Article(id=1320881901397717989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852386092, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852386092, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852386092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852386092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=75, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881901636793318, articleId=1320881901397717989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Microwave Pretreatment on Quality Characteristics of Coarse Cereals and Digestive Properties of Mixed Coarse Cereal Rice with Simultaneous Cooking Maturity, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the effects of microwave pretreatment on the quality characteristics of coarse cereals, and develop a kind of mixed coarse cereal rice with simultaneous cooking maturity. Four types of coarse cereals—mung bean, black bean, red bean, and black rice—were selected as raw materials. The optimal soaking time was determined based on water absorption rates. The influence of microwave duration on the gelatinization degree and sensory scores of the four coarse cereals was studied. Comparative analysis was conducted on the quality changes of the coarse cereals before and after pre-ripening. The proportion of the mixed coarse cereal rice was determined using sensory score as an indicator, and its digestive properties were examined. The results showed that the optimal soaking times for mung beans, black bean, red bean, and black rice were 3, 3, 8, and 2 h, respectively, while the optimal microwave times were 5, 5, 6, and 4 min, respectively. After pre-ripening, the moisture and fat content of the four coarse cereals significantly decreased, starch content significantly increased (P<0.05), and protein content remained largely unchanged (P>0.05). Pre-ripening reduced the cooking time of the coarse cereals while increasing their rehydration rate, volumetric expansion rate, and cooking loss rate. The color of the four coarse cereals was affected to varying degrees by pre-ripening. Additionally, pre-ripening significantly reduced the hardness and chewiness of the coarse cereals while significantly increasing their elasticity (P<0.05), making their texture more similar to that of cooked rice. Except for mung beans, the odor response values of black beans, red beans, and black rice increased after pre-ripening. With the exception of black beans, the viscosity, breakdown, and setback values of mung bean, red bean, and black rice significantly decreased after pre-ripening, while their gelatinization temperature significantly increased (P<0.05). The optimal formulation for the mixed coarse cereal rice was determined as follows: Pre-ripened mung bean:pre-ripened black bean:pre-ripened red bean:pre-ripened black rice:regular rice=15:10:5:21:49. Compared with rice, this mixed coarse cereal rice had a higher content of slow digestible starch and resistant starch, which were 45.16% and 26.45% respectively, and its estimated glycemic index (GI) was 64.61, which was a medium GI food. These findings provide data support for the application of microwave precooking in coarse cereal processing and contribute to the advancement of the coarse cereal processing industry.

, authors=Man GAO, Yang YANG, Yue XU, Guang ZHANG, Bing WANG, Xinyu XU, Ying LIU, Chunmin MA*, Na ZHANG*, authorsList=Man GAO, Yang YANG, Yue XU, Guang ZHANG, Bing WANG, Xinyu XU, Ying LIU, Chunmin MA, Na ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunmin MA, Na ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881903427761143, articleId=1320881901397717989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=微波预处理对杂粮品质特性的影响及共煮同熟杂粮复配米消化特性研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究微波预处理对杂粮品质特性的影响,并开发一种能与大米共煮同熟的杂粮复配米。以绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米四种杂粮为原料,通过吸水率确定最佳浸泡时间,研究微波时间对四种杂粮糊化度和感官评分的影响,对比分析预熟化前后杂粮的品质变化,并以感官评分为指标,确定杂粮复配米的比例,研究其消化特性。结果表明,绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的浸泡时间分别为3、3、8、2 h,微波时间分别为5、5、6、4 min。预熟化后四种杂粮的水分含量和脂肪含量显著降低,淀粉含量显著增加(P<0.05),蛋白质含量无明显变化(P>0.05);预熟化缩短了四种杂粮的熟化时间,提高了其复水率、体积膨胀率和蒸煮损失率;预熟化对四种杂粮的色泽均产生不同程度的影响;预熟化后,四种杂粮的硬度和咀嚼性显著降低,弹性显著升高(P<0.05),与蒸煮后的大米更加接近;除绿豆外,预熟化后的黑豆、红豆、黑米气味响应值明显增加;除黑豆外,预熟化后,绿豆、红豆和黑米的黏度值、衰减值和回生值显著降低,糊化温度则显著升高(P<0.05)。杂粮复配米的配方为预熟化绿豆:预熟化黑豆:预熟化红豆:预熟化黑米:大米的比例=15:10:5:21:49。与大米相比,该杂粮复配米具有较高含量的慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉,分别为45.16%和26.45%,其估计血糖生成指数为64.61,为中GI食物。该结果可为微波预熟化处理在杂粮加工中的应用提供数据支撑,促进杂粮加工产业的发展。

, authors=高嫚, 杨杨, 徐悦, 张光, 王冰, 许馨予, 刘颖, 马春敏*, 张娜*, authorsList=高嫚, 杨杨, 徐悦, 张光, 王冰, 许馨予, 刘颖, 马春敏, 张娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马春敏, 张娜, authorNote=

高嫚(1999−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:谷物加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马春敏(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:大豆、谷物化学与加工机理研究,E-mail:。
张娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品蛋白与食品安全,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tOb02NM3Llz8dUmC8NCZ6A==, magXml=BYZGcbTJhEfDqvSVLKqHIQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=P8BCavezAlAl9/cEkwHxoQ==, pdfFileSize=2867054, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=dP8pzSj1Ew1NmaYfl3+OXg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=f2B8rvsQvH0Ng6EYaMGMow==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881905348752380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2050553953@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881905445221374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, authorId=1320881905348752380, language=EN, stringName=Man GAO, firstName=Man, middleName=null, lastName=GAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320881905516524543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, authorId=1320881905348752380, language=CN, stringName=高嫚, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028, bio={"content":"

高嫚(1999−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:谷物加工,E-mail:

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高嫚(1999−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:谷物加工,E-mail:

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注:A、B、C、D分别为绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米在不同微波时间下的糊化度和感官评分。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图7同。

, figureFileSmall=BgCI0CgQ70rRQTXyiY5K+A==, figureFileBig=W93zUIsUi1IJpRDR1X5rKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881910377721911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Basic nutritional components of four coarse cereals before and after pre-ripening, figureFileSmall=yPgAw0V2mOJxtXcCuoQ9Lg==, figureFileBig=uN1pnWS6U80eSQPGP22TtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881910453219384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=图4, caption=预熟化前后四种杂粮的基本营养成分

注:不同大写字母表示在相同处理条件下不同杂粮种类间差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示同一杂粮种类预熟化处理前后差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=yPgAw0V2mOJxtXcCuoQ9Lg==, figureFileBig=uN1pnWS6U80eSQPGP22TtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881910524522553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Electronic nose radar chart of four coarse cereals before and after pre-ripening, figureFileSmall=5XBOaHkS2w/3rN5xwX3myg==, figureFileBig=I2HULc1+2H55VoAWiP0GMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881910600020026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=图5, caption=预熟化前后四种杂粮的电子鼻雷达图, figureFileSmall=5XBOaHkS2w/3rN5xwX3myg==, figureFileBig=I2HULc1+2H55VoAWiP0GMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881910675517499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=PCA diagram of electronic nose for four coarse cereals before and after pre-ripening, figureFileSmall=rhe4s3u5AZ1CQWFx5U2mnw==, figureFileBig=mEh0RtxZgrKZHwVedr2pOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881910889427004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=图6, caption=预熟化前后四种杂粮的电子鼻PCA图, figureFileSmall=rhe4s3u5AZ1CQWFx5U2mnw==, figureFileBig=mEh0RtxZgrKZHwVedr2pOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881910994284605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Sensory evaluation of different coarse cereals formulation schemes, figureFileSmall=rbdR+JnXswhIfNrbMHIkeg==, figureFileBig=DV5aEj5apowKDLHAwXq1Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881911245942846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同杂粮复配方案的感官评价

注:A为预熟化黑米和大米复配比例对混合米饭感官评分的影响;B为预熟化绿豆、预熟化黑豆、预熟化红豆和混合米复配比例对共煮同熟杂粮复配米饭感官评分的影响,复配1~12分别为5:5:5:85、10:10:10:70、15:15:15:55、20:5:5:70、15:5:10:70、15:10:5:70、10:5:15:70、10:15:5:70、5:5:20:70、5:10:15:70、5:15:10:70、5:20:5:70。

, figureFileSmall=rbdR+JnXswhIfNrbMHIkeg==, figureFileBig=DV5aEj5apowKDLHAwXq1Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881911338217535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Hydrolysis curves of different samples, figureFileSmall=kT59AXZ63UohP3YSEWNytQ==, figureFileBig=BBcnwCov6rNZPuKEdXy3pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881911405326400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同样品的水解曲线, figureFileSmall=kT59AXZ63UohP3YSEWNytQ==, figureFileBig=BBcnwCov6rNZPuKEdXy3pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881911480823873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation standard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评定项目评分标准分值(分)
色泽(20分)颜色鲜亮、自然,有光泽,均匀一致16~20
颜色较鲜亮,略有光泽,较为均匀11~15
颜色暗淡,光泽度一般,均匀性稍差6~10
颜色灰暗,无光泽,或有不正常变色0~5
气味(20分)具有该杂粮特有的纯正香气,无任何异味16~20
香气较纯正,无异味11~15
香气平淡,或有轻微不愉快气味6~10
无香气,或有明显哈败、焦糊等异味0~5
口感(30分)软硬适中,细腻爽滑,咀嚼性好25~30
软硬较适中,口感较为细腻,咀嚼性较好19~24
偏硬或偏软,口感略粗糙,咀嚼性一般13~18
过硬或过软,口感粗糙、僵硬或松散,有硬芯0~12
组织状态
(30分)
结构紧密均匀,颗粒完整、分明,有弹性,黏性适中25~30
结构较均匀,颗粒较完整,弹性与黏性适中19~24
结构不均匀,部分颗粒破裂,稍有粘连或松散13~18
结构松散或过黏,颗粒大量破裂、糊化,无弹性0~12
), ArticleFig(id=1320881911644401730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评定项目评分标准分值(分)
色泽(20分)颜色鲜亮、自然,有光泽,均匀一致16~20
颜色较鲜亮,略有光泽,较为均匀11~15
颜色暗淡,光泽度一般,均匀性稍差6~10
颜色灰暗,无光泽,或有不正常变色0~5
气味(20分)具有该杂粮特有的纯正香气,无任何异味16~20
香气较纯正,无异味11~15
香气平淡,或有轻微不愉快气味6~10
无香气,或有明显哈败、焦糊等异味0~5
口感(30分)软硬适中,细腻爽滑,咀嚼性好25~30
软硬较适中,口感较为细腻,咀嚼性较好19~24
偏硬或偏软,口感略粗糙,咀嚼性一般13~18
过硬或过软,口感粗糙、僵硬或松散,有硬芯0~12
组织状态
(30分)
结构紧密均匀,颗粒完整、分明,有弹性,黏性适中25~30
结构较均匀,颗粒较完整,弹性与黏性适中19~24
结构不均匀,部分颗粒破裂,稍有粘连或松散13~18
结构松散或过黏,颗粒大量破裂、糊化,无弹性0~12
), ArticleFig(id=1320881911728287811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensor performance of the electronic nose

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阵列序号传感器名称性能描述
1sensor_1对甲烷类灵敏
2sensor_2对含碳类物质灵敏
3sensor_3对氢气灵敏
4sensor_4对硫化物灵敏
5sensor_5对含氮类物质灵敏
6sensor_6对醛酮类灵敏
7sensor_7对短链烷烃类、可燃性气体灵敏
8sensor_8对液化气灵敏
9sensor_9对烷烃、醇类、酮类灵敏
10sensor_10对氢气、含氢气体灵敏
11sensor_11对烷烃、一氧化碳灵敏
12sensor_12对液化气、甲烷类灵敏
13sensor_13对短链烷烃类灵敏
14sensor_14对甲烷、燃气、烟雾灵敏
15sensor_15对含碳类物质、醇类、醛类灵敏
16sensor_16对硫化氢灵敏
17sensor_17对氨气、胺类灵敏
18sensor_18对甲苯、丙酮、乙醇灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320881911812173892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电子鼻传感器性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阵列序号传感器名称性能描述
1sensor_1对甲烷类灵敏
2sensor_2对含碳类物质灵敏
3sensor_3对氢气灵敏
4sensor_4对硫化物灵敏
5sensor_5对含氮类物质灵敏
6sensor_6对醛酮类灵敏
7sensor_7对短链烷烃类、可燃性气体灵敏
8sensor_8对液化气灵敏
9sensor_9对烷烃、醇类、酮类灵敏
10sensor_10对氢气、含氢气体灵敏
11sensor_11对烷烃、一氧化碳灵敏
12sensor_12对液化气、甲烷类灵敏
13sensor_13对短链烷烃类灵敏
14sensor_14对甲烷、燃气、烟雾灵敏
15sensor_15对含碳类物质、醇类、醛类灵敏
16sensor_16对硫化氢灵敏
17sensor_17对氨气、胺类灵敏
18sensor_18对甲苯、丙酮、乙醇灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320881911891865669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cooking characteristics of four coarse cereals before and after pre-ripening

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品熟化时间(min)复水率(%)体积膨胀率(%)蒸煮损失率(%)
绿豆41.67±1.15c73.33±0.85e152.62±13.04e5.19±0.29c
预熟化绿豆26.67±0.58d121.06±2.64b184.19±7.99d7.60±0.14b
黑豆47.67±1.53b68.96±1.05e198.09±2.26cd3.85±0.06d
预熟化黑豆28.33±0.58d147.19±4.71a232.73±3.77b5.48±0.30c
红豆69.67±2.08a51.78±1.83f210.86±1.96c2.43±0.28e
预熟化红豆30.33±2.52d113.56±3.60c251.92±2.21a4.19±0.12d
黑米49.00±1.00b56.91±1.44f111.72±2.75g5.79±0.18c
预熟化黑米27.33±1.53d89.37±2.25d135.47±3.18f8.27±0.21a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881911988334662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

预熟化前后四种杂粮的蒸煮特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品熟化时间(min)复水率(%)体积膨胀率(%)蒸煮损失率(%)
绿豆41.67±1.15c73.33±0.85e152.62±13.04e5.19±0.29c
预熟化绿豆26.67±0.58d121.06±2.64b184.19±7.99d7.60±0.14b
黑豆47.67±1.53b68.96±1.05e198.09±2.26cd3.85±0.06d
预熟化黑豆28.33±0.58d147.19±4.71a232.73±3.77b5.48±0.30c
红豆69.67±2.08a51.78±1.83f210.86±1.96c2.43±0.28e
预熟化红豆30.33±2.52d113.56±3.60c251.92±2.21a4.19±0.12d
黑米49.00±1.00b56.91±1.44f111.72±2.75g5.79±0.18c
预熟化黑米27.33±1.53d89.37±2.25d135.47±3.18f8.27±0.21a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881912068026439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Chromaticity values of four coarse cereals before and after pre-ripening

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*
绿豆42.82±0.28b−0.94±0.08e19.76±0.34b
预熟化绿豆38.42±0.51c−1.70±0.15f22.67±0.43a
黑豆30.56±0.33de−0.53±0.17e0.64±0.03f
预熟化黑豆28.37±0.85f0.36±0.09d5.87±0.03c
红豆44.86±0.19a5.86±0.24b3.46±0.28d
预熟化红豆29.73±0.05e8.14±0.12a5.47±0.16c
黑米28.04±0.16f1.03±0.02c1.58±0.09e
预熟化黑米31.08±0.32d0.11±0.03d0.37±0.05f
), ArticleFig(id=1320881912164495432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

预熟化前后四种杂粮的色度值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*
绿豆42.82±0.28b−0.94±0.08e19.76±0.34b
预熟化绿豆38.42±0.51c−1.70±0.15f22.67±0.43a
黑豆30.56±0.33de−0.53±0.17e0.64±0.03f
预熟化黑豆28.37±0.85f0.36±0.09d5.87±0.03c
红豆44.86±0.19a5.86±0.24b3.46±0.28d
预熟化红豆29.73±0.05e8.14±0.12a5.47±0.16c
黑米28.04±0.16f1.03±0.02c1.58±0.09e
预熟化黑米31.08±0.32d0.11±0.03d0.37±0.05f
), ArticleFig(id=1320881912248381513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Texture characteristics of four coarse cereals before and after pre-ripening

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(gf)弹性咀嚼性(gf)
大米1088.36±84.62g0.93±0.04a189.81±11.75f
绿豆7138.15±253.55c0.40±0.02d2054.05±67.61bc
预熟化绿豆1568.34±69.89f0.59±0.02c268.30±16.55e
黑豆9377.49±179.60b0.34±0.02d2258.32±111.32b
预熟化黑豆2500.88±65.81e0.68±0.02b449.41±18.25de
红豆13430.42±349.75a0.24±0.03e5838.97±167.85a
预熟化红豆2940.11±118.87e0.74±0.01b578.00±22.92d
黑米5999.23±203.30d0.34±0.01d1906.69±97.72c
预熟化黑米1789.47±80.45f0.53±0.02c260.15±7.62e
), ArticleFig(id=1320881912323878986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

预熟化前后四种杂粮的质构特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(gf)弹性咀嚼性(gf)
大米1088.36±84.62g0.93±0.04a189.81±11.75f
绿豆7138.15±253.55c0.40±0.02d2054.05±67.61bc
预熟化绿豆1568.34±69.89f0.59±0.02c268.30±16.55e
黑豆9377.49±179.60b0.34±0.02d2258.32±111.32b
预熟化黑豆2500.88±65.81e0.68±0.02b449.41±18.25de
红豆13430.42±349.75a0.24±0.03e5838.97±167.85a
预熟化红豆2940.11±118.87e0.74±0.01b578.00±22.92d
黑米5999.23±203.30d0.34±0.01d1906.69±97.72c
预熟化黑米1789.47±80.45f0.53±0.02c260.15±7.62e
), ArticleFig(id=1320881912512622667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Pasting properties of four coarse cereals before and after pre-ripening

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品峰值黏度(cP)谷值黏度(cP)衰减值(cP)最终黏度(cP)回生值(cP)糊化温度(℃)
绿豆1517.67±13.20b1338.00±31.10a179.67±17.90c2308.33±4.73b970.33±29.54b80.13±0.45d
预熟化绿豆1101.33±18.01d1061.67±19.01b39.67±1.53d1553.33±23.59e491.67±4.73e82.28±0.03c
黑豆28.67±1.53g21.00±0.00e7.67±1.53f33.00±1.00g12.00±1.00g−
预熟化黑豆25.33±0.58g22.00±1.00e3.33±0.58f33.00±1.00g11.00±0.00g−
红豆835.67±13.32e799.67±11.37c36.00±2.00d1719.67±25.11d920.00±16.70c78.73±0.46e
预熟化红豆729.67±13.05f709.00±10.58d20.67±2.52e1065.00±14.18f356.00±3.61f93.63±0.03a
黑米2715.67±54.31a1310.67±39.21a1405.00±15.10a2680.67±54.15a1370.00±15.13a72.62±0.03f
预熟化黑米1400.00±22.61c1117.33±13.43b282.67±9.24b1985.00±18.52c867.67±7.37d89.67±0.06b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881912596508748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

预熟化前后四种杂粮的糊化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品峰值黏度(cP)谷值黏度(cP)衰减值(cP)最终黏度(cP)回生值(cP)糊化温度(℃)
绿豆1517.67±13.20b1338.00±31.10a179.67±17.90c2308.33±4.73b970.33±29.54b80.13±0.45d
预熟化绿豆1101.33±18.01d1061.67±19.01b39.67±1.53d1553.33±23.59e491.67±4.73e82.28±0.03c
黑豆28.67±1.53g21.00±0.00e7.67±1.53f33.00±1.00g12.00±1.00g−
预熟化黑豆25.33±0.58g22.00±1.00e3.33±0.58f33.00±1.00g11.00±0.00g−
红豆835.67±13.32e799.67±11.37c36.00±2.00d1719.67±25.11d920.00±16.70c78.73±0.46e
预熟化红豆729.67±13.05f709.00±10.58d20.67±2.52e1065.00±14.18f356.00±3.61f93.63±0.03a
黑米2715.67±54.31a1310.67±39.21a1405.00±15.10a2680.67±54.15a1370.00±15.13a72.62±0.03f
预熟化黑米1400.00±22.61c1117.33±13.43b282.67±9.24b1985.00±18.52c867.67±7.37d89.67±0.06b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881914244870221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

In vitro digestibility properties of mixed coarse cereals rice cooked to the same degree of doneness

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品RDS含量(%)SDS含量(%)RS含量(%)eGI值
大米63.46±0.51a34.17±0.28c2.37±0.06c89.15±2.78a
混合米49.08±0.70b39.40±0.66b11.52±0.13b78.55±1.61b
共煮同熟杂粮复配米28.39±0.34c45.16±0.25a26.45±0.12a64.61±2.34c
), ArticleFig(id=1320881914320367694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881901397717989, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

共煮同熟杂粮复配米体外消化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品RDS含量(%)SDS含量(%)RS含量(%)eGI值
大米63.46±0.51a34.17±0.28c2.37±0.06c89.15±2.78a
混合米49.08±0.70b39.40±0.66b11.52±0.13b78.55±1.61b
共煮同熟杂粮复配米28.39±0.34c45.16±0.25a26.45±0.12a64.61±2.34c
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微波预处理对杂粮品质特性的影响及共煮同熟杂粮复配米消化特性研究
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高嫚 , 杨杨 , 徐悦 , 张光 , 王冰 , 许馨予 , 刘颖 , 马春敏 * , 张娜 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(16): 75-85
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (16) : 75 -85
微波预处理对杂粮品质特性的影响及共煮同熟杂粮复配米消化特性研究
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高嫚 , 杨杨, 徐悦, 张光, 王冰, 许馨予, 刘颖, 马春敏* , 张娜*
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
通讯作者:
马春敏(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:大豆、谷物化学与加工机理研究,E-mail:。
张娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品蛋白与食品安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

高嫚(1999−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:谷物加工,E-mail:

Effects of Microwave Pretreatment on Quality Characteristics of Coarse Cereals and Digestive Properties of Mixed Coarse Cereal Rice with Simultaneous Cooking Maturity
Man GAO , Yang YANG, Yue XU, Guang ZHANG, Bing WANG, Xinyu XU, Ying LIU, Chunmin MA* , Na ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070063
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为研究微波预处理对杂粮品质特性的影响,并开发一种能与大米共煮同熟的杂粮复配米。以绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米四种杂粮为原料,通过吸水率确定最佳浸泡时间,研究微波时间对四种杂粮糊化度和感官评分的影响,对比分析预熟化前后杂粮的品质变化,并以感官评分为指标,确定杂粮复配米的比例,研究其消化特性。结果表明,绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的浸泡时间分别为3、3、8、2 h,微波时间分别为5、5、6、4 min。预熟化后四种杂粮的水分含量和脂肪含量显著降低,淀粉含量显著增加(P<0.05),蛋白质含量无明显变化(P>0.05);预熟化缩短了四种杂粮的熟化时间,提高了其复水率、体积膨胀率和蒸煮损失率;预熟化对四种杂粮的色泽均产生不同程度的影响;预熟化后,四种杂粮的硬度和咀嚼性显著降低,弹性显著升高(P<0.05),与蒸煮后的大米更加接近;除绿豆外,预熟化后的黑豆、红豆、黑米气味响应值明显增加;除黑豆外,预熟化后,绿豆、红豆和黑米的黏度值、衰减值和回生值显著降低,糊化温度则显著升高(P<0.05)。杂粮复配米的配方为预熟化绿豆:预熟化黑豆:预熟化红豆:预熟化黑米:大米的比例=15:10:5:21:49。与大米相比,该杂粮复配米具有较高含量的慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉,分别为45.16%和26.45%,其估计血糖生成指数为64.61,为中GI食物。该结果可为微波预熟化处理在杂粮加工中的应用提供数据支撑,促进杂粮加工产业的发展。

微波  /  杂粮  /  预熟化  /  品质特性  /  共煮同熟

This study aimed to investigate the effects of microwave pretreatment on the quality characteristics of coarse cereals, and develop a kind of mixed coarse cereal rice with simultaneous cooking maturity. Four types of coarse cereals—mung bean, black bean, red bean, and black rice—were selected as raw materials. The optimal soaking time was determined based on water absorption rates. The influence of microwave duration on the gelatinization degree and sensory scores of the four coarse cereals was studied. Comparative analysis was conducted on the quality changes of the coarse cereals before and after pre-ripening. The proportion of the mixed coarse cereal rice was determined using sensory score as an indicator, and its digestive properties were examined. The results showed that the optimal soaking times for mung beans, black bean, red bean, and black rice were 3, 3, 8, and 2 h, respectively, while the optimal microwave times were 5, 5, 6, and 4 min, respectively. After pre-ripening, the moisture and fat content of the four coarse cereals significantly decreased, starch content significantly increased (P<0.05), and protein content remained largely unchanged (P>0.05). Pre-ripening reduced the cooking time of the coarse cereals while increasing their rehydration rate, volumetric expansion rate, and cooking loss rate. The color of the four coarse cereals was affected to varying degrees by pre-ripening. Additionally, pre-ripening significantly reduced the hardness and chewiness of the coarse cereals while significantly increasing their elasticity (P<0.05), making their texture more similar to that of cooked rice. Except for mung beans, the odor response values of black beans, red beans, and black rice increased after pre-ripening. With the exception of black beans, the viscosity, breakdown, and setback values of mung bean, red bean, and black rice significantly decreased after pre-ripening, while their gelatinization temperature significantly increased (P<0.05). The optimal formulation for the mixed coarse cereal rice was determined as follows: Pre-ripened mung bean:pre-ripened black bean:pre-ripened red bean:pre-ripened black rice:regular rice=15:10:5:21:49. Compared with rice, this mixed coarse cereal rice had a higher content of slow digestible starch and resistant starch, which were 45.16% and 26.45% respectively, and its estimated glycemic index (GI) was 64.61, which was a medium GI food. These findings provide data support for the application of microwave precooking in coarse cereal processing and contribute to the advancement of the coarse cereal processing industry.

microwave  /  coarse cereals  /  pre-ripening  /  quality characteristics  /  simultaneous cooking
高嫚, 杨杨, 徐悦, 张光, 王冰, 许馨予, 刘颖, 马春敏, 张娜. 微波预处理对杂粮品质特性的影响及共煮同熟杂粮复配米消化特性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 75 -85 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070063
Man GAO, Yang YANG, Yue XU, Guang ZHANG, Bing WANG, Xinyu XU, Ying LIU, Chunmin MA, Na ZHANG. Effects of Microwave Pretreatment on Quality Characteristics of Coarse Cereals and Digestive Properties of Mixed Coarse Cereal Rice with Simultaneous Cooking Maturity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 75 -85 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070063
随着消费者对膳食均衡和多元化需求的提升,杂粮逐渐成为主食化研究的热点。杂粮通常指除水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆和薯类等主粮以外的粮食作物[1],包括禾谷类如大麦、燕麦、荞麦、藜麦、黑米等,杂豆类如绿豆、红豆、黑豆、鹰嘴豆等。相比于精制谷物,杂粮富含丰富的膳食纤维、维生素和矿物质等,对维持肠道健康[2]、控制血糖和血脂水平[3]、预防心脑血管疾病[4]等具有重要作用。提高杂粮的摄入量,对于改善国民健康状况、降低慢性病发病率具有重要意义。然而,杂粮质地坚硬、蒸煮耗时长导致其烹饪便利性差,且不同杂粮因结构、成分的差异,在传统蒸煮过程中难以实现同步熟化。对杂粮进行预熟化处理能够实现杂粮与大米共煮同熟,符合现代化简约、快速的生活节奏,同时可达到营养均衡的目的。
目前杂粮预熟化方法主要有浸泡、微波处理、常压蒸煮和高压蒸煮等。Huang等[5]研究了浸泡温度(30、40和50 ℃)对红豆吸水性和硬度的影响,得到最佳浸泡温度为30 ℃。张羽彤等[6]通过比较汽蒸、焙烤和微波三种不同加工方式对薏米和红米感官品质的影响,得到薏米的最佳预熟化条件为微波功率650 W、微波时间2 min,红米的最佳预熟化条件为焙烤温度170 ℃、焙烤时间15 min。倪萍等[7]以绿豆和红豆为研究对象,采用浸泡、蒸煮的方式对其进行预熟化处理,按照食物蛋白质互补原理与大米进行复配,开发出两种杂豆同熟米。与传统预熟化处理技术相比,微波加热具有高效、节能、可控性强等优点,可以同时加热物料的内部和外部[8]。现有预熟化研究多集中于单一杂粮的工艺优化,而系统研究微波预处理对多种典型杂粮品质特性的影响,并在此基础上开发多品类复配的共煮同熟产品的研究尚显不足。此外,以往研究多关注预熟化工艺本身,对预处理后杂粮的蒸煮特性、质构及消化特性等综合品质体系的协同变化规律缺乏深入探讨,难以指导开发出既能同熟又保持良好食用品质和营养功能的杂粮复配米产品。
本研究选用微波加热作为杂粮的预熟化方法,首先通过单因素实验确定绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的最佳浸泡时间,化度研究微波时间对四种杂粮糊、感官评分的影响,确定最佳微波时间。对预熟化前后四种杂粮的基本营养成分、蒸煮特性、色度和质构特性等进行比较,明确微波处理对杂粮品质特性的影响。最后将预熟化后的杂粮与大米进行复配,得到最佳复配比例,并对其消化特性进行研究。本研究旨在为共煮同熟产品的开发提供参考,从而为杂粮预熟化工艺的精准控制提供依据。
绿豆、黑豆、红豆、黑米 黑龙江琢光食品有限公司;大米 黑龙江省五常金禾米业有限责任公司;葡萄糖测定试剂盒 Megazyme公司;α-胰腺淀粉酶(12 U/mg)、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(82.5 U/mg) Sigma公司;氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、盐酸、乙酸、碘、碘化钾、无水乙醇 分析纯,天津市光复科技发展有限公司。
G70F20N3P-ZS(W0)微波炉 广东格兰仕微波生活电器制造有限公司;SMF01多功能磨粉机 苏泊尔;101-0AB型电热鼓风干燥箱 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;CS-800分光测色仪 杭州彩谱科技有限公司;cNose电子鼻 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;TA.new Plus质构仪 上海瑞玢国际贸易有限公司;Rapid-20快速黏度仪 瑞典Perten仪器公司。
称取除杂后的绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米各50 g,淘洗三次,按照1:3(m/v)的料液比加入蒸馏水,40 ℃下浸泡0.5、1、1.5、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、10、12 h后,沥干表面水分,并称重。按照公式(1)进行吸水率的测定。将杂粮平铺于平皿中,控制物料厚度在1.3±0.2 cm。将平皿转移至功率700 W微波炉中进行微波处理,处理时间分别为3、4、5、6、7、8 min,处理过程中每隔1 min翻动一次,使其均匀加热,防止焦糊。随后经45 ℃热风干燥后对杂粮的糊化度和感官评分进行测定。
$\rm 吸水率(\text{%})=\frac{{m}_{2}-{m}_{1}}{{m}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中,m1为浸泡前杂粮质量,g;m2为浸泡后杂粮质量,g。
参照朱文静[9]的方法对预熟化杂粮的糊化度进行测定。将样品粉碎过60目筛,准确称取0.2 g样品粉末。对于未处理样品,将其悬浮于95 mL蒸馏水中,加入5 mL浓度为10 mol/L的氢氧化钾溶液,使用磁力搅拌器搅拌5 min,使其充分混合。之后在4500 r/min下离心10 min,取0.2 mL上清液,加入0.2 mL、0.5 mol/L的盐酸溶液中和至中性,再加入15 mL蒸馏水稀释,最后添加0.2 mL碘液,于600 nm波长处测定吸光度,该值记为A1。
对于经预熟化处理的样品,称取0.2 g粉末悬浮于98 mL蒸馏水中,加入2 mL、10 mol/L的氢氧化钾溶液,同样磁力搅拌5 min,离心后取0.2 mL上清液,加入0.2 mL、0.2 mol/L的盐酸溶液进行中和,再加入15 mL液蒸馏水及0.2 mL碘,相同波长下测定吸光度,该值记为A2。糊化度按公式(2)计算。
$\rm 糊化度(\text{%})=\frac{{A}_{2}}{{A}_{1}}\times 100 $
根据色泽、气味、口感和组织状态等指标,由十位经过培训的人员组成感官评价小组对蒸煮后的样品进行感官评价。评分采用百分制,其中,色泽20分、气味20分、口感30分、组织状态30分。最高分为100分,表示样品色泽鲜亮、气味纯正、口感细腻、组织状态良好;最低分为0分,表示样品色泽暗淡、有异味、口感粗糙、组织状态差。具体评价标准见表1。
预熟化前后杂粮的水分含量按照GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》中的直接干燥法进行测定;淀粉含量根据GB 5009.9-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中淀粉的测定》中的酸水解法进行测定;蛋白质含量通过GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》中的凯氏定氮法进行测定;脂肪含量通过GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》中的索氏抽提法进行测定。
参考刘若海[10]的方法并稍作修改,对预熟化前后杂粮的熟化时间、复水率、蒸煮损失率和体积膨胀率进行测定。
在小铝盒内按料液比1:1.5(m/v)加入样品与蒸馏水,随后置于蒸锅中进行蒸制,每隔1 min取出适量样品,用食指和拇指按压测试样品的柔软度,当样品能被轻松压扁且无明显硬芯时所需的时间即为样品的熟化时间。
准确称取4 g(m1)样品,按照料液比1:5(m/v)加入100 ℃蒸馏水,蒸煮5 min,沥干水分后称重(m2),按照公式(3)计算样品的复水率。
$\rm 复水率(\text{%})=\frac{{m}_{2}-{m}_{1}}{{m}_{1}}\times 100 $
准确称取2 g样品于刻度试管中,记录蒸煮前样品体积(V0),按照1:10(m/v)的料液比加入蒸馏水,沸水浴30 min,沥干水分,记录蒸煮后样品体积(V1)。按照公式(4)计算样品的体积膨胀率。
$\rm 体积膨胀率(\text{%})=\frac{{V}_{1}-{V}_{0}}{{V}_{0}}\times 100 $
准确称取2 g(m0)样品于离心管中,加入20 mL蒸馏水,沸水浴30 min,将全部米汤转移至平皿(m1)内,干燥至恒重(m2)。按照公式(5)计算样品的蒸煮损失率。
$\rm 蒸煮损失率(\text{%})=\frac{{m}_{2}-{m}_{1}}{{m}_{0}}\times 100 $
采用de Oliveira等[11]的方法对预熟化前后杂粮的色度进行测定,记录样品颜色的测定参数L*(亮度)、a*(红绿值)、b*值(黄蓝值)。
参考Zhou等[12]的方法并稍作修改。将预熟化前后杂粮与蒸馏水按照1:1.5(m/v)的料液比蒸30 min并保温10 min。称取2 g于进样瓶中,静置30 min后上机测试。将进样针头插入含有样品的进样瓶中,利用电子鼻进行检测。检测条件:传感器清洗时长为120 s,进样流量为300 mL/min,采样时长为60 s。电子鼻传感器类别及性能见表2。
将大米、预熟化前后杂粮分别与蒸馏水按照1:1.5(m/v)的料液比蒸30 min并保温10 min。将蒸煮后的样品置于烧杯中,确保其厚度维持在13~15 mm之间,采用质构仪对样品的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性进行测定。质构特性测定参数为:探头型号P/35,形变量50%,触发力5 g,测前、测中和测后速度分别为2、1和2 mm/s。
参照张楚佳等[13]的方法并适当修改。将预熟化前后四种杂粮粉碎过80目筛,利用快速黏度仪对其糊化特性进行测定。根据快速黏度仪自带软件进行水分校正,配制质量分数为14%(以干基计)的悬浮液,放入仪器中进行测定。具体测试程序:50 ℃保持1.0 min,以12 ℃/min的速度升温到95 ℃并保持2.5 min,然后再以相同速率降温至50 ℃后保持2 min,记录样品糊化特征参数。
将预熟化黑米与大米分别按质量比2:8、3:7、4:6、5:5、6:4、7:3、8:2进行复配,以感官评分为指标,确定混合米复配比例。进一步添加预熟化绿豆、预熟化黑豆和预熟化红豆,以感官评分为指标,考察预熟化绿豆、预熟化黑豆、预熟化红豆和混合米复配比例5:5:5:85、10:10:10:70、15:15:15:55、20:5:5:70、15:5:10:70、15:10:5:70、10:5:15:70、10:15:5:70、5:5:20:70、5:10:15:70、5:15:10:70、5:20:5:70,确定共煮同熟杂粮复配米配方。
参照Zhang等[14]的方法对杂粮复配米的快消化淀粉(RDS)、慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量进行测定。准确称取100(±5) mg样品置于50 mL离心管中。加入已预热至37 ℃的混合酶溶液25 mL。混合酶溶液的pH为6.0,酶添加量为α-胰腺淀粉酶3600 U、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶360 U。涡旋混匀,160 r/min、37 ℃水浴下进行振荡。分别在20、120 min时取出反应液,用葡萄糖测定试剂盒测定其葡萄糖含量。RDS、SDS和RS含量分别按照式(6)~式(8)进行计算。
$\rm RDS(\text{%})=\frac{\left({G}_{20}-FG\right)\times 0.9}{TS}\times 100 $
$\rm SDS(\text{%})=\frac{\left({G}_{120}-{G}_{20}\right)\times 0.9}{TS}\times 100 $
$\rm RS(\text{%})=\frac{TS-(RDS+SDS)}{TS}\times 100 $
式中:FG为酶解前淀粉悬浮液中的游离葡萄糖含量(mg);G20为淀粉酶解20 min后酶解液中葡萄糖含量(mg);G120为淀粉酶解120 min后酶解液中葡萄糖含量(mg);0.9为葡萄糖转化系数;TS为样品中总淀粉含量(mg)。
淀粉水解率的测定参考Englyst等[15]的方法并作适当调整。在反应开始后的0、20、30、60、90、120、180 min分别取样,采用葡萄糖测定试剂盒测定其葡萄糖含量。根据公式(9)计算淀粉水解率。
$ \rm 淀粉水解率(\text{%})=\frac{{G}_{t}\times 0.9}{TS}\times 100 $
式中:Gt为水解t时间后产生的葡萄糖含量(mg);0.9为葡萄糖转化系数;TS为样品中总淀粉含量(mg)。
以时间为横坐标、淀粉水解率为纵坐标,绘制样品的淀粉水解曲线。对所得曲线进行拟合,得出一级反应方程,计算拟合曲线0~180 min下表面积(AUC),得出样品的淀粉水解指数(HI),并根据式(11)计算样品的估计血糖生成指数(eGI)。
$\rm HI=\frac{AU{C}_{样品}}{AU{C}_{白面包}}\times 100 $
$\rm eGI=39.71+0.549HI $
所有的实验均重复3次,分析所得出的数据均以平均值±标准偏差表示。其中曲线图使用Origin 2021和Microsoft Office Excel进行绘制,使用SPSS 25进行单因素方差分析,采用Duncan检验进行显著性分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。
在浸泡过程中,杂粮充分吸水,可促进后续微波加热过程中淀粉的快速糊化。绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米四种杂粮在不同浸泡时间下的吸水率变化如图1所示。可以看出,在浸泡温度为40 ℃时,随着浸泡时间的延长,四种杂粮的吸水率均呈现先增加后平缓的趋势。在0~3 h内,绿豆和黑豆的吸水率快速增加,3 h后,吸水率呈缓慢上升趋势。绿豆在8 h时吸水率基本达到最大值,为148.67%;而黑豆则在7 h时吸水率基本达到最大值,为147.56%。红豆的吸水率在0~8 h内缓慢上升,8 h后吸水率趋于稳定。而黑米的吸水率则在0~2 h内快速增长,2 h后吸水率增长缓慢,直至8 h时基本不再上升。结果表明,不同杂粮的吸水特性存在明显差异。绿豆、黑豆和红豆吸水较快,而黑米吸水较慢,这主要是由于黑米具有致密的糠层,水分渗透困难,导致吸水速率较慢[16]。为确保杂粮能充分吸收水分并节省时间,选取吸水率基本稳定时所用的最短时间为浸泡时间。因此,确定黑米的浸泡时间为2 h、红豆的浸泡时间为8 h。但由于绿豆和黑豆在未达到饱和吸水状态时表皮即开始脱落,为保证其外观完好和种粒完整,选取绿豆浸泡时间3 h、黑豆浸泡时间3 h进行后续实验。
绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米四种杂粮经不同时间微波处理后的外观形态如图2所示,糊化度和感官评分如图3所示。由图2可以看出,随着微波时间的延长,绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的种皮颜色均逐渐加深,且表皮出现不同程度的皱缩和开裂现象。由图3可以看出,经微波处理后,绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的最高糊化度差异较大。绿豆的最高糊化度在40%左右,黑豆和黑米的糊化度最高可达到90%以上,而红豆的最高糊化度则较低,在30%以下。不同杂粮的糊化度差异可能与它们的淀粉结构和组成有关[17]。随着微波时间的增加,四种杂粮的糊化度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。这可能是由于微波时间过长,导致杂粮中的水分含量降低,不利于淀粉吸水和加热糊化,导致糊化度降低[18]。绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米糊化度的最大值分别出现在微波处理5、6、6、5 min时,分别为44.85%、92.86%、29.73%、97.78%。感官评分的变化趋势与糊化度大致相同,绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的感官评分最大值分别出现在微波处理5、5、6、4 min时,对应的感官评分分别为83.19、86.95、79.82、82.52分。虽然微波6 min的黑豆和微波5 min的黑米糊化度较高,但破裂现象较严重。因此综合杂粮糊化度和感官评分,最终筛选出各杂粮的微波处理时间为:绿豆5 min、黑豆5 min、红豆6 min、黑米4 min。
微波预熟化前后绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的基本营养成分变化如图4所示。由图4可以看出,不同杂粮在预熟化前的基本营养成分存在显著差异(P<0.05),这与不同杂粮的籽粒结构和化学成分密切相关[19]。经微波预熟化处理后,绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的水分含量、脂肪含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。水分含量的降低主要归因于微波加热带来的高温促使水分迅速蒸发散失。脂肪含量的下降则可能是由于高温加速了脂质的氧化反应所致,该现象在李鹏[20]对黑豆的研究中也有类似发现。预熟化处理后四种杂粮中淀粉含量均显著增加(P<0.05),这可能是由于微波处理导致杂粮细胞结构破坏,使得原本被细胞壁束缚的淀粉得以释放,从而提高了淀粉含量[21]。此外,蛋白质含量在微波预熟化前后无显著差异(P>0.05),这是由于微波处理可能导致部分蛋白质变性,但其中总氮含量未发生变化[22]。
蒸煮特性是评价杂粮品质的主要方面之一,本研究通过测定杂粮的熟化时间、复水率、体积膨胀率和蒸煮损失率来分析微波预熟化处理对杂粮蒸煮特性的影响,测定结果如表3所示。可以看出,绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的熟化时间分别为41.67、47.67、69.67、49.00 min,经过预糊化后,四种杂粮的熟化时间显著降低(P<0.05)。当进行微波处理后,杂粮表皮受到不同程度的破损,由于水分的快速扩散和部分淀粉颗粒的糊化,加速了杂粮的熟化过程,从而缩短了熟化时间[23]。微波处理后,四种杂粮的熟化时间在25~35 min范围内,与大米熟化时间相当,能够实现与大米的共煮同熟。由表3可知,与原粮相比,微波处理后的绿豆、黑豆、红豆、黑米的复水率和体积膨胀率均显著增大(P<0.05)。陈楚瑶[24]在研究微波处理红豆时也观察到类似现象,这种现象可能与杂粮表皮形成裂缝有关。杂粮表皮产生的裂缝有助于水的进入,从而提高了吸水速率。杂粮籽粒开裂程度不同,导致其吸水能力存在差异。黑米微波处理时间较短,黑米表皮未出现明显开裂,吸水能力相比黑米原粮增加幅度较小。蒸煮损失率是反映杂粮蒸煮品质的指标之一。蒸煮损失率较低意味着在蒸煮过程中杂粮能够较好地保持其原有的结构和营养成分。经过微波预熟化的杂粮,由于其表皮产生裂缝,水分更容易进入杂粮内部,促进了淀粉的糊化和籽粒的膨胀,但同时也导致部分淀粉在蒸煮过程中溶出,增加了蒸煮损失率。
色度是评价杂粮品质的重要指标之一,表4是利用色差仪测定预熟化前后绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的L*、a*、b*值结果。L*值代表亮度,L*值越大,表明样品亮度越高;a*值代表红绿色度,正值数值越大,表明样品颜色越偏红,反之则越偏绿;b*值代表黄蓝色度,正值数值越大,表明样品颜色越偏黄,反之则越偏蓝[25]。由表4可知,预熟化处理显著影响了杂粮的色度(P<0.05)。经预熟化处理后,绿豆、红豆和黑豆的L*值降低,a*和b*值升高,表明微波处理使绿豆、红豆和黑豆变暗,绿豆绿色变深、红豆和黑豆红色变深,黄度增加。黑米的L*、a*、b*值分别为28.04、1.03、1.58,预熟化后其色泽加深,L*值增大,a*、b*值减小。经微波预熟化后四种杂粮颜色的差异性可能与黄酮类、多酚类等呈色物质的含量有关[26],也有可能与微波处理过程中杂粮发生了不同程度的美拉德反应、焦糖化反应等非酶褐变有关[27]。
利用电子鼻对预熟化前后杂粮的挥发性气味物质进行测定,提取对应的18个传感器响应值制作雷达图(图5)和主成分分析图(图6)。由图5可知,绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米四种杂粮在传感器sensor_4、sensor_5、sensor_6、sensor_9和sensor_14均表现出较高的响应值,这些传感器主要对硫化物、含氮物质、醛酮类化合物、烷烃类化合物、醇类以及甲烷灵敏。四种杂粮对这五个传感器的响应存在明显差异,其中黑豆对传感器的响应值最高,红豆和绿豆次之,黑米最低。这主要是由于豆类和米类在挥发性气味物质的种类、浓度和化学特性上的差异引起的[28]。豆类中的挥发性气味物质主要为小分子醛/醇类和含硫化合物[29],这些化合物含有高活性官能团,易与电子鼻的金属氧化物半导体传感器发生氧化还原反应,产生强电信号。而黑米中主要为吡嗪类、麦芽酚和2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉[30],为高阈值香气成分,不易被电子鼻传感器捕获。由图5可知,预熟化处理前后雷达图的外形轮廓未发生明显变化,仅面积改变,说明预熟化处理未改变挥发性气味物质类别。由图6主成分分析图可知,预熟化前后黑豆、红豆、黑米主成分1和主成分2的总贡献率分别为86.1%、86.2%、86.2%,超过85%,说明该结果能够反映出其整体气味信息。而预熟化前后绿豆主成分1和主成分2的总贡献率为80.5%,低于85%,这可能是由于绿豆中的挥发性气味物质在预熟化处理过程中发生相互作用或转化,导致主成分分析的贡献率相对较低。雷达图和主成分分析结果表明,微波预熟化处理对四种杂粮的挥发性气味特征产生了显著影响。预熟化后的黑豆、红豆和黑米的电子鼻传感器响应值较处理前明显增加,整体气味信号强度增强。
采用质构仪对绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米四种杂粮预熟化前后的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性进行测定,结果如表5所示。硬度和弹性是影响杂粮食用品质的重要因素。研究表明,硬度越低、弹性越高,其食用品质越佳[31]。经过微波预熟化处理后,绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的硬度和咀嚼性均显著降低(P<0.05),弹性显著升高(P<0.05),食用品质提高。这是因为杂粮结构较为致密,吸水性较差,预熟化以后吸水性增强,杂粮变软造成硬度和咀嚼性的降低。弹性升高则是由于预熟化后的杂粮已经部分熟化,在相同的蒸煮时间内能够达到更佳的熟化程度,使得杂粮内部的纤维结构变得更为松散,水分更容易渗透和保持,从而表现出更高的弹性。大米蒸煮后的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性分别为1088.36 gf、0.93和189.81 gf。从整体来看,经预熟化处理后的绿豆、黑豆、红豆、黑米的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性都更接近于大米,说明预熟化后其口感与大米较为接近,能够达到与大米共煮同熟的目的。
糊化特性是影响杂粮食用品质的重要指标。采用RVA对预熟化前后绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的糊化特性进行测定,结果如表6所示。可以看出,与绿豆、红豆和黑米相比,黑豆的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度极低,这主要与黑豆中的低淀粉含量和高蛋白高脂肪有关。由表可知,除黑豆外,绿豆、红豆、黑米三种杂粮预熟化前后的糊化特性具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。预熟化后,绿豆、红豆和黑米的黏度值均显著降低(P<0.05)。这主要是由于绿豆、红豆和黑米中的部分淀粉颗粒在微波处理过程中已经糊化,故无法在RVA测试的升温阶段再次经历剧烈的吸水膨胀和破裂过程。衰减值为峰值黏度和谷值黏度的差值,能够反映样品的热稳定性[32]。回生值是最终黏度与谷值黏度的差值,回生值越高表示淀粉冷糊稳定性越差、越容易老化[33]。预熟化处理后,绿豆、红豆和黑米的衰减值和回生值均显著降低(P<0.05),表明经微波处理后,绿豆、红豆和黑米三种杂粮的热稳定性增强,且淀粉不易老化。这一结果与Cao等[34]利用微波处理藜麦淀粉的发现相一致。其原因可能是微波处理使淀粉分子发生部分解聚,或使直链淀粉-脂质复合物含量增加,从而抑制了淀粉链在冷却过程中的重新排列与结晶[35]。
糊化温度反映了淀粉糊化的难易程度,糊化温度越高,淀粉糊化越困难。由表6可知,绿豆、红豆、黑米的糊化温度分别为80.13、78.73、72.62 ℃,预熟化后,三种杂粮的糊化温度分别升高为82.28、93.63、89.67 ℃。糊化温度的升高,可能是由于微波处理导致淀粉分子间相互作用增强,形成了更稳定的结构,因此需要更高的温度才能破坏这种结构并使其糊化[36]。黑豆在快速黏度分析仪测试中未检测到糊化温度,这可能是由于其高蛋白特性使蛋白质变性凝胶成为黏度主导因素,掩盖了淀粉糊化的典型信号。
采用感官评分的方法探究预熟化黑米与大米的最佳复配比例,结果如图7A所示。随着预熟化黑米添加量的增加,混合米饭的感官评分呈先升高后下降的趋势。当预熟化黑米和大米的复配比例为3:7时,混合米饭的感官评分最高,为85.38。当预熟化黑米添加量较少时,由于大米量较大,混合米饭颜色较浅,口感较软、质地黏稠;当预熟化黑米添加量较多时,混合米饭颜色较深,口感较硬,质地较为松散[37]。在预熟化黑米、大米复配的基础上,添加预熟化绿豆、预熟化黑豆和预熟化红豆以丰富杂粮复配米饭的口感和风味,不同复配比例下杂粮复配米饭感官评价结果如图7B所示。可以看出,当预熟化绿豆、预熟化黑豆、预熟化红豆和混合米的比例为15:10:5:70,即预熟化绿豆、预熟化黑豆、预熟化红豆、预熟化黑米和大米的比例为15:10:5:21:49时,杂粮复配米饭具有最高的感官评分,为88.43分。预熟化红豆的复配比例低于预熟化绿豆、预熟化黑豆和预熟化黑米,这可能与红豆较低的糊化度和较长的熟化时间有关。因此最终确定共煮同熟杂粮复配米配方为:预熟化绿豆、预熟化黑豆、预熟化红豆、预熟化黑米和大米的比例为15:10:5:21:49。
对共煮同熟杂粮复配米的消化特性进行测定,结果如图8和表7所示。由图8可知,所有样品的水解率均随消化时间的延长先大幅度升高,然后缓慢升高并最终趋于平缓。在相同的时间下,水解率从大到小依次为:大米>混合米>共煮同熟杂粮复配米,说明大米易消化,而共煮同熟杂粮复配米更不易消化。由表7可以看出,共煮同熟杂粮复配米、混合米和大米的RDS、SDS和RS含量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。混合米RDS含量显著低于大米,SDS和RS含量显著高于大米,这可能是因为黑米的添加增加了混合米中的膳食纤维和RS含量,从而影响了其消化特性。复配后含有多种杂粮的共煮同熟杂粮复配米具有最高的SDS和RS,说明添加杂粮减缓了淀粉消化的速度。大米、混合米和共煮同熟杂粮复配米的eGI值分别为89.15、78.55和64.61。共煮同熟杂粮复配米的eGI值最低,属于中GI(55<eGI≤70)食物,这表明添加多种杂粮后,共煮同熟杂粮复配米在消化过程中能更缓慢地释放葡萄糖,使血糖上升更为平缓,更适合需要控制血糖的人群食用。综上,相比于大米和混合米,共煮同熟杂粮复配米在体外消化过程中表现出更优的特性。其较高的SDS和RS含量,以及较低的eGI值,共同体现了添加多种杂粮对淀粉消化速度的减缓作用。
本研究采用微波预处理技术对绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米进行预熟化处理,研究了其对四种杂粮品质特性的影响,并确定了共煮同熟杂粮复配米的最佳比例。通过单因素实验确定了绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的最佳浸泡时间分别为3、3、8、2 h。以感官评分和糊化度为指标,得到绿豆、黑豆、红豆和黑米的最佳微波时间分别为5、5、6、4 min。结果表明,微波预处理显著改善了杂粮品质。预熟化处理后的四种杂粮水分含量和脂肪含量降低,淀粉含量增加,蛋白质含量无明显变化;熟化时间缩短至25~35 min,复水率、体积膨胀率和蒸煮损失率增加。经预熟化处理的绿豆、红豆和黑豆的L*值降低,a*和b*值升高,黑米则相反。根据电子鼻结果发现,除绿豆外,预熟化后黑豆、红豆、黑米气味响应值明显增加。预熟化处理后,四种杂粮的硬度和咀嚼性降低,弹性升高,与蒸煮后的大米更加接近。除黑豆外,预熟化后,绿豆、红豆和黑米的黏度值、衰减值和回生值降低,糊化温度升高。共煮同熟杂粮复配米的最佳配比为:预熟化绿豆、预熟化黑豆、预熟化红豆、预熟化黑米和大米的比例为15:10:5:21:49,其SDS、RS含量较高,eGI值为64.61,属于中GI食物,适合血糖控制人群。综上所述,本研究阐明了微波预处理改善多种杂粮品质特性的作用效果,所开发的共煮同熟杂粮复配米产品兼具食用便利性与营养健康价值,为杂粮主食化产品的开发提供了重要的理论依据与数据支撑。未来研究可进一步开展动物试验,以深入探究共煮同熟杂粮复配米在生物体内的消化吸收情况。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070063
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
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    哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028

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马春敏(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:大豆、谷物化学与加工机理研究,E-mail:。
张娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品蛋白与食品安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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