Article(id=1320881852240482320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070222, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752768000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852374372, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852374372, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852374372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852374372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=95, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881852450197521, articleId=1320881852240482320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Mechanisms of Naringenin and Naringin in Inhibiting the Glycation of Bovine Serum Albumin, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study established bovine serum albumin (BSA)-fructose and a BSA-methylglyoxal (MGO) model system to explore the inhibitory mechanisms of two flavonoids, naringenin and naringin, against advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The inhibitory effects of naringenin and naringin on the glycation products at different stages of the reaction and their protective effects on the protein structures were measured. Notably, the structures of the adducts formed by them and MGO were elucidated to further investigate their anti-glycation abilities. The results showed that the inhibitory rates of naringenin and naringin against AGEs increased with increasing concentration. When the naringenin and naringin concentration was 2 mg/mL, their inhibitory rates against AGEs in both the BSA-fructose and BSA-MGO systems were >80%, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of aminoguanidine. In terms of protein structure protection, they protected the microenvironment of protein fluorophores, with a fluorescence recovery rate of >25%. In addition, they increased the content of free sulfhydryl groups as well as the inhibitory rate against kynurenine, both of which reaching >95%. These increases effectively inhibited the formation of protein oxidation products. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) showed that both naringenin and naringin formed mono-adducts and bis-adducts after reacting with methylglyoxal (MGO). Collectively, naringenin and naringin had good anti-glycation effects and inhibited AGEs through antioxidant action, thereby capturing intermediate products and chelating metal ions. These results indicate that naringenin and naringin can serve as safe and effective AGEs inhibitors with potential applications in food and medicine.

, authors=Xiangfei HAN1, Tianyu HOU1, Yana ZHAO1, Ziqing ZHAO2, He LI1, *, authorsList=Xiangfei HAN, Tianyu HOU, Yana ZHAO, Ziqing ZHAO, He LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=He LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881854287302692, articleId=1320881852240482320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=柚皮素及柚皮苷抑制牛血清蛋白糖化机理, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究柚皮素及柚皮苷两种黄酮类化合物对晚期糖基化终末产物(Advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的抑制机制,本文通过构建牛血清蛋白(Bovine serum albumin,BSA)-果糖和BSA-甲基乙二醛(Methylglyoxal,MGO)模型体系,测定柚皮素和柚皮苷对反应中不同阶段糖基化产物的抑制效果及对蛋白质结构的保护作用,同时检测了二者与MGO所产生加合物的结构,进而探讨两者抗糖化的能力。结果表明,柚皮素和柚皮苷对AGEs的抑制率随浓度的增大而增加,当柚皮素和柚皮苷浓度为2 mg/mL时,其对BSA-果糖和BSA-MGO体系中AGEs的抑制率均超过80%,显著(P<0.05)优于氨基胍;在蛋白质结构保护方面,二者可以保护蛋白荧光团微环境,使荧光回收率达25%以上;增加游离巯基含量,对犬尿氨酸的抑制率均达到95%以上,有效抑制蛋白氧化产物的生成;高效液相色谱-质谱联用(High performance liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HPLC-MS)分析显示,柚皮素和柚皮苷在与MGO反应后均生成单加合物和双加合物。综上所述,柚皮素以及柚皮苷具有良好的抗糖化效果,并且它们通过抗氧化作用、捕获中间产物和螯合金属离子来达到抑制AGEs的效果。这些发现表明柚皮素和柚皮苷可以作为一种安全、有效的AGEs抑制剂,在食品、医药等领域具有一定的应用前景。

, authors=韩香妃1, 侯天宇1, 赵亚娜1, 赵子青2, 李河1, *, authorsList=韩香妃, 侯天宇, 赵亚娜, 赵子青, 李河, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李河, authorNote=

韩香妃(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物与食品化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李河(1987−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品新资源开发、食品天然产物化学,E-mail:。
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韩香妃(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物与食品化学,E-mail:

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注:不同小写字母表示柚皮素不同浓度间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示柚皮苷不同浓度间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),图3~图4、图6~图7同;“*”表示浓度在2 mg/mL时柚皮素和氨基胍存在显著性差异(P<0.05),“−”表示浓度在2 mg/mL时柚皮苷和氨基胍不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Wzb5YjKJrL0LOV93VDrQow==, figureFileBig=0z2AAfHqCBDNRXqjckKUgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881858645184592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fluorescence intensities of naringenin and naringin at a concentration of 2 mg/mL from 0 to 14 days and at different concentrations on the 7th day, figureFileSmall=NpFbFC89LS4bVS0aoce08g==, figureFileBig=VJLd6Wde8c2mfz5buiotrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881858703904849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=CN, label=图2, caption=柚皮素和柚皮苷在2 mg/mL浓度下0~14 d荧光强度和在第7 d不同浓度下的荧光强度, figureFileSmall=NpFbFC89LS4bVS0aoce08g==, figureFileBig=VJLd6Wde8c2mfz5buiotrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881858775208018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Inhibitory rates of naringenin, naringin and aminoguanidine on fructosamine, figureFileSmall=CObjm1XfejW+wSDQZ4bilQ==, figureFileBig=7XYHf8DqF9uI654EOA56Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881858842316883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=CN, label=图3, caption=柚皮素、柚皮苷及氨基胍对果糖胺的抑制率

注:“*”表示在2 mg/mL时柚皮苷和氨基胍存在显著性差异(P<0.05);“−”表示在2 mg/mL时柚皮素和氨基胍不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=CObjm1XfejW+wSDQZ4bilQ==, figureFileBig=7XYHf8DqF9uI654EOA56Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881858909425748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Inhibition rates of naringenin, naringin and aminoguanidine on α-dicarbonyl compounds, figureFileSmall=yxWujGtnTtCZW3Ez4vvJnQ==, figureFileBig=Fp7V6gcpdRkJoc9niSl5QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881858972340309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=CN, label=图4, caption=柚皮素、柚皮苷及氨基胍对α-二羰基化合物的抑制率

注:“*”表示在2 mg/mL时柚皮素、柚皮苷与氨基胍均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=yxWujGtnTtCZW3Ez4vvJnQ==, figureFileBig=Fp7V6gcpdRkJoc9niSl5QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881859064614998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Chelating rates of ferrous ions by naringenin and naringin, figureFileSmall=nWTtui8JK1ECoKjQf+Ro1Q==, figureFileBig=3LYT+SxtJ3rup1VD9JuW9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881860717170775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=CN, label=图5, caption=柚皮素和柚皮苷对对亚铁离子的螯合率, figureFileSmall=nWTtui8JK1ECoKjQf+Ro1Q==, figureFileBig=3LYT+SxtJ3rup1VD9JuW9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881860792668248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Intrinsic fluorescence intensity (A) and fluorescence recovery rate (B) of the sample group and the control group, figureFileSmall=UoFVUQa2GftSa59NpgfwqQ==, figureFileBig=hdFgrcy4rkPKiXsGh1767Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881860863971417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=CN, label=图6, caption=样品组与对照组的本征荧光强度(A)和荧光回收率(B)

注:图(A)“*”表示在2 mg/mL时柚皮苷与氨基胍存在显著性差异(P<0.05);“−”表示在2 mg/mL时柚皮素和氨基胍不存在显著性差异(P>0.05);图(B)“*”表示在2 mg/mL时柚皮素、柚皮苷与氨基胍均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=UoFVUQa2GftSa59NpgfwqQ==, figureFileBig=hdFgrcy4rkPKiXsGh1767Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881860960440410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Content of free sulfhydryl groups in the sample group and the control group, figureFileSmall=AbqgtX5LAie1zE7EHymYmw==, figureFileBig=/+Ro3EFuGQuWtZrkUpQRKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881861035937883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=CN, label=图7, caption=样品组和对照组中游离巯基含量

注:“*”表示在2 mg/mL时柚皮素、柚皮苷与氨基胍均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=AbqgtX5LAie1zE7EHymYmw==, figureFileBig=/+Ro3EFuGQuWtZrkUpQRKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881861119823964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Inhibitory effects of naringenin (A) and naringin (B) on protein oxidation products, figureFileSmall=cTjziIAQf5HlSm3/7/qOfg==, figureFileBig=3QFX45YEhzMv01u7O8X0Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881861182738525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=CN, label=图8, caption=柚皮素(A)和柚皮苷(B)对蛋白质氧化产物的抑制作用

注:不同小写字母表示同一组别不同浓度间具有显著性差异(P<0.05);“*”表示在2 mg/mL时柚皮素与氨基胍和柚皮苷与氨基胍均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=cTjziIAQf5HlSm3/7/qOfg==, figureFileBig=3QFX45YEhzMv01u7O8X0Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881861241458782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Chromatograms and MS spectra of naringenin and naringin, figureFileSmall=dhxAQKhEdmpLdR0nz6suJw==, figureFileBig=+AVJ0siSqkCxEeUs12XEOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881861329539167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=CN, label=图9, caption=柚皮素和柚皮苷的色谱图及MS谱图

注:(A)~(F)为色谱图,(a)~(f)为MS谱图。

, figureFileSmall=dhxAQKhEdmpLdR0nz6suJw==, figureFileBig=+AVJ0siSqkCxEeUs12XEOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881861400842336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Inhibition rates of AGEs by samples of different concentrations at different reaction times (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抑制剂浓度(mg/mL)孵育天数(d)
0124714
柚皮素24.06±0.06a63.57±1.60a65.34±1.12a70.74±1.43a77.66±1.50a86.18±1.92a
柚皮苷5.18±0.03A67.67±1.71A69.32±1.4A80.94±1.7A82.55±1.20A92.01±2.1A
氨基胍4.17±0.0566.22±1.4967.81±1.379.19±1.5581.31±1.4090.58±2.4
柚皮素11.03±0.03b43.38±1.30b49.53±1.56b55.88±1.47b66.18±1.62b79.18±1.83b
柚皮苷2.89±0.04B44.94±1.32B54.84±1.51B63.58±1.50B75.48±1.30B80.75±1.54B
柚皮素0.10.02±0.01c24.31±0.53c31.66±0.83c32.81±1.34c43.29±1.34c46.33±1.50c
柚皮苷0.54±0.01C26.72±1.11C38.26±1.33C35.38±1.21C49.56±1.52C48.26±1.22C
柚皮素0.02−12.67±0.13d13.24±0.09d15.64±0.92d25.29±1.27d26.63±1.14d
柚皮苷−12.38±0.08D17.48±1.01D18.74±0.46D26.4±1.18D30.98±1.34D
柚皮素0.01−2.92±0.01e3.53±0.04e4.18±0.02e11.77±0.91e12.82±0.30e
柚皮苷−3.06±0.03E6.84±0.08E6.95±0.05E12.28±0.88E15.89±0.05E
), ArticleFig(id=1320881861480534113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881852240482320, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同浓度抑制剂在不同反应时间下对AGEs的抑制率(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抑制剂浓度(mg/mL)孵育天数(d)
0124714
柚皮素24.06±0.06a63.57±1.60a65.34±1.12a70.74±1.43a77.66±1.50a86.18±1.92a
柚皮苷5.18±0.03A67.67±1.71A69.32±1.4A80.94±1.7A82.55±1.20A92.01±2.1A
氨基胍4.17±0.0566.22±1.4967.81±1.379.19±1.5581.31±1.4090.58±2.4
柚皮素11.03±0.03b43.38±1.30b49.53±1.56b55.88±1.47b66.18±1.62b79.18±1.83b
柚皮苷2.89±0.04B44.94±1.32B54.84±1.51B63.58±1.50B75.48±1.30B80.75±1.54B
柚皮素0.10.02±0.01c24.31±0.53c31.66±0.83c32.81±1.34c43.29±1.34c46.33±1.50c
柚皮苷0.54±0.01C26.72±1.11C38.26±1.33C35.38±1.21C49.56±1.52C48.26±1.22C
柚皮素0.02−12.67±0.13d13.24±0.09d15.64±0.92d25.29±1.27d26.63±1.14d
柚皮苷−12.38±0.08D17.48±1.01D18.74±0.46D26.4±1.18D30.98±1.34D
柚皮素0.01−2.92±0.01e3.53±0.04e4.18±0.02e11.77±0.91e12.82±0.30e
柚皮苷−3.06±0.03E6.84±0.08E6.95±0.05E12.28±0.88E15.89±0.05E
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柚皮素及柚皮苷抑制牛血清蛋白糖化机理
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韩香妃 1 , 侯天宇 1 , 赵亚娜 1 , 赵子青 2 , 李河 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(16): 95-105
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (16) : 95 -105
柚皮素及柚皮苷抑制牛血清蛋白糖化机理
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韩香妃1 , 侯天宇1, 赵亚娜1, 赵子青2, 李河1, *
作者信息
  • 1中北大学化学与化工学院,山西太原 030051
  • 2晋中农高区认证服务有限公司,山西晋中 030800
通讯作者:
李河(1987−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品新资源开发、食品天然产物化学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

韩香妃(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物与食品化学,E-mail:

Mechanisms of Naringenin and Naringin in Inhibiting the Glycation of Bovine Serum Albumin
Xiangfei HAN1 , Tianyu HOU1, Yana ZHAO1, Ziqing ZHAO2, He LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
  • 2Jinzhong Agricultural Hi-tech Industries Demonstration Zone Certification Service Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030800, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070222
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为探究柚皮素及柚皮苷两种黄酮类化合物对晚期糖基化终末产物(Advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的抑制机制,本文通过构建牛血清蛋白(Bovine serum albumin,BSA)-果糖和BSA-甲基乙二醛(Methylglyoxal,MGO)模型体系,测定柚皮素和柚皮苷对反应中不同阶段糖基化产物的抑制效果及对蛋白质结构的保护作用,同时检测了二者与MGO所产生加合物的结构,进而探讨两者抗糖化的能力。结果表明,柚皮素和柚皮苷对AGEs的抑制率随浓度的增大而增加,当柚皮素和柚皮苷浓度为2 mg/mL时,其对BSA-果糖和BSA-MGO体系中AGEs的抑制率均超过80%,显著(P<0.05)优于氨基胍;在蛋白质结构保护方面,二者可以保护蛋白荧光团微环境,使荧光回收率达25%以上;增加游离巯基含量,对犬尿氨酸的抑制率均达到95%以上,有效抑制蛋白氧化产物的生成;高效液相色谱-质谱联用(High performance liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HPLC-MS)分析显示,柚皮素和柚皮苷在与MGO反应后均生成单加合物和双加合物。综上所述,柚皮素以及柚皮苷具有良好的抗糖化效果,并且它们通过抗氧化作用、捕获中间产物和螯合金属离子来达到抑制AGEs的效果。这些发现表明柚皮素和柚皮苷可以作为一种安全、有效的AGEs抑制剂,在食品、医药等领域具有一定的应用前景。

柚皮素  /  柚皮苷  /  AGEs  /  抗糖化  /  丙酮醛

This study established bovine serum albumin (BSA)-fructose and a BSA-methylglyoxal (MGO) model system to explore the inhibitory mechanisms of two flavonoids, naringenin and naringin, against advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The inhibitory effects of naringenin and naringin on the glycation products at different stages of the reaction and their protective effects on the protein structures were measured. Notably, the structures of the adducts formed by them and MGO were elucidated to further investigate their anti-glycation abilities. The results showed that the inhibitory rates of naringenin and naringin against AGEs increased with increasing concentration. When the naringenin and naringin concentration was 2 mg/mL, their inhibitory rates against AGEs in both the BSA-fructose and BSA-MGO systems were >80%, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of aminoguanidine. In terms of protein structure protection, they protected the microenvironment of protein fluorophores, with a fluorescence recovery rate of >25%. In addition, they increased the content of free sulfhydryl groups as well as the inhibitory rate against kynurenine, both of which reaching >95%. These increases effectively inhibited the formation of protein oxidation products. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) showed that both naringenin and naringin formed mono-adducts and bis-adducts after reacting with methylglyoxal (MGO). Collectively, naringenin and naringin had good anti-glycation effects and inhibited AGEs through antioxidant action, thereby capturing intermediate products and chelating metal ions. These results indicate that naringenin and naringin can serve as safe and effective AGEs inhibitors with potential applications in food and medicine.

naringenin  /  naringin  /  advanced glycation end products  /  anti-glycation  /  methylglyoxa
韩香妃, 侯天宇, 赵亚娜, 赵子青, 李河. 柚皮素及柚皮苷抑制牛血清蛋白糖化机理. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 95 -105 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070222
Xiangfei HAN, Tianyu HOU, Yana ZHAO, Ziqing ZHAO, He LI. Mechanisms of Naringenin and Naringin in Inhibiting the Glycation of Bovine Serum Albumin[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 95 -105 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070222
蛋白质糖基化又被称为美拉德反应,是还原糖的羰基和游离氨基酸、肽、蛋白质的氨基之间发生的非酶褐变反应[1],通常在食品的加工和贮藏中自发性发生,经过多步的缩合反应和聚合反应,形成包括芳香化合物、色素化合物、晚期糖基化最终产物(AGEs)和类黑素等最终产物,也统称为美拉德反应产物(Multidrug resistance-associated proteins,MRPs)[2]。AGEs在人体内的生成路径比较复杂,但其生成与自由基的氧化反应显著相关[3]。大量研究表明,AGEs生成或摄入过多会在人体组织中积累,从而影响蛋白质和细胞的正常作用,进而诱发身体内各种病症,如糖尿病[4]、阿尔茨海默症[5]、帕金森[6]和炎症[7]等。此外,蛋白质糖基化反应在紫外线的照射下,会加剧皮肤氧化应激反应,造成皮肤的氧化损伤[8]。
为了抑制AGEs带来的健康威胁,当前一般使用氨基胍作为临床使用的治疗糖尿病及其并发症的抗糖化剂[9]。它可以捕获AGEs的前体物质α-二羰基化合物,生成稳定加合物,进而达到抑制AGEs生成的效果[10]。但是随着临床的使用,肾小球肾炎、贫血等患者会出现不良反应[11]。因此,当前研究都集中在开发低副作用的天然活性抗糖化剂来抑制AGEs的生成,如绿原酸[12]、多酚[13−14]、多糖[15]、萜类[16]、维生素[17]和黄酮[18]等天然产物均被证明具有良好的抗糖化效果。已有研究发现,超过20种以上的黄酮类物质高于氨基胍的抗糖化效果[19],如Qin等[20]研究发现芹菜素和木犀草素对AGEs的抑制率可以达到90%且高于氨基胍;Zhu等[21]研究表明儿茶素可以通过影响游离氨基和清除自由基达到抑制美拉德反应的效果;Ling等[22]也发现山奈酚对AGEs抑制率达到95%左右。但现有研究仍存在明显不足:多数黄酮的具体体内作用机制尚未明确,且高活性黄酮普遍价格昂贵,难以实现大规模推广应用。
柚皮素和柚皮苷作为代表性的黄酮类化合物,不仅来源广泛,价格低廉[23−24],且具有明显的缓解糖尿病[25−27]、抗骨质疏松[28−30]、抗癌[31]、调节代谢[32]、降脂[33]、抗菌[34]和防止氧化应激[35−36]等重要作用,能有效地防治心血管疾病[37−38]。针对已有研究的不足,本文以柚皮素和柚皮苷为研究对象,通过构建糖化体系来探究两者对蛋白质糖基化的抑制效果,阐明两者在体内具体的作用机制,为开发柚皮素和柚皮苷作为潜在抗氧化剂提供理论依据。
牛血清蛋白(BSA)(不含饱和脂肪酸,蛋白质含量>99%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;柚皮素、柚皮苷、氨基胍(AG,纯度≥98%)、丙酮醛(MGO,40%溶液)、吉拉尔特试剂T、L-半胱氨酸 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;那他霉素、甲酸钠、菲啰嗪、氯化亚铁、乙酸(纯度≥99.5%)、2-硝基苯甲酸(DTNB,纯度≥98%)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA,纯度≥99.5%)、氯化硝基四氮唑蓝(NBT,纯度≥98%) 麦克林试剂有限公司;以上均为分析纯。
SuPerMax2500F型酶标仪 上海闪谱生物科技有限公司;XM-P15H型超声波清洗机 小美超声仪器有限公司;PHS-25型pH检测计、N4S型紫外分光光度计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;IS-RDV1型恒温振荡器 浙江华呈仪器设备有限公司;PLUS-E2-20TJ型超纯水机 南京易普易达科技发展有限公司;LCMS-8050液相色谱-质谱联用仪 岛津公司。
参照Ni等[39]的方法进行制备,具体为:将BSA(20 mg/mL)与果糖(90.1 mg/mL)用磷酸缓冲液(PBS,0.1 mol/L、pH7.4)混合,作为对照组即糖化牛血清蛋白(GBSA),不加入果糖的牛血清蛋白(NBSA)作为空白对照组;样品组为加入柚皮素与柚皮苷的糖化牛血清蛋白,使其最终浓度分别为0.01、0.02、0.1、1、2 mg/mL。氨基胍(2 mg/mL)作为阳性对照。加入样品前,先将样品和BSA恒温37 ℃孵育10 min,再加入果糖开始反应。将样品组和对照组在恒温振荡培养箱(40 r/min、37 ℃)中孵育24 h,孵育结束后立即取出冰敷,进行后续实验。
参照1.2.1的方法,将果糖替换为MGO,将BSA(20 mg/mL)与MGO(5 mmol/L)在磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,0.1 mol/L、pH7.4)中混合,作为对照组(MBSA),不加入MGO的天然牛血清蛋白为空白对照组(NBSA)。加入与1.2.1同浓度梯度的柚皮素和柚皮苷作为样品组,氨基胍(2 mg/mL)为阳性对照。在恒温振荡培养箱(40 r/min、37 ℃)中振荡反应0、1、2、4、7和14 d,制备BSA-MGO糖化体系。当天反应结束后,立即取出反应溶液并将其置于冰水中以冷却备用。
分别吸取200 μL的样品组、阳性对照组和对照组(GBSA/MBSA)的反应溶液置于微孔板读数器中,用酶标仪在400~600 nm范围内,激发光为370 nm的条件下测定反应溶液的荧光含量和荧光光谱[40]。通过测量λex/λem=370/450 nm处的荧光强度来分析柚皮素和柚皮苷对AGEs的抑制效果并用IC50值进行比较。
$\rm \theta(\text{%}) =(1-{F}_{sample}/{F}_{control})\times 100 $
式中,Fsample为样品组或阳性对照组的荧光强度;Fcontrol为对照组(GBSA/MBSA)的荧光强度;θ表示样品组或阳性对照组对AGEs的抑制率。
采用NBT检测法检测果糖胺[41]。分别将样品组、阳性对照组和对照组(GBSA/MBSA)的反应溶液(40 μL)、320 μL的超纯水与NBT试剂(300 μmol/L)混合,并在25 ℃下反应15 min。氨基胍作为阳性对照。然后吸取200 μL的混合溶液置于微孔板读数器中,用酶标仪测量530 nm处的吸光度。
$\rm \mathrm{P }(\text{%})=[1-({\mathrm{A }}_{sample}-{\mathrm{A }}_{blank})/({\mathrm{A }}_{control}-{\mathrm{A }}_{blank})]\times 100 $
式中,P为样品组或阳性对照组对果糖胺的抑制率(%);Ablank为用相同量的蒸馏水代替反应溶液所测量的吸光度;Asample表示样品组的吸光度;Acontrol表示对照组(GBSA)的吸光度。
通过吉拉尔特试剂T法测定α-二羰基化合物的含量[42]。分别将40 μL样品组、阳性对照组和对照组(GBSA/MBSA)的反应溶液、160 μL超纯水、100 μL吉拉尔特试剂T(0.5 mol/L)和1.7 mL甲酸钠(0.5 mol/L,pH2.9)在室温下混合反应1 h,吸取200 μL的混合溶液置于微孔板读数器中,做五组平行对照,使用酶标仪测量290 nm处的吸光度。
$\rm \mathrm{P }(\text{%})=[1-({\mathrm{A }}_{sample}-{\mathrm{A }}_{blank})/({\mathrm{A }}_{control}-{\mathrm{A }}_{blank})]\times 100 $
式中,P为样品组或阳性对照组对α-二羰基化合物的抑制率(%);Ablank为用相同量的蒸馏水代替反应溶液所测量的吸光度;Asample表示样品组的吸光度;Acontrol表示对照组(GBSA)的吸光度。
参照Wu[42]的方法稍作修改,参照1.2.1的方法,对照组为糖化牛血清蛋白(GBSA),加入浓度为5、10、20、30、40和50 μmol/L的柚皮素和柚皮苷作为样品组,反应24 h,结束后取1 mL样品组反应液与2 mL氯化亚铁(50 μmol/L)混合5 min,然后加入2 mL菲啰嗪(500 μmol/L),将混合物静置10 min。使用分光光度计测量562 nm处的吸光度。用乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)作为阳性对照来对比柚皮素与柚皮苷对亚铁离子的螯合率。
$\rm 螯合率(\text{%})=(1-{A}_{sample}/{A}_{control})\times 100 $
式中,Asample为样品组的吸光度;Acontrol为对照组(GBSA)的吸光度。
吸取200 μL的样品组和对照组的反应溶液置于微孔板读数器中,使用酶标仪测定NBSA和GBSA样品在280 nm激发下的本征荧光强度。发射和激发狭缝宽度为2.5 nm。测量最大固有荧光度以评估糖化诱导的BSA的结构变化[43],计算荧光回收率。
$ \rm 荧光回收率(\text{%})=\left[({A}_{sample}-{A}_{control})/({A}_{blank}-{A}_{control})\right]\times 100 $
式中,Ablank为NBSA所测量的荧光强度;Asample表示样品组的荧光强度;Acontrol表示GBSA的荧光强度。
Ellman法[44]测定糖化蛋白的游离巯基含量。将50 μL GBSA与200 μL DTNB(2.5 mg/mL)在PBS缓冲液中混合,并在室温下反应15 min,然后用Varioskan LUX微孔板读数器记录412 nm处的吸光度。根据L-半胱氨酸溶液与DTNB反应得到的校准曲线计算游离巯基的含量[45]。
$ \text{游离巯基含量}(\text{µ} \mathrm{mol}/\mathrm{g})=\text{(c×V×D)/m} $
式中,c:由标准曲线求得的样品反应液中游离巯基浓度(μmol/L);V:样品反应液体积(L);D:稀释倍数;m:牛血清蛋白的质量(g)。
蛋白质氧化产物的水平基于330/415、365/480和325/434 nm波长下的特征荧光(激发波长/发射波长)[46]。用Varioskan LUX微孔板读取器测量每个糖化蛋白质样品的荧光强度,激发和发射狭缝的宽度均为10 nm,计算样品组对三种氧化产物的抑制率。
$\rm 抑制率(\text{%})=[({F}_{control}-{F}_{sample})/{F}_{control}]\times 100 $
式中,Fsample为样品组的荧光强度;Fcontrol为对照组(GBSA)的荧光强度。
将柚皮素与柚皮苷样品(200 μmol/L)和丙酮醛40%溶液(5 mmol/L)混合后在37 ℃下孵育6 h。通过0.22 μmol/L注射器尼龙膜过滤样品。采用超高效液相色谱系统-三重四极杆质谱仪鉴定加合物结构。液相色谱条件:色谱柱规格为Shim-pack GIST-HP C18-AQ (100 mm×2.1 mm I.D., 1.9 μm),温度40 ℃,80%溶剂A(0.1%甲酸水溶液)和20%溶剂B(100%乙腈)以0.5 mL/min的流速洗脱15 min;质谱条件:全扫描模式,ESI源,范围:70~1000 m/z,负离子模式,喷雾电压3.0 kV,毛细管温度300 ℃,鞘气流速28 (arbitrary units),辅助器流速15 (arbitrary units),扫气流速4 (arbitrary units)[39]。
所有实验均重复三次,结果用平均值±标准差表示,数据采用Excel 2016进行处理,统计分析采用IBM SPSS Statistics 20进行单因素方差分析和相关性处理,P<0.05表示有显著性差异,采用Origin 2024作图。
蛋白质糖基化反应的最终物质即为AGEs,因此测定AGEs的含量可以直接反应物质的抗糖化效率。本实验通过测量反应24 h结束后各个混合溶液中AGEs的荧光强度,来确定AGEs的含量,并计算柚皮素和柚皮苷对AGEs的抑制率。结果如图1所示,两种黄酮对AGEs的抑制率均随着浓度的增加而升高。经拟合计算,柚皮素IC50值为0.42 mg/mL,柚皮苷IC50值为 0.39 mg/mL,证明柚皮苷效果优于柚皮素。当柚皮素、柚皮苷及氨基胍浓度均为2 mg/mL时,柚皮苷与氨基胍效果无显著性差异(P>0.05),柚皮素显著低于氨基胍(P<0.05)。作为天然活性成分,这依然表明柚皮素和柚皮苷可作为一种良好的AGEs抑制剂,进而调控牛血清蛋白糖化。程磊[47]研究了原花青素和经过乳酸菌分解后的花青素两者的抗糖能力,发现经过乳酸菌作用后的花青素抗糖能力更强,对AGEs的抑制率达到了56.66%,但是效果不如柚皮素及柚皮苷。
众所周知,MGO是部分AGEs的重要前体物质,为了进一步探究柚皮素和柚皮苷抑制AGEs的机理,本实验构建了牛血清蛋白-MGO体系,测定柚皮素和柚皮苷对AGEs的抑制率。
表1数据表明,抑制率随着孵育浓度和时间的增加而增加。在14 d,浓度为2 mg/mL时,柚皮素对AGEs的抑制率达到86.18%,柚皮苷抑制率为92.01%,氨基胍为90.58%,柚皮苷抑制效果良好。刘荟萃等[48]检测了同等孵育时间的下五种黄酮类物质对AGEs的抑制效果,抑制率最高达到85%。可以看出牛血清蛋白-MGO体系的结果与牛血清蛋白-果糖体系的结果基本接近。这也证明了柚皮素与柚皮苷对MGO的靶向作用在抑制AGEs方面占主导地位。
当柚皮素及柚皮苷浓度相同时,通过比较它们不同时期的荧光光谱图可以发现,随着时间的增加,它们的荧光强度在0到2 d急剧增长,从4 d开始增长速度趋于平缓,到7 d和14 d时,荧光强度相近,具体光谱图见图2(A)、图2(B)。同时,如图2(C)、图2(D)所示,通过比较孵育时间均为7 d时不同浓度的柚皮素及柚皮苷的荧光光谱变化,可以看出随着浓度的增大,荧光强度逐渐降低,当浓度达到2 mg/mL时,强度也达到了最低。均可证明柚皮素及柚皮苷均有抑制AGEs积累的效果。
果糖胺属于蛋白质糖基化的早期产物,抑制该产物的产生可以达到抑制AGEs的效果。在BSA-果糖糖化体系中,样品对果糖胺的抑制率见图3。当抑制率为50%时,柚皮素浓度为0.014 mg/mL,柚皮苷则为0.016 mg/mL,柚皮素效果略优于柚皮苷,但柚皮素、柚皮苷和氨基胍浓度均为2 mg/mL时,柚皮苷对果糖胺的抑制率达到66.3%,高于柚皮素(62.6%)和氨基胍(63.24%)。孙涛等[49]研究竹叶黄酮对果糖胺的抑制效果,发现当浓度为1 mg/mL时,竹叶黄酮对果糖胺的抑制率为52.13%。本文相同浓度下柚皮素及柚皮苷对果糖胺的抑制率均超过60%,抑制效果更优。
在蛋白质糖基化的过程中,α-二羰基化合物作为中间产物,其抑制率越高,就越能有效抑制糖基化终末产物的生成。本实验通过检测反应后样品中α-二羰基化合物的含量,并计算抑制率,结果如图4。当抑制率为50%时,柚皮素浓度为0.049 mg/mL,柚皮苷为0.058 mg/mL,柚皮素效果优于柚皮苷。在同浓度(2 mg/mL)下,柚皮素对α-二羰基化合物的抑制率高达98.31%,柚皮苷对其的抑制率也在97.29%,均显著高于氨基胍(90.36%)(P<0.05)。马思佳[50]研究了芦丁和槲皮素对α-二羰基化合物的抑制率,结果表明在浓度为2 mmol/L时其对α-二羰基化合物的抑制率分别为49.25%、69.21%,同等浓度下本文柚皮素和柚皮苷抑制效果优于芦丁和槲皮素。
过渡金属离子可以加速还原糖和阿马多里产物的自氧化,生成过氧化氢,最终促进AGEs的生成[51]。因此,金属离子螯合作用也可能阻碍AGEs的生成。本实验以EDTA作为阳性对照,随着浓度的增高,亚铁离子的螯合活性逐渐增高,如图5所示。柚皮素和柚皮苷对亚铁离子的螯合活性在同种浓度下比较接近,但是总体来说柚皮苷要优于柚皮素,在浓度为50 μmol/L时,EDTA的螯合率高达98.01%,柚皮苷为96.93%,柚皮素为95.34%。发酵豆乳中富含黄酮类成分,周帆[52]研究发现当发酵豆乳浓度为0.05 g/mL时,对亚铁离子螯合率达到80.67%,证明柚皮素和柚皮苷是良好的金属离子螯合剂。
EC50为半数效应浓度,它的浓度越小,代表着活性越高。EDTA的EC50大约为17.24 μmol/L,而柚皮素约为8.42 μmol/L,柚皮苷约为6.39 μmol/L,由此证明柚皮素与柚皮苷表现出比EDTA更强的螯合活性,间接证明螯合亚铁离子也是抗糖化的机理之一。
非酶糖化过程可能会改变重要蛋白质的官能团,改变蛋白质的结构,甚至导致正常功能的丧失,因此对蛋白质结构保护非常重要。经检测,在加入果糖与柚皮素、柚皮苷和氨基胍之前,NBSA的荧光强度为1016,在果糖糖基化后,BSA的荧光强度急剧下降,说明糖基化影响了蛋白荧光团的微环境,使BSA的固有荧光猝灭,GBSA的荧光强度为391,样品荧光强度见图6(A)。
当加入柚皮素、柚皮苷和氨基胍后,BSA的荧光减弱开始增强,荧光回收率见图6(B)所示,当柚皮素浓度为1 mg/mL时荧光回收率达到了最高(26.4%),在2 mg/mL时降低为3.52%,表明在高浓度的情况下,样品对蛋白荧光团的猝灭作用强于对其结构保护的作用,导致荧光回收率下降。类似的,柚皮苷也是这样的趋势,最高可达到30.24%,最低为5.01%。结果表明柚皮素和柚皮苷的荧光回收率均达到25%以上,并且即使浓度都为2 mg/mL时,两种物质的效果依旧优于氨基胍(2.56%)。因此在结构保护方面柚皮素以及柚皮苷均表现出了较好的作用。
通过游离巯基(−SH)的含量来评估柚皮素和柚皮苷对蛋白质的保护作用。如图7所示,与GBSA(1.8355 μmol/g)相比,柚皮素处理液中的游离巯基的含量从1.7839 μmol/g上升到2.0084 μmol/g,柚皮苷处理液中游离巯基的含量从1.7864 μmol/g上升至2.3549 μmol/g。同浓度下(2 mg/mL)柚皮素与柚皮苷处理液中游离巯基含量均高于氨基胍(1.8355 μmol/g)。因此,柚皮素和柚皮苷能够保护游离硫醇免受氧化修饰,起到保护作用。康柱[53]的实验也表明加入漆黄素可以使游离巯基含量增加。但漆黄素价格比较昂贵,不能大范围适用。
在蛋白质的非酶糖化过程中,色氨酸和酪氨酸残基被氧化会产生荧光蛋白氧化产物。色氨酸残基是二酪氨酸和N′-甲酰基犬尿氨酸的前体,酪氨酸残基被转化为犬尿氨酸[54],检测它们的含量可以测定蛋白质氧化程度。如图8所示,在 BSA−果糖模型中,添加柚皮素(2 mg/mL)的糖化样品对二酪氨酸(330/415 nm)、犬尿氨酸(365/480 nm)和N′-甲酰基犬尿氨酸(325/434 nm)三种氧化产物的荧光抑制率达到77.14%、96.48%、和65.96%,添加柚皮苷(2 mg/mL)的糖化样品的对其荧光抑制率达到57.61%、95.61%和36.94%,而氨基胍仅有21.7%、31.69%和32.42%。结果表明,柚皮素和柚皮苷有效地阻止了蛋白质的氧化,对犬尿氨酸的抑制率均达95%以上,降低了蛋白质功能损伤的风险。Peng等[55]研究了橙皮素-Cu(II)复合物对氧化产物的影响,结果表明随着样品浓度的增加,三种氧化产物的水平降低,在浓度为0.1 mg/mL作用时,抑制率均超过80%,而本实验只有对犬尿氨酸的抑制效果与该复合物相近,复合物效果更优,但价格也更为昂贵。
为了测定MGO和柚皮素和柚皮苷之间的反应产物,通过HPLC−MS方法进一步分析了MGO和柚皮素/柚皮苷(200 μmol/L)形成的MGO加合物。结果如图9所示。柚皮素的原始分子离子峰为m/z 271.00(图9(A)),一分子柚皮素(271)和一分子MGO(72)生成单加合物(m/z 343.00)(图9(B)),一分子柚皮素(271)和两分子MGO(72+72)生成双加合物(m/z 415.00)(图9(C)),双加合物丰度占主导;显示柚皮苷的原始分子离子峰为m/z 579.10(图9(D)),一分子柚皮苷(579)和一分子MGO(72)生成单加合物生成(m/z 651.10)(图9(E)),一分子柚皮苷(579)和两分子MGO(72+72)生成双加合物(m/z 723.10)(图9(F)),其中双加合物丰度较高;表明两者均可与MGO发生偶联反应,有效清除MGO,抑制AGEs形成,且柚皮苷加合物丰度高于柚皮素,可能与其结构中糖基增加反应位点有关。
本文以柚皮素和柚皮苷为研究对象,通过构建BSA-果糖与BSA-甲基乙二醛(MGO)模型体系,系统探究了两者对牛血清蛋白(BSA)糖化的抑制作用及相关机理。结果表明,柚皮素和柚皮苷在两个体系中对AGEs的抑制率均达到80%,对早期糖基化产物果糖胺、中期中间产物α-二羰基化合物的抑制率也均超过60%;对金属离子的螯合率达95%以上,可见柚皮素和柚皮苷具有良好的抗糖化效果。在蛋白质结构保护方面,二者可有效减弱糖基化反应导致的BSA固有荧光猝灭,荧光回收率高达30%以上,显著优于氨基胍(P<0.05);同时能保护蛋白质中的游离巯基,抑制二酪氨酸、犬尿氨酸等蛋白质氧化产物的生成。结果还显示,柚皮素与柚皮苷均能与MGO反应生成单MGO加合物和双MGO加合物,证实二者可通过捕获MGO发挥抗糖化作用。本文明确了柚皮素与柚皮苷对蛋白质糖基化全阶段的抑制机制,同时提出糖苷键可增强抗糖化活性的观点;且研究对象柚皮素、柚皮苷来源广泛、价格低廉,具备大范围应用价值。但糖苷键增强抗糖化效果的具体作用机制,以及柚皮素和柚皮苷与MGO所产生加合物的生物活性和在体内的吸收和毒性机制尚未明确,后续仍需进一步实验研究。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070222
  • 接收时间:2025-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-18
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    1中北大学化学与化工学院,山西太原 030051
    2晋中农高区认证服务有限公司,山西晋中 030800

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李河(1987−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品新资源开发、食品天然产物化学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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