Article(id=1320881920590852226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852390667, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852390667, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852390667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852390667, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881920821538947, articleId=1320881920590852226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Investigation into the Synergistic Enhancement of Astaxanthin Nanodispersion Stability by Chitosan-Ca2+ and Its Underlying Mechanism, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the stability and bioavailability of astaxanthin (AST), soy protein isolates (SPI) were used as the raw material to prepare SPI/chitosan (CS) composite nanoparticles for the encapsulation of AST. The study investigated the effect of CS on the encapsulation efficiency of AST. Ca2+ were then introduced as stabilizer to investigate their effect on the stability of the SPI/CS/AST nanodispersion and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that at a CS concentration of 0.6 mg/mL, the encapsulation efficiency of AST reached 59.57%, representing an 11% increase compared to samples without CS. Under this CS concentration, when Ca2+ was added at 0.2 mg/mL, the AST encapsulation efficiency further rose to 73.55%, a 20% improvement over samples without Ca2+. Moreover, at a storage temperature of 4 ℃, the retention rate of AST increased by 14% with Ca2+ addition. Under ultraviolet irradiation, 0.2 mg/mL Ca2+ provided the most effective protection for AST within the nanodispersion, enhancing retention by 23% compared to those without Ca2+. Furthermore, the retention rates of encapsulated AST in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids reached 78.35% and 67.18%, respectively. Ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed that Ca2+ enhanced stability by influencing hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in the nanodispersion through ionic bridging, electrostatic neutralization, and conformational regulation. In summary, this study successfully established a highly stable AST nano-delivery system through the synergistic effect of SPI/CS composite wall materials and Ca2+, providing a theoretical basis for the application of AST in the development of functional foods.

, authors=Tiantian HAN1, Ke YE1, Tianhang QIU1, Lu LUO2, Xiao'e CHEN1, Jing ZHANG1, *, Ming CHENG1, *, authorsList=Tiantian HAN, Ke YE, Tianhang QIU, Lu LUO, Xiao'e CHEN, Jing ZHANG, Ming CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing ZHANG, Ming CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881924365725848, articleId=1320881920590852226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=壳聚糖-Ca2+协同增强虾青素纳米分散体的稳定性及其机制探究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高虾青素(Astaxanthin,AST)的稳定性和生物利用率,以大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolates,SPI)为原料,制备了包埋虾青素的SPI/壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)复合纳米颗粒,探究CS对虾青素包埋率的影响。然后,引入Ca2+作为稳定剂,探究Ca2+对SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体稳定性的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,当CS浓度为0.6 mg/mL时,AST的包埋率达到59.57%,比不加CS时提高了11%。在该CS浓度下,当Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,虾青素的包埋率进一步提升为73.55%,比不加Ca2+提高了20%。同时,在储藏温度为4 ℃时,AST的保留率比不加Ca2+时提高了14%。在紫外照射下,0.2 mg/mL Ca2+对纳米分散体中虾青素的保护效果最佳,比不加Ca2+提高了23%,且包埋后的AST在模拟胃液和模拟肠液中的保留率达78.35%和67.18%。紫外和荧光光谱分析显示,Ca2通过离子键桥连、静电中和及构象调节作用影响纳米分散体的氢键和疏水相互作用,从而提升其稳定性。综上,本研究通过SPI/CS复合壁材与Ca2+协同作用,成功构建了高稳定性的AST纳米递送体系,为AST在功能食品开发中的应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=韩田田1, 叶可1, 裘天航1, 罗路2, 陈小娥1, 张晶1, *, 程铭1, *, authorsList=韩田田, 叶可, 裘天航, 罗路, 陈小娥, 张晶, 程铭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晶, 程铭, authorNote=

韩田田(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物的提取与开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张晶(1994−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品微生物资源开发与功能食品,E-mail:。
程铭(1993−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
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注:不同小写字母表示样品间的显著性差异(P<0.05),图2、图7、图8同。

, figureFileSmall=snvfTNH9HfvhLeWbPvyIpw==, figureFileBig=aUDM/dWGVjv2e2GezcjSKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881929080123599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881920590852226, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of Ca2+ concentration on AST encapsulation rate, figureFileSmall=mS+QhiVuoh5nxVX4fwTYow==, figureFileBig=/zrhX351CMKw7K0E5/volA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881929159815376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881920590852226, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Ca2+浓度对虾青素包埋率的影响, figureFileSmall=mS+QhiVuoh5nxVX4fwTYow==, figureFileBig=/zrhX351CMKw7K0E5/volA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881929239507153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881920590852226, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Storage stability analysis of SPI/CS/AST nanodispersion treated with different Ca2+ concentration, figureFileSmall=tkMTZu7wgFjVAxMg7yzBbg==, figureFileBig=j1uJQaTqFJRPUThXWTnGdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881929327587538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881920590852226, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同Ca2+浓度处理SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体的储存稳定性分析

注:A:4 ℃;B:25 ℃。

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壳聚糖-Ca2+协同增强虾青素纳米分散体的稳定性及其机制探究
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韩田田 1 , 叶可 1 , 裘天航 1 , 罗路 2 , 陈小娥 1 , 张晶 1, * , 程铭 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(16): 86-94
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (16) : 86 -94
壳聚糖-Ca2+协同增强虾青素纳米分散体的稳定性及其机制探究
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韩田田1 , 叶可1, 裘天航1, 罗路2, 陈小娥1, 张晶1, * , 程铭1, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院,浙江舟山 136000
  • 2浙江海洋大学船舶与海运学院,浙江舟山 136000
通讯作者:
张晶(1994−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品微生物资源开发与功能食品,E-mail:。
程铭(1993−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

韩田田(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物的提取与开发,E-mail:

Investigation into the Synergistic Enhancement of Astaxanthin Nanodispersion Stability by Chitosan-Ca2+ and Its Underlying Mechanism
Tiantian HAN1 , Ke YE1, Tianhang QIU1, Lu LUO2, Xiao'e CHEN1, Jing ZHANG1, * , Ming CHENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 136000, China
  • 2School of Naval Architecture and Maritime, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 136000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070186
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为提高虾青素(Astaxanthin,AST)的稳定性和生物利用率,以大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolates,SPI)为原料,制备了包埋虾青素的SPI/壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)复合纳米颗粒,探究CS对虾青素包埋率的影响。然后,引入Ca2+作为稳定剂,探究Ca2+对SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体稳定性的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,当CS浓度为0.6 mg/mL时,AST的包埋率达到59.57%,比不加CS时提高了11%。在该CS浓度下,当Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,虾青素的包埋率进一步提升为73.55%,比不加Ca2+提高了20%。同时,在储藏温度为4 ℃时,AST的保留率比不加Ca2+时提高了14%。在紫外照射下,0.2 mg/mL Ca2+对纳米分散体中虾青素的保护效果最佳,比不加Ca2+提高了23%,且包埋后的AST在模拟胃液和模拟肠液中的保留率达78.35%和67.18%。紫外和荧光光谱分析显示,Ca2通过离子键桥连、静电中和及构象调节作用影响纳米分散体的氢键和疏水相互作用,从而提升其稳定性。综上,本研究通过SPI/CS复合壁材与Ca2+协同作用,成功构建了高稳定性的AST纳米递送体系,为AST在功能食品开发中的应用提供了理论依据。

虾青素  /  Ca2+  /  壳聚糖  /  纳米分散体  /  稳定性

To enhance the stability and bioavailability of astaxanthin (AST), soy protein isolates (SPI) were used as the raw material to prepare SPI/chitosan (CS) composite nanoparticles for the encapsulation of AST. The study investigated the effect of CS on the encapsulation efficiency of AST. Ca2+ were then introduced as stabilizer to investigate their effect on the stability of the SPI/CS/AST nanodispersion and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that at a CS concentration of 0.6 mg/mL, the encapsulation efficiency of AST reached 59.57%, representing an 11% increase compared to samples without CS. Under this CS concentration, when Ca2+ was added at 0.2 mg/mL, the AST encapsulation efficiency further rose to 73.55%, a 20% improvement over samples without Ca2+. Moreover, at a storage temperature of 4 ℃, the retention rate of AST increased by 14% with Ca2+ addition. Under ultraviolet irradiation, 0.2 mg/mL Ca2+ provided the most effective protection for AST within the nanodispersion, enhancing retention by 23% compared to those without Ca2+. Furthermore, the retention rates of encapsulated AST in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids reached 78.35% and 67.18%, respectively. Ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed that Ca2+ enhanced stability by influencing hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in the nanodispersion through ionic bridging, electrostatic neutralization, and conformational regulation. In summary, this study successfully established a highly stable AST nano-delivery system through the synergistic effect of SPI/CS composite wall materials and Ca2+, providing a theoretical basis for the application of AST in the development of functional foods.

astaxanthin  /  Ca2+  /  chitosan  /  nanodispersion  /  stability
韩田田, 叶可, 裘天航, 罗路, 陈小娥, 张晶, 程铭. 壳聚糖-Ca2+协同增强虾青素纳米分散体的稳定性及其机制探究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070186
Tiantian HAN, Ke YE, Tianhang QIU, Lu LUO, Xiao'e CHEN, Jing ZHANG, Ming CHENG. Investigation into the Synergistic Enhancement of Astaxanthin Nanodispersion Stability by Chitosan-Ca2+ and Its Underlying Mechanism[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070186
虾青素(Astaxanthin,AST)是一种酮类类胡萝卜素,红色固体粉末,不溶于水,可溶于乙醇、乙酸乙酯和二甲基亚砜等有机溶剂[1]。AST具有优异的抗氧化、抗癌和抗炎等生物学活性[2],广泛应用于食品[3]、药品[4]和化妆品[5]行业。AST的多种生理功能主要源于其分子结构中存在的酮基、羟基和长链共轭不饱和双键[6]。然而,这种特殊结构也使AST对光、热和氧等因素敏感,在加工储藏过程中不稳定,易发生异构化和降解。由于水溶性差、在生物体内分散性不佳等特性,AST存在生物利用率较低的问题,这极大地限制了其实际应用[7]。研究发现,利用蛋白质和多糖构建的复合纳米递送系统可显著提升虾青素的稳定性,并能有效保护虾青素免受环境因素降解,还可改善其水溶性和肠道吸收效率,使生物活性得到充分发挥[8−10]。
壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)是由几丁质脱乙酰得到的一种线性多糖,由氨基葡萄糖通过β-1,4糖苷键连接而成的碱性多糖,具有增黏性、保湿性、生物相容性等诸多优良特性,被广泛应用于复合输送系统。作为地球上第二丰富的生物聚合物,CS在自然界含量很高,仅次于纤维素[11]。CS因其公认的高生物相容性,生物降解性和生物粘附性而被认定为制备纳米颗粒的良好载体。CS中的氨基和羟基可以与蛋白质交联形成稳定的复合物[12],这种结合通过静电相互作用发生,在颗粒的变性和聚集中提供干扰,使乳液更加稳定继而获得更高的封装效率。带负电荷的蛋白质可以与带正电荷的CS分子产生静电相互作用,主要用于生产负载营养保健品的聚电解质复合物[13]。Chen等[14]使用CS和玉米醇溶蛋白交联形成纳米复合物对槲皮素进行包埋,槲皮素在纳米复合物中表现出良好的光、热和储存稳定性,并且玉米醇溶蛋白-CS纳米复合物还可以控制消化过程中槲皮素的释放。
静电相互作用是蛋白质与多糖复合的主要驱动力,但静电相互作用力较弱,并且纳米分散体因其颗粒尺寸微小,具有极高的比表面积,容易发生聚集和沉降,导致纳米分散体的稳定性较差[9]。多糖、蛋白质等聚电解质可以与带有相反电荷的小分子通过离子交联形成纳米颗粒[10]。离子交联法操作简便、条件可控、细胞毒性低、生物相容性好、包封率高,已广泛应用于医药、农业、环境和食品等领域[15−16]。Ca2+通常作为离子交联剂,以提高递送体系的稳定性。Teng等[17]通过由Ca2+诱导的离子凝胶化法,制备包埋脂溶性维生素D3的大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolates,SPI)和羧甲基壳聚糖复合纳米颗粒,包封率高达96.8%,并且使维生素D3在胃肠道环境中具有良好的控释效应。de Moura等[18]用木槿提取物、菜籽油和果胶制备了W/O/W乳液,并以氯化钙作为离子交联剂制备了木槿提取物花青素微胶囊,包埋率高达93.9%,并提高了花青素的稳定性。
因此,本文以SPI和CS为壁材制备SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体,评价不同CS浓度的纳米分散体对AST包埋率的影响。进一步添加不同浓度的Ca2+使用离子交联法制备纳米分散体,通过形成稳态化纳米分散体以提高虾青素的稳定性和保留率,并判断SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体在形成过程中涉及的相互作用机制,为AST在食品领域的应用提供参考价值。
AST(纯度 ≥96%)、CS(脱乙酰度≥90%)、胰蛋白酶(10000 U/mg)、猪胆盐(生化试剂) 麦克林生化技术有限公司;SPI(纯度≥91%) 江苏燕科生物工程有限公司;乙醇、丙酮、乙酸、无水氯化钙(生化试剂) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;尿素(≥99%) 中国山东有限公司;其他试剂均为分析纯。
XS205电子分析天平、FE20K pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器上海有限公司;UV-1800紫外分光光度计 日本岛津有限公司;F-7000荧光光谱仪 日本日立公司;FreeZone真空冷冻干燥机 美国 Labconco公司;Thermo ST8R高速冷冻离心机 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;HJ-4磁力搅拌器、RV 8真空旋转蒸发仪 德国 IKA公司。
参考Zhao等[19]的方法制备SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体并稍作修改。将SPI粉末溶解在蒸馏水中,在室温下充分搅拌1 h制得1.0 mg/mL的SPI溶液。将CS用2%的乙酸溶解,按0、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0 mg/mL的浓度分别加入SPI溶液中,充分混合后置于80 ℃水浴20 min形成SPI/CS复合物,冷却至室温备用。将AST溶于无水乙醇中,在室温避光的条件下磁力搅拌1 h,得到浓度为300 μg/mL的AST乙醇溶液,按照1:2(v/v)的比例混合AST溶液和SPI/CS复合物。然后旋转蒸发除去乙醇,得到SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体。
根据Gu等[20]的方法并稍作修改。准确移取1 mL纳米分散体于离心管中,加入2 mL丙酮,超声处理5 min使颗粒充分破碎,随后以4000 r/min离心10 min,收集上层有色丙酮溶液。重复上述提取步骤直至有机相无色,合并所有有机相后,于475 nm波长处测定其吸光度值,试验预先建立AST丙酮溶液在475 nm下的标准浓度-吸光度标准曲线,通过样品测得吸光度对照标准曲线换算得到对应AST质量,即为被包埋AST的量。根据公式(1)计算包埋率。
$ 包埋率(\text{%})= \frac{\text{被包埋的AST量}}{\text{AST初始加入量}}\times 100 $
为了获得更加均一、稳定的纳米分散体,先将0.6 mg/mL的CS溶液与SPI溶液按1:1(v/v)充分混合,再将AST溶液与SPI/CS复合物按1:2(v/v)比例混合,得到SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体。在SPI/CS/AST中分别加入0.1、0.15、0.2、0.25、0.3 mg/mL的CaCl2,对照组加入等量的蒸馏水,其他条件保持不变。以AST包埋率为评价指标,综合筛选最优Ca2+添加浓度。
将1.2.3得到的SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体密封在样品瓶中,分别在4 ℃和25 ℃的黑暗环境中储存8周。每隔一周时间取样1 mL至离心管,向其中加入2 mL丙酮,涡旋混匀后超声处理5 min,促使颗粒结构解离。然后将混合液在4000 r/min下离心10 min,收集含有AST的上层溶液,重复上述步骤直至有机相呈无色。合并所有有机相,于475 nm波长处测定其吸光度值,然后采用建立的虾青素标准曲线定量,计算纳米分散体中AST含量。根据公式(2)计算AST的保留率。
$\rm AST保留率(\text{%})= \frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:C1和C0分别表示复合物中AST的含量(μg/mL)和为储存初始(第0周)纳米分散体中AST含量(μg/mL)。
使用0.1 mol/L HCl或0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液分别调节纳米分散体的pH至3、5、7、9、11,静置24 h。AST提取与保留率测定参照1.2.4。
样品分别在60、65、70、75和80 ℃温度下水浴加热30 min。AST提取与保留率测定参照1.2.4。
将SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体置于样品瓶中,放在在紫外灯下照射1、2、3、4和5 h,AST提取与保留率测定参照1.2.4。
使用模拟胃肠消化模型测定纳米分散体的胃肠稳定性和生物可及性,该模型基于以前的方法并稍作修改[21]。
首先制备模拟胃液(含3.2 g/L胃蛋白酶,2.0 g/L氯化钠,pH2.0)和模拟肠液(含6.8 g/L KH2PO4,10.0 g/L猪胆盐和5.0 g/L胰蛋白酶,pH7.0)。将10 mL纳米分散体与10 mL胃液混合。将混合物的pH调至2.0,并在37 ℃下以100 r/min持续摇动2 h,每隔0.5 h取出2 mL消化液。模拟胃消化后,加入等体积的肠液,并将体系的pH调整到7.0。得到的混合物在摇床(37 ℃,100 r/min)中进一步消化4 h,每隔1 h取出2 mL消化液。用丙酮提取消化液中的AST,将混合物超声5 min,在8000 r/min下离心5 min后,收集含有AST的上层溶液,重复进行直到有机相无色。合并有机相,测量其在475 nm处的吸光度,根据AST标准曲线和公式(3)计算模拟胃肠消化过程中AST的保留率。
$\rm AST保留率(\text{%})= \frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:C1和C0分别代表消化液中AST的含量(μg/mL)和消化起始未消化原液中AST含量(μg/mL)。
在模拟胃肠消化过程结束后,取出消化液3 mL,参照1.2.4测定消化液中AST含量,按照式(4)计算AST生物可及性。
$ \rm{A}ST生物可及性(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{C}_2}{\mathrm{C}_0}\times100 $
式中:C2和C0分别代表胶束相中AST含量(μg/mL)和消化起始纳米分散体中AST含量(μg/mL)。
参考Zhang等[22]描述的ANS探针方法测定Ca2+优化后的SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体的表面疏水性。首先将ANS溶于0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH6.0),使其浓度达到8 mmol/L。采用Bradford法测定样品蛋白含量,随后用蒸馏水将待测样品稀释为蛋白终浓度0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/mL的系列梯度溶液。取3.0 mL不同蛋白浓度的样品液,分别加入15 μL ANS储备液混匀,室温避光孵育15 min;采用酶标仪在激发波长365 nm、发射波长485 nm条件下测定各组荧光强度。计算荧光强度和样品蛋白质浓度之间的斜率,即为表面疏水性S0-ANS。
使用紫外可见分光光度计在230~600 nm的波长范围内对不同Ca2+浓度的SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体的紫外吸收光谱进行扫描。
荧光光谱按照Liu等[23]的方法进行测定,并稍作修改。将激发波长设置为280 nm,发射波长范围设置为300~450 nm,在室温下记录不同Ca2+浓度SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体的荧光光谱。
所有实验均重复三次,结果表示为平均值±标准偏差。使用Origin 2022和SPSS 27软件进行统计图绘制与差异性分析,P<0.05为差异显著。
从图1中可以看出,不同CS浓度下,SPI/AST纳米分散体均呈现出澄清透明的橘红色外观。随着CS浓度的升高,溶液颜色由深变浅,并且SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体对虾青素的包埋率呈先增后减趋势,当CS浓度为0.6 mg/mL时达到最高,为59.57%,比不加CS时提升了11%。说明CS的添加促进了SPI/CS复合物与AST的结合,这是由于SPI带负电荷,而CS带正电荷,在复合物的合成中,CS和SPI在静电引力下发生凝聚作用,对AST进行更好的包埋[24]。CS浓度继续增加至0.8 mg/mL时,纳米分散体的包埋率下降至57.93%。说明随着CS浓度的增高,生成的凝聚物增多,多余的CS所带的正电荷会破坏体系的电荷平衡,从而导致包埋率下降[24]。
图2所示,当SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体形成后,在不同Ca2+浓度下,溶液均呈现出澄清透明的淡粉色外观。随着Ca2+浓度升高,溶液颜色由深变浅。在Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体的外观颜色最深。这与测定的数据结果相一致,当Ca2+浓度为0 mg/mL时,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST的包埋率仅为61.09%。随着Ca2+浓度的增加,包埋率呈现先上升后下降的趋势。在Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST的包埋率达到最大,为73.55%,比不加Ca2+时提高了20%。说明在该浓度下形成的纳米颗粒较小,增加了纳米粒子的数量,包埋了更多的AST,减少粒子表面残余的AST,进而提高了复合物的包埋率[25]。但当Ca2+浓度增加至0.3 mg/mL时,AST的包埋率下降至58.12%,显著(P<0.05)低于对照组。Ca2+浓度的增加会导致体系pH降低,引起大豆分离蛋白的沉降,表面电荷变弱,从而导致SPI与CS间的静电引力变弱[26],因此随着体系中Ca2+浓度的持续增加,体系中形成的纳米复合物逐渐减少,导致包埋的AST减少,体系中残余的AST增多。
储存稳定性是评价一个递送系统是否能应用于实际生产的最关键指标之一。图3为不同Ca2+浓度下SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体分别在4 ℃和25 ℃条件下储存8周的AST保留率。在4 ℃下储存8周后,不含Ca2+的SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST的保留率仅为69.16%。当Ca2+浓度达到0.2 mg/mL时,AST的保留率最高,为79.27%,比不加Ca2+时提高了14%。在25 ℃下储存8周后,不含Ca2+的纳米分散体中AST的保留率为64.15%,随着Ca2+浓度的升高,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST的保留率有所提高,同样,在Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,AST的保留率最高为73.67%,比不加Ca2+时提升了15%。Ca2+与蛋白质和多糖中的羧基、羟基等基团具有交联作用[27],增强网络结构[28],提高纳米分散体的稳定性。同时,Ca2+能够与水分子结合形成稳定的水化层[29],阻止颗粒相互靠近,进而降低颗粒聚集速度,增强储存稳定性。可见,在Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL的情况下,4 ℃时储存的纳米分散体中AST的保留率高于25 ℃条件下的。低温能够降低SPI和CS的分子热运动速率,维持二者间静电以及氢键相互作用的稳定性,使纳米载体的核壳结构保持致密[30]。因此,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体更适于在4 ℃条件下储存,并且0.2 mg/mL Ca2+能够显著增加SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体在储存过程中AST的保留率。
复合体系中蛋白质和多糖带电基团的解离程度会受pH变化的影响[31],进而影响纳米分散体的结构和稳定性。因此,在添加不同浓度Ca2+的基础上,探究了pH对SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体稳定性的影响。从图4中可以看出,在不同pH条件下,Ca2+提高了SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体的稳定性。随着Ca2+浓度的升高,AST保留率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL、pH为7时AST的保留率达到最高,为95.22%,比不加Ca2+时提高了5%。可以看出,在中性条件下,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体最稳定。与不加Ca2+相比,Ca2+显著提高了SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST在不同pH环境下的保留率。但在pH为3、9和11的环境下,AST仍降解较多。在pH为3的酸性条件下,SPI因过度带正电发生解聚,使AST暴露,降解加速[32]。在pH为9和11的碱性条件下,CS因去质子化从水溶性转为疏水性,纳米分散体发生团聚沉淀。同时,SPI因过度带负电变性沉淀,加速AST与氧气接触,从而发生降解[33]。而pH为5的环境下,虽然Ca2+的添加使纳米分散体的AST保留率较高,但此时pH接近SPI的等电点,颗粒容易聚集沉淀[34],破坏纳米分散体的稳定性。因此,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体更适于在中性环境下应用。
含纳米分散体的食品在制备和消费过程中,会经过热处理,如消毒、巴氏杀菌和蒸煮等[35],经过热处理后蛋白质分子发生聚集,使其原有的优良功能性质变差[36],影响纳米分散体对AST的包埋效果。图5为不同Ca2+浓度下SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体分别在60、65、70、75和80 ℃水浴加热条件下AST保留率的变化情况。随着温度的升高,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST的保留率呈现下降趋势。而添加适当浓度的Ca2+有效地提高了AST的保留率,增强了SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体的稳定性,且当Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL、温度为60 ℃时,AST的保留率最高,达到89.17%,比不加Ca2+时提高了4%。Ca2+与蛋白质结合能够提高蛋白质的热变性温度,增强对高温的耐受性[37]。同时,Ca2+促进分子间交联,形成更紧密的网络结构,减少高温下的分子运动,防止纳米分散体的稳态化结构被破坏[28]。
郭红星等[38]在研究光照对虾青素稳定性影响时,做了多种光照条件下虾青素的含量变化,发现太阳光和紫外光照射对虾青素的影响程度相当,且这两组的虾青素含量下降得也最为显著。因此,研究了不同Ca2+浓度下SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体在紫外照射1、2、3、4、5 h时的虾青素保留率(图6)。在紫外照射条件下,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST的保留率均出现大幅下降,并且照射的前2 h下降速度较快,随着时间的延长,下降速度趋于平缓。紫外照射5 h时,不含Ca2+的SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST的保留率仅为42.04%,当Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL,AST的保留率达到最高,为51.52%,比不加Ca2+时提高了23%。Ca2+能够与紫外照射产生的自由基反应[39],减少自由基对蛋白质和多糖的氧化损伤,从而保护纳米分散体的结构完整性。
图7A中可以看出,在模拟胃肠道消化过程中,AST的保留率均有所下降。2 h的模拟胃液消化,对于Ca2+浓度为0 mg/mL的纳米分散体,AST的保留率仅为72.34%,随着Ca2+浓度的增加,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST的保留率先增加后减少,在0.2 mg/mL时达到最高,此时AST保留率为78.35%。模拟肠液消化4 h后,Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中的AST保留率仍最高,为67.18%,比不加Ca2+时提高了13%,Ca2+可以与SPI/CS分子链上的羟基通过氢键作用增强网络致密性,使纳米分散体的三维结构更稳定,减少胃酸、胃蛋白酶对AST的直接破坏[40]。
图7B显示,当Ca2+浓度为0 mg/mL时,纳米分散体中AST的生物可及性为40.01%,随着Ca2+浓度的增加,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体中AST的生物可及性显著增加(P<0.05),在0.2 mg/mL时达到最高,此时AST生物可及性为59.01%。Ca2+可与SPI中的-COOH及CS中的-NH2形成离子键或配位键,充当分子桥连接SPI与CS分子链。这种交联作用会改变纳米分散体的空间网络结构,使其粒径分布更均匀、表面电荷更稳定,从而在胃肠道消化过程中减少AST的提前泄漏,促进其在吸收部位的可控释放[41]。但当Ca2+浓度高于0.2 mg/mL时,纳米颗粒之间的静电斥力减小,发生过度聚集,从而减小了AST与消化酶的接触面积,降低AST的生物可及性[42]。
从图8中可以看出,与不添加Ca2+相比,当Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体的表面疏水性显著提高(P<0.05),稳定性强[43]。疏水性的增强使蛋白质分子的移动与伸展减少,构建出更为稳固的结构。Ca2+可通过离子键作用改变蛋白表面氨基酸残基所处微环境,调控蛋白构象变化,最终实现颗粒表面疏水性与体系稳定性的同步改善[44]。
从图9A中可以看出,在波长扫描范围内,不同Ca2+浓度的SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体展现出相似的紫外吸收光谱特征,均在245 nm处出现明显吸收峰。这是因为蛋白质分子中,色氨酸、酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸残基因含有共轭π电子体系,能够产生π-π跃迁,从而引发紫外吸收现象[45]。随着Ca2+浓度的增加,纳米分散体的紫外吸收强度有所上升,当Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,纳米分散体的紫外吸收强度达到最高。此时复合物的构象有序性与分散性达到平衡,既保证氨基酸残基的充分暴露,又避免颗粒团聚[46]。
从图9B中可以看出,所有组别中SPI/CS/AST纳米分散体的内源荧光光谱均呈现下降趋势。无Ca2+时,荧光强度最高,因为SPI/CS的分子链因静电排斥保持良好分散,避免荧光基团间的近距离相互作用,降低了表面缺陷对荧光的吸附或猝灭[47]。在Ca2+浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,荧光强度高于其他加Ca2+组。说明Ca2+浓度的增加促进了SPI的变性和肽链的展开,使得蛋白质内部芳香族氨基酸转移到表面,导致荧光强度的增加[48],但纳米颗粒因Ca2+桥连开始轻微聚集(粒径增大),导致荧光仍低于无Ca2+状态。
本研究制备了负载AST的SPI/CS复合纳米颗粒,当CS浓度为0.6 mg/mL时,纳米分散体中虾青素的包埋率最大,为59.57%,比不加CS时提高了11%。进一步研究表明,添加0.2 mg/mL Ca2+可显著提高AST包埋率,达73.55%,比不加Ca2+时提高了20%。此外,在此条件下纳米分散体在储存及加工过程中(pH、温度、光照条件下)的稳定性显著增强,且表现出最佳的胃肠消化稳定性与生物可及性。表面疏水性和多光谱分析表明,CS与SPI通过氢键和疏水相互作用形成稳定复合物,实现了对AST的有效包埋。综上,本研究通过在SPI/AST纳米分散体中引入CS和Ca2+,有效改善了体系稳定性和AST保留率,为AST包埋递送体系在食品加工中的应用提供了理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070186
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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    1浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院,浙江舟山 136000
    2浙江海洋大学船舶与海运学院,浙江舟山 136000

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张晶(1994−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品微生物资源开发与功能食品,E-mail:。
程铭(1993−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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