Article(id=1320881829905814380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070368, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753804800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852369047, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852369047, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852369047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852369047, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=106, endPage=117, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881830128112493, articleId=1320881829905814380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation of Glycosylation Products of Tenebrio molitor Protein and Study on Structure and Functional Characteristics, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the functional properties of Tenebrio molitor protein isolate (TPI) and to increase the feasibility of its application in the food industry, in this study, xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and Tenebrio molitor protein powder were used as raw materials to optimize the glycosylation reaction conditions, and the structural and functional properties of the Tenebrio molitor protein isolate glycosylated with xylo-oligosaccharides polysaccharide (TPIX) were investigeted. Taking the grafting degree and browning degree as evaluation indicators, the glycosylation conditions were screened through single-factor experiments. The structural properties of TPIX were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, endogenous fluorescence spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Functional properties, including foaming, emulsification, antioxidant activity, and in vitro digestibility, were also evaluated. The results showed that optimal glycosylation conditions were determined as follows: The mass ratio of TPI to XOS was 1:2, the pH was 9.0, the heating temperature was 85 ℃, and the heating time was 90 min. Under these conditions, the grafting degree and browning degree reached 32.24% and 0.078, respectively. Structural analysis confirmed significant conformational changes in TPI and XOS after glycosylation, along with a reduction in surface hydrophobicity, indicating the successful formation of the glycosylation product TPIX. Functionally, TPIX exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity, with DPPH, ABTS+ and hydroxyl radicals scavenging rates relatively increased by 57.85%, 74.17%, and 10.27%, respectively, compared with TPI under the same conditions. Foaming capacity and emulsifying activity were also significantly improved (P<0.05), although foaming stability, emulsifying stability and in vitro digestibility relatively decreased, by 62.1%, 40.08% and 13.39%, respectively. This study optimized the glycosylation reaction conditions between TPI and XOS. The resulting glycation products exhibited favorable foaming, emulsifying, and antioxidant properties, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the application of TPI in the food industry.

, authors=Liwei LONG, Siqi DU, Yaxin SANG, Wenlong YU*, Xianghong WANG*, authorsList=Liwei LONG, Siqi DU, Yaxin SANG, Wenlong YU, Xianghong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenlong YU, Xianghong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881834502771592, articleId=1320881829905814380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=黄粉虫蛋白糖基化产物的制备及其结构与功能特性的研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为改善黄粉虫蛋白(Tenebrio molitor protein isolate,TPI)的功能性质,提高其在食品工业中的应用可行性,本研究以低聚木糖(Xylo-oligosaccharides,XOS)与黄粉虫蛋白粉为原料,优化糖基化反应条件,并对黄粉虫蛋白-低聚木糖接枝物(Tenebrio molitor protein isolate glycosylated with xylo-oligosaccharides polysaccharide,TPIX)进行结构与功能特性研究。以接枝度和褐变程度为评价指标,通过单因素实验筛选影响TPI与XOS糖基化反应的条件;利用傅里叶红外光谱技术、内源性荧光光谱技术和扫描电镜技术分析TPIX结构,并从起泡性、乳化性、抗氧化性和体外消化性方面对TPIX进行功能评价。结果表明,筛选后的TPI与XOS糖基化反应最佳条件:TPI与XOS的质量比为1:2、反应体系pH为9.0、反应温度85 ℃、反应时间90 min,在该条件下,TPIX的接枝度为32.24%,褐变程度为0.078。结构分析表明,发生糖基化反应后,TPI和XOS的原有结构明显改变,蛋白质表面疏水性降低,证实了TPI与XOS通过糖基化反应生成了糖基化产物TPIX。在相同条件下,TPIX对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和羟自由基清除率分别相对提升了57.85%、74.17%、和10.27%。TPIX的起泡性、乳化活性均显著(P<0.05)高于TPI,而泡沫稳定性、乳化稳定性和体外消化性均有所降低,分别相对降低了62.1%、40.08%以及13.39%。该研究通过优化TPI与XOS糖基化反应条件,获得的糖基化产物具有较好的起泡性、乳化性和抗氧化性,对TPI在食品行业中的应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=龙丽伟, 杜思琪, 桑亚新, 于文龙*, 王向红*, authorsList=龙丽伟, 杜思琪, 桑亚新, 于文龙, 王向红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=于文龙, 王向红, authorNote=

龙丽伟(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
于文龙(1992−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
王向红(1973−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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龙丽伟(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:

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注:不同字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图5、图8~图12同。

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注:A:TPI;B:TPIH;C:XOS;D:MIX;E:TPIX。

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Formula of simulated digestive solution in vitro

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成分储备液浓度
(mol/L)
模拟胃液(SGF)体积(mL)模拟肠液(SIF)体积(mL)
KCl0.56.96.8
KH2PO40.50.90.8
NaHCO3112.542.5
NaCl211.89.6
MgCl2·6H2O0.150.41.1
(NH4)2CO30.50.5−
), ArticleFig(id=1320881840886502346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881829905814380, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

体外模拟消化液配方

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成分储备液浓度
(mol/L)
模拟胃液(SGF)体积(mL)模拟肠液(SIF)体积(mL)
KCl0.56.96.8
KH2PO40.50.90.8
NaHCO3112.542.5
NaCl211.89.6
MgCl2·6H2O0.150.41.1
(NH4)2CO30.50.5−
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黄粉虫蛋白糖基化产物的制备及其结构与功能特性的研究
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龙丽伟 , 杜思琪 , 桑亚新 , 于文龙 * , 王向红 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(16): 106-117
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (16) : 106 -117
黄粉虫蛋白糖基化产物的制备及其结构与功能特性的研究
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龙丽伟 , 杜思琪, 桑亚新, 于文龙* , 王向红*
作者信息
  • 河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071000
通讯作者:
于文龙(1992−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
王向红(1973−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

龙丽伟(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:

Preparation of Glycosylation Products of Tenebrio molitor Protein and Study on Structure and Functional Characteristics
Liwei LONG , Siqi DU, Yaxin SANG, Wenlong YU* , Xianghong WANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070368
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为改善黄粉虫蛋白(Tenebrio molitor protein isolate,TPI)的功能性质,提高其在食品工业中的应用可行性,本研究以低聚木糖(Xylo-oligosaccharides,XOS)与黄粉虫蛋白粉为原料,优化糖基化反应条件,并对黄粉虫蛋白-低聚木糖接枝物(Tenebrio molitor protein isolate glycosylated with xylo-oligosaccharides polysaccharide,TPIX)进行结构与功能特性研究。以接枝度和褐变程度为评价指标,通过单因素实验筛选影响TPI与XOS糖基化反应的条件;利用傅里叶红外光谱技术、内源性荧光光谱技术和扫描电镜技术分析TPIX结构,并从起泡性、乳化性、抗氧化性和体外消化性方面对TPIX进行功能评价。结果表明,筛选后的TPI与XOS糖基化反应最佳条件:TPI与XOS的质量比为1:2、反应体系pH为9.0、反应温度85 ℃、反应时间90 min,在该条件下,TPIX的接枝度为32.24%,褐变程度为0.078。结构分析表明,发生糖基化反应后,TPI和XOS的原有结构明显改变,蛋白质表面疏水性降低,证实了TPI与XOS通过糖基化反应生成了糖基化产物TPIX。在相同条件下,TPIX对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和羟自由基清除率分别相对提升了57.85%、74.17%、和10.27%。TPIX的起泡性、乳化活性均显著(P<0.05)高于TPI,而泡沫稳定性、乳化稳定性和体外消化性均有所降低,分别相对降低了62.1%、40.08%以及13.39%。该研究通过优化TPI与XOS糖基化反应条件,获得的糖基化产物具有较好的起泡性、乳化性和抗氧化性,对TPI在食品行业中的应用提供了理论依据。

黄粉虫蛋白  /  糖基化改性  /  结构  /  抗氧化性  /  功能特性

In order to improve the functional properties of Tenebrio molitor protein isolate (TPI) and to increase the feasibility of its application in the food industry, in this study, xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and Tenebrio molitor protein powder were used as raw materials to optimize the glycosylation reaction conditions, and the structural and functional properties of the Tenebrio molitor protein isolate glycosylated with xylo-oligosaccharides polysaccharide (TPIX) were investigeted. Taking the grafting degree and browning degree as evaluation indicators, the glycosylation conditions were screened through single-factor experiments. The structural properties of TPIX were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, endogenous fluorescence spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Functional properties, including foaming, emulsification, antioxidant activity, and in vitro digestibility, were also evaluated. The results showed that optimal glycosylation conditions were determined as follows: The mass ratio of TPI to XOS was 1:2, the pH was 9.0, the heating temperature was 85 ℃, and the heating time was 90 min. Under these conditions, the grafting degree and browning degree reached 32.24% and 0.078, respectively. Structural analysis confirmed significant conformational changes in TPI and XOS after glycosylation, along with a reduction in surface hydrophobicity, indicating the successful formation of the glycosylation product TPIX. Functionally, TPIX exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity, with DPPH, ABTS+ and hydroxyl radicals scavenging rates relatively increased by 57.85%, 74.17%, and 10.27%, respectively, compared with TPI under the same conditions. Foaming capacity and emulsifying activity were also significantly improved (P<0.05), although foaming stability, emulsifying stability and in vitro digestibility relatively decreased, by 62.1%, 40.08% and 13.39%, respectively. This study optimized the glycosylation reaction conditions between TPI and XOS. The resulting glycation products exhibited favorable foaming, emulsifying, and antioxidant properties, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the application of TPI in the food industry.

Tenebrio molitor isolate protein  /  glycosylation modification  /  structure  /  oxidation resistant  /  functional characteristics
龙丽伟, 杜思琪, 桑亚新, 于文龙, 王向红. 黄粉虫蛋白糖基化产物的制备及其结构与功能特性的研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070368
Liwei LONG, Siqi DU, Yaxin SANG, Wenlong YU, Xianghong WANG. Preparation of Glycosylation Products of Tenebrio molitor Protein and Study on Structure and Functional Characteristics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070368
随着全球人口和人均收入的增加,人们对高蛋白食品的需求也相应增加,预计到2050年,全球对蛋白质的需求预计翻一番[1],为满足消费者对高蛋白食物的需求,现需寻找除肉类之外的优质蛋白来源。而昆虫作为新型食品,养殖过程简单,对水、土地和能源的需要比传统动物需要的相对较少,因此已被提议作为蛋白质来源的替代,其中黄粉虫是最广为人知的可食用昆虫物种之一,作为一种很有前途的替代蛋白质来源而备受关注。
黄粉虫原产于北美洲,富含多种营养成分,因此又称面包虫。粗蛋白含量高达56.58%[2],富含多种人体必需氨基酸,如亮氨酸、缬氨酸和赖氨酸等,具有促进健康、增强免疫力、抗炎、抗氧化、降血脂等多项功效[3−5],被视为一种极好的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质来源,可以替代传统的动物蛋白来源。黄粉虫带生产效率高,与传统牲畜相比,需要的空间和饲料要少得多,具有环境和经济优势[2]。欧洲食品安全委员会通过第2015/2283号法规,授权在人类食用的食品中使用黄粉虫幼虫,并保证其安全性[6]。
然而,部分消费者对昆虫存在畏惧、厌恶心理,且黄粉虫并非传统食物,人们缺乏食用习惯,因此消费者不愿食用黄粉虫蛋白(Tenebrio molitor isolate,TPI)仍然是一个重大障碍。为了提高接受度,可以提取黄粉虫蛋白粉并以不可见的形式掺入食品中,或者对其加工、改性、优化口味,从而提高消费者的接受度。目前,蛋白质糖基化是一种常见的蛋白质修饰方法。
蛋白质的糖基化改性有多种途径,美拉德反应(Maillard reaction)是其中主要方式之一,它是蛋白质的氨基和碳水化合物的羰基在加热条件下即可发生的非酶褐变反应,且接枝产物具有一定的安全性及可操控性。通过该方法获得的蛋白-糖共价配合物具有更好的疏水性、发泡能力、乳化性能以及抗氧化性,对生物活性物质的递送效果影响显著。徐雪晗等[7]利用改性玉米醇溶蛋白作为壁材包埋藻油,对包埋后藻油的储藏稳定性进行分析,并对其货架期进行预测,结果表明,改性后的玉米醇溶蛋白包埋的藻油二十二碳六烯酸保留率为96.95%。张斌等[8]采用亲水性多糖亚麻籽胶糖基化改性核桃分离蛋白,相较于核桃分离蛋白,起泡性提高1.72倍。Liu等[9]也研究鹰嘴豆蛋白与柑橘果胶进行糖基化反应,发现经改性后的蛋白表现出更好的乳化性能。综上,糖基化改性是改善蛋白性质的有效途径。目前针对TPI与糖类物质通过美拉德反应生成共价复合物的相关研究较为有限,特别是在制备工艺、结构特征及其功能特性等方面的系统性研究尚未充分开展。
本研究以TPI为研究对象,通过以低聚木糖(Xylo-oligosaccharides,XOS)和TPI为底物对糖基化反应条件进行优化,进一步探究经低聚木糖对黄粉虫蛋白改性后结构和功能的影响,旨在为黄粉虫蛋白质作为新型食品原料的产业化开发提供科学支撑,为相关食品加工技术创新奠定理论基础。
黄粉虫蛋白粉(蛋白含量80.0%) 西安君泰生物科技有限公司;低聚木糖(纯度为95%)、大豆油 益海嘉里食品营销有限公司;透析袋(截留分子量8000~14000 Da)、5,5'-二巯基-2,2-硝基苯甲酸(DTNB)(纯度为98%)、2,2'-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS+)(纯度为98%)、2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(DPPH)(纯度为98%)、胃蛋白酶(效价1:15000)、胰蛋白酶(效价1:250)、猪胆盐(胆酸含量≥60%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;其他化学试剂均为分析纯。
UV-2800A紫外可见分光光度计 尤尼柯(上海)仪器有限公司;FD5-2.5型真空冷冻干燥机 SIM仪器有限公司;1500-823型酶标仪 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;ALPHA FT-IR红外光谱仪 德国布鲁克公司;F-320荧光分光光度计 天津港东科技股份有限公司;Regulus 8230高分辨冷场发射扫描电镜 日本日立公司;KH30R-Ⅱ高速冷冻离心机 湖南凯达科学仪器有限公司;FSH-2A可调高速匀浆机 上海化科实验器材有限公司;K9840自动凯式定氮仪 海能未来技术集团股份有限公司。
黄粉虫蛋白-低聚木糖接枝物(Tenebrio molitor protein isolate glycosylated with xylo-oligosaccharides polysaccharide,TPIX)的制备采用湿法糖基化法[10]。将黄粉虫蛋白粉和低聚木糖以不同比例溶解于超纯水中,配制成2%的蛋白粉溶液,然后在室温下用磁力搅拌器搅拌3 h,通过小心地加入0.10 mol/L的HCl或NaOH来调节溶液的pH,在4 ℃下水合过夜。将溶液在不同温度下进行水浴,随后立即转移至冰水浴中快速冷却5 min以终止反应。反应结束后,将部分样品分装后置于4 ℃冷藏环境中保存,用于后续接枝度及褐变程度的测定,剩余反应液经透析纯化后进行冷冻干燥制备TPIX产物粉末。以未处理的TPI、相同条件下加热的黄粉虫蛋白粉(Heat-treated Tenebrio molitor protein isolate,TPIH)和相同质量比例的黄粉虫蛋白粉与低聚木糖混合物(TPI-XOS Mixture,MIX)为对照,用于后续结构和功能特性的测定。
选取黄粉虫蛋白粉和低聚木糖2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4的比例,pH为8.0,温度为85 ℃,加热时间为90 min制备TPIX,探究蛋白粉与糖质量比对TPIX接枝度和褐变程度的影响。
选取混合物pH为7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0,蛋白粉和糖的比例为1:2、温度为85 ℃,加热时间为90 min制备TPIX,探究不同pH对TPIX接枝度和褐变程度的影响。
选取加热温度为65、75、85、95 ℃,蛋白粉和糖的比例为1:2、pH为9.0,加热时间为90 min制备TPIX,探究不同反应温度对TPIX接枝度和褐变程度的影响。
选取加热时间为0、30、60、90、120、150 min,蛋白粉和糖的比例为1:2、pH为9.0,加热温度为85 ℃制备TPIX,探究不同反应时间对TPIX接枝度和褐变程度的影响。
根据Guan等[11]的方法,并稍作修改,通过邻苯二甲醛(o-Phthaldialdehyde,OPA)法测定糖基化产物的接枝度。首先称取OPA 40 mg溶于1 mL甲醇中,完全溶解后,依次加入25 mL 0.1 mol/L硼砂溶液、5 mL 10%十二烷基硫酸钠及100 μL β-巯基乙醇;混合均匀后用纯水定容至50 mL,配好的OPA溶液应即配即用。准确量取150 μL糖基化产物溶液,加入3 mL OPA溶液,振荡混合均匀,在35 ℃下孵育2 min,将孵化好的溶液采用紫外分光光度计在340 nm处测定吸光度,同时用蒸馏水代替样品溶液作为对照,根据吸光度的变化计算接枝度。参照公式(1)计算接枝度(DG):
$\rm DG(\text{%})=\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{1}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0是样品反应前的吸光度;A1是样品反应后的吸光度。
取1.0 mL糖基化产物溶液加入2.0 mL稀释液(含10% SDS和0.05 mol/L硼砂),在420 nm下测定吸光值,褐变指数表示为A420[12]。
参考田洋等[13]的方法略作修改。将待检测粉末样品和KBr按照1:100的质量比混合均匀,研磨后压制成薄片,在4000~400 cm−1的扫描范围内,以4 cm−1的分辨率、32次的扫描次数进行测定。通过傅里叶去卷积与二阶导数处理红外光谱酰胺I带(1600~1700 cm−1),分析蛋白质二级结构的变化。
将待测蛋白粉样品充分分散在浓度为0.01 mol/L、pH为7.0的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中,在激发波长设定为280 nm(狭缝宽度5 nm)、发射光谱扫描范围300~500 nm、扫描速度10 nm·s−1的条件下,对其荧光强度进行测定[14]。
采用真空镀膜技术对冻干蛋白粉样品进行预处理,首先将其均匀固定在导电样品台上,再通过离子溅射仪在其表面沉积一层厚度均匀的金钯合金导电层(60:40)。设置电子束加速电压为3.0 kV,选择200倍放大倍数对样品表面微观形貌特征进行观察。
采用Ellman法[15]测定游离巯基的含量。Ellman试剂制备方法如下:称取40 mg DTNB试剂,溶解于10 mL预先配制的Tris-甘氨酸缓冲体系(含0.086 mol/L Tris、0.09 mol/L甘氨酸、4 mmol/L EDTA,pH8.0±0.1)中。取1 mL待测蛋白溶液(4 mg/mL)与9 mL配制好的缓冲液充分混匀后,移取4.5 mL混合液加入0.5 mL DTNB显色剂。将混合液置于避光条件下室温孵育30 min后以5000 r/min处理15 min,收集上清液于412 nm波长处测定吸光值。参照公式(2)计算游离巯基的含量:
$ \rm{游}离巯基(\text{µ}\text{mol/g})=\frac{A_{412}\times73.53\times D}{\text{c}} $
式中:73.53由106/(1.36×104)计算;1.36×104:摩尔消光系数(L·mol−1·cm−1);D:稀释倍数;c:蛋白浓度(mg/mL)。
参照王勇[16]的方法,量取1 mL浓度为10 mg/mL的蛋白粉溶液,向其中加入20 μL浓度为1 mg/mL的溴酚蓝溶液,充分混匀后在室温环境下放置10 min。在4 ℃条件下以5000 r/min的转速离心10 min,取离心所得的上清液稀释10倍,在595 nm波长处测定其吸光值,同时以稀释液作为空白对照。表面疏水性的计算参照公式(3):
$\rm 溴酚蓝结合量(\text{µ} \text{g})=200\times \frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{\text{s}}}{{A}_{0}} $
式中:A0:空白在595 nm的吸光度;As:样品在595 nm的吸光度。
参考Yao等[17]的方法,并稍作修改。配制5 mg/mL的样品溶液于试管中,记录样品溶液的高度。10000 r/min高速均质1 min,立即记录溶液的高度。静置30 min后,再次记录样品高度。参照公式(4)、公式(5)计算起泡能力(Foaming capacity,FC)和泡沫稳定性(Foam stability,FS):
$\rm FC(\text{%})=\frac{{h}_{1}-{h}_{0}}{{h}_{0}}\times 100 $
$\rm FS(\text{%})=\frac{{h}_{2}-{h}_{0}}{{h}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:h0:涡旋前的高度;h1:涡旋后的高度;h2:静置30 min后的高度。
参考Wang等[18]的方法,并稍作修改。取2 mL大豆油与6 mL浓度为5 mg/mL的样品溶液进行混合,采用高速均质技术(10000 r/min)对样品进行持续1 min的乳化处理。在均质完成后的0 min和静置10 min后,使用微量移液器从试管底部精准吸取50 μL乳状液样品,用5 mL含0.1%(w/v)SDS溶液对其进行100倍稀释,充分混匀后立即在500 nm波长下测定其吸光值,用于评估乳液稳定性。乳化活性(Emulsifying activity index,EAI)和乳化稳定性(Emulsion stability index,ESI)分别根据公式(6)和公式(7)进行计算:
$\rm EAI({m}^{2}/g)=\frac{2\times 2.303\times {A}_{0}\times D}{\text{c}\times \varphi \times L\times 10000} $
$\rm ESI(\text{min})=\frac{{A}_{0}\times 10}{{A}_{0}-A_{10}} $
式中:A0:乳液在0 min的吸光度;A10:静置10 min的吸光度;D:稀释倍数;c:蛋白质浓度(g/mL);φ:油相体积分数;L:比色皿光径。
参考王楠等[19]的方法并做适当修改。量取2 mL浓度为0.1 mmol/L的DPPH溶液与2 mL浓度为5 mg/mL的样品溶液,将两者混合并摇匀,在避光环境下静置30 min,于517 nm波长处测定吸光度。实验中以无水乙醇替代DPPH溶液作为空白对照,DPPH自由基清除率的计算参照公式(8):
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0:空白在517 nm的吸光度;A1:样品在517 nm的吸光度;A2:对照在517 nm的吸光度。
采用Zhang等[20]的方法进行测定。先分别制备4 mg/mL ABTS储备液和1 mg/mL的过硫酸钾(K2S2O8)溶液,将配制好的溶液按等体积比例混合,避光条件下静置反应15 h以生成ABTS阳离子自由基(ABTS+·),临用前用0.01 mol/L PBS调节混合液吸光值,使其在734 nm波长处的读数为0.70±0.02,制得标准工作液。测定时取200 μL待测样品溶液(5 mg/mL)与3 mL ABTS工作液涡旋混匀,避光反应5 min后立即测定734 nm处的吸光值。同时设置空白对照组,以等体积超纯水代替样品溶液进行平行测定。ABTS+自由基清除率的计算参照公式(9):
$\rm ABT{S}^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{1}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0:对照在734 nm处测定的吸光度;A1:样品在734 nm处测定的吸光度。
参照徐雪晗等[7]的方法进行测定。向试管中依次加入1 mL浓度为5 mg/mL的样品溶液、1 mL浓度为9 mmol/L的水杨酸溶液与1 mL浓度为9 mmol/L的硫酸亚铁溶液,然后添加1 mL浓度为9 mmol/L的过氧化氢溶液,充分混合后,在避光环境下于37 ℃水浴中静置30 min后以4000 r/min的转速离心10 min,取离心后的上清液,在510 nm波长处测定其吸光度。实验设置两组对照,一组以去离子水替代过氧化氢作为对照样,另一组以去离子水替代样品作为空白样。羟自由基清除率的计算参照公式(10):
$\rm 羟自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0:空白在510 nm的吸光度;A1:样品在510 nm的吸光度;A2:对照在510 nm的吸光度。
参考Minekus等[21]体外消化模型,并稍作修改。根据表1所示的组分比例,准确称取各试剂配制缓冲体系,将六种组分溶液充分混匀后,用去离子水定容至400 mL,制备得到1.25×消化液母液。
参考迟晓君等[22]的方法进行模拟胃消化阶段。首先配制胃消化液:将150 mL(1%)样品溶液与7.5 μL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2加入到120 mL SGF中,调pH至3,用蒸馏水补至150 mL,再加入60 mg胃蛋白酶(1:15000),将待测溶液与胃消化液以1:1的比例混合均匀,放入振荡培养箱中,于37 ℃、135 r/min振荡消化2 h。
参考马寅龙等[23]的方法进行模拟肠消化阶段。配制肠消化液:量取20 μL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2和1.221 g猪胆盐加入到120 mL SIF中,调pH至7,用蒸馏水补至150 mL,再加入120 mg胰蛋白酶(1:250),将胃消化产物与肠消化液以1:1的比例混合均匀,放入振荡培养箱中,在37 ℃、135 r/min振荡消化2 h。
期间间隔30 min取样后对消化液进行沸水浴5 min以终止消化,于4 ℃储存。
蛋白质体外消化率的测定参照王智慧等[24]的方法,取上清液后用凯氏定氮法测定可溶性蛋白的含量。参照公式(11)计算蛋白质消化率:
$ \begin{split}\rm&蛋白质消化率(\text{%})=\\&\frac{初始上清液蛋白含量-消化后上清液蛋白含量}{初始上清液蛋白含量}\times 100 \end{split}$
本研究采用三重复实验设计,所有测定结果均以均值±标准差(Mean±SD)形式呈现。运用SPSS Statistics 27统计软件进行方差分析(ANOVA),结合Microsoft Excel 2019完成数据处理,以P<0.05表示数据存在显著差异,图表采用Origin 2024软件绘制。
如图1A所示,TPIX的接枝度随XOS占比的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。当两者比例为1:2时接枝度达到峰值(33.66%±0.83%)。说明在此比例下TPI的游离氨基与XOS中的还原性末端羰基达到更为理想的结合状态[25]。但是当添加TPI:XOS质量比为1:4时,接枝度显著下降(P<0.05),可能是因为过量XOS导致蛋白质分子聚集,形成空间位阻,同时分子间疏水相互作用增强抑制糖基化反应,从而影响接枝效率。
Maillard reaction在反应初期生成呋喃类化合物及其衍生物,这些中间产物通过聚合、缩合等系列反应最终形成类黑精等褐色物质,使反应后褐变度上升[26],在420 nm处的吸光度测量值可描述美拉德反应后期物质变化的程度。通过图1B可知,在TPI与XOS质量比为2:1~1:1的条件下,所得TPIX褐变程度处于相对较低水平,随XOS占比的增加,TPIX褐变度呈现逐渐升高的趋势,这可能由于过量的XOS降解产物与美拉德反应的中间产物进一步发生聚合、氧化反应,持续生成类黑精。综上,本研究选择质量比(1:2,w/w)作为后续糖基化反应的标准条件。
由图2A可知,在pH7.0~11.0范围内,TPIX的接枝度整体呈上升趋势,在pH7.0~9.0范围内,接枝度增幅最为显著(P<0.05),在pH9.0时达到30.46%±1.24%;当pH继续升高,接枝度增幅明显趋缓,在pH为11.0时达到最高值,且pH10.0与pH9.0之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。这主要是因为碱性条件有利于蛋白质分子中氨基的解离,同时糖分子的羰基发生异构化形成烯醇式结构,更易与蛋白质中的氨基发生反应,从而促进接枝度升高;但过高的碱性环境可能对蛋白质空间结构产生影响,导致反应效率的提升趋于平缓。由图2B可知,TPIX的褐变程度(A420)随pH升高而持续加剧,当pH由8.0升至9.0时,A420显著升高(P<0.05);当pH超过9.0后,褐变程度呈急剧上升趋势,A420大幅增加。这是由于极端碱性条件下美拉德反应后期有色物质的快速生成及非酶促褐变反应加剧。综合来看,在pH为9.0的条件下,获得较高的接枝度和较低的褐变强度,因此后续试验将反应的pH确定为9.0。
如图3A所示,TPIX的接枝度随加热温度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势(P<0.05),并在85 ℃时达到峰值(29.35%±1.99%),可能是由于适当升高温度能够加快蛋白质和糖分子的运动速度,增加其碰撞频率同时高温为糖基化反应提供能量,从而接枝度升高;而过度高温加热使TPI空间结构改变,蛋白质发生变性,其结构松散、混乱,导致氨基位点被掩盖或破坏,因此接枝度降低。由图3B可知,TPIX的褐变程度随加热温度上升而显著增强(P<0.05),当温度升至95 ℃时,褐变程度急剧上升,这可能是因为高温条件下长时间反应产生丙烯酰胺等有害物质[27],从而导致褐变程度加深,不利于实际生产应用,而在85 ℃时,褐变程度相对较低。因此后续实验选择85 ℃作为糖基化反应的最适温度,确保糖基化产物具备较高的接枝度和较低的褐变程度。
由图4A可知,当加热时间从0到90 min时,共价物TPIX的接枝度持续升高,在90 min时达到最高DG(32.24%±0.76%),可能是因为糖基化反应会经历多个中间步骤,形成多种中间产物,加热时间越长越有利于这些中间产物进一步转化为糖基化产物,使得接枝度升高;然而随加热时间进一步延长,接枝度未呈现明显增加趋势。由图4B可知,随着加热时间增加,TPIX的褐变程度(A420)总体呈现显著(P<0.05)升高的趋势,这是因为美拉德反应生成的糠醛和其衍生物之间会发生相互聚合而生成深褐色物质,从而导致其褐变程度(A420)上升[28]。而加热时间为90 min时,褐变程度(A420)相对较低(0.078±0.005)。因此,结果表明最适加热时间为90 min。
蛋白质与碳水化合物相互作用后发生的结构变化可以通过FTIR来分析阐明。如图5A所示,TPI在FTIR光谱中表现出正常的蛋白质特征,在1653 cm−1(酰胺Ⅰ)、1542 cm−1(酰胺Ⅱ)和1332 cm−1(酰胺Ⅲ)附近有三个特征吸收带,分别与C=O拉伸、N-H弯曲和C-N拉伸有关[29]。而经过糖基化反应处理后,TPIX的酰胺I、酰胺II和酰胺III的吸收峰均发生不同程度的位移,且吸收强度有所增强,这可能是美拉德反应中低聚木糖与蛋白的游离氨基相互作用的结果[30]。在3298 cm−1附近,酰胺A基团(3500~3200 cm−1)的吸收峰与N-H、O-H和C-H键的拉伸有关[31],证实了氢键的参与,与TPI相比,TPIX处吸收峰出现红移,表明糖基化可能消耗了分子间氢键。在3070 cm−1附近,酰胺B基团(3100~2900 cm−1)的吸收峰对应于蛋白质的C-H拉伸振动[31]。碳水化合物的特征峰位于1180~953 cm−1的范围内,在美拉德反应之后,蛋白质的吸收峰发生了变化,从1084 cm−1移动到1041 cm−1,可能是因为蛋白质与大量低聚木糖分子结合,从而改变蛋白质的结构,增加糖基化产物中氢键的数量[32]。
由图5B可知,经糖基化改性后的TPIX,α-螺旋含量显著降低(P<0.05),β-折叠含量显著增加(P<0.05)。与TPI相比,TPIX的α-螺旋含量完全消失,β-转角含量略有增加(从30%到36%),无规卷曲含量无变化,β-折叠含量显著增加,从28%增加到42%。这表明蛋白质糖基化对蛋白质二级结构的变化有显著影响,促进了α-螺旋向β-折叠的转变,并且以有序结构为主。
综上所述,糖基化通过美拉德反应消耗部分官能团生成新的物质,显著影响了黄粉虫蛋白的内部结构。
利用内源性荧光光谱可以测定TPI的三级结构。如图6所示,与TPI相比,TPIX的荧光强度明显降低,并且发生明显的红移,从320 nm移动到410 nm附近。这一方面是由于低聚木糖具有亲水性,与蛋白质相互作用后导致空间结构发生改变,使蛋白分子内部的色氨酸基团暴露出来,增强蛋白质溶液的极性环境,从而降低荧光强度[33];另一方面,低聚木糖的存在对蛋白质的色氨酸残基产生了屏蔽作用,且糖链与蛋白质共价结合的屏蔽作用比非共价结合的屏蔽作用更强[34−36]。此外,TPIH与TPI荧光强度几乎一致,表明仅加热并未改变蛋白质的三级结构;MIX的荧光强度要高于经糖基化改性后的样品,说明TPI与XOS的简单混合糖基化程度相对较低。因此,TPI与XOS发生美拉德反应,形成了具有较强捕获发色团能力的TPIX,说明美拉德反应显著影响了蛋白的三级结构。
扫描电子显微镜结果能直观反映样品的表面形貌和微观结构。如图7所示,TPI呈现出大小不一的球状颗粒紧密排列的结构,说明结构未被破坏。经高温加热后,TPIH结构松散、球形结构减少,破碎颗粒较多,说明蛋白质的微观结构发生了变化。这表明,在接糖过程中,蛋白质与木糖的相互作用可能诱导了蛋白质聚集,形成了更大的聚合物。XOS的表面形态呈零散且细碎的块状,这种结构特点使其更易附着在TPI上。经过物理混合后TPI的结构被破坏但是仍存在部分球状结构,表明简单的物理混合对TPI结构的破坏程度低于糖基化处理的破坏程度。TPIX共价交联后表面结构发生了显著变化,变得松散多孔,呈现更多的褶皱。这是由于TPI与XOS紧密结合,导致不均匀和累积结构的形成并且蛋白质的空间结构扩展变形。
巯基是蛋白质糖基化改性中的关键活性官能团,对于反应蛋白质结构的变化至关重要[37]。当巯基被氧化形成二硫键时,蛋白质分子之间的交联增加,从而影响乳化性能,并能反映出一定程度的抗氧化活性[31]。图8呈现出不同处理的蛋白质的游离巯基含量的变化。与TPI相比,TPIH中游离巯基的含量略高,但并无显著变化,而TPI与XOS仅物理混合的MIX和糖基化改性的TPIX的巯基含量显著增加(P<0.05),其中TPIX中游离巯基含量大幅增加。可检测到的游离巯基是源于蛋白质内部结构遭到破坏后原本隐藏的巯基暴露并经氧化形成二硫键这一过程,在反应持续推进的过程中,XOS会促使TPI分子结构打开,导致其内部基团暴露进而使游离巯基含量上升[31]。Ruan等[38]研究的藜麦蛋白通过透明质酸诱导的羰基化反应后游离巯基含量显著上升(P<0.05)。此外,游离巯基含量的增加使得蛋白质空间结构更加松散,刚性程度降低,使TPIX具有更加优异的起泡能力和乳化能力[39]。
溴酚蓝是蛋白质上疏水位点的可见吸光度探针[40],溴酚蓝结合量越高,疏水性越大。经不同处理下对TPI表面疏水性的影响如图9所示,天然的TPI与溴酚蓝结合量为22.22 μg,TPIH、MIX、TPIX与溴酚蓝结合量分别为17.56、20.43、5.38 μg。与TPI相比,表明加热和物理混合不会显著影响蛋白质的表面疏水性,也说明XOS没有与TPI疏水性基团发生反应,也没有使TPI暴露出更多的疏水性基团。糖基化改性后的TPI的表面疏水性显著降低(P<0.05),表明糖基化改变了蛋白的空间结构,在糖基化过程中XOS与蛋白质的共价结合显示出一定数量的亲水性基团,产生位阻,增强TPIX的亲水性,从而降低了疏水性的比例。贾伟祎等[41]也发现经低聚木糖改性后的蛋白质表面疏水性显著降低。
糖基化改性对TPI起泡能力及泡沫稳定性的影响结果如图10所示,其变化结果与巯基含量的结果基本一致。未处理的TPI的起泡能力和泡沫稳定性分别为38.54%和30.21%,而经加热后起泡能力和泡沫稳定性分别降低至25%和13.54%。可能是因为高温加热后蛋白质相互聚集导致变性,蛋白体系中以疏水相互作用占据主导地位,气液界面的蛋白质含量减少,进而引起起泡能力及泡沫稳定性下降[42]。相较于TPI,经低聚木糖糖基化后TPIX起泡能力提高到73.96%,而泡沫稳定性相对降低了62.1%,这可能是因为黄粉虫蛋白与低聚木糖糖基化产生了柔韧、松散的构象,使蛋白质的结构变得更加伸展和灵活,这种构象有利于蛋白质在气-液界面上快速吸附和定向排列,从而促进泡沫的形成[43]。因此糖基化处理有利于提升TPI在食品体系中的应用价值。
乳化活性和乳化稳定性是表征蛋白质乳化性能的两个重要指标。乳化特性与表面疏水性和巯基含量密切相关,前者代表了蛋白质吸附在界面上的能力,而后者代表了蛋白质赋予乳液强度的能力,使它们能够在一定时间内抵抗结构变化[44]。如图11所示,TPI的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别为3.58 m2/g和48.28 min,经加热后乳化活性指数显著升高(P<0.05)至7.55 m2/g,而乳化稳定性降低至32.09 min。这一现象可能归因于热处理诱导的蛋白质分子量增加,有利于增加界面膜的黏弹性,且连续相中蛋白分子量大,会增加乳液体系黏度,从而增加了乳化活性;而乳化稳定性是由两亲性特征决定的,其中序列内氨基酸的亲水/疏水分布与蛋白质的吸附能力明显相关,过量亲水或疏水基团会导致界面吸附能力降低,会将蛋白质限制在单相(水/油),从而降低乳化稳定性[45]。与TPI相比,TPIX乳化活性提升到9.38 m2/g,乳化稳定性相对降低了40.08%,这种变化可能是由于蛋白质中的疏水基团和赖氨酸残基暴露在表面,进而与碳水化合物的羰基反应,这有助于系统在疏水基团和亲水基团之间实现新的平衡,促进乳液的形成[46]。而乳化稳定性减少可能是由于糖基化的过度反应,导致蛋白质和糖变性并改变它们的静电相互作用,从而降低了偶联物维持乳液的能力[47−48]。
图12分别显示了不同处理对TPI的DPPH自由基清除率(A)、ABTS+自由基清除率(B)和羟自由基清除率(C)的影响。通过图12可以发现XOS的加入可以增强TPI的抗氧化特性,这可能是因为有美拉德反应产物类黑精和Amadori化合物的生成[49]。由图12A可知TPIX的DPPH自由基清除力显著(P<0.05)超过了未处理的TPI和TPI与XOS物理混合物,由38.32%、41.88%提升到60.49%。Yuan等[50]发现,由酪蛋白肽和葡萄糖形成的糖基化产物也表现出较强的DPPH自由基清除能力。这种增强可能归因于具有抗氧化能力的糖基化中间产物羟甲基糠醛的降解,羟基和吡咯基团、各种杂环和芳香结构以及氢原子可用性的增加等[49]。通过图12B、图12C可知,糖基化产物TPIX对ABTS+自由基和羟自由基的清除能力与DPPH自由基清除活性呈现一致的变化规律,均高于未糖基化的TPI。与TPI相比,TPIX的ABTS+自由基清除率、DPPH自由基清除率和羟自由基清除率分别相对提升了74.17%、57.85%和10.27%,表明糖基化修饰显著提升了抗氧化性能,且对不同自由基的增强效果具有选择性(ABTS+自由基>DPPH自由基>羟自由基)。因此,TPIX可作为高效、安全的天然抗氧化剂,在肉制品保鲜、油脂抗氧化等食品加工领域展现出重要的应用价值,具有广阔应用前景。
实验分析了不同处理下黄粉虫蛋白溶液经胃和肠消化后蛋白质消化率的变化,结果如图13所示。随着消化时间的延长,TPIX和TPI的蛋白质消化率逐渐上升,TPIX的胃蛋白酶消化能力低于TPI,经胃消化2 h后,TPI和TPIX的蛋白质消化率分别提高到6.21%和4.97%。经肠消化阶段后,TPI的消化率从6.21%增加到58.65%,TPIX蛋白消化率从4.97%增加到51.72%。结果表明,TPIX蛋白质消化性低于TPI(P<0.05),相较于TPI降低了13.39%,这可能是由于低聚木糖提供的空间位阻阻碍了蛋白酶对TPIX的识别[51],从而阻碍了TPIX的水解。
本研究以黄粉虫蛋白粉为原料,对低聚木糖与黄粉虫蛋白糖基化反应条件进行探究,以接枝度和褐变程度为指标,系统优化确立黄粉虫蛋白-低聚木糖复合物制备的最适反应条件,并深入研究其结构特征与功能特性变化。结果表明:当黄粉虫蛋白粉与低聚木糖的质量比为1:2、反应体系pH为9.0、反应温度85 ℃、反应时间90 min时,所得糖基化产物展现出高接枝度和低褐变程度,分别为32.24%和0.078;通过对FTIR、内源性荧光光谱、SEM、游离巯基含量分析,表明糖基化改性可以改变蛋白质的二级和三级结构,并改变蛋白质的微观结构。在功能特性方面,经糖基化改性后的黄粉虫蛋白粉的起泡性、乳化活性和抗氧化性显著提高,表面疏水性降低,但其泡沫稳定性、乳化稳定性和消化性能均降低。该研究结果为黄粉虫蛋白粉作为食品配料用于蛋白饮料、乳液和泡沫食品中奠定基础,为后续黄粉虫蛋白结构特性和功能活性的研究提供了基础,同时也拓宽了糖基化改性的应用范围;也进一步为今后昆虫蛋白的修饰提供了理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070368
  • 接收时间:2025-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-30
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    河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071000

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于文龙(1992−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
王向红(1973−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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