453002, China
  • 2Institute of Nuclear Energy Utilization, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060037
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代谢紊乱如肥胖、2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病发病率在全球范围内日益严重,尽管当前对代谢性疾病已有多种治疗手段,但在疗效、耐受性或长期依从性方面仍面临挑战,因此开发具有明确作用机制和较高安全性的天然活性物质成为研究热点。大豆异黄酮作为一种植物性天然化合物,因其在改善代谢紊乱疾病方面的潜力而备受关注。本文梳理了大豆异黄酮及其主要活性物质在调节肥胖、2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的体外、动物和临床研究,阐述了大豆异黄酮通过调节PI3K/Akt、FOXO1/GSK3β信号通路改善胰岛素抵抗,维持糖稳态;通过调节AMPK/SREBP-1C、PGC-1α途径抑制脂质合成、促进脂肪氧化,维持脂质代谢平衡;并可通过抑制炎症反应、缓解氧化应激、调节肠道菌群及代谢产物等途径防治代谢紊乱的发生发展。对大豆异黄酮在改善糖脂代谢紊乱中的作用和机制进行综述,旨在为大豆异黄酮的深入研究和功能性产品开发利用提供参考。

大豆异黄酮  /  代谢性疾病  /  肥胖  /  糖尿病  /  非酒精性脂肪性肝病

Metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Although various therapeutic strategies exist, limitations in efficacy, tolerability, and long-term compliance remain major challenges. Consequently, natural bioactive compounds with well-defined mechanisms of action and favorable safety profiles have garnered growing research interest. Soy isoflavones, a group of naturally occurring plant-derived ingredients, have attracted considerable attention due to their promising effects in ameliorating metabolic disorders. This review summarizes recent in vitro, animal, and clinical studies on the regulatory effects of soy isoflavones and their major active components on obesity, T2DM, and NAFLD. Soy isoflavones ameliorate insulin resistance and maintain glucose homeostasis by modulating the PI3K/Akt and FOXO1/GSK3β signaling pathways. Furthermore, soy isoflavones regulate lipid metabolism balance by suppressing lipid synthesis and promoting fatty acid oxidation via the AMPK/SREBP-1C and PGC-1α pathways. Soy isoflavones also exhibit protective effects against the development and progression of metabolic disorders through mechanisms including suppression of inflammatory responses, amelioration of oxidative stress, and modulation of gut microbiota and its metabolic products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of soy isoflavones in managing glucose and lipid metabolic disorders, aiming to support further research and the development of soy isoflavones-based functional products.

soy isoflavones  /  metabolic diseases  /  obesity  /  diabetes  /  non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
邵国权, 明哲, 王文晟, 张娜娜, 王凤忠. 大豆异黄酮改善代谢紊乱的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 457 -467 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060037
Guoquan SHAO, Zhe MING, Wensheng WANG, Nana ZHANG, Fengzhong WANG. Research Progress on Soy Isoflavones in the Regulation of Metabolic Disorders[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 457 -467 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060037
代谢紊乱是指机体在能量稳态和物质代谢过程中出现的失衡状态,常表现为胰岛素抵抗(Insulin Resistance,IR)、脂质代谢异常及慢性炎症,尤其是肥胖、2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM)和非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,NAFLD),已成为全球范围内日益严重的公共卫生问题。随着生活方式的变化和不健康饮食习惯的存在,肥胖的患病率显著上升,进而引发糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病等一系列代谢相关疾病[1]。据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)的数据,全球成年肥胖人群已超过6亿人[2],糖尿病发病率亦呈显著增长趋势,预计至2030年全球糖尿病患者将突破4亿[3]。非酒精性脂肪性肝病作为一种以代谢紊乱为基础的慢性肝病,其患病率与肥胖和2型糖尿病高度相关,已成为最常见的肝脏疾病之一[4]。这些疾病不仅严重损害患者的生活质量,也对全球医疗体系和社会经济造成巨大负担。面对这些挑战,寻找有效的干预策略成为当前研究的重点。目前,针对肥胖、糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病的干预方法主要包括生活方式干预、药物治疗以及手术治疗。然而,现有药物往往存在副作用大、依从性差、难以逆转病程等局限。例如,2型糖尿病患者常用的胰岛素增敏剂和口服降糖药可能导致体重增加或加重肝脏负担;而非酒精性脂肪性肝病的常规治疗主要依赖于改善饮食和体重控制,仍缺乏特效药物[5]。因此,寻找具有调节代谢紊乱且副作用少的天然产物,成为当前研究的热点。
大豆异黄酮(Soy isoflavones,SI)是大豆及大豆制品中具有活性的次级代谢产物,包括大豆苷元(Daidzein,Dai)、染料木素(Genistein,Gen)、黄豆黄素(Glycitein,Gly)及其各自的糖苷。随着公众对植物性营养物质和天然产物的关注度提高,SI作为一种相对安全且有效的天然活性产物,逐渐成为研究的焦点,被广泛应用于医药、食品和饲料行业。近年来研究发现,SI具有显著的抗炎、抗氧化、调节脂质代谢、改善胰岛素敏感性、调节肠道菌群等生物活性[6],对糖脂代谢紊乱具有潜在的调控作用,在肥胖、糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病等的防治和调节方面表现出良好的应用前景[7−8]。因此,本文就SI在改善代谢紊乱中的作用和机制进行综述,以期为SI的深入研究和功能性产品开发利用提供参考。
SI是一类从大豆及其制品中提取的植物雌激素,属于类黄酮类化合物,其结构与雌二醇相似,可发挥类似雌激素的生物活性[9]。SI的主要活性成分包括大豆苷元、染料木素和黄豆黄素等[10],其中染料木素、大豆苷元和黄豆黄素及其衍生物的平均比例为58:37:5[11]。SI是大豆等植物在生长过程中产生的次生代谢物,主要存在于大豆的子叶和胚轴中[12]。虽然自然界中共发现了12种大豆异黄酮[13],但染料木素和大豆苷元及其肠道代谢产物被认为是其主要的生物活性物质,参与调控多种生理功能。图1为染料木素和大豆苷元的化学结构图。
SI主要来源于大豆及其加工制品,如豆浆、豆腐、纳豆、味噌和豆豉等[14],大豆和大豆加工制品中的异黄酮含量如表1所示。其中,发酵类豆制品(如纳豆、味噌)中的SI以游离型为主,更易被机体吸收利用。全球不同地区人群对SI的摄入量存在差异。流行病学研究表明,亚洲人群(如中国、日本、韩国)因饮食习惯摄入较高水平的SI,而欧美人群摄入量较低[15]。亚洲人群中某些代谢性疾病(如肥胖、糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病)患病率较低,可能与长期摄入SI相关[16]。
SI主要包括大豆苷元、染料木素、黄豆黄素及其各自的糖苷,在体内经过一系列酶促反应后发生代谢。天然大豆和大部分大豆制品中的SI以糖苷型为主,如染料木苷和大豆苷[18]。在肠道中,这些糖苷型大豆异黄酮会被肠道微生物分泌的β-葡萄糖苷酶水解,转化为生物活性更高的染料木素和大豆苷元,如表2所示,染料木素在肝脏和肠道中通过CYP450酶催化生成多个羟基化产物,如5,6,7,4'-四羟基异黄酮和5,7,8,4'-四羟基异黄酮;而大豆苷元则可以通过肠道菌群还原生成二氢大豆苷元,并进一步转化为雌马酚(Equol,Eq)或其他代谢产物 [19]。雌马酚具有较强的雌激素样活性,但其生成受个体差异影响,部分人群能够有效代谢大豆异黄酮生成雌马酚,而其他人群则主要生成O-去甲基染料木素[20−21]。这些代谢产物在肠道和肝脏中进一步经过葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化,生成极性较大的结合型产物,以促进其排泄。部分结合型代谢产物通过胆汁排入肠道,并在肠道菌群的作用下继续循环,延长其半衰期。最终,这些代谢产物通过尿液和粪便排出体外[22],如图2所示。
肥胖是一种由能量摄入与消耗失衡引起的代谢性疾病,长期可诱发心血管疾病、2型糖尿病及非酒精性脂肪肝等慢性疾病[24]。近年来研究表明,SI在抗肥胖领域具有显著潜力,涉及多靶点、多层次的作用机制。体外研究显示,SI及其主要成分大豆苷元和染料木素能显著抑制3T3-L1脂肪细胞的脂质积累,且不影响细胞活力;油红O染色进一步验证SI可减少细胞内中性脂质含量,提示其可抑制脂滴形成过程;在高脂饮食(High-fat diet,HFD)诱导的雄性大鼠模型中,SI干预可降低体重、减少内脏脂肪沉积和脂肪细胞体积,同时改善血脂谱,包括降低甘油三酯(Triglycerides,TG)和总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)水平[25]。在肥胖小鼠模型中,大豆苷元的代谢产物3′-羟基大豆苷元(3-hydroxydaidzein,OHD)以0.1%(约0.5 g/kg饲料)剂量掺入高脂饮食饲喂13周,可降低体重和腹股沟脂肪量,同时改善血清TG和TC水平;组织学观察显示,OHD处理组脂肪细胞体积明显减小,此外,OHD可改善白色脂肪组织(White Adipose Tissue,WAT)功能并调节肠道菌群,缓解肥胖相关代谢紊乱[26]。一项卵巢切除(Ovariectomy,OVX)模型研究显示,大豆苷元较染料木素和对照组表现出更直接的降脂效应,其显著降低了小鼠体重以及血清TG水平,而染料木素在降低血清TC水平方面比大豆苷元更有效[27]。在人群水平,基于上海高峰队列(53711名20~74岁成年人)的研究显示,膳食SI摄入与总体肥胖风险呈负相关(OR 0.91,95% CI:0.85~0.98),且作用主要体现在女性,尤其是绝经后女性,而中心性肥胖仅在绝经后女性中观察到风险降低[28]。该研究样本量大、覆盖年龄广,为SI在肥胖防控中的作用提供了重要的人群证据。但需要注意的是,研究对象主要为上海城市汉族居民,地域和种族代表性有限,因而结果在其他人群中的适用性仍需进一步验证。同时,不同年龄段和性别群体对SI的反应存在差异,提示未来研究应在多中心、多族群的队列中开展验证,并进一步明确绝经状态和生活方式因素对其作用的调节效应。综上,从细胞到动物再到人群研究的多层次证据均支持SI具有改善肥胖及相关代谢指标的潜力,但其在人群中的效应仍可能受到性别、年龄、绝经状态及人群背景的影响,这为后续精准营养干预提供了重要方向。
2型糖尿病是一种以胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能障碍为特征的慢性代谢性疾病。近年来研究显示,SI可通过多种路径改善糖代谢异常,具有潜在的干预价值。在动物实验中,SI干预可显著提高胰岛素敏感性并改善葡萄糖耐量[29−30]。例如,在高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠模型中,染料木素干预不仅改善血糖水平和胰岛素敏感性,还减缓体重增长,并对肝脏和脂肪组织脂质沉积具有保护作用,同时优化血脂谱,包括降低TG、TC及游离脂肪酸(Free Fatty Acids,FFA),并升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol,HDL-C)[31]。在人群研究中,一项纳入1529名更年期女性的Meta分析系统评估了SI对糖代谢的干预效果。结果表明,补充SI可显著降低空腹血糖(平均降低0.22 mmol/L)、空腹胰岛素(降低0.43 μIU/mL)及胰岛素抵抗指数(Insulin Resistance Index,HOMA-IR下降0.52),提示其有助于维持更年期女性的葡萄糖稳态。进一步亚组分析发现,单独使用染料木素时疗效更为稳定,显示出其在糖代谢调节方面的潜在优势[32]。一项针对老年人(70~89岁)的病例对照研究发现,2型糖尿病患者尿中雌马酚的浓度显著低于非糖尿病者,此外,糖尿病患者中能够产生雌马酚的人群比例也较低(38.8% vs. 53.1%),这一差异在女性中尤为显著(31.4% vs. 52.8%)。进一步分析还发现,不论是否患糖尿病,雌马酚产者的血脂异常发生率均显著低于非产者,提示雌马酚生成能力可能与糖脂代谢密切相关。此外,雌马酚水平与其前体大豆苷元呈正相关,进一步反映其生成受肠道菌群代谢能力和膳食摄入水平共同调控。该研究为探讨SI的个体化干预策略提供了重要的人群依据[33]。部分研究还提示高剂量干预可能带来更显著的代谢改善,但不同成分和剂量之间的差异性仍需进一步比较。总体来看,动物实验和人群研究的多项证据均支持 SI 在改善血糖控制、增强胰岛素敏感性及优化糖脂代谢方面的积极作用。然而,目前人群试验的样本量有限,且多集中于亚洲女性,对不同种族、年龄层的证据仍显不足,未来仍需开展大规模、多中心的临床研究,以系统评估 SI 在不同人群中的代谢调控潜力。综上所述,提示SI作为一种天然活性成分,在2型糖尿病及相关代谢异常的营养干预中具有较高的应用潜力。
非酒精性脂肪肝是一种由于肝脏过量脂质沉积所引发的代谢性疾病,与肥胖和胰岛素抵抗密切相关[4]。多项动物实验表明, SI可有效改善非酒精性脂肪肝相关病理改变。在模拟绝经后肥胖大鼠实验中,OVX与HFD可协同诱发高甘油三酯血症、高胆固醇血症及肝脏脂质代谢紊乱,而连续8周每日灌胃SI提取物(150 mg/kg)可显著逆转上述异常,改善肝脂代谢状态和组织病理表现,提示SI可能在缓解绝经后女性易感的脂代谢紊乱与肝脂肪变中发挥保护作用[34]。Liu等[35]采用高脂饮食诱导大鼠建立非酒精性脂肪肝模型,分别给予10 mg/kg与20 mg/kg的SI灌胃干预,持续12周,两剂量均能减轻肝脏脂肪沉积、降低肝重及肝指数,并改善肝组织结构异常,高剂量组改善更显著,血清谷丙转氨酶(Alanine Aminotransferase,ALT)水平亦显著下降,提示SI有助于改善肝功能。在脂质代谢方面,SI显著降低肝脏及血清中的TG、TC和FFA水平,尤其在高剂量组中,血清FFA水平接近正常对照组,该方面实验结果与Gan等[31]研究结果一致。Li等[36]在研究肥胖所致非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠模型时进一步发现,富含或低含异黄酮的大豆蛋白浓缩物膳食干预可有效减轻肝脏脂肪变性、降低肝组织内毒素水平并抑制炎症因子表达,而上述改善并未在瘦型对照组中观察到显著差异,提示大豆异黄酮的有益作用在代谢紊乱状态下更为显著。在人群研究中,日本一项纳入1185名50~69岁女性的横断面研究显示,产雌马酚人群非酒精性脂肪性肝病患病率显著低于非产者(34.8% vs 45.2%),并表现出更低的体重指数、甘油三酯及γ-谷氨酰转移酶水平,以及更高的高密度脂蛋白水平,多因素逻辑回归分析表明,雌马酚可显著降低非酒精性脂肪性肝病发生风险(OR=0.66,95% CI:0.51~0.86),即使在调整饮食和运动行为后仍具有统计学意义[37]。需要指出的是,现有人群研究主要集中在日本老年女性,其他年龄段、性别及种族的数据仍有限,仍需进一步研究以验证SI的普适性和剂量反应关系。综上所述,SI具有良好的肝脏保护作用,能够缓解非酒精性脂肪肝相关的肝脂沉积和脂质代谢紊乱,在非酒精性脂肪肝的防治中具有潜在的应用价值。SI调控代谢紊乱相关研究如表3所示。
胰岛素抵抗是代谢紊乱疾病的核心特征之一,表现为外周组织(肌肉、肝脏、脂肪)对胰岛素的敏感性降低,导致葡萄糖摄取减少、肝糖异生增加以及脂肪动员异常。长期的胰岛素抵抗会引起高胰岛素血症,加重胰岛β细胞负担,最终可能发展为2型糖尿病。在非酒精性脂肪性肝病中,肝脏的胰岛素抵抗促进脂肪合成,使肝内脂肪沉积加重[44−46]。大豆异黄酮(如染料木素)作为一种生物活性化合物,已被广泛研究并证明能够改善胰岛素敏感性。研究表明,60 mg/kg的染料木素在西式饮食喂养的小鼠中显著改善胰岛素抵抗,降低血糖水平,并改善胰岛素抵抗稳态模型评估指数。这些效应通过激活肝脏IRβ/PI3K/Akt信号通路,增强胰岛素作用并促进葡萄糖代谢的改善。此外,染料木素还能够促进FOXO1和GSK3β的磷酸化,进而抑制糖异生关键酶的表达,促进糖原合成,协同维持肝脏的葡萄糖稳态[39]。这种“抑糖源+促糖储”双向调控机制,凸显了其在糖代谢干预中的多维作用路径。除了改善肝脏代谢,研究还发现,20 μmol/L的染料木素能够刺激正常体重或无胰岛素抵抗个体的皮下脂肪基质血管部分细胞分化为米色脂肪(Beige Adipose Tissue,Beige Fat)细胞,增强米色脂肪标志物(如UCP1、PGC1α、CIDEA等)的表达,这一过程提示其具有促进WAT褐变的能力,进而增强能量消耗,间接改善胰岛素敏感性[46]。该作用更侧重于脂肪组织代谢重塑,提示其效应具有组织特异性。S-雌马酚是由肠道菌群从大豆苷元转化而来的化合物,它在改善胰岛素抵抗方面也表现出显著效果。在小鼠模型中,S-雌马酚(20 mg/kg/d,连续7 d)显著增加了β细胞的增殖(Ki67阳性增加27%)和胰岛素分泌(提高41%)。S-雌马酚通过激活cAMP信号通路,增强胰岛素分泌,提高胰岛素的周边组织反应性。这种“β细胞功能提升+外周敏感性增强”的组合效应,有助于从源头和末梢双向逆转胰岛素抵抗进程[47]。综上,染料木素更倾向于通过调控肝脏信号通路改善葡萄糖代谢,而雌马酚则展现出促进β细胞增殖和胰岛素释放的能力,两者在机制上具有互补性,体现出大豆异黄酮在调控胰岛素抵抗中的多靶点和多通路特征。
脂质代谢紊乱是代谢疾病的重要特征,常表现为脂肪合成增加、脂肪氧化受阻。SI可通过调节关键信号通路改善脂代谢,其可激活5’-磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(5′-AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)、抑制固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1c,SREBP-1C)进而减少脂肪生成,并促进脂肪酸氧化[48–49]。AMPK作为细胞能量感应器,在脂质代谢重编程中居核心地位[49–50]。SI 的干预可激活AMPK磷酸化(Thr172),进而抑制下游SREBP-1C活性,阻断其诱导的FASN、ACC1表达,从而减少脂肪合成能力。Tan等[25]研究表明,SI能够通过降低膳食诱导肥胖大鼠的体重和血脂水平,减少内脏脂肪积累,并抑制脂肪细胞肥大,有效改善肥胖状态。其中,SI(50、150和450 mg/kg)干预呈现明显的剂量依赖性,表明其作用强度与给药剂量呈正相关。此外,SI在下调脂质合成相关基因(SREBP-1C、FASN、ACC1)的同时,可上调脂解相关基因(ATGL、HSL),从而实现对脂质代谢的双向调控,细胞实验也验证了以上结果。染料木素与染料木苷均可剂量依赖性地抑制3T3-L1脂肪细胞的脂滴积累,并显著下调脂肪生成转录因子(PPARγ、C/EBPα)及其靶基因(aP2/FABP4),该过程同样依赖于AMPK/SREBP-1C轴的调节[48]。此外,SI在骨骼肌代谢调节方面也表现出重要作用。研究表明,SI可通过激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha,PGC-1α)促进骨骼肌线粒体功能和脂质代谢。在PGC-1α-flox/flox小鼠中,运动联合SI可显著上调PGC-1α及其靶基因Fndc5,提高线粒体功能和脂肪氧化相关基因(Sdhb、Mdh2、Cs)的表达,并减少WAT的积累。然而,在PGC-1α敲除小鼠中,这种代谢调控作用消失,表明其调控依赖于完整的PGC-1α通路[51]。综上,SI通过 AMPK/SREBP-1C和PGC-1α途径调控脂质代谢,抑制脂肪生成,促进脂肪氧化,从而维持脂质代谢平衡,展现出潜在的抗肥胖和非酒精性脂肪肝的作用。
近年来,越来越多的研究揭示了SI在调节炎症反应中的潜力。炎症反应是代谢紊乱、肥胖及相关疾病的核心病理过程之一,SI通过其显著的抗炎作用,逐渐成为研究焦点。慢性低度炎症不仅参与脂肪细胞肥大和肝脏脂质沉积,还会损害胰岛素信号通路,加重胰岛素抵抗和能量代谢失衡,因此被认为是代谢紊乱的重要驱动力[52–53]。动物实验显示,SI能够显著降低血清中的ALT、TG和TC水平,同时对肌肉质量也表现出积极影响,减轻了与骨骼肌萎缩相关的炎症反应,具体而言,SI的处理能够显著降低与肌肉萎缩和炎症相关的基因表达,如Fbxo32、Trim63、Foxo1和Tnfα等,进一步支持了其在肌肉代谢中调节炎症的潜力[54]。这些作用不仅减轻了炎症反应,还提示SI能够改善肝脏脂质沉积和骨骼肌代谢功能,从而对代谢平衡具有间接保护作用。此外,SI在改善代谢紊乱方面也展现出了独特的作用,代谢组学研究发现,摄入SI的饮食组与对照组小鼠的代谢物组成存在显著差异,黄酮硫酸盐和脂肪酸(如油酸和棕榈酸)的水平在SI饮食组中显著上升,这表明SI可能通过调节脂质代谢来发挥作用,代谢通路分析进一步显示,SI影响了多个与炎症密切相关的代谢通路,如花生四烯酸代谢等,进一步证实了其在抑制炎症中的潜力[55]。这些代谢物和通路的改变与炎症反应和能量代谢密切相关,提示SI的抗炎作用与其对脂质代谢的调控是相互耦合的过程[56]。SI的抗炎作用主要通过其主要成分——大豆苷和大豆苷元在巨噬细胞中的调节作用来实现,在细胞水平上,大豆苷与大豆苷元在脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激的巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)中显著降低了NO、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2及iNOS的表达水平,进一步机制研究发现,大豆苷元主要通过抑制MAPK通路中的p38和ERK磷酸化抑制炎症信号激活,而SI复合提取物则主要通过下调NF-κB通路关键蛋白(IKKα/β、IκBα、p65)的磷酸化,阻止其核转位,从而缓解细胞炎症状态[57]。MAPK和NF-κB通路不仅是炎症信号的核心节点,也是胰岛素抵抗和脂代谢异常的重要分子机制,因此SI对这些通路的抑制进一步揭示了其通过抗炎作用改善代谢紊乱的潜力[58–59]。综上,SI通过抑制慢性炎症反应,改善肝脏脂质沉积、骨骼肌代谢功能及脂肪酸通路异常,从而在机制上将其抗炎效应与代谢紊乱的改善紧密联系起来。
在代谢性疾病(如糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝)发生过程中,氧化应激不仅加剧炎症反应,还影响能量代谢和细胞功能,成为病理进展的重要驱动因素。持续的活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)过量积累会损伤胰岛β细胞功能,抑制胰岛素分泌,并破坏脂肪组织和肝脏的线粒体稳态,从而直接导致胰岛素抵抗和脂质代谢异常[60]。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,SI具有显著的抗氧化作用,能够通过调节氧化应激缓解代谢紊乱。例如,SI可以抑制高糖和高脂环境诱导的ROS过量积累,减少炎症因子的释放,并调控抗氧化相关信号通路。这些作用不仅降低了氧化损伤,还间接改善了胰岛素敏感性和脂质代谢稳态。在此过程中,Keap1-Nrf2信号通路被认为是SI介导抗氧化作用的关键机制[61–62]。然而,新的研究发现,即便在Nrf2基因敲除的斑马鱼模型中,雌马酚仍能发挥显著抗氧化作用,提示其可能还通过Nrf2非依赖性通路发挥作用,如IL1B/NF-κB/CXCL1信号轴。这说明雌马酚的抗氧化作用可能通过调控炎症与氧化应激的交叉信号网络,从而在不同病理背景下保持代谢保护效应[63]。在成骨研究中,雌马酚可降低H2O2诱导的人牙周膜干细胞中ROS水平,提升谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)含量,恢复BMP2和RUNX2表达,从而逆转氧化应激对成骨分化的抑制[64],虽然该研究聚焦于成骨,但同样提示雌马酚通过恢复细胞抗氧化能力来维持细胞正常功能,这一机制在代谢相关组织如肝脏和脂肪组织中同样适用。雌马酚在脂代谢紊乱中的抗氧化效应也备受关注。在非酒精性脂肪性肝病细胞模型中,雌马酚能够显著减少ROS和脂质过氧化产物(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的生成,同时增强超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)的活性,改善脂质代谢紊乱。此外,雌马酚可激活Nrf2信号通路并上调其下游抗氧化基因HO-1和NQO1的表达,提示其部分抗氧化作用可能依赖于Nrf2调控,这些结果表明,通过缓解氧化应激引发的脂质过氧化和炎症反应,SI能够在分子水平上改善肝脏脂质代谢异常,这些研究进一步支持了雌马酚在代谢相关氧化损伤中的保护作用,并强调了SI调节氧化应激的多重机制[43]。因此,SI通过经典的Nrf2依赖通路以及替代性抗氧化通路共同作用,既缓解氧化应激,也改善由其引发的胰岛素抵抗和脂质代谢失衡,从而在代谢性疾病的防治中发挥潜在价值。
近年来,研究表明肠道菌群是代谢紊乱的关键调控者。在代谢紊乱状态下,肠道菌群失调表现为厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值升高、短链脂肪酸代谢异常等变化,共同导致能量稳态失衡和胰岛素敏感性下降[65−67]。SI对肠道菌群具有显著调节作用。例如,染料木素能够改善高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肠道菌群失调,提高普雷沃菌科(Prevotellaceae)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的丰度[68];在2型糖尿病小鼠模型中,染料木素还可提升拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比例,并显著抑制幽门螺杆菌和瘤胃球菌属的生长[69]。大豆异黄酮与肠道菌群之间的相互作用具有明显的特异性,主要体现在两个方面:第一,菌群对SI的代谢转化。大豆异黄酮中的大豆苷元等成分可被特定细菌(如与雌马酚生成相关的 Adlercreutzia equolifaciens)转化为生物活性更高的代谢物(如S-雌马酚)。这不仅解释了为何雌马酚生产者从SI补充中获益更多,也揭示了“大豆异黄酮—特定菌群—活性代谢物”这一独特通路是SI发挥代谢保护作用的基础[70]。第二,SI干预后菌群结构变化与血清雌二醇水平呈正相关,与卵泡刺激素(Follicle-Stimulating Hormone,FSH)呈负相关,提示存在“菌群–激素–代谢”双向调节轴,即SI既受宿主激素水平影响菌群定植,其菌群代谢产物(如雌马酚)又可反馈调节内分泌状态[71]。在分子机制层面,SI通过重塑肠道菌群(如增加普雷沃菌属、拟杆菌属、罗氏菌属和毛螺菌属等有益菌),促进短链脂肪酸(如乙酸和丁酸)的产生,进而调控TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,增强肠道紧密连接蛋白表达、改善屏障功能与结肠免疫[72]。在肝脏脂质代谢方面,染料木素通过增加双歧杆菌和乳杆菌丰度,促进丁酸合成,激活SIRT1信号通路,从而改善肝脏功能与脂质代谢[73]。Vázquez等[74]研究了大豆苷元、染料木素和雌马酚对人粪便菌群的影响,发现染料木素与雌马酚可显著抑制脆弱拟杆菌生长。在肥胖人群干预中,染料木素能够增加疣微菌门丰度,并改善胰岛素抵抗[75]。流行病学资料显示,雌马酚及其相关菌群水平与体脂指标呈负相关[76]。然而,目前关于SI对人类肠道微生物多样性的影响多限于相关性研究,其在代谢紊乱中的具体作用仍有待通过关键活性物质及相关菌群的直接干预研究加以验证。已有研究报道汇总见表4,显示了SI及其代谢产物通过调节肠道菌群改善代谢紊乱的证据。综上所述,大豆异黄酮并非简单地作为益生元促进菌群生长,而是通过“代谢底物—特异性菌群—活性产物”这一独特模式,经由雌马酚和短链脂肪酸等效应分子,特异性激活从肠道到肝脏的多条信号通路,从而在激素平衡、脂质代谢与炎症抑制等多层面协同改善代谢紊乱。未来研究应聚焦于不同代谢表型人群的菌群特征,以更精确地阐释SI作用的个体差异及作用机制。相关作用机制可见图3所示的代谢稳态调控网络。
SI作为一类植物雌激素,因其独特的化学结构和多重生物学活性,近年来在代谢紊乱相关疾病中的应用备受关注。大量研究表明,SI通过抗氧化、抗炎调节肠道菌群结构等改善代谢微环境,并调控PI3K/Akt、FOXO1/GSK3β、AMPK/SREBP-1C等关键信号通路,影响脂质代谢及胰岛素敏感性,从而在肥胖、2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病等代谢性疾病中展现出显著潜力。
尽管如此,当前研究仍存在若干重要局限,亟待深入探索。a.不同类型SI调节代谢紊乱的具体分子机制尚未系统阐明,尤其在代谢动态变化中的关键靶点和通路交互作用仍需解析。后续应采用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑构建AMPK、GPR41/GPR43等通路报告小鼠,结合分子对接及动态模拟技术系统性比较不同SI亚型与关键受体的结合模式与激活效应,并整合转录组-代谢组联合分析以绘制SI调控的时空网络图谱,从而明确构效关系及机制差异。b.SI与肠道菌群之间的互作机制尚未深入挖掘。肠道菌群结构影响SI的生物转化,而SI亦可反馈调节菌群组成与功能。可通过人源菌群移植动物模型、体外连续发酵系统及粪菌代谢物组学分析,明确SI特定代谢产物及其菌源酶机制;并可进一步设计SI与益生元/益生菌的联合干预试验,探索协同调控代谢稳态的策略与应用潜力。c.现有研究多局限于动物与细胞水平,缺乏临床证据支持。由于个体遗传背景、菌群组成及代谢表型存在较大异质性,SI的生物利用度和效应因人而异。因此,亟需开展多中心、随机双盲对照试验,结合个体生物标志物分层(如SNP分型、宏基因组特征),建立剂量-效应关系模型,并利用稳定同位素标记追踪SI在体内的代谢轨迹,评估其长期食用安全性及代谢健康影响的可持续性。
综上所述,SI在代谢性疾病的防治研究中显示出广阔前景,未来应结合基因编辑、多组学整合、临床大数据及营养干预研究等多层次技术手段,系统性解析SI的分子机制,推动个体化营养策略的开发,并为代谢性疾病的精准营养干预提供理论依据和创新路径。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060037
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
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    1河南师范大学生命科学学院,河南新乡 453002
    2中国农业科学院原子能利用研究所,北京 100080

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王文晟(1968−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:与复制和修复相关的人类遗传病,及自免疫的分子机制,E-mail:。
张娜娜(1990−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食物组分与营养,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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