Article(id=1320881951502881500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070267, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852398038, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852398038, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852398038, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852398038, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=428, endPage=438, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881951720985309, articleId=1320881951502881500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Elucidating the Key Bioactive Constituents and Preventive Mechanism of Sea Buckthorn Sterols against Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study employed an integrated approach combining network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation to systematically explore the therapeutic basis and underlying mechanisms of sea buckthorn sterols in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Potential targets of sea buckthorn sterols were predicted using the Swiss Target Prediction, TargetNet, and SEA databases, while NAFLD-related targets were retrieved from DisGeNET, GeneCards, and OMIM databases, enabling the construction of a compound-target-disease network. Functional enrichment analysis revealed key biological processes and signaling pathways implicated in the intervention. Key bioactive components were subsequently subjected to molecular docking studies using AutoDock to evaluate their binding potential with key targets. In vitro experiments were conducted using free fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells to assess the effects of sea buckthorn sterols on lipid metabolism by quantifying total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, with intracellular lipid accumulation visualized via Oil Red O staining. The results identified 86 overlapping targets between sea buckthorn sterols and NAFLD, including 10 key targets such as PPARG, AKT1, and ESR1, along with 17 key sterol components, including cerevisterol, lanosterol, and delta7-stigmasterol. KEGG pathway analysis indicated involvement in 130 signaling pathways, with prominent roles in insulin resistance, HIF-1 signaling pathway and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway. Molecular docking confirmed stable binding interactions between the key sterol components and their respective targets. Cellular assays demonstrated that sea buckthorn sterols significantly reduced TC, TG, and LDL levels, increased HDL level, and markedly attenuated intracellular lipid droplet accumulation. In conclusion, cerevisterol and delta7-stigmasterol, as principal active constituents of sea buckthorn sterols, likely ameliorate NAFLD by modulating lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and glucose homeostasis through multi-target interactions involving PPARG, AKT1 and ESR1.

, authors=Zhaoyi HU1, Mingya YUAN1, Qiqin LU2, Zhenghua XIA1, Dejun ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Zhaoyi HU, Mingya YUAN, Qiqin LU, Zhenghua XIA, Dejun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dejun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881955432944373, articleId=1320881951502881500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=沙棘甾醇预防非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关键活性成分和作用机制, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究基于网络药理学与分子对接技术,结合体外实验验证,系统探究沙棘甾醇(Sea buckthorn sterols,SBS)预防非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的药效物质基础及作用机制。通过Swiss Target Prediction、TargetNet和SEA数据库预测SBS作用靶点,并从DisGeNET、GeneCards和OMIM数据库获取NAFLD相关靶点,构建“成分—靶点—疾病”交互网络;通过富集分析筛选关键生物过程与信号通路,运用Autodock进行分子对接验证。进一步通过检测游离脂肪酸诱导的HepG2细胞中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量,结合油红O染色评估脂质蓄积情况。结果表明,SBS与NAFLD交集靶点共86个,包括PPARG、AKT1、ESR1等10个核心靶点;筛选出啤酒甾醇、羊毛甾醇、Δ7-豆甾醇等17个关键甾醇成分;KEGG富集分析提示SBS主要参与调控胰岛素抵抗、HIF-1信号通路和C型凝集素受体等130条信号通路;分子对接显示核心成分与靶点结合稳定;细胞实验证实SBS可显著降低TC、TG、LDL水平,提高HDL水平,并有效减少HepG2细胞内脂滴积聚。综上,SBS中啤酒甾醇与Δ7-豆甾醇等成分可能通过作用于PPARG、AKT1、ESR1等靶点,调节脂质代谢、胰岛素抵抗及糖代谢等相关通路,从而发挥改善NAFLD的作用。

, authors=胡诏刈1, 袁明亚1, 芦启琴2, 夏政华1, 张得钧1, *, authorsList=胡诏刈, 袁明亚, 芦启琴, 夏政华, 张得钧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张得钧, authorNote=

胡诏刈(1994−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物应用研究与开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张得钧(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物应用研究与开发,E-mail:。
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Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2021, 44(7): 1754−1758., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881956078867190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881956087255799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, companyId=1320881956078867190, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881956095644408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, companyId=1320881956078867190, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1青海大学生态环境工程学院,青海西宁 810016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881956171141881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881956179530490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, companyId=1320881956171141881, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881956187919099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, companyId=1320881956171141881, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2青海大学高原医学研究中心,青海省高原医学应用基础重点实验室,青海西宁 810001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881958335402781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Targets of SBS against NAFLD, figureFileSmall=S7iWQo/tKTNRL18nOAxpVA==, figureFileBig=5W5fxkiT1OcIsYsm99eCrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881958402511646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SBS预防NAFLD的靶点

注:(A)SBS预防NAFLD靶点的韦恩图;(B)SBS预防NAFLD的PPI网络图,圆圈的大小代表度值的大小,颜色越深,度值越大。

, figureFileSmall=S7iWQo/tKTNRL18nOAxpVA==, figureFileBig=5W5fxkiT1OcIsYsm99eCrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881958608032543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Network of SBS-target-NAFLD, figureFileSmall=RtBcKnKtLs9+5id9wORzMg==, figureFileBig=VZprh0gN/2siUH7PztkbCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881958683530016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SBS—靶点—NAFLD网络图

注:绿色的正方形代表NAFLD,绿色的三角形代表疾病与关键活性成分之间的86个核心交集靶点,紫色的圆形代表17种活性化合物,紫色的V形代表沙棘甾醇,NAFLD:非酒精性脂肪性肝病,SBS:沙棘甾醇。

, figureFileSmall=RtBcKnKtLs9+5id9wORzMg==, figureFileBig=VZprh0gN/2siUH7PztkbCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881958759027489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=GO enrichment analysis of the targets of SBS against NAFLD, figureFileSmall=O0X+xWdkdiOuBkIfBjkI7w==, figureFileBig=/wb/g4YIRlKW+Q5PDD+nZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881958826136354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SBS预防NAFLD靶点的GO富集分析, figureFileSmall=O0X+xWdkdiOuBkIfBjkI7w==, figureFileBig=/wb/g4YIRlKW+Q5PDD+nZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881958893245219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=KEGG pathway annotation of the targets of SBS against NAFLD, figureFileSmall=ESybh4wzKVlFCY/P9CGZAw==, figureFileBig=u98D3rOMKKwlxexbWpFadQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881958964548388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SBS预防NAFLD靶点的KEGG通路分类图

注:气泡大小代表显著性,颜色越深,富集越显著。

, figureFileSmall=ESybh4wzKVlFCY/P9CGZAw==, figureFileBig=u98D3rOMKKwlxexbWpFadQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959044240165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Docking model of active compounds with AKT1, PPARG and ESR1, figureFileSmall=OJAUh5MFeq8VwT1cYvYPWw==, figureFileBig=QzbLNyiQJpn3u0PlZ7Im1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959107154726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图5, caption=活性化合物与AKT1、PPARG和ESR1的对接模型

注:活性化合物与AKT1、PPARG和ESR1的对接模型;(A)啤酒甾醇与AKT1蛋白作用模型;(B)啤酒甾醇与PPARG蛋白作用模型;(C)Δ7-豆甾醇与ESR1蛋白作用模型;(D)Δ7-豆甾醇与PPARG蛋白的作用模型。

, figureFileSmall=OJAUh5MFeq8VwT1cYvYPWw==, figureFileBig=QzbLNyiQJpn3u0PlZ7Im1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959182652199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of sea buckthorn seed oil and its sterols on HepG2 cell viability (n=3,x±s), figureFileSmall=oftCzG3FJmMSGRphkVN9fQ==, figureFileBig=JKMwSxB86wfMlA+aG0A2Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959241372456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图6, caption=沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分对HepG2细胞活力的影响(n=3,x±s)

注:A,B,C,D,E,F分别代表沙棘籽油剂量组、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分剂量组、沙棘甾醇粗提物剂量组、啤酒甾醇剂量组、Δ7-豆甾醇剂量组、β-谷甾醇剂量组,与对照组比较,#P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=oftCzG3FJmMSGRphkVN9fQ==, figureFileBig=JKMwSxB86wfMlA+aG0A2Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959325258537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of sea buckthorn seed oil and its sterols components on TC in HepG2 cells (n=3,x±s), figureFileSmall=EMHP8/BAZnZCFvH2jPid3A==, figureFileBig=GcTlSQKR3ndN9RIiWTc0VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959383978794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图7, caption=沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分对HepG2细胞内TC的影响(n=3,x±s)

注:CON、M、A、B、C、D、E、F分别代表对照组、模型组、沙棘籽油剂量组、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分剂量组、沙棘甾醇粗提物剂量组、啤酒甾醇剂量组、Δ7-豆甾醇剂量组、β-谷甾醇剂量组,与对照组比较,#P<0.05;与模型组比较,*P<0.05;图8~图10同。

, figureFileSmall=EMHP8/BAZnZCFvH2jPid3A==, figureFileBig=GcTlSQKR3ndN9RIiWTc0VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959446893355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of sea buckthorn seed oil and its sterols components on TG in HepG2 cells (n=3,x±s), figureFileSmall=CR9+c3nzDd8CbMHB3/QOiw==, figureFileBig=jUDJk5nzPgYLgbqPGaPS7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959505613612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图8, caption=沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分对HepG2细胞内TG的影响(n=3,x±s), figureFileSmall=CR9+c3nzDd8CbMHB3/QOiw==, figureFileBig=jUDJk5nzPgYLgbqPGaPS7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959581111085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of sea buckthorn seed oil and its sterols components on HDL in HepG2 cells (n=3,x±s), figureFileSmall=P+QTUO/aFUa6E+ECXAEuPg==, figureFileBig=Q7GnaaguO/2MFRyGg0iyRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959652414254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图9, caption=沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分对HepG2细胞内HDL的影响(n=3,x±s), figureFileSmall=P+QTUO/aFUa6E+ECXAEuPg==, figureFileBig=Q7GnaaguO/2MFRyGg0iyRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959732106031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effects of sea buckthorn seed oil and its sterols components on LDL in HepG2 cells (n=3,x±s), figureFileSmall=hd+63jtzyygTlanrwW+y6w==, figureFileBig=vq0BEp+vEgcBFyfk/Rd4vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959795020592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图10, caption=沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分对HepG2细胞内LDL的影响(n=3,x±s), figureFileSmall=hd+63jtzyygTlanrwW+y6w==, figureFileBig=vq0BEp+vEgcBFyfk/Rd4vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959895683889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Effects of sea buckthorn seed oil and its sterols components on FFA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells (400×, n=3), figureFileSmall=j1nOM1dGXcyqT5O7Hu0WrQ==, figureFileBig=CQ/kWYJfIUvFOy7CNUNwOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881959983764274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=图11, caption=沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分对FFA诱导的HepG2细胞脂质积累的影响(400×,n=3)

注:CON,M,A,B,C,D,E,F分别代表对照组、模型组、沙棘籽油低中高剂量组、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分低中高剂量组、沙棘甾醇粗提物低中高剂量组、啤酒甾醇低中高剂量组、Δ7-豆甾醇低中高剂量组、β-谷甾醇低中高剂量组。

, figureFileSmall=j1nOM1dGXcyqT5O7Hu0WrQ==, figureFileBig=CQ/kWYJfIUvFOy7CNUNwOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881960055067443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of active ingredients SBS

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化合物分子量疏水系数氢键给
体数目
氢键受
体数目
可旋转键的数目
Schottenol仙人掌甾醇414.709.1116
Delta7-sitosterolΔ7-谷甾醇590.9011.41411
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇410.708115
Stigmasterol豆甾醇412.698.6115
Lanosterol羊毛甾醇426.728.9114
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇430.665.59334
Cycloartenol环阿屯醇426.729.8114
Clerosterol赤桐甾醇412.699.3116
Sitosterol谷甾醇590.9011.61411
Gramisterol禾谷甾醇412.698.8115
Cycloeucalenol环核烯醇426.709.9115
24-methylenecycloartanol24-亚甲基环阿屯醇440.7010.3115
24-epicampesterol24-表菜油甾醇400.688.8115
Sitostanol谷甾烷醇416.7010.2116
Ergosta-7-en-3-beta-ol麦角甾-7-烯-3β-醇400.708.5115
Stigmastadienol豆甾二烯醇412.7010.6115
Ergostenol麦角甾烯醇400.7010.6115
Citrostadienol柠檬二烯醇426.709115
Delta 7-avenasterolΔ7-燕麦甾醇412.708.6115
β-Sitosterolβ-谷甾醇414.709.3116
Delta 5-avenasterolΔ5-燕麦甾醇412.708.9115
Campesterol菜油甾醇400.708.8115
), ArticleFig(id=1320881960164119348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SBS活性成分的特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物分子量疏水系数氢键给
体数目
氢键受
体数目
可旋转键的数目
Schottenol仙人掌甾醇414.709.1116
Delta7-sitosterolΔ7-谷甾醇590.9011.41411
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇410.708115
Stigmasterol豆甾醇412.698.6115
Lanosterol羊毛甾醇426.728.9114
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇430.665.59334
Cycloartenol环阿屯醇426.729.8114
Clerosterol赤桐甾醇412.699.3116
Sitosterol谷甾醇590.9011.61411
Gramisterol禾谷甾醇412.698.8115
Cycloeucalenol环核烯醇426.709.9115
24-methylenecycloartanol24-亚甲基环阿屯醇440.7010.3115
24-epicampesterol24-表菜油甾醇400.688.8115
Sitostanol谷甾烷醇416.7010.2116
Ergosta-7-en-3-beta-ol麦角甾-7-烯-3β-醇400.708.5115
Stigmastadienol豆甾二烯醇412.7010.6115
Ergostenol麦角甾烯醇400.7010.6115
Citrostadienol柠檬二烯醇426.709115
Delta 7-avenasterolΔ7-燕麦甾醇412.708.6115
β-Sitosterolβ-谷甾醇414.709.3116
Delta 5-avenasterolΔ5-燕麦甾醇412.708.9115
Campesterol菜油甾醇400.708.8115
), ArticleFig(id=1320881960248005429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of key targets of SBS against NAFLD

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UniProt靶点度值介数中心性紧密中心性
P37231PPARG570.006009330.49479167
P31749AKT1540.013523980.50000000
P03372ESR1440.034750830.57228916
P35354PTGS2420.050456420.61688312
P27361MAPK3390.120707350.69852941
Q16665HIF1A390.068564950.63333333
Q07869PPARA380.018126740.51912568
P42345MTOR340.009963070.50802139
P24385CCND1320.000908000.48969072
P49841GSK3B310.127525000.70370370
), ArticleFig(id=1320881960323502902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SBS预防NAFLD关键靶点的特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
UniProt靶点度值介数中心性紧密中心性
P37231PPARG570.006009330.49479167
P31749AKT1540.013523980.50000000
P03372ESR1440.034750830.57228916
P35354PTGS2420.050456420.61688312
P27361MAPK3390.120707350.69852941
Q16665HIF1A390.068564950.63333333
Q07869PPARA380.018126740.51912568
P42345MTOR340.009963070.50802139
P24385CCND1320.000908000.48969072
P49841GSK3B310.127525000.70370370
), ArticleFig(id=1320881960411583287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Characteristics of active ingredients SBS against NAFLD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物度值介入中心性紧密度中心性
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇450.376812490.48571429
Lanosterol羊毛甾醇390.047228290.46303502
Schottenol仙人掌甾醇370.039706250.4559387
Gramisterol禾谷甾醇350.033852430.4490566
Citrostadienol柠檬二烯醇330.231907090.44237918
Sitosterol谷甾醇290.024812150.42960289
Clerosterol赤桐甾醇280.022162500.4265233
Stigmasterol豆甾醇280.022617090.4265233
Sitostanol谷甾烷醇190.058037480.4006734
Cycloartenol环阿屯醇180.008378420.39799331
Ergosta-7-en-3-beta-ol麦角甾-7-烯-3β-醇160.003756470.39273927
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇150.019671060.39016393
24-epicampesterol24-表菜油甾醇140.002904000.38762215
Cycloeucalenol环核烯醇130.014886690.38019169
24-methylenecycloartanol24-亚甲基环阿屯醇120.006017950.37777778
Delta7-sitosterolΔ7-谷甾醇90.084405580.37071651
Stigmastadienol豆甾二烯醇30.016842240.34097421
), ArticleFig(id=1320881960478692152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SBS预防NAFLD重要活性成分的特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物度值介入中心性紧密度中心性
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇450.376812490.48571429
Lanosterol羊毛甾醇390.047228290.46303502
Schottenol仙人掌甾醇370.039706250.4559387
Gramisterol禾谷甾醇350.033852430.4490566
Citrostadienol柠檬二烯醇330.231907090.44237918
Sitosterol谷甾醇290.024812150.42960289
Clerosterol赤桐甾醇280.022162500.4265233
Stigmasterol豆甾醇280.022617090.4265233
Sitostanol谷甾烷醇190.058037480.4006734
Cycloartenol环阿屯醇180.008378420.39799331
Ergosta-7-en-3-beta-ol麦角甾-7-烯-3β-醇160.003756470.39273927
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇150.019671060.39016393
24-epicampesterol24-表菜油甾醇140.002904000.38762215
Cycloeucalenol环核烯醇130.014886690.38019169
24-methylenecycloartanol24-亚甲基环阿屯醇120.006017950.37777778
Delta7-sitosterolΔ7-谷甾醇90.084405580.37071651
Stigmastadienol豆甾二烯醇30.016842240.34097421
), ArticleFig(id=1320881960558383929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Molecular docking interaction between active compounds and protein

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化合物靶点结合能
(kcal/mol)
PDB IDH-键的
数目
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇AKT1−8.16NPZ1
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇PPARG−9.47AWC1
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇PPARG−7.97AWC1
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇AKT1−8.36NPZ2
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇ESR1−8.26SBO1
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇ESR1−8.86SBO1
), ArticleFig(id=1320881960642270010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881951502881500, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

活性化合物与蛋白的分子对接相互作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物靶点结合能
(kcal/mol)
PDB IDH-键的
数目
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇AKT1−8.16NPZ1
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇PPARG−9.47AWC1
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇PPARG−7.97AWC1
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇AKT1−8.36NPZ2
Cerevisterol啤酒甾醇ESR1−8.26SBO1
Delta7-stigmasterolΔ7-豆甾醇ESR1−8.86SBO1
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沙棘甾醇预防非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关键活性成分和作用机制
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胡诏刈 1 , 袁明亚 1 , 芦启琴 2 , 夏政华 1 , 张得钧 1, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(13): 428-438
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (13) : 428 -438
沙棘甾醇预防非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关键活性成分和作用机制
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胡诏刈1 , 袁明亚1, 芦启琴2, 夏政华1, 张得钧1, *
作者信息
  • 1青海大学生态环境工程学院,青海西宁 810016
  • 2青海大学高原医学研究中心,青海省高原医学应用基础重点实验室,青海西宁 810001
通讯作者:
张得钧(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物应用研究与开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

胡诏刈(1994−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物应用研究与开发,E-mail:

Elucidating the Key Bioactive Constituents and Preventive Mechanism of Sea Buckthorn Sterols against Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Zhaoyi HU1 , Mingya YUAN1, Qiqin LU2, Zhenghua XIA1, Dejun ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070267
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本研究基于网络药理学与分子对接技术,结合体外实验验证,系统探究沙棘甾醇(Sea buckthorn sterols,SBS)预防非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的药效物质基础及作用机制。通过Swiss Target Prediction、TargetNet和SEA数据库预测SBS作用靶点,并从DisGeNET、GeneCards和OMIM数据库获取NAFLD相关靶点,构建“成分—靶点—疾病”交互网络;通过富集分析筛选关键生物过程与信号通路,运用Autodock进行分子对接验证。进一步通过检测游离脂肪酸诱导的HepG2细胞中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量,结合油红O染色评估脂质蓄积情况。结果表明,SBS与NAFLD交集靶点共86个,包括PPARG、AKT1、ESR1等10个核心靶点;筛选出啤酒甾醇、羊毛甾醇、Δ7-豆甾醇等17个关键甾醇成分;KEGG富集分析提示SBS主要参与调控胰岛素抵抗、HIF-1信号通路和C型凝集素受体等130条信号通路;分子对接显示核心成分与靶点结合稳定;细胞实验证实SBS可显著降低TC、TG、LDL水平,提高HDL水平,并有效减少HepG2细胞内脂滴积聚。综上,SBS中啤酒甾醇与Δ7-豆甾醇等成分可能通过作用于PPARG、AKT1、ESR1等靶点,调节脂质代谢、胰岛素抵抗及糖代谢等相关通路,从而发挥改善NAFLD的作用。

沙棘甾醇  /  关键活性成分  /  啤酒甾醇  /  Δ7-豆甾醇

This study employed an integrated approach combining network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation to systematically explore the therapeutic basis and underlying mechanisms of sea buckthorn sterols in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Potential targets of sea buckthorn sterols were predicted using the Swiss Target Prediction, TargetNet, and SEA databases, while NAFLD-related targets were retrieved from DisGeNET, GeneCards, and OMIM databases, enabling the construction of a compound-target-disease network. Functional enrichment analysis revealed key biological processes and signaling pathways implicated in the intervention. Key bioactive components were subsequently subjected to molecular docking studies using AutoDock to evaluate their binding potential with key targets. In vitro experiments were conducted using free fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells to assess the effects of sea buckthorn sterols on lipid metabolism by quantifying total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, with intracellular lipid accumulation visualized via Oil Red O staining. The results identified 86 overlapping targets between sea buckthorn sterols and NAFLD, including 10 key targets such as PPARG, AKT1, and ESR1, along with 17 key sterol components, including cerevisterol, lanosterol, and delta7-stigmasterol. KEGG pathway analysis indicated involvement in 130 signaling pathways, with prominent roles in insulin resistance, HIF-1 signaling pathway and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway. Molecular docking confirmed stable binding interactions between the key sterol components and their respective targets. Cellular assays demonstrated that sea buckthorn sterols significantly reduced TC, TG, and LDL levels, increased HDL level, and markedly attenuated intracellular lipid droplet accumulation. In conclusion, cerevisterol and delta7-stigmasterol, as principal active constituents of sea buckthorn sterols, likely ameliorate NAFLD by modulating lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and glucose homeostasis through multi-target interactions involving PPARG, AKT1 and ESR1.

sea buckthorn sterols  /  key active components  /  cerevisterol  /  delta7-stigmasterol
胡诏刈, 袁明亚, 芦启琴, 夏政华, 张得钧. 沙棘甾醇预防非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关键活性成分和作用机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 428 -438 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070267
Zhaoyi HU, Mingya YUAN, Qiqin LU, Zhenghua XIA, Dejun ZHANG. Elucidating the Key Bioactive Constituents and Preventive Mechanism of Sea Buckthorn Sterols against Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 428 -438 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070267
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,NAFLD)作为代谢相关性慢性肝病的重要亚型,其病理特征主要表现为肝细胞脂质异常积累,其病理不依赖酒精摄入因素,而与胰岛素抵抗、脂代谢紊乱等代谢异常密切关联,被视为代谢综合征在肝脏组织的特异性病理表征。NAFLD通常可分为多个阶段,早期阶段(Stage 0)无明显病变或仅有微小脂质积累;中晚期(Stage 1~3)则表现为脂肪堆积伴随炎症反应和纤维化,最终可能发展为结节性肝硬化或肝癌[1−4]。NAFLD的发病机制复杂多样且尚未完全明确,近年来研究表明其与性别、年龄、环境及饮食等因素密切相关,主要风险因素包括不良生活方式、遗传因素、肠道屏障功能紊乱、肝脏内环境改变、免疫反应紊乱以及KEAP1/p53、mTOR和NF-κB等特定信号通路的异常活化[5]。在全球范围内NAFLD负担不断增加的背景下,NAFLD患者常在生化检测中表现出血脂异常的症状[6],此类异常多与代谢综合征相关特征并存,包括肥胖、2型糖尿病、高血压等[3,6−10],进一步增加了临床上有效治疗NAFLD的复杂性。
目前,在治疗方法上,早期诊断并通过饮食控制、运动增加等生活方式干预是对NAFLD最有效的策略。此外,近年来肝脏微环境重建(如益生菌、脂质降解酶等干预)展现出潜在的治疗价值[11]。研究发现,天然产物通常在与脂质代谢、氧化应激、内质网应激和脂毒性相关的各种信号通路中发挥作用,并显示出优异的治疗效果。这些天然产物中的活性化合物以多靶向方式来发挥作用,例如调节AMPK、PPAR、SREBP-1c、FAS和ACC等蛋白质的表达水平来改善NAFLD,这些天然产物可能为治疗NAFLD提供新的途径[12]。
沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)属于蔷薇目胡颓子科沙棘属,作为一种药食同源的植物[13],其各类加工产品如沙棘茶、沙棘果汁、沙棘冻干粉和沙棘油[14]等已成为常见功能性食品;沙棘果实及其衍生产品是植物甾醇的天然来源之一。植物甾醇是一类广泛存在于植物体内的功能性化合物,主要分布在根部、茎部、叶片以及果实和种子中,主要含有β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇和菜油甾醇等甾醇成分,均是人体内无法合成的天然甾醇活性成分。研究表明沙棘甾醇(Sea Buckthorn Sterols,SBS)具有改善脂质代谢、抗氧化[15]、抗衰老和抗高脂血症等多种药理活性[13]。近期,相关研究表明SBS具有显著降低心血管疾病风险的能力,其可通过调节TC/HDL-C比值和动脉硬化指数,实现对血管系统的保护功能,进而实现对NAFLD的预防作用[16]。研究表明SBS通过抑制环氧化酶-2(COX-2)和核因子κB(NF-κB)的表达,减少IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α等炎症因子的产生,进而加快脂质氧化和减少脂质沉积,从而改善脂质代谢[17−23];SBS通过抑制甾醇调节元素结合蛋白2(SREBP2)和胆固醇合成速率限制酶(HMG-CoA还原酶)的活性,并抑制乙酰辅酶、苹果酸酶和胆固醇酰基转移酶(ACAT)的活性,促进脂质氧化酶、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1A(CPT1A)等相关酶的表达,增强脂肪酸的β氧化和脂质清除,进而实现改善脂质代谢的作用[24−28]。上述实验结果表明,在当前NAFLD临床治疗策略相对匮乏的背景下,SBS表现出显著的预防潜力。同时也揭示了沙棘甾醇“多成分-多靶点”预防NAFLD的药效物质基础和作用机制,为开发基于天然产物的功能性食品或药物提供了科学的依据。
HepG2细胞 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;Δ7-豆甾醇(Delta7-stigmasterol) 纯度95%,艾美捷科技有限公司;沙棘籽油 青海康普生物科技股份有限公司;啤酒甾醇(Cerevisterol) 纯度95%,成都德斯特生物技术有限公司; β-谷甾醇(β-Sitosterol) 纯度98%,植标化纯生物有限公司;总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)试剂盒、甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)试剂盒、低密度脂蛋白(Low-density lipoprotein,LDL)试剂盒、高密度脂蛋白(High-density lipoprotein,HDL)试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;BCA蛋白浓度检测试剂盒 武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;油红O染色试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;油酸钠、棕榈酸钠 西安鲲创科技有限公司;HepG2专用培养基 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;Cell快速裂解液 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;细胞计数试剂盒(Cell Counting Kit-8,CCK-8) UVP。
ST-360酶标仪 上海科华生物工程股份有限公司;HH-4数显恒温水浴锅 天津赛得利斯实验分析仪器制造厂;UT-500B冷冻干燥机 东京理化器械株式会社;N-1300S-W旋转蒸发仪 上海爱朗仪器有限公司;Xevo TQD UHPLC-MS 美国WATERS公司;SHZ-D3循环水真空泵 郑州市亚荣仪器有限公司;HF100三气培养箱 上海力申科学仪器有限公司;3-30K低温离心机 Sigma公司;Ti2倒置显微镜 百泰科技有限公司;AC-2-4S8-CN生物安全柜 太仓艺斯高医疗器械科技有限公司。
通过Pubchem数据库下载所有SBS活性成分化合物的Smile结构,将其结果上传,并综合运用Swiss Target Prediction、TargetNet和SEA三大靶点预测平台,将其结果合并去重。将“Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease”检索词,分别在DisGeNET、GeneCards及OMIM三大生物信息学数据库中进行靶基因检索,并对上述数据源获得的候选靶点进行去重与整合处理。
采用系统生物学方法进行蛋白质互作网络构建与关键靶点筛选。首先基于STRING 12.0数据库构建SBS与疾病共同靶点的蛋白质互作网络模型,设置物种限定为人类且相互作用置信阈值>0.4。
采用系统生物学方法构建多维网络拓扑结构。基于Cytoscape 3.7.2平台,将PPI网络结果上传,并通过Cytoscape 3.7.2软件进行构建SBS活性成分—靶点—NAFLD的关系网络图。
将筛选获得的SBS干预NAFLD潜在作用靶点数据集导入Omicshare基因组学分析平台,运用基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)分类体系对候选靶标开展多维功能注释,涵盖生物过程(Biological Process,BP)、分子功能(Molecular Function,MF)和细胞组分(Cell Components,CC)三大功能维度。同步采用基因组百科全书通路功能(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)信号通路数据库进行通路富集解析,通过设定显著性阈值P<0.05筛选具有统计学意义的富集条目,系统阐释候选靶标在代谢调控网络中的生物学特性及其参与的关键信号转导途径。
首先通过RCSB PDB结构数据库获取目标蛋白三维晶体构象,利用PyMOL 2.4.0分子可视化系统进行结构预处理,包括去除水分子、共结晶配体及离子等干扰因素,随后通过AutoDock Tools 1.5.6完成氢原子添加及电荷分布优化,最终生成具备刚性特征的受体PDBQT文件。对于活性成分结构处理,从PubChem化合物库获取小分子SDF格式数据,借助Open Babel 3.1.1进行格式转换与能量最小化处理,经三维构象优化后生成柔性配体PDBQT文件。在空间定位环节,基于AutoDock Tools平台建立受体—配体结合位点模型,定义三维空间参数,设置边长为15 Å的立方体网格,以1 Å间距划分网格点,确保完全覆盖目标蛋白活性腔隙。并通过Discovery Studio 4.5进行多维度可视化分析,生成配体—受体复合物的二维作用模式图与三维空间构象图。
HepG2细胞用含MEM培养基、10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素混合溶液的专用培养基进行常规培养。每48 h更换一次培养基,当细胞融合度达到80%以上时,用0.25%的胰蛋白酶进行消化传代。
首先将氢氧化钾和无水乙醇配制成浓度为2 mol/L的氢氧化钾-乙醇溶液,然后将沙棘籽油和氢氧化钾-乙醇溶液按照1:3的比例混匀。对混合溶液进行加热(85~88 ℃)、回流、提取(120 min);将提取液移至烧杯中,加入1倍量的蒸馏水并冷却至室温,随后将提取液缓慢倒入萃取瓶中,按1:1的比例加入正己烷,然后将提取液和正己烷混匀、静置过夜,重复萃取4次后合并萃取液;按2:1的比例加入蒸馏水洗脱萃取液至中性,浓缩得浸膏;在旋蒸瓶内缓慢加入适量无水乙醇,在水浴锅(76 ℃)中加热浸膏至溶解,可得沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分,在室温下放置2 h后移入冰箱(4 ℃)待白色晶体状出现。将样品抽滤,用无水乙醇洗脱多次,可得白色粉末状的沙棘甾醇[22−26]。上述实验完成后精确称取沙棘籽油、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分、沙棘甾醇粗提物、啤酒甾醇、Δ7-豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇各20 mg,分别溶于20 μL二甲亚砜溶剂形成均相溶液,使用时用含10%的胎牛血清DMEM完全培养基梯度稀释成不同浓度。根据计算公式计算细胞活力:细胞活力(%)=(化合物组OD-空白组OD)/(阴性对照组OD-空白组OD)×100,具体细胞活力的测定步骤按照参考文献方法操作[29]。
首先设置对照组、模型组、沙棘籽油组、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分组、沙棘甾醇粗提物组、啤酒甾醇组、Δ7-豆甾醇组和β-谷甾醇组。当HepG2细胞在含5% CO2的37 ℃恒温培养体系中增殖至T25培养瓶底面积覆盖率达85%~90%时,首先移除陈旧培养基,采用磷酸盐缓冲液(Phosphate Buffer Solution,PBS)沿瓶壁轻柔清洗单层贴壁细胞两次以清除代谢产物。继而向培养体系内精准注入2 mL 0.25%胰蛋白酶溶液,置于恒温箱中进行3~5 min的消化反应,待细胞间隙显著扩大后立即加入等体积的专用终止培养液中止酶解过程。经离心富集的细胞沉淀需经浓度标定后,以5×105 cells/mL的密度均匀接种至6孔培养板,并于37 ℃恒温环境持续培养24 h使其充分贴壁。完成贴壁阶段后,系统移除孔内原有培养基。采用室温平衡的PBS实施两次清洁步骤,随后分别注入含游离脂肪酸(油酸:棕榈酸=2:1,FFA)及不同梯度药物浓度的复合诱导培养液,最终将处理后的培养体系置于标准化培养条件下继续维持24 h,即可完成各组HepG2细胞脂质积累模型的建立。具体操作步骤按照参考文献方法进行造模[30]。
实验样本经相应处理后,首先去除培养体系中的培养基,采用4 ℃的PBS对细胞层进行三次系统洗涤。随后向培养容器中加入适量裂解缓冲液,在4 ℃低温环境下实施细胞裂解反应1 h。
完成裂解程序后,立即将样本转移至冰浴装置,冰水浴条件下超声破碎(功率300 W,3~5 s/次,间隔30 s,重复3~5次)。随后将充分破碎的细胞悬液转移至预冷的离心管,在4 ℃条件下的高速冷冻离心机中以12000 r/min进行低温梯度分离,持续离心15 min后吸取管壁上清液,避免扰动底部沉淀,获得可用于后续分析的无细胞提取物。具体操作步骤均参照相关试剂盒的说明书依次检测各组中的TC、TG、LDL和HDL含量。
HepG2细胞以5×105 cells/mL的密度均匀接种至6孔培养板,培养24 h,设置对照组、模型组、沙棘籽油组(40、80、160 μg/mL)、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分组(40、80、160 μg/mL)、沙棘甾醇粗提物组(40、80、160 μg/mL)、啤酒甾醇组(10、20、40 μmol/L)、Δ7-豆甾醇组(10、20、40 μmol/L)和β-谷甾醇组(10、20、40 μmol/L),除对照组外,其余各组均按上述加入游离脂肪酸(Free fatty acids,FFA),给药组均按浓度梯度加入药物,随后培养24 h,根据油红O染色试剂盒说明书进行染色,FBS清洗2次,于显微镜下观察细胞脂滴。
采用SPSS 22.0软件分析数据,结果以x±s形式呈现,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05表示具有统计学差异。通过运用Graphpad prism 10.2.3软件对统计数据进行可视化处理。
本研究基于系统性文献检索与生物信息学分析相结合的研究策略,首先通过PubMed、CNKI和万方知识服务平台进行文献检索,经数据筛选确定沙棘植物共含22种甾醇类化合物(表1)。随后从PubChem化学数据库获取各化合物的分子结构信息,并分别运用SEA在线平台、Swiss Target Prediction系统以及TargetNet数据库进行多维度靶点预测。根据Max Tc值与Prob score评分均大于0的联合筛选标准,经多平台数据整合及重复项剔除后,最终确定SBS活性成分靶点214个,其中与NAFLD相关的潜在作用靶点86个。同时,通过以“非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)”为关键词,系统检索DisGeNET疾病基因数据库、GeneCards人类基因数据库及OMIM人类孟德尔遗传数据库,经标准化数据去重后共获得NAFLD相关疾病靶标2578个,为后续研究建立数据基础(图1)。
本研究采用生物信息学分析方法,将筛选得到的SBS活性成分靶点与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)靶标数据集导入Venny 2.1.0交互分析平台(https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/),通过集合运算获取药物—疾病共同作用86个靶点,并据此生成可视化韦恩图谱(图1)。为进一步解析核心调控机制,将上述共有靶点提交至String数据库(https://string-db.org/),限定物种为人类进行蛋白质互作网络(PPI)建模。将输出的互作关系数据导入Cytoscape 3.7.2生物网络分析系统,经拓扑参数计算后获得包含86个网络节点及1216条关联边的复杂互作网络。对网络进行拓扑分析,以Degree值反映靶点大小及颜色,以combinedscore值反映边的粗细,从而构建蛋白-蛋白相互作用网络。网络分析结果显示,PPARG、AKT1、ESR1等核心节点具有显著拓扑特征(Degree值排序见表2)。结合图1所示网络拓扑结构及参数分析,上述靶点可能构成SBS预防NAFLD的核心作用靶标。
为深入探究SBS干预NAFLD的作用机制,本研究采用系统药理学方法构建多维度作用网络。基于Cytoscape3.7.2平台构建的“SBS活性成分—靶点—NAFLD”交互网络(图2)共包含116个网络节点和507条边。网络拓扑分析显示,该体系具有显著的多靶点协同作用特征,证实SBS预防NAFLD存在复杂的多组分协同机制。采用Network Analyzer工具进行网络拓扑参数分析,以节点度值(Degree)、介数中心性(Betweenness Centrality)及紧密度中心性(Closeness Centrality)作为评价指标。依据表3所列筛选条件,以度值大于3(Degree>3)为阈值,初步筛选得到17种活性成分。进一步按节点度值降序排列,从中筛选出啤酒甾醇、羊毛甾醇、Δ7-豆甾醇等关键活性成分。在此基础上,构建“药物活性成分—靶点—疾病”相互作用网络模型。这些关键成分可能通过多靶点协同作用发挥核心药效功能。该分析结果从网络药理学角度揭示了SBS多组分、多靶点干预NAFLD的潜在作用模式。
为进一步在系统层面探究SBS对NAFLD的多重作用机制,本研究将筛选获得的SBS干预NAFLD的潜在靶点数据集导入Omicshare基因组学分析平台进行富集分析。结果显示,共筛选出363个GO富集条目;以P<0.05为显著性阈值,最终鉴定出227条显著富集的生物过程(Biological process,BP)条目,这些条目主要参与信号转导(Signal transduction)、基因表达的正向调控(Positive regulation of gene expression)和细胞分化(Cell differentiation)等生物过程。在细胞成分(Cell components,CC)方面,共有29个条目显著富集,涉及细胞质(Cytoplasm)、核质(Nucleoplasm)、内质网膜(Endoplasmic reticulum membrane)等亚细胞结构。分子功能(Molecular function,MF)方面共富集107个条目,主要包括蛋白质结合(Protein binding)、金属离子结合(Metal ion binding)和ATP结合(ATP binding)等相关功能(图3)。
为了深入探究SBS预防NAFLD的潜在作用机制,本研究基于Omicshare基因组学分析平台开展了KEGG富集分析,共富集到140条与SBS预防NAFLD相关的通路,根据P<0.05筛选出130条可能与SBS预防NAFLD相关的信号通路,分别是胰岛素抵抗通路(Insulin resistance pathway)、HIF-1信号通路(HIF-1 signaling pathway)和C型凝集素受体(C-type lectin receptor)等信号通路。提示SBS可能通过上述通路预防NAFLD(图4)。
为了深入探讨受体与配体之间的分子相互作用机制,首先选择了三个具有代表性及结合度较高的靶点蛋白,在前期研究的基础上和以度值为选取依据[31],本研究选取啤酒甾醇和Δ7-豆甾醇进行半柔性对接研究。通过结合能(Affinity)这一指标来评估小分子与靶蛋白之间的相互作用强度,结合能值小于零表示配体能够高效结合靶点,结合能越低则暗示了更高的结合亲和力和更稳定的构象。研究重点聚焦在PPARG、AKT1和ESR1这三个关键靶点上,与所选化合物进行详细对接分析。
具体而言,啤酒甾醇与AKT1的Asp292形成氢键,氢键长度为2.74 Å;同时与Thr160建立了氢键联系,氢键长度为2.94 Å。此外,啤酒甾醇与PPARG的Ser342(2.70 Å)形成氢键。Δ7-豆甾醇则主要与ESR1的Thr483(2.90 Å)和PPARG的Pro227(2.96 Å)形成氢键连接。在疏水作用方面,这些化合物均与靶点周围的其他氨基酸残基建立了稳定的非极性相互作用。对接结果如图5、表4所示,为理解配体靶点交互关系提供了直观依据。
本研究将HepG2细胞培养24 h后,分别以不同浓度的药物处理24 h,并采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力。图6结果显示,沙棘籽油、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分及沙棘甾醇粗提物在浓度低于160 μg/mL时对细胞活力均无明显毒性,该浓度范围内细胞存活率呈浓度依赖性下降,因此后续实验应在160 μg/mL内进行选择。类似地,啤酒甾醇、Δ7-豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇也对HepG2细胞活力表现出浓度依赖性的抑制效应。
如图7和图8所示,相较于空白对照组,FFA诱导模型组细胞内总胆固醇(TC)及甘油三酯(TG)含量显著升高,两组间差异具有统计学显著性(P<0.05),该结果证实游离脂肪酸成功诱导HepG2细胞脂质沉积模型的构建。进一步分析表明,经不同浓度沙棘籽油及其甾醇提取物干预后,各实验组细胞内总胆固醇(TC)及甘油三酯(TG)含量较模型组均显著降低,其中高剂量组的脂质代谢指标改善最为显著(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分能够以剂量依赖方式有效下调HepG2细胞内TC与TG水平,从而对游离脂肪酸(FFA)诱导的胞内脂质异常积聚发挥显著拮抗作用。进一步分析图7可见,与模型组相比,啤酒甾醇、Δ7-豆甾醇及β-谷甾醇各剂量组中,β-谷甾醇可浓度依赖性地降低细胞内TC含量(P<0.05)。同时,图8结果显示,沙棘籽油剂量组、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分剂量组和沙棘甾醇粗提物剂量组干预后,细胞内TG含量亦呈浓度依赖性显著下降(P<0.05)。
图9和10所示,与空白对照组相比,经FFA诱导建立的模型组中高密度脂蛋白(HDL)浓度显著降低(P<0.05),低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平显著升高(P<0.05),表明脂代谢紊乱细胞模型成功建立。在药效学评价中,各受试药物均表现出对HDL和LDL代谢异常的调节作用。具体而言,与模型组相比,沙棘籽油(40~160 μg/mL)、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分(20~160 μg/mL)、沙棘甾醇粗提物(10~160 μg/mL)、啤酒甾醇(20~160 μmol/L)、Δ7-豆甾醇(40~160 μmol/L)和β-谷甾醇(40~160 μmol/L)处理组均能浓度依赖性显著升高HDL含量(P<0.05)。另一方面,沙棘籽油(80 和 160 μg/mL)、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分(80 和 160 μg/mL)、沙棘甾醇粗提物(40~160 μg/mL)、啤酒甾醇(10~160 μmol/L)、Δ7-豆甾醇(10~160 μmol/L)及β-谷甾醇(40~160 μmol/L)处理组均能显著降低LDL水平(P<0.05)。以上结果说明,所用药物在不同浓度下均可有效逆转脂质代谢异常,显示出对HepG2细胞脂质代谢的调控潜力。
为探究沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分对FFA诱导的HepG2细胞脂质积累的影响,在前期确定药物安全浓度范围的基础上,分别选用40、80、160 μg/mL作为沙棘籽油、沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分和沙棘甾醇粗提物的低、中、高剂量,并选用10、20、40 μmol/L作为啤酒甾醇、Δ7-豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇的给药浓度,进行油红O染色分析。如图11所示,空白对照组细胞形态正常,仅见少量橘红色脂滴;经FFA诱导后,模型组细胞中脂滴积累显著增加,染色明显加深,表明NAFLD细胞模型成功建立。与模型组相比,各药物处理组均能不同程度地减少细胞内脂滴沉积,但仍高于对照组。其中,沙棘甾醇粗提物在降低脂滴积累方面效果优于沙棘籽油和沙棘甾醇粗提物未重结晶成分;而在单体化合物中,啤酒甾醇的作用较Δ7-豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇更为显著。此外,所有药物组均呈现浓度依赖性效应,即随剂量增加,脂滴减少更为明显,染色渐浅,表明其对脂质积累的抑制作用具有剂量相关性。
依据类药五原则对化合物进行成药性评价,通过该评价体系设定的参数指标,成功筛选出17种沙棘甾醇关键活性成分,其中啤酒甾醇,羊毛甾醇和Δ7-豆甾醇等SBS成分对NAFLD具有明显的预防作用(图2和表3)。基于β-谷甾醇在沙棘籽油中含量丰富及相关文献已表明其具有调节脂质代谢的作用[32–33],本研究将其与网络药理学筛选所得的关键甾醇成分—啤酒甾醇与Δ7-豆甾醇进行并列比较,以系统评估三者对NAFLD预防活性的差异。近期相关研究表明β-谷甾醇可通过上调SREBF2、HMGCR、ACAT2和ABCG5,下调SREBP-1c和FASN的表达进一步多途径协同预防脂质积累,其作用机制可能涉及PPAR、LXR和AMPK等关键的信号通路[34]。此外,β-谷甾醇通过受控的细胞周期进程和增强脂肪细胞中的葡萄糖摄取有效地减弱了脂肪生成[35]。根据网络药理学预测结果,β-谷甾醇在预防NAFLD方面的作用效果较其他活性成分不显著(表3),而啤酒甾醇与Δ7-豆甾醇是否确实具备预测中的预防潜力,尚需通过后续实验进一步验证。此外,本研究未进行体内实验及相关通路功能验证,这也是本研究存在的重要局限性。
PPARG通过响应脂质信号激活下游靶基因的表达,参与调控脂质的摄取、代谢与排泄过程,并经由UCP2/AMPK信号通路抑制脂质生成并促进脂质转运,在多种代谢性疾病中发挥关键生物学效应 [36]。KEGG通路富集分析显示,差异表达基因显著富集于胰岛素抵抗通路、PPAR信号通路、MAPK信号通路及PI3K-Akt信号通路等,提示SBS可能通过调节胰岛素抵抗通路、脂质与糖代谢相关通路发挥其对NAFLD的预防作用。本文中的啤酒甾醇、Δ7-豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇可能竞争性抑制胆固醇吸收,间接改变细胞脂质的组成,由于PPAR受体对脂质代谢产物敏感,从而影响PPAR活性,进而影响脂质代谢,或者通过激活PPARG受体,可上调脂肪酸氧化基因PPARG、PPARA和CPT1A,从而进一步加快脂质代谢[37]。
肝脏中脂质合成增加是导致脂质积累的重要原因之一,在NAFLD发生过程中,脂肪酸从头合成显著增加[38],由于脂肪酸的合成与代谢失衡使得大量脂肪积累在肝脏中,不仅会占用大量的细胞空间,还会干扰正常的代谢活动,导致蛋白质和其他重要的分子的结构和功能异常,从而使肝细胞发生功能障碍,缺乏处理过多脂肪酸的能力,对损伤的敏感性增加。在NAFLD的病理评估体系中,肝细胞脂质沉积水平的定量分析已被确立为核心诊断标准之一。
本研究采用体外建模方法,通过建立肝细胞脂质蓄积表型精准模拟该疾病的典型代谢紊乱特征。其中,FFA诱导法通过调控肝实质细胞的脂代谢通路,促使中性脂质在胞内异常沉积,这一机制因其高度模拟人体病理进程的特点,故被广泛用于体外脂质代谢紊乱细胞模型的构建。脂质积累衡量指标TC、TG及LDL的水平随着NAFLD的进展显著升高,而HDL含量会显著减少[39]。在本研究中,采用FFA刺激HepG2细胞并持续24 h建立脂肪变性模型,HepG2细胞中的TC、TG和LDL含量显著增加,HDL的含量显著减少,与上述结果一致。油红O染色结果显示HepG2细胞中有大量橘红色脂滴积累,说明造模成功[40]。当给予沙棘籽油、沙棘甾醇未重结晶成分、沙棘甾醇粗提物、啤酒甾醇、Δ7-豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇剂量组干预后,结果显示TC、TG和LDL的含量显著减少,HDL的含量显著增加,油红O染色结果显示,沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分能够有效减轻HepG2细胞中的橘红色脂滴积累,通过沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分干预结果比较,三种复合物中沙棘甾醇粗提物预防NAFLD的效果更佳,三种单体化合物中啤酒甾醇较Δ7-豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇更具有预防NAFLD的潜能,由此,推断沙棘籽油及其甾醇预防NAFLD的关键活性成分可能与啤酒甾醇相关。
本研究通过网络药理学、分子对接技术和细胞实验验证三方面综合分析显示SBS预防NAFLD的主要药效物质基础可能是啤酒甾醇和Δ7-豆甾醇,且前者所具有抑制脂质堆积的能力大于后者,这两种单体化合物可能通过PPAR信号通路、RAP1信号通路和MAPK等信号通路发挥预防NAFLD的作用。故沙棘籽油及其甾醇成分预防NAFLD的关键活性成分可能为啤酒甾醇和Delta7-豆甾醇。本研究初步推断出啤酒甾醇和Δ7-豆甾醇可能通过激活PPAR信号通路的活化来直接或间接地预防由于脂质积累诱导的NAFLD,但其具体作用机制仍有待后续实验深入验证。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070267
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23
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    1青海大学生态环境工程学院,青海西宁 810016
    2青海大学高原医学研究中心,青海省高原医学应用基础重点实验室,青海西宁 810001

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张得钧(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物应用研究与开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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