Article(id=1320881843415662726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852372267, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852372267, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852372267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852372267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=217, endPage=227, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881843629572231, articleId=1320881843415662726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Screening of Strains with High Yield of 4-Vinylguaiacol and Its Application in Sauce-flavor Baijiu Fermentation, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To increase the content of 4-vinylguaiacol (4-VG), a health-promoting flavor compound in Baijiu, microbial strains with high-yielding 4-VG were isolated and its production was optimized for application in Baijiu fermentation. In this study, high-yielding 4-VG strains were screened from Shennongjia sauce-flavor Daqu through primary and secondary screening, followed by identification. The fermentation conditions for 4-VG production by the strain were optimized using single-factor and response surface methodology (RSM) methods, and the strain tolerance was further investigated. Ultimately, the selected strain was used for fermentation in Baijiu. The results showed that the strain of JP-2 exhibiting both high endogenous 4-VG production and efficient precursor conversion was obtained by screening and was identified as Cronobacter maloniacus. The optimal fermentation conditions for high-yielding 4-VG of C. maloniacus JP-2 were sorghum juice-based medium, a sucrose concentration of 26.90 g/L, an initial pH of 5.0, and a fermentation time of 72 hours. Under the optimized conditions, the content of 4-VG reached 4342.92±401.62 μg/L, representing a 190.45% increase compared to the pre-optimization level. The tolerance test indicated that C. maloniacus JP-2 could survive at the condition of 6% alcohol, pH4.0, 45 ℃, and 300 g/L glucose, respectively. Compared to the control group, 4-VG contents in fermented grains at the end of fermentation and Baijiu made with biofortification with C. maloniacus JP-2 increased by 53.85% and 279.80% (P<0.05), respectively. Additionally, the JP-2 inoculation also increased esters contents and improved sensory qualities, particularly enhancing caramel and floral-fruity notes in Baijiu. This study would provide excellent strains and a data basis for improving the quality and health benefits of sauce-flavor Baijiu.

, authors=Jie TANG, Jiawei DU, Yimin SHAN, Chaoxin XIE, Longxu AN, Ying GUAN, Rongsheng FAN, Kecheng ZUO, Long ZHANG, Shengzhi YANG, Qiang YANG, Shenxi CHEN*, authorsList=Jie TANG, Jiawei DU, Yimin SHAN, Chaoxin XIE, Longxu AN, Ying GUAN, Rongsheng FAN, Kecheng ZUO, Long ZHANG, Shengzhi YANG, Qiang YANG, Shenxi CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shenxi CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881847794516123, articleId=1320881843415662726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=高产4-乙烯基愈创木酚菌株的筛选及其在酱香白酒中的应用, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高白酒中健康风味物质4-乙烯基愈创木酚(4-vinylguaiacol,4-VG)的含量,筛选高产4-VG菌株并对其产量进行优化后应用于白酒发酵中。本研究以神农架酱香大曲为对象,经初筛、复筛选出高产4-VG菌株,并进行鉴定,再通过单因素和响应面试验优化菌株产4-VG发酵条件,并对菌株耐受性进行研究,最终将菌株应用于白酒发酵中。结果表明:筛选到1株自身高产4-VG和转化前体物质生成4-VG能力强的细菌JP-2,鉴定为丙二酸克诺杆菌(Cronobacter malonaticus);菌株JP-2产4-VG的最优工艺为:高粱汁培养基、蔗糖26.90 g/L、初始pH5.0、发酵时间72 h,优化后4-VG含量为4342.92±401.62 μg/L,较未优化前提升了190.45%;菌株JP-2最高耐受乙醇浓度6%,最低耐受pH4.0,最高耐受温度45 ℃,耐受葡萄糖浓度可达300 g/L;应用于酱香型白酒发酵,发酵结束后实验组的酒醅及白酒中4-VG质量浓度比对照组分别显著增加了53.85%和279.80%(P<0.05),且能增加白酒酯类含量和提高了酒体的焦香、花果香等。本研究为提升酱酒品质和健康方面提供优良菌株和数据基础。

, authors=唐洁, 杜佳炜, 单义民, 谢超新, 安龙旭, 管莹, 范荣盛, 左可成, 张龙, 杨生智, 杨强, 陈申习*, authorsList=唐洁, 杜佳炜, 单义民, 谢超新, 安龙旭, 管莹, 范荣盛, 左可成, 张龙, 杨生智, 杨强, 陈申习, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈申习, authorNote=

唐洁(1987−),女,硕士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈申习(1986−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Wz2OP4NZ2nrDy7icAUelJQ==, magXml=IvH+HV4uRmUHBGEpseBcsw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Ps7/JIMpG3apYahuZuFnCg==, pdfFileSize=6343140, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=y/VmwN0F3rfTH6d0VGyPWg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=3nU9NqfJHdQmpEtmhZCRfA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881848159420576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=tjjnan@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881848268472482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, authorId=1320881848159420576, language=EN, stringName=Jie TANG, firstName=Jie, middleName=null, lastName=TANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Jing Brand Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Huangshi 435100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320881848331387043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, authorId=1320881848159420576, language=CN, stringName=唐洁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=劲牌有限公司,劲牌研究院,中药保健食品质量与安全湖北省重点实验室,湖北黄石 435100, bio={"content":"

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[LI Q Z, WANG J R, ZHANG X L, et al. Research progress of flavor substance 4-vinylguaiacol[J]. China Brewing, 2021, 40(4): 15−19.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881857726628103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Q Z, WANG J R, ZHANG X L, et al. Research progress of flavor substance 4-vinylguaiacol[J]. 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China Condiment, 2024, 49(2): 42−48,61., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881848058757276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881848067145885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, companyId=1320881848058757276, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Jing Brand Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Huangshi 435100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881848075534494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, companyId=1320881848058757276, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=劲牌有限公司,劲牌研究院,中药保健食品质量与安全湖北省重点实验室,湖北黄石 435100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881853532324069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Yields of 4-VG from the strains, figureFileSmall=Qf+xE9E4fkfu6f18PtIc4g==, figureFileBig=y/VmwN0F3rfTH6d0VGyPWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881853616210150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同菌株产4-VG能力

注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2、图5、图7~图9同。

, figureFileSmall=Qf+xE9E4fkfu6f18PtIc4g==, figureFileBig=y/VmwN0F3rfTH6d0VGyPWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881853813342439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=4-VG contents produced by the strains in ferulic acid-supplemented medium, figureFileSmall=J+a1u9khnPm4baqgMqRIJQ==, figureFileBig=LvFDzI2CvycfZGd0qVkr4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881853901422824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同菌株在含阿魏酸培养基中产4-VG能力, figureFileSmall=J+a1u9khnPm4baqgMqRIJQ==, figureFileBig=LvFDzI2CvycfZGd0qVkr4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881853981114601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Colony morphology and cell morphology of strain JP-2 (1000×), figureFileSmall=5jox1A/0C+ZTXqBjX6qjzw==, figureFileBig=ZWdy5fHvGw+eNheEPeuZSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881854048223466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株JP-2菌落形态与细胞形态(1000×), figureFileSmall=5jox1A/0C+ZTXqBjX6qjzw==, figureFileBig=ZWdy5fHvGw+eNheEPeuZSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881854132109547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Phylogenetic tree of strain JP-2, figureFileSmall=8LZHj9TROfRZY2K+6khEBQ==, figureFileBig=u7UNiQKVoFAkDgRx5TozSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881854199218412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株JP-2系统发育树, figureFileSmall=8LZHj9TROfRZY2K+6khEBQ==, figureFileBig=u7UNiQKVoFAkDgRx5TozSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881854278910189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Optimization of single-factor conditions, figureFileSmall=nodT7zD35cm+YoSHYkheQg==, figureFileBig=LODTsOIjfjn505kPR8gOGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881854366990574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=图5, caption=单因素条件优化

注:A.培养基种类;B.碳源种类;C.碳源浓度;D.氮源种类;E.氮源浓度;F.初始pH;G.发酵温度;H.发酵时间。

, figureFileSmall=nodT7zD35cm+YoSHYkheQg==, figureFileBig=LODTsOIjfjn505kPR8gOGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881854438293743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of initial pH, fermentation time, and sucrose content on the 4-vinylguaiacol concentration producing by JP-2, figureFileSmall=it/fKbix/4MecXnBqo8UIA==, figureFileBig=o9GZSf7w1g5jolvHQumHdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881854534762736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=图6, caption=初始pH、发酵时间、蔗糖含量对菌株JP-2产4-VG的影响

注:(A)初始pH和发酵时间;(B)初始pH和蔗糖含量;(C)发酵时间和蔗糖含量。

, figureFileSmall=it/fKbix/4MecXnBqo8UIA==, figureFileBig=o9GZSf7w1g5jolvHQumHdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881854597677297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Tolerance characteristics of strain JP-2, figureFileSmall=T3WKDSxNZZeIeHZyWv7GFw==, figureFileBig=vnDeh+VE7wroKxJvYvedyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881854668980466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=图7, caption=菌株JP-2耐受性研究

注:A:乙醇浓度;B:初始pH;C:培养温度;D:葡萄糖含量。

, figureFileSmall=T3WKDSxNZZeIeHZyWv7GFw==, figureFileBig=vnDeh+VE7wroKxJvYvedyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881856304759027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes in 4-Vinylguaiacol contents in fermented grains and original liquor, figureFileSmall=DVLcObgUDASQIcZiLgeFkg==, figureFileBig=lLKUq70z1kvRmc3f955JCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881856384450804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=图8, caption=酒醅及原酒中4-VG浓度的变化, figureFileSmall=DVLcObgUDASQIcZiLgeFkg==, figureFileBig=lLKUq70z1kvRmc3f955JCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881856459948277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of JP-2 biofortification on the contents (A) of volatile flavor compounds and taste (B) in Baijiu, figureFileSmall=MB091JO1MAsk4aJtDito0g==, figureFileBig=u4XXzt3RwsxVgduVikO5HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881856548028662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=图9, caption=JP-2生物强化对白酒挥发性风味物质(A)及口感(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=MB091JO1MAsk4aJtDito0g==, figureFileBig=u4XXzt3RwsxVgduVikO5HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881856606748919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Level of PB design factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平A初始pHB发酵温度
(℃)
C发酵时间
(h)
D蛋白胨含量
(g/L)
E蔗糖含量
(g/L)
−1530722020
19371684040
), ArticleFig(id=1320881856686440696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PB试验设计因素水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平A初始pHB发酵温度
(℃)
C发酵时间
(h)
D蛋白胨含量
(g/L)
E蔗糖含量
(g/L)
−1530722020
19371684040
), ArticleFig(id=1320881856757743865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Box-Behnken test factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A初始pHB发酵时间(h)C蔗糖含量(g/L)
−14.52420
05.57240
16.512060
), ArticleFig(id=1320881856833241338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken试验因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A初始pHB发酵时间(h)C蔗糖含量(g/L)
−14.52420
05.57240
16.512060
), ArticleFig(id=1320881856921321724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design and results of PB design factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A初始
pH
B发酵
温度
(℃)
C发酵
时间
(h)
D蛋白胨
含量
(g/L)
E蔗糖
含量
(g/L)
4-VG含量
(μg/L)
15307240202439.02±146.13
253016820201001.19±265.40
39377220403103.31±241.36
45377240401318.04±308.53
59307220201317.3±184.11
653716820401528.55±137.90
793016820402725.51±161.41
89371682020363.394±128.55
95371684020753.327±56.05
1053016840402192.57±573.94
115307220404180.34±644.22
1273312030301707.56±46.56
1373312030301578.34±57.87
14937724020435.378±65.50
155377220205061.61±458.49
169301684020275.816±23.98
1773312030301698.34±87.34
189371684040348.712±127.25
19930724040471.358±26.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320881856996819197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PB试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A初始
pH
B发酵
温度
(℃)
C发酵
时间
(h)
D蛋白胨
含量
(g/L)
E蔗糖
含量
(g/L)
4-VG含量
(μg/L)
15307240202439.02±146.13
253016820201001.19±265.40
39377220403103.31±241.36
45377240401318.04±308.53
59307220201317.3±184.11
653716820401528.55±137.90
793016820402725.51±161.41
89371682020363.394±128.55
95371684020753.327±56.05
1053016840402192.57±573.94
115307220404180.34±644.22
1273312030301707.56±46.56
1373312030301578.34±57.87
14937724020435.378±65.50
155377220205061.61±458.49
169301684020275.816±23.98
1773312030301698.34±87.34
189371684040348.712±127.25
19930724040471.358±26.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320881857072316670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of PB experimental analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型3.17×107152.11×106334.140.0002**
A初始pH5.56×10615.56×106879.13<0.0001**
B发酵温度1.79×10511.79×10528.240.083
C发酵时间5.22×10615.22×106824.72<0.0001**
D蛋白胨含量7.63×10617.63×1061205.480.013*
E蔗糖含量1.11×10611.11×106176.030.0009**
AB23439.83123439.833.70.1499
AC2.18×10612.18×106344.960.0003**
AD51702.76151702.768.170.0647
AE1.15×10611.15×106182.020.0009**
BC1.39×10611.39×106219.270.0007**
BD7.04×10517.04×105111.240.0018**
BE1.47×10611.4E×106232.50.0006**
CD3.02×10613.02×106477.210.0002**
CE1.31×10611.31×106207.380.0007**
DE7.09×10517.09×105111.990.0018**
残差18981.4936327.16
失拟项8587.2118587.211.650.3274
误差10394.2825197.14
总和3.17×10718
决定系数(R2)0.9994
R2Adj0.9964
), ArticleFig(id=1320881857143619839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PB试验分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型3.17×107152.11×106334.140.0002**
A初始pH5.56×10615.56×106879.13<0.0001**
B发酵温度1.79×10511.79×10528.240.083
C发酵时间5.22×10615.22×106824.72<0.0001**
D蛋白胨含量7.63×10617.63×1061205.480.013*
E蔗糖含量1.11×10611.11×106176.030.0009**
AB23439.83123439.833.70.1499
AC2.18×10612.18×106344.960.0003**
AD51702.76151702.768.170.0647
AE1.15×10611.15×106182.020.0009**
BC1.39×10611.39×106219.270.0007**
BD7.04×10517.04×105111.240.0018**
BE1.47×10611.4E×106232.50.0006**
CD3.02×10613.02×106477.210.0002**
CE1.31×10611.31×106207.380.0007**
DE7.09×10517.09×105111.990.0018**
残差18981.4936327.16
失拟项8587.2118587.211.650.3274
误差10394.2825197.14
总和3.17×10718
决定系数(R2)0.9994
R2Adj0.9964
), ArticleFig(id=1320881857223311616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Design and results of the steepest ascent

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A初始pHC发酵时间
(h)
E蔗糖含量
(g/L)
4-VG含量(μg/L)
16.5120202642.66±494.08
2696303413.10±337.96
35.572403885.21±126.87
4548503503.82±153.26
54.524602901.34±481.31
), ArticleFig(id=1320881857290420481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

最陡爬坡试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A初始pHC发酵时间
(h)
E蔗糖含量
(g/L)
4-VG含量(μg/L)
16.5120202642.66±494.08
2696303413.10±337.96
35.572403885.21±126.87
4548503503.82±153.26
54.524602901.34±481.31
), ArticleFig(id=1320881857353335042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Box-Behnken designs with response variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A初始pHB发酵时间(h)C蔗糖含量(g/L)4-VG含量(μg/L)
16.572603379.65±638.30
25.572403876.36±409.40
34.524403279.78±387.46
44.572602885.22±637.14
55.572404564.04±111.04
66.5120402234.69±218.45
74.5120403230.83±71.38
85.524603690.35±74.56
95.524203486.91±661.09
104.572204023.71±265.25
115.572403531.05±396.17
126.524402520.27±50.42
136.572202179.08±14.43
145.5120602580.22±58.61
155.572404287.78±159.68
165.5120203302.48±136.27
175.572404343.56±354.33
), ArticleFig(id=1320881857424638211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A初始pHB发酵时间(h)C蔗糖含量(g/L)4-VG含量(μg/L)
16.572603379.65±638.30
25.572403876.36±409.40
34.524403279.78±387.46
44.572602885.22±637.14
55.572404564.04±111.04
66.5120402234.69±218.45
74.5120403230.83±71.38
85.524603690.35±74.56
95.524203486.91±661.09
104.572204023.71±265.25
115.572403531.05±396.17
126.524402520.27±50.42
136.572202179.08±14.43
145.5120602580.22±58.61
155.572404287.78±159.68
165.5120203302.48±136.27
175.572404343.56±354.33
), ArticleFig(id=1320881857495941380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Analysis of variance for the 4-VG concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型7.50×10698.34×1056.790.0097**
A初始pH1.21×10611.21×1069.820.0165*
B发酵时间3.32×10513.32×1052.700.1442
C蔗糖含量26075.65126075.650.210.6589
AB13997.84113997.840.110.7455
AC1.37×10611.37×10611.140.0125*
BC2.14×10512.14×1051.740.2281
A22.22×10617.04×10518.080.0038**
B21.41×10611.47×10611.460.0117*
C23.24×10513.24×1052.640.1482
残差8.60×10571.23×105
失拟项1.78×105359313.280.350.7937
误差6.82×10541.70×105
总和8.36×10616
决定系数(R2)0.9372
R2Adj0.8651
), ArticleFig(id=1320881857563050245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881843415662726, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

4-VG浓度的响应面方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型7.50×10698.34×1056.790.0097**
A初始pH1.21×10611.21×1069.820.0165*
B发酵时间3.32×10513.32×1052.700.1442
C蔗糖含量26075.65126075.650.210.6589
AB13997.84113997.840.110.7455
AC1.37×10611.37×10611.140.0125*
BC2.14×10512.14×1051.740.2281
A22.22×10617.04×10518.080.0038**
B21.41×10611.47×10611.460.0117*
C23.24×10513.24×1052.640.1482
残差8.60×10571.23×105
失拟项1.78×105359313.280.350.7937
误差6.82×10541.70×105
总和8.36×10616
决定系数(R2)0.9372
R2Adj0.8651
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高产4-乙烯基愈创木酚菌株的筛选及其在酱香白酒中的应用
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唐洁 , 杜佳炜 , 单义民 , 谢超新 , 安龙旭 , 管莹 , 范荣盛 , 左可成 , 张龙 , 杨生智 , 杨强 , 陈申习 *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(16): 217-227
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (16) : 217 -227
高产4-乙烯基愈创木酚菌株的筛选及其在酱香白酒中的应用
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唐洁 , 杜佳炜, 单义民, 谢超新, 安龙旭, 管莹, 范荣盛, 左可成, 张龙, 杨生智, 杨强, 陈申习*
作者信息
  • 劲牌有限公司,劲牌研究院,中药保健食品质量与安全湖北省重点实验室,湖北黄石 435100
通讯作者:
陈申习(1986−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:。
作者简介:

唐洁(1987−),女,硕士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:

Screening of Strains with High Yield of 4-Vinylguaiacol and Its Application in Sauce-flavor Baijiu Fermentation
Jie TANG , Jiawei DU, Yimin SHAN, Chaoxin XIE, Longxu AN, Ying GUAN, Rongsheng FAN, Kecheng ZUO, Long ZHANG, Shengzhi YANG, Qiang YANG, Shenxi CHEN*
Affiliations
  • Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Jing Brand Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Huangshi 435100, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060311
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为提高白酒中健康风味物质4-乙烯基愈创木酚(4-vinylguaiacol,4-VG)的含量,筛选高产4-VG菌株并对其产量进行优化后应用于白酒发酵中。本研究以神农架酱香大曲为对象,经初筛、复筛选出高产4-VG菌株,并进行鉴定,再通过单因素和响应面试验优化菌株产4-VG发酵条件,并对菌株耐受性进行研究,最终将菌株应用于白酒发酵中。结果表明:筛选到1株自身高产4-VG和转化前体物质生成4-VG能力强的细菌JP-2,鉴定为丙二酸克诺杆菌(Cronobacter malonaticus);菌株JP-2产4-VG的最优工艺为:高粱汁培养基、蔗糖26.90 g/L、初始pH5.0、发酵时间72 h,优化后4-VG含量为4342.92±401.62 μg/L,较未优化前提升了190.45%;菌株JP-2最高耐受乙醇浓度6%,最低耐受pH4.0,最高耐受温度45 ℃,耐受葡萄糖浓度可达300 g/L;应用于酱香型白酒发酵,发酵结束后实验组的酒醅及白酒中4-VG质量浓度比对照组分别显著增加了53.85%和279.80%(P<0.05),且能增加白酒酯类含量和提高了酒体的焦香、花果香等。本研究为提升酱酒品质和健康方面提供优良菌株和数据基础。

4-乙烯基愈创木酚  /  菌株筛选  /  分离鉴定  /  响应面优化  /  酱香型白酒发酵

To increase the content of 4-vinylguaiacol (4-VG), a health-promoting flavor compound in Baijiu, microbial strains with high-yielding 4-VG were isolated and its production was optimized for application in Baijiu fermentation. In this study, high-yielding 4-VG strains were screened from Shennongjia sauce-flavor Daqu through primary and secondary screening, followed by identification. The fermentation conditions for 4-VG production by the strain were optimized using single-factor and response surface methodology (RSM) methods, and the strain tolerance was further investigated. Ultimately, the selected strain was used for fermentation in Baijiu. The results showed that the strain of JP-2 exhibiting both high endogenous 4-VG production and efficient precursor conversion was obtained by screening and was identified as Cronobacter maloniacus. The optimal fermentation conditions for high-yielding 4-VG of C. maloniacus JP-2 were sorghum juice-based medium, a sucrose concentration of 26.90 g/L, an initial pH of 5.0, and a fermentation time of 72 hours. Under the optimized conditions, the content of 4-VG reached 4342.92±401.62 μg/L, representing a 190.45% increase compared to the pre-optimization level. The tolerance test indicated that C. maloniacus JP-2 could survive at the condition of 6% alcohol, pH4.0, 45 ℃, and 300 g/L glucose, respectively. Compared to the control group, 4-VG contents in fermented grains at the end of fermentation and Baijiu made with biofortification with C. maloniacus JP-2 increased by 53.85% and 279.80% (P<0.05), respectively. Additionally, the JP-2 inoculation also increased esters contents and improved sensory qualities, particularly enhancing caramel and floral-fruity notes in Baijiu. This study would provide excellent strains and a data basis for improving the quality and health benefits of sauce-flavor Baijiu.

4-vinylguaiacol  /  strain screening  /  isolation and identification  /  response surface methodology  /  sauce-flavor Baijiu fermentation
唐洁, 杜佳炜, 单义民, 谢超新, 安龙旭, 管莹, 范荣盛, 左可成, 张龙, 杨生智, 杨强, 陈申习. 高产4-乙烯基愈创木酚菌株的筛选及其在酱香白酒中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 217 -227 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060311
Jie TANG, Jiawei DU, Yimin SHAN, Chaoxin XIE, Longxu AN, Ying GUAN, Rongsheng FAN, Kecheng ZUO, Long ZHANG, Shengzhi YANG, Qiang YANG, Shenxi CHEN. Screening of Strains with High Yield of 4-Vinylguaiacol and Its Application in Sauce-flavor Baijiu Fermentation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 217 -227 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060311
4-乙烯基愈创木酚(4-vinylguaiacol,4-VG)是一种由阿魏酸脱羧生成的挥发性酚类化合物,具有烟熏味、辛香味、丁香味和独特的发酵香气,其感官阈值低(0.3 mg/L),是白酒、葡萄酒、啤酒和酱油等发酵食品中的重要风味物质之一[1−2]。同时,由于4-VG价格约为其前体物质阿魏酸的40倍左右,其商业价值显著,是食品、化妆品、药物及化工等领域高价值的精细化工原料[3]。此外,4-VG具有抗氧化活性和抗癌功效,使其具有重要的医药价值[4−5]。白酒,作为中国的国酒,历经数千年传承至今仍为现代人所青睐,不仅彰显出中国白酒的独特魅力,更凸显其作为健康产品的价值[6]。因此,提高白酒中4-VG含量不仅有利于提升白酒风味更赋予其一定的健康内涵。
相比传统化学合成4-VG存在安全与环境问题、从天然植物中提取产量有限等缺点,生物合成法已成为生产天然4-VG的可行和可持续的替代方法[7]。其中,微生物发酵法因其成本低、绿色环保的优势正成为生产4-VG的研究趋势。文献报道一些细菌和真菌可将阿魏酸脱羧转化生成4-VG,相比真菌存在代谢途径复杂、生长周期长、成本高等局限,细菌代谢合成途径更具经济性,因此,筛选高产4-VG的细菌已成为当前研究的重点[1,7−9]。目前,大多数研究基于传统的可培养方法筛选4-VG菌株,即利用常用的细菌或真菌培养基从混合基质中分离选育大量菌株,纯化后在发酵培养基中进行复筛,获得高产4-VG菌株后进行分子鉴定明确种属[9−11]。该方法的缺点是盲筛、无针对性、效率低。阿魏酸作为4-VG的前体物质,在培养基中加入一定浓度的阿魏酸或其衍生物,可以大幅提升筛选效率。
文献[12]报道白酒中4-VG是由发酵过程中微生物转化酿造原料中阿魏酸生成的,其在白酒中的香味阈值较低,为209.30 μg/L。相对而言,白酒中产4-VG菌株筛选及应用研究较少。因此,通过定向分离选育优良菌株、优化培养条件,最终将菌株生物强化应用于白酒生产,是提高白酒中4-VG的有效途径。本研究从白酒大曲中筛选出产4-VG且发酵性能优良的微生物菌株,通过响应面试验优化菌株产4-VG最佳培养条件,并模拟酱香型一轮次白酒生产工艺,通过生物强化技术应用于酱香白酒酿造中,旨在为白酒生产提供优质的菌种资源和提高白酒中4-VG浓度,对提升白酒风味品质和健康价值具有重要意义。
酒曲样品、糯高粱等材料 劲牌有限公司提供;葡萄糖、蛋白胨、酵母浸粉、氯化钠、阿魏酸、阿魏酸乙酯等所有化学试剂 分析纯,国药(集团)上海化学试剂有限公司;淀粉酶(5万U/g)、糖化酶(10万U/g) 无锡雪梅酶制剂科技有限公司;定量内标(愈创木酚-d3)、标准品(4-乙烯基愈创木酚) 色谱纯,上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司;TIANGENR土壤基因组脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)提取试剂盒 天根生化科技有限公司。
AL204电子分析天平、FE20PH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;JJ1000电子天平 常熟双杰测试仪器厂;SFG-02B电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海精宏实验设备仪器厂;BSC-150恒温恒湿培养箱、YXQ-LS-75-SII立式压力蒸汽灭菌器 上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;BCM-1600A洁净工作台 苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;Nikon ECLIPSE E200LED MV Series显微镜 日本Nikon公司;2720 PCR仪 美国应用生物系统公司;DYY-L电泳仪 北京六一生物科技有限公司;ZF-288全自动凝胶成像分析系统 上海嘉鹏科技有限公司;Agilent 8890-5977B气相色谱-质谱联用仪、DB-FFAP色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) 美国Agilent科技有限公司;Milli-Q超纯水仪 美国Millipore公司。
富集和筛选培养基参考专利[13]进行改良。富集培养基(g/L):酵母粉5,蛋白胨10,氯化钠10,阿魏酸乙酯1.5,pH自然;筛选培养基(g/L):蛋白胨 10,酵母粉5,氯化钠10,阿魏酸乙酯1.5,琼脂20,pH自然;种子培养基(g/L):酵母粉5,蛋白胨10,氯化钠10,pH自然;LB固体培养基(g/L):酵母粉5,蛋白胨10,氯化钠10,琼脂20,pH自然;发酵培养基:高粱汁培养基基础上加入50 mg/L阿魏酸。高粱汁培养基、米曲汁培养基、豆芽汁培养基、青稞汁培养基、大麦芽汁培养基、小麦芽汁培养基制作方法具体见参考文献[14]。以上培养基均121 ℃灭菌20 min。
称取酒曲10 g,放入装有90 mL无菌水中,30 ℃、160 r/min振荡30 min后,取1 mL于富集培养基中,30 ℃、160 r/min培养24 h后在无菌超净台中取10 mL于已灭菌富集培养基中于30 ℃、180 r/min摇床富集培养24 h。在无菌条件下吸取1 mL富集悬浮液注入9 mL无菌水中进行梯度稀释,吸取0.2 mL菌悬液涂布至筛选培养基中,于30 ℃静置培养,每个梯度设置3个平行样品。培养2~3 d后,待平板上长出菌落且生成透明圈后,将产透明圈菌落经过2~3次纯化后挑取单菌落点涂到新的筛选培养基中培养,培养2~3 d后观察筛选培养基上长透明圈情况,产透明圈明显菌株为初步产4-VG菌株。
将初筛菌株纯化后在种子培养基中活化后接种至发酵培养基中进行发酵,并以前期实验室筛选的一株高产愈创木酚类菌株B257[15]为对照,筛选的菌株产4-VG能力强于B257为目标菌株。发酵7 d后,离心取上清液,采用气相色谱质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术对发酵液中4-VG健康因子含量进行定量分析。将产4-VG含量较高的菌株接种至含有50 mg/L阿魏酸的高粱汁液体培养基中进行液态发酵,进一步确定菌株转化阿魏酸生成4-VG的能力,从而筛选高产4-VG的菌株。
将保藏好的菌株在LB固体培养基进行划线,37 ℃恒温培养24 h后,挑取菌体进行革兰氏染色,通过光学显微镜观察菌株形态结构。
按照细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒步骤对菌株的DNA进行提取,以其为模板,采用细菌16S rDNA通用引物27F和1492R进行PCR扩赠。扩增条件:94 ℃预变性5 min,94 ℃变性30 s,53 ℃退火50 s,72 ℃ 延伸90 s,35个循环;72 ℃再延伸10 min,4 ℃保存。将获得的PCR产物检测合格后寄送至华大基因进行测序,将获得的16S rDNA序列提交至美国国立生物技术信息中心(national center for biotechnology information,NCBI)网站的GenBank数据库中进行BLAST同源性比对;使用MEGA 7.0软件中的邻接(neighbor joining,NJ)法构建菌株系统发育进化树。
参照SUN等[16]发酵条件优化研究不同影响因素对菌株产4-VG的影响。分别配制小麦芽汁培养基、青稞汁培养基、大麦芽汁培养基、高粱汁培养基、豆芽汁培养基、米曲汁培养基及麸皮汁培养基,每种培养基初始pH自然,接种量2%(v/v),30 ℃培养静置发酵96 h,测定发酵液的4-VG含量,确定最佳的培养基种类。
确定最佳培养基种类后考察不同碳源、氮源对菌株产4-VG的影响。碳源及浓度:分别添加10 g/L蔗糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、乳糖、海藻糖;确定最适碳源后再进行浓度优化(0、10、20、30、40、50 g/L)。氮源及浓度:10 g/L牛肉浸膏、蛋白胨、酵母浸粉、硫酸铵、磷酸氢二铵;确定最适氮源后再进行浓度优化(0、10、20、30、40、50 g/L)。培养条件:初始pH自然,接种量2%(v/v),30 ℃培养静置发酵96 h,测定发酵液的4-VG含量,确定最佳的碳、氮源种类及浓度。
在确定最佳培养基组成的基础上,分别设置不同初始pH(3.5、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0),接种量2%(v/v),30 ℃培养静置发酵96 h,测定发酵液的4-VG含量,确定最适的初始pH。
在最适pH和最佳培养基组成条件下,分别考察发酵温度(25、30、35、40、45、50 ℃)对菌株产4-VG能力的影响。接种量2%(v/v),不同培养温度下静置发酵96 h,测定发酵液的4-VG含量,确定最适的发酵温度。
将种子液以2%(v/v)接种量接入最优初始pH的最佳培养基中,在最适发酵温度下分别进行发酵时间24、48、72、96、120、144 h静置发酵,测定发酵液的4-VG含量,确定最适的发酵时间。
根据单因素实验结果,选取初始pH、发酵温度、发酵时间、蛋白胨含量和蔗糖含量5个因素进行析因实验,筛选影响菌株产4-VG的主效因子。每个因素取高、低两个水平(表1)。
根据PB试验的结果,对影响显著的因素进行最陡爬坡试验,确定菌株发酵产4-VG的最佳发酵条件作为Box-Behnken试验的起始中心点。
根据响应面试验设计原理,采用Design-Expert 13.0软件对菌株发酵条件进行三因素三水平Box-Behnken试验设计,各因素与水平如表2所示。
将活化后的种子液按2%(v/v)的接种量接种于LB液体培养基中,37 ℃培养24 h,用分光光度计在600 nm处测定菌液OD值。考察对象为乙醇含量(0%、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%和12%)、初始pH(3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5和6.0)、温度(30、35、40、45、50和55 ℃)和葡萄糖含量(0、50、100、150、200、250和300 g/L)。
在实验室模拟一轮次酱酒小试固态发酵试验,以糯高粱为原料,第一轮经过泡粮、蒸粮、下曲堆积、入池发酵和蒸馏得到酒尾后,将酒尾加入底锅水中对第二轮发酵完毕酒醅进行蒸馏。其中,第二轮发酵的试验组为将筛选得到的菌株按照1.2.4发酵条件优化后获得高产4-VG菌株发酵液,按1%(w/w)接种量入池添加,空白组为未添加发酵液。生产用曲均在堆积前加入,堆积时间为4 d(堆积醅内部温度达到50~52 ℃即停止堆积),培养箱温度设置为30、35、35、35 ℃。入池发酵培养温度30 ℃,发酵30 d。分别取0 d、发酵结束时酒醅及原酒检测4-VG含量和挥发性风味物质,且由感官评分小组成员(5名男性和5名女性,平均30岁)对原酒酒样进行感官品评,并绘制白酒风味雷达图。
参照孙细珍等[17]方法,采用GC-FID(gas chromatography-flame ionization detector-Flame Ionization Detector)对白酒中挥发性物质进行定量检测。取1 mL酒样于气相进样小瓶,加入10.0 μL内标混合溶液(2-乙基己醇163.34 mg/L,叔戊醇160.10 mg/L,乙酸正戊酯176.21 mg/L),混合均匀后进气相色谱仪进行检测分析。气相色谱条件:载气为高纯氮气(纯度≥99.999%),进样口温度为250 ℃,分流比20:1,流速恒定为1 mL/min;柱温箱升温程序:起始温度35 ℃,保持1 min,以3.5 ℃/min升至70 ℃,再以3.5 ℃/min升至190 ℃,保持15 min;检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),温度为260 ℃;尾吹气为25 mL/min,氢气为流速30 mL/min,空气为流速350 mL/min。通过与标准物质的保留时间相匹配来鉴定挥发性化合物,与内标面积进行比较对挥发性化合物进行定量分析。
参照刘家欢等[18]的方法稍作修改,使用液液微萃取(liquid-liquid microextraction,LLME)结合GC-MS(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)技术定量发酵液和原酒中4-VG浓度。
准确吸取4 mL发酵液或酒样于50 mL离心管中,加入20 μL内标(愈创木酚-d3,100 mg/L)和NaCl饱和,充分振摇5 min后加入2 mL二氯甲烷,振摇5 min、超声10 min后以8000 r/min离心5 min,收集上层萃取液。向萃取液中加入无水Na2SO4干燥,过滤后所得样液用于GC-MS分析。
将标准化合物(4-VG)溶解在无水乙醇溶液中,用53%乙醇水溶液按1:1的比例逐级稀释得到不同梯度工作标准液,标准液与1.2.8.1样品前处理方法相同。以目标化合物峰面积和内标物峰面积的比值为纵坐标,目标化合物质量浓度为横坐标,绘制标准曲线建立定量分析标准曲线。
气相色谱条件:进样口温度为250 ℃,载气为高纯氦气(纯度≥99.999%);DB-FFAP色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),流速为1.4 mL/min,进样量为1 μL,不分流进样;柱温箱升温程序:起始温度50 ℃,保持5 min,再以3 ℃/min升至160 ℃,保持1 min,再以5 ℃/min升至220 ℃,最后以25 ℃/min升至250 ℃,保持5 min。
质谱条件:离子源为电子轰击离子源(EI Xtr350),能量70 eV,温度230 ℃,四级杆温度150 ℃,辅助通道加热温度280 ℃,溶剂延迟10 min;选择离子模式(selected ion monitor,SIM)。
本研究每个实验样本均进行三次生物学重复测定,结果以平均值±标准差呈现。采用WPS表格和SPSS 31.0软件对数据进行统计分析,并用单因素方差分析中的Duncan检验进行显著性差异比较[19];柱状图采用Origin 2026进行绘制;菌株的系统发育树通过MEGA 7.0软件构建,使用Design-Expert 13.0软件进行响应面优化试验。
从筛选培养基上初步获得了87株产透明圈菌株,根据透明圈直径/菌落直径的大小选择比值较大的23株菌进行高粱汁液态发酵复筛,并以前期筛选的一株产4-VG较高的菌株B257为对照[15]。由图1可知,不同菌株产4-VG能力之间具有较大的差异,有13株菌产4-VG含量显著高于对照菌株B257(P<0.05)。其中菌株JP-2在高粱汁培养基中产4-VG含量最高,为1495.32±74.24 μg/L,与其他菌株之间存在着显著差异(P<0.05)。
微生物代谢产4-VG主要以阿魏酸为底物经过脱羧作用生成[8],因此菌株利用阿魏酸底物生成4-VG能力同样需要探究。从图2可知,在含有底物阿魏酸的发酵培养基中菌株JP-2产4-VG含量最高,达2.82±0.04 g/L,显著高于菌株D14-7、SY-1、QX-10和SX-5(P<0.05)。JP-2与JP-15、JP-24等6株菌利用阿魏酸产4-VG含量虽无显著差异,但相对来说其产4-VG含量最高。表明了菌株JP-2在有无前体物质情况下均生成4-VG能力最强,且在有前体物质时4-VG含量显著提升,说明该菌株转化阿魏酸的能力较好。邹谋勇等[11]在接种筛选Hyphopichia burtonii L9-1发酵的发酵液培养基中4-VG含量为0.47 mg/L,添加50 mg/L阿魏酸后接种筛选的菌株L9-1发酵液中的4-VG含量达到了24.36 mg/L。而本研究筛选的菌株JP-2在不含和含有50 mg/L阿魏酸时发酵液中4-VG分别为1495.32±74.24 μg/L和2.82±0.04 g/L,说明菌株JP-2自身生成和转化阿魏酸产4-VG能力更强。
观察菌株JP-2菌落形态特征,发现该菌株的菌落为淡黄色,圆形,菌落微凸,表面光滑,边缘整齐,质地湿润、易挑起,菌落直径约为1~3 mm。革兰氏染色阴性,在显微镜下观察到的菌体为细胞短杆状,通常以单个或成对的形式存在(图3)。提取该菌株DNA,对16S rDNA基因进行PCR扩增并测序。测序结果进行BLAST同源性比对,结果显示,菌株JP-2与丙二酸克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter malonaticus)碱基对同源性为98.81%。采用MEGA 7.0软件中的邻接法构建系统发育树(图4),菌株JP-2与丙二酸克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter malonaticus)处在同一系统发育枝上,结合单菌落形态特征,确定该菌株为丙二酸克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter malonaticus)。产4-VG的微生物主要有真菌和细菌,真菌包括伯顿丝孢毕赤酵母(Hyphopichia burtonii)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、季也蒙假丝酵母(Candida guilliermondii)、芦苇曲霉(Aspergillus luchuensis)等[20−22];细菌主要包括枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、产氮假单胞菌(Pseudomonas azotoformans)、突尼斯链霉菌(Streptomyces tunisiensis)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、香肠乳杆菌(Lactobacillus farciminis)等[23−25]。本研究获得的产4-VG菌株丙二酸克罗诺杆菌目前尚未在其他研究中报道过此类功能。
培养基种类对微生物的生长代谢至关重要,合适的培养基对微生物生长代谢具有促进作用。不同谷物原料中含有阿魏酸的含量不同[26],结合酿酒原料选取了如图5A所示不同原料处理后制备的培养基,考察菌株JP-2产4-VG的最佳培养基种类。菌株JP-2在高粱汁培养基中发酵生成4-VG的含量显著高于其他培养基(P<0.05),可能与高粱培养基中高温灭菌释放的游离阿魏酸含量较高导致培养基中有更多的底物被菌株转化生成4-VG有关。
碳源和氮源是微生物生长繁殖以及合成代谢物的原料和能量来源[27]。碳源优化结果表明(图5B),与对照不添加碳源相比,在高粱汁培养基中额外添加蔗糖和淀粉对菌株产4-VG起到显著促进作用(P<0.05),且碳源为蔗糖时含量显著最高(P<0.05)。蔗糖浓度优化结果可知(图5C),当蔗糖浓度≥30 g/L时对菌株产4-VG有显著促进作用(P<0.05),且浓度为30 g/L时4-VG含量最高,为3807.97±500.66 μg/L。因此,菌株JP-2产4-VG最适碳源为30 g/L的蔗糖。由氮源优化结果可知(图5D),在培养基中添加蛋白胨和酵母浸粉均显著提高了菌株产4-VG能力(P<0.05),相对来说蛋白胨促进作用最强,这与SUN等[16]优化地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)DLF-17056最佳产4-VG的氮源结果一致。进一步对蛋白胨浓度进行优化,当蛋白胨浓度≥20 g/L时对菌株产4-VG有显著的促进作用(P<0.05)。蛋白胨浓度为30 g/L时,4-VG的产量显著最高,为3816.42±612.43 μg/L(图5E)。因此,菌株JP-2产4-VG最适氮源为30 g/L的蛋白胨。
良好的pH环境有助于微生物细胞的正常生长、蛋白质的正确功能和结构完整性,并利于微生物发挥其功能[28]。由图5F可知,不同初始pH对菌株产4-VG有显著差异(P<0.05),其中初始pH为5.0时产量显著最高,且在pH5.0~7.0范围内菌株产4-VG含量较高,表明菌株JP-2能够适应白酒发酵酸性环境产4-VG。温度是影响微生物生长、繁殖和代谢途径的重要参数,适宜的温度有利于微生物中代谢产物的生长、繁殖和积累[29]。从图5G可知,温度对菌株JP-2产4-VG影响较大,随着温度升高先增加后降低,当温度在25~35 ℃时菌株产4-VG保持较高的产量,当温度超过40 ℃菌株产4-VG含量下降明显。当温度在30 ℃时4-VG含量最高,为3649.49±274.97 μg/L。这与邓照等[30]研究产氮假单胞菌最佳产愈创木酚类制曲条件培养温度为30 ℃一致。
微生物代谢产物的大量积累通常始于对数生长阶段,而峰值产量主要发生在稳定生长阶段和死亡前阶段[31]。不同的微生物通常有不同的最佳发酵期来积累代谢产物,因此为了积累更多的4-VG,有必要研究菌株JP-2生产4-VG的发酵过程。发酵时间优化结果表明(图5H),当发酵时间小于120 h时,菌株产4-VG随着发酵时间的增加而增高,发酵120 h时产量最高可达3216.29±260.32 μg/L,且发酵时间再延长时,产量变化无显著差异。
根据PB试验设计及结果(表3),通过使用Design-Expert 13.0软件分析得到A(初始pH)、C(发酵时间)、D(蛋白胨含量)和E(蔗糖含量)4个因素均对菌株JP-2产4-VG具有显著影响(P<0.05)(表4)。由表4可知,模型的P值为0.0002,R2=0.9994,R2Adj=0.9964,表明模型可靠,析因试验可信度和精确度较高[32]。对数据进行多元回归拟合,得到回归方程:Y1=1711.04−589.62×A−105.67×B−690.44×C−571.08×D+263.84×E+38.28×AB+369.34×AC−56.85×AD+268.29×AE−294.46×BC−209.74×BD−303.22×BE+434.41×CD+286.37×CE−210.44×DE。
由回归方程可知,因素E(蔗糖含量)偏回归系数为263.84,表明该因素对菌株产4-VG的影响为正效应,应增加。其他因素为负效应,应减小。但响应面试验时考察因素超过3个试验次数明显增加(3个因素为20次处理,4个因素为31次处理),同时因素D(蛋白胨含量)的效应在此4个因素中最小,因此舍弃对该因素的进一步优化。从中心点进行爬坡设计和试验结果如表5所示,实验3的4-VG含量最高,因此以实验3为响应面试验的中心点。
在多组分环境中,尤其是当变量间存在交互作用时,响应面优化试验能有效确定各因素的理想影响程度及因子间的交互作用,从而快速确立最佳实验条件[33]。对PB试验筛选的3个因素和以最陡爬坡试验中最大响应值对应的各因素值为设计中心点,采用Box-Behnken试验设计进行响应面优化,以确定菌株最佳产4-VG的最优水平,结果见表6。对数据进行多元二次回归拟合,得到4-VG的二元多项式回归方程为Y2=4120.56−388.23×A−203.64×B−57.09×C−59.16×AB+584.77×AC−231.42×BC−726.12×A2−578.04×B2−277.52×C2。由回归方程线性系数可知,各因素对菌株产4-VG的影响由大到小依次为A>B>C。对构建的响应面模型进行方差分析(表7),模拟方程的F值为6.79,对应P值<0.01,表明该模型具有显著性。回归方程的决定系数R2为0.9372,表明所建立的模型可以很好地解释响应值。此外,失拟项并不显著,表明实际值和预测值之间存在良好的相关性。该模型可用于预测4-VG的产量。
基于回归方程,绘制了相应的响应面3D图,结果见图6。初始pH在4.9~5.3、发酵时间62.4~81.6 h范围内,发酵液的4-VG浓度最高,3D曲面的坡度较为平整,说明初始pH与发酵时间的交互作用对菌株JP-2产4-VG的影响不大(图6(A))。由图6(B)可知,当初始pH4.9~5.3、蔗糖含量为28~36 g/L范围内4-VG含量最高,3D曲面的坡度较大,说明这2个因素交互作用对菌株产4-VG的影响较大,与响应面试验方差分析结果一致;如图6(C)所示,在发酵时间62.4~81.6 h、蔗糖含量为28~36 g/L范围内发酵液的4-VG含量最高。回归方程模型预测菌株产4-VG的最佳发酵条件为初始pH4.97,发酵时间71.15 h,蔗糖含量为26.92 g/L,此时4-VG含量为4243.87 μg/L。按实际情况,调整预测条件进行验证实验,在初始pH5.0,发酵时间72 h,蔗糖含量为26.90 g/L的条件下4-VG含量为4342.92±401.62 μg/L,较未优化前的4-VG含量(1495.24±50.82 μg/L)提升了190.45%,说明模型较好的预测了实际发酵情况。
白酒发酵过程极其复杂,菌株对酿造条件的适应能力影响了发酵过程及最终产品质量,关键影响环境因素包含温度、乙醇浓度、酸度及渗透压等[34]。菌株JP-2的乙醇、pH、温度和葡萄糖耐受性见图7。由图7A可知,菌株JP-2的菌体量在乙醇浓度大于2%后随着乙醇浓度的增加而降低,乙醇浓度在4%~6%时,菌株生长虽受抑制但仍有一定存活和生长,当乙醇浓度超过6%菌株完全受抑制不生长。如图7B所示,菌株JP-2在酸性范围内,随着pH的升高菌体量先增加后降低,当pH5.5时菌体量最高,当pH低于4.0后,菌体量急剧下降,菌株生长受到抑制不生长。由图7C可知,菌株JP-2菌体量随着温度的升高先增加后下降,最适生长温度为35 ℃。当温度高于35 ℃后,菌株生长受到了一定程度的阻碍,甚至死亡。当温度在40~45 ℃,菌株生长受抑制,但仍有一定的菌体量。当温度达到50 ℃,菌体完全受抑制死亡。如图7D所示,菌株JP-2生长随葡萄糖浓度升高先增加后下降,当葡萄糖浓度为50 g/L时,菌体量达最高。菌株表现出较强的耐糖性能,在葡萄糖浓度达300 g/L时,OD值均达0.9以上,菌体量较高。
将强化菌株JP-2的试验组和未强化的对照组酒醅及酒样中4-VG进行定量分析,如图8所示。添加菌株发酵液的试验组中,与刚入窖发酵(0 d)的酒醅相比,发酵结束时酒醅中4-VG显著上升了53.85%(P<0.05),而未添加菌株发酵液的对照组发酵结束时酒醅中4-VG浓度无显著变化(P>0.05)。蒸馏取酒后,与原酒对照组(966.97±146.03 μg/L)相比,试验组的4-VG含量(3672.60±178.66 μg/L)显著增加了279.80%(P<0.05)。Deng等[25]将Pseudomonas azotoformans YF-58以细菌麸曲的形式强化至芝麻香型白酒发酵中,原酒中4-VG含量提升至0.049±0.0060 mg/L。何宏魁等[10]将菌株Bacillus velezensis GX5应用于浓香型实验生产时,发酵后白酒中的4-VG产量增加至2.42 mg/L。林斌等[15]将枯草芽孢杆菌B257以麸曲形式添加至清香型小曲白酒中,发酵后原酒中4-VG增长至2.29 mg/L。本研究获得的菌株应用于酱酒中提升4-VG含量均高于文献已报道。
将强化菌株JP-2的试验组和未强化的对照组酒样中风味物质进行定量分析(图9A),结果表明试验组原酒中酯类物质浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),比对照组显著提升了64.81%,其他挥发性成分与对照组无显著性差异。这与林斌等[15]研究的强化高产愈创木酚类菌株于白酒中提升酯类物质含量结果一致。
按照Tang等[35]方法对原酒风味进行品评并绘制白酒风味雷达图,如图9B所示。与对照组相比,添加高产4-VG菌株的试验组增加了原酒的焦香、花果香、醇甜感和绵感,减少了酸涩味。文献报道在发酵食品中提高4-VG可改善食品的风味和口感,如在葡萄酒和啤酒中适当提高4-VG浓度可以改善其香气特征[36]、在白酒中应用产愈创木酚类菌株可增加花果香及焦香[10,25]、在酱油中应用产愈创木酚类菌株可提升酱油的醇香、焦香和花果香[37]。综上,菌株JP-2可以增加白酒发酵过程中4-VG的浓度,并且对酒的风味和口感有一定的促进作用。
本研究将酒曲富集培养后通过筛选培养基初筛及发酵定量检测复筛的方法得到了13株菌株产4-VG含量显著高于对照菌株,结合进一步在含前体物质液态发酵培养基中筛选,最终获得了一株高产4-VG菌株丙二酸克罗诺杆菌(C. malonaticus)JP-2。使用GC-MS法定量检测该菌在不含和含有阿魏酸前体发酵培养基中4-VG的浓度,分别为1495.32±74.24 μg/L和2.82±0.04 g/L,说明菌株JP-2具有较好的转化阿魏酸生成4-VG的能力。通过响应面试验设计优化得到菌株JP-2高产4-VG的发酵条件:初始pH5.0、发酵时间72 h、蔗糖含量为26.90 g/L,此条件下4-VG浓度为4342.92±401.62 μg/L,比未优化前提升了190.45%。菌株JP-2具有良好的耐受性,能够在乙醇体积分数6%,pH4.0,温度为45 ℃,葡萄糖浓度为300 g/L的环境中生长。将该菌株应用于白酒发酵能显著提高原酒中4-VG的含量和提升白酒的风味成分及口感。综上,本研究筛选得到的菌株JP-2具有在白酒发酵过程中提升4-VG活性成分和风味品质的能力,对于提高白酒风味成分和健康内涵具有一定现实意义。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060311
  • 接收时间:2025-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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    劲牌有限公司,劲牌研究院,中药保健食品质量与安全湖北省重点实验室,湖北黄石 435100

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陈申习(1986−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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