Article(id=1320881740651020621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764691200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852347766, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852347766, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852347766, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852347766, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=45, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881740827181390, articleId=1320881740651020621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comparison of Taste Differences in Sichuan Gongou Black Tea Prepared with Different Drying Methods Using Metabolomics, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To compare the effects of drying methods on the taste of Sichuan Congou black tea. In this study, quantitative descriptive analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis were employed to investigate taste differences among teas produced using different drying methods: Jinqu (hot-air drying), Jinzhen (carding machine drying), and Xiangluo (double-pan roasting drying). Results indicated that Jinqu exhibited a sweeter, fresher taste and achieved the highest sensory score (91.96). In contrast, Xiangluo had a darker liquor, higher bitterness and sourness, and the lowest sensory score (88.97). Jinzhen displayed intermediate sensory characteristics. The free amino acid content of Jinqu (4.34%) was significantly higher than that of Jinzhen and Xiangluo (P<0.05), with its theanine content being 1.41 and 1.48 times higher, respectively. Additionally, the phenol-to-amino ratio in Jinqu (1.76) was lower than that in Jinzhen (2.32) and Xiangluo (2.39). The theabrownin content of Xiangluo (3.24%) was significantly higher than that of Jinzhen and Jinqu (P<0.05), whereas Jinqu had the highest theaflavin (0.26%). The total catechin content in Xiangluo exceeded that of Jinqu and Jinzhen by 30.34% and 4.83%, respectively. Metabolomics and Pearson correlation analyses showed that elevated relative contents of amino acids (L-asparagine, L-theanine, and L-glutamic acid) in Jinqu notably enhanced its freshness. In contrast, Xiangluo contained higher levels of ester catechins and flavonoids but lower amino acids, thus increasing bitterness and reducing freshness. Moreover, malic and fumaric acids contributed to increased acidity in Xiangluo tea liquor. In conclusion, Jinqu tea produced by hot-air drying exhibited superior flavor quality compared with teas produced by the other two drying methods. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing processing techniques and enhancing Sichuan Congou black tea quality.

, authors=Liran YANG1, Bin JIANG1, *, Zhou CHENG1, Xueping LUO1, Wenwen JIAO1, Kangli PENG1, Mingli LIU2, Jingna YAN1, *, authorsList=Liran YANG, Bin JIANG, Zhou CHENG, Xueping LUO, Wenwen JIAO, Kangli PENG, Mingli LIU, Jingna YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin JIANG, Jingna YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881742421016925, articleId=1320881740651020621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于代谢组学比较不同干燥方式下川红工夫茶的滋味差异, columnId=1320881740915261775, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—茶饮品全产业链生产关键技术研究与应用(客座主编:尹军峰、张建勇、许勇泉、崔宏春), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了比较干燥方式对川红工夫茶滋味的影响,基于定量描述分析、高效液相色谱法和超高效液相色谱-质谱法,结合多元统计分析热风干燥的金曲、理条机干燥的金针和双锅曲毫机干燥的香螺川红工夫茶滋味差异。结果表明:金曲滋味的甜度和鲜爽度更高,感官得分为91.96分;而香螺的茶汤偏暗,苦涩味和酸味较高,得分最低,仅为88.97分。金针的品质介于两者之间。金曲的游离氨基酸含量为4.34%,显著高于金针和香螺(P<0.05),其中茶氨酸相对含量分别是金针和香螺的1.41和1.48倍。金曲的酚氨比为1.76,低于金针的2.32和香螺的2.39。香螺的茶褐素含量为3.24%,显著高于金针和金曲(P<0.05),茶黄素在金曲中最高,达0.26%。香螺中的儿茶素总量分别比金曲和金针高30.34%和4.83%。代谢组学和相关性分析表明,金曲中的L-天冬酰胺、L-茶氨酸和L-谷氨酸等氨基酸的相对含量较高,增加了茶汤的鲜爽味。而香螺中酯型儿茶素和黄酮类化合物的高保留率和较低氨基酸含量提高了其苦涩味、降低了鲜爽度,同时苹果酸和富马酸也增强了香螺茶汤的酸度。综上,热风干燥制成的金曲滋味品质高于其他两种红茶。该研究结果为川红工夫茶工艺优化和品质提高提供了理论依据。

, authors=杨丽冉1, 蒋宾1, *, 成洲1, 罗学平1, 焦文文1, 彭康丽1, 刘明丽2, 闫敬娜1, *, authorsList=杨丽冉, 蒋宾, 成洲, 罗学平, 焦文文, 彭康丽, 刘明丽, 闫敬娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蒋宾, 闫敬娜, authorNote=

杨丽冉(1996−)女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:茶叶加工与综合利用研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
蒋宾(1993−)男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:食品发酵与微生物研究,E-mail:。
闫敬娜(1990−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:茶叶功能成分化学与综合利用研究,E-mail:。
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杨丽冉(1996−)女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:茶叶加工与综合利用研究,E-mail:

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Jiangsu Agricultural Science, 2022, 50(15): 162−168.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881754311868873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN J X, YAN T Y, SHAO S X, et al. Metabonomics analysis of Jinguanyin black tea from different origins based on UPLC-MS/MS[J]. 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Investigation on green tea lipids and their metabolic variations during manufacturing by nontargeted lipidomics[J]. Food Chemistry, 2021, 339: 128114., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881754685161934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIE Z X, ZHANG D, ZHU J Y, et al. Mechanism of aroma enhancement methods in accelerating Congou black tea acidification subjected to room temperature storage[J]. 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Food Chemistry: X, 2024, 21: 101192., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881742626537822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881742630732127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, companyId=1320881742626537822, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin 644003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881742639120736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, companyId=1320881742626537822, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1宜宾职业技术学院现代农业学院,四川宜宾 644003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881742697840993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881742706229602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, companyId=1320881742697840993, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Research Institute of Tea Industry of Yibin, Yibin 644100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881742714618211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, companyId=1320881742697840993, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2宜宾市茶产业研究院,四川宜宾 644100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881747097665942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Difference of sensory evaluation of Sichuan Congou black tea samples based on different drying methods, figureFileSmall=x7OwywVCbjuGgafNasZ94Q==, figureFileBig=igeKp7Gn9yVAm2zcliPbAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881747223495063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同干燥方式川红工夫茶感官审评差异

注:A. 干茶、茶汤和叶底差异;B. QDA分析结果。

, figureFileSmall=x7OwywVCbjuGgafNasZ94Q==, figureFileBig=igeKp7Gn9yVAm2zcliPbAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749014462872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Differences in the composition of catechins of Sichuan Congou black tea samples based on different drying methods, figureFileSmall=iQ6Bu2S5/I6qvy4zjM+S5w==, figureFileBig=MkCR1eC7PYX5wzpBr8t+aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749102543257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同干燥方式川红工夫茶儿茶素组成差异

注:不同小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05),相同代表差异不显著(P>0.05);图3同。

, figureFileSmall=iQ6Bu2S5/I6qvy4zjM+S5w==, figureFileBig=MkCR1eC7PYX5wzpBr8t+aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749178040730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Difference of amino acid composition of Sichuan Congou black tea samples based on different drying methods, figureFileSmall=SkHQRLzZ1coRfSnwFSjcaA==, figureFileBig=jXq8far+S8+XuJbc204elA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749350007195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干燥方式川红工夫茶氨基酸组分含量差异

注:A为氨基酸含量热图;B~E为鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸、氨基酸总量柱形图;F为氨基酸组成比例。

, figureFileSmall=SkHQRLzZ1coRfSnwFSjcaA==, figureFileBig=jXq8far+S8+XuJbc204elA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749450670492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Difference of metabolites of Sichuan Congou black tea samples based on different drying methods, figureFileSmall=RnSP+uUT+/ktxwBObXJkCQ==, figureFileBig=fG/lkK7kAOI2OeuU9/8MlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749551333789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同干燥方式川红工夫茶中的代谢物差异

注:A为代谢物组成比例;B为代谢物相对含量差异热图;C为代谢物的相对含量堆积图。

, figureFileSmall=RnSP+uUT+/ktxwBObXJkCQ==, figureFileBig=fG/lkK7kAOI2OeuU9/8MlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749622636958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolite profiles in Sichuan Congou black tea samples, figureFileSmall=R82LD5aVme0JytHoX7T8Qw==, figureFileBig=FCXavOL26Yz7/JSXuq6QuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749702328735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=CN, label=图5, caption=川红工夫茶中代谢物的多元统计分析

注:A为PCA得分图;B为OPLS-DA得分图;C为置换检验图;D为差异代谢物热图。

, figureFileSmall=R82LD5aVme0JytHoX7T8Qw==, figureFileBig=FCXavOL26Yz7/JSXuq6QuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749798797728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation analysis between key differential metabolites and sensory indicators of Sichuan Congou black tea, figureFileSmall=Xx55QolcXbGYQm9lvxyegw==, figureFileBig=scw3iaIzgwhes3OaTaC52g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749870100897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=CN, label=图6, caption=川红工夫茶中关键差异代谢物与感官指标的相关性分析

注:A为代谢物与味觉值的皮尔逊相关性热图,“*”代表显著相关(P<0.05),红色表示正相关,蓝色表示负相关,颜色越深代表相关性绝对值越大,椭圆越细代表相关性绝对值越大;B为绝对定量物质与味觉值之间的皮尔逊相关网络图,其中红线表示正相关,蓝线表示负相关,图中只显示了相关性大于0.8的物质,黄色方框的大小表示滋味物质对滋味特征的贡献程度,方框越大越大代表贡献度越大。

, figureFileSmall=Xx55QolcXbGYQm9lvxyegw==, figureFileBig=scw3iaIzgwhes3OaTaC52g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749937209762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation form for Sichuan Congou black tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属性参考物质评分依据
甜味葡萄糖从0到6进行评分,得分越高,强度越强,其中0=无,1=非常弱,2=相当弱,3=相当强,4=强,5=很强,6=非常强
鲜味茶氨酸
苦味咖啡碱
涩味芦丁
酸味柠檬酸
), ArticleFig(id=1320881750029484451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

川红工夫茶感官审评表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属性参考物质评分依据
甜味葡萄糖从0到6进行评分,得分越高,强度越强,其中0=无,1=非常弱,2=相当弱,3=相当强,4=强,5=很强,6=非常强
鲜味茶氨酸
苦味咖啡碱
涩味芦丁
酸味柠檬酸
), ArticleFig(id=1320881750088204708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation results of Sichuan Congou black tea samples based on different drying methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
茶样外形汤色香气滋味叶底总评分
评语得分评语得分评语得分评语得分评语得分
金曲条索卷紧,乌润,金毫显92.31±0.34a红亮91.26±0.27a甜香浓郁,持久91.68±0.18a鲜、甜醇92.36±0.42a红匀,柔软91.32±0.22a91.96±0.54a
金针挺直,乌较润,有金毫88.26±0.19c红亮90.42±0.39a焦糖香显,持久89.96±0.23a甜醇91.88±0.25a红匀,柔软90.38±0.29a90.20±0.41a
香螺卷曲如螺,乌润有金毫90.24±0.26b红,较亮87.56±0.45b焦糖香、带酸气,较持久88.63±0.36b较甜醇、稍酸88.82±0.41b红匀,稍暗,柔软88.49±0.44b88.97±0.37b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881750180479397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同干燥方式川红工夫茶的感官审评结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
茶样外形汤色香气滋味叶底总评分
评语得分评语得分评语得分评语得分评语得分
金曲条索卷紧,乌润,金毫显92.31±0.34a红亮91.26±0.27a甜香浓郁,持久91.68±0.18a鲜、甜醇92.36±0.42a红匀,柔软91.32±0.22a91.96±0.54a
金针挺直,乌较润,有金毫88.26±0.19c红亮90.42±0.39a焦糖香显,持久89.96±0.23a甜醇91.88±0.25a红匀,柔软90.38±0.29a90.20±0.41a
香螺卷曲如螺,乌润有金毫90.24±0.26b红,较亮87.56±0.45b焦糖香、带酸气,较持久88.63±0.36b较甜醇、稍酸88.82±0.41b红匀,稍暗,柔软88.49±0.44b88.97±0.37b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881750264365478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Difference of normal chemical compounds of Sichuan Congou black tea samples based on different drying methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水浸出物(%)茶多酚(%)游离氨基酸(%)酚氨比茶黄素
(%)
茶红素(%)茶褐素(%)
金曲28.83±0.06c7.62±0.29a4.34±0.04a1.760.26±0.01a2.32±0.08a2.19±0.01c
金针31.47±0.70b7.67±0.57a3.31±0.06b2.320.17±0.01b2.05±0.15b2.58±0.04b
香螺34.34±0.44a7.57±0.22a3.17±0.05c2.390.15±0.01b1.92±0.16b3.24±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881750335668647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同干燥方式川红工夫茶常规成分差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水浸出物(%)茶多酚(%)游离氨基酸(%)酚氨比茶黄素
(%)
茶红素(%)茶褐素(%)
金曲28.83±0.06c7.62±0.29a4.34±0.04a1.760.26±0.01a2.32±0.08a2.19±0.01c
金针31.47±0.70b7.67±0.57a3.31±0.06b2.320.17±0.01b2.05±0.15b2.58±0.04b
香螺34.34±0.44a7.57±0.22a3.17±0.05c2.390.15±0.01b1.92±0.16b3.24±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881750411166120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881740651020621, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Difference of catechins, caffeine, and flavonoid compositions of Sichuan Congou black tea samples based on different drying methods (mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分金曲金针香螺
GC1.65±0.06a1.25±0.1b1.67±0.06a
EGC0.11±0.01a0.13±0.01a0.12±0.01a
C0.92±0.06c1.46±0.12a1.25±0.01b
EGCG0.38±0.01c0.59±0.06b0.67±0.06a
EC0.63±0.01b0.67±0.06b0.75±0.01a
GCG0.21±0.06a0.13±0.01b0.04±0.00c
ECG1.38±0.01b2.21±0.06a2.50±0.01a
CG0.13±0.01a0.13±0.01a0.13±0.01a
没食子酸1.84±0.03c2.27±0.04a2.02±0.02b
咖啡碱32.96±0.16a31.46±0.92b32.63±0.41a
芦丁1.98±0.07b2.13±0.01a2.14±0.03a
杨梅素1.13±0.01a1.04±0.06a1.15±0.04a
槲皮素2.46±0.06c2.88±0.18b3.77±0.04a
木犀草素3.77±0.04c4.38±0.10a3.99±0.03b
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不同干燥方式川红工夫茶儿茶素、咖啡碱和黄酮成分含量差异(mg/g)

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成分金曲金针香螺
GC1.65±0.06a1.25±0.1b1.67±0.06a
EGC0.11±0.01a0.13±0.01a0.12±0.01a
C0.92±0.06c1.46±0.12a1.25±0.01b
EGCG0.38±0.01c0.59±0.06b0.67±0.06a
EC0.63±0.01b0.67±0.06b0.75±0.01a
GCG0.21±0.06a0.13±0.01b0.04±0.00c
ECG1.38±0.01b2.21±0.06a2.50±0.01a
CG0.13±0.01a0.13±0.01a0.13±0.01a
没食子酸1.84±0.03c2.27±0.04a2.02±0.02b
咖啡碱32.96±0.16a31.46±0.92b32.63±0.41a
芦丁1.98±0.07b2.13±0.01a2.14±0.03a
杨梅素1.13±0.01a1.04±0.06a1.15±0.04a
槲皮素2.46±0.06c2.88±0.18b3.77±0.04a
木犀草素3.77±0.04c4.38±0.10a3.99±0.03b
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基于代谢组学比较不同干燥方式下川红工夫茶的滋味差异
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杨丽冉 1 , 蒋宾 1, * , 成洲 1 , 罗学平 1 , 焦文文 1 , 彭康丽 1 , 刘明丽 2 , 闫敬娜 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—茶饮品全产业链生产关键技术研究与应用(客座主编:尹军峰、张建勇、许勇泉、崔宏春) 2026,47(16): 45-54
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—茶饮品全产业链生产关键技术研究与应用(客座主编:尹军峰、张建勇、许勇泉、崔宏春) 2026 , 47 (16) : 45 -54
基于代谢组学比较不同干燥方式下川红工夫茶的滋味差异
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杨丽冉1 , 蒋宾1, * , 成洲1, 罗学平1, 焦文文1, 彭康丽1, 刘明丽2, 闫敬娜1, *
作者信息
  • 1宜宾职业技术学院现代农业学院,四川宜宾 644003
  • 2宜宾市茶产业研究院,四川宜宾 644100
通讯作者:
蒋宾(1993−)男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:食品发酵与微生物研究,E-mail:。
闫敬娜(1990−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:茶叶功能成分化学与综合利用研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨丽冉(1996−)女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:茶叶加工与综合利用研究,E-mail:

Comparison of Taste Differences in Sichuan Gongou Black Tea Prepared with Different Drying Methods Using Metabolomics
Liran YANG1 , Bin JIANG1, * , Zhou CHENG1, Xueping LUO1, Wenwen JIAO1, Kangli PENG1, Mingli LIU2, Jingna YAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin 644003, China
  • 2Research Institute of Tea Industry of Yibin, Yibin 644100, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120025
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为了比较干燥方式对川红工夫茶滋味的影响,基于定量描述分析、高效液相色谱法和超高效液相色谱-质谱法,结合多元统计分析热风干燥的金曲、理条机干燥的金针和双锅曲毫机干燥的香螺川红工夫茶滋味差异。结果表明:金曲滋味的甜度和鲜爽度更高,感官得分为91.96分;而香螺的茶汤偏暗,苦涩味和酸味较高,得分最低,仅为88.97分。金针的品质介于两者之间。金曲的游离氨基酸含量为4.34%,显著高于金针和香螺(P<0.05),其中茶氨酸相对含量分别是金针和香螺的1.41和1.48倍。金曲的酚氨比为1.76,低于金针的2.32和香螺的2.39。香螺的茶褐素含量为3.24%,显著高于金针和金曲(P<0.05),茶黄素在金曲中最高,达0.26%。香螺中的儿茶素总量分别比金曲和金针高30.34%和4.83%。代谢组学和相关性分析表明,金曲中的L-天冬酰胺、L-茶氨酸和L-谷氨酸等氨基酸的相对含量较高,增加了茶汤的鲜爽味。而香螺中酯型儿茶素和黄酮类化合物的高保留率和较低氨基酸含量提高了其苦涩味、降低了鲜爽度,同时苹果酸和富马酸也增强了香螺茶汤的酸度。综上,热风干燥制成的金曲滋味品质高于其他两种红茶。该研究结果为川红工夫茶工艺优化和品质提高提供了理论依据。

川红工夫茶  /  干燥方式  /  滋味品质  /  代谢组学  /  多元统计分析

To compare the effects of drying methods on the taste of Sichuan Congou black tea. In this study, quantitative descriptive analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis were employed to investigate taste differences among teas produced using different drying methods: Jinqu (hot-air drying), Jinzhen (carding machine drying), and Xiangluo (double-pan roasting drying). Results indicated that Jinqu exhibited a sweeter, fresher taste and achieved the highest sensory score (91.96). In contrast, Xiangluo had a darker liquor, higher bitterness and sourness, and the lowest sensory score (88.97). Jinzhen displayed intermediate sensory characteristics. The free amino acid content of Jinqu (4.34%) was significantly higher than that of Jinzhen and Xiangluo (P<0.05), with its theanine content being 1.41 and 1.48 times higher, respectively. Additionally, the phenol-to-amino ratio in Jinqu (1.76) was lower than that in Jinzhen (2.32) and Xiangluo (2.39). The theabrownin content of Xiangluo (3.24%) was significantly higher than that of Jinzhen and Jinqu (P<0.05), whereas Jinqu had the highest theaflavin (0.26%). The total catechin content in Xiangluo exceeded that of Jinqu and Jinzhen by 30.34% and 4.83%, respectively. Metabolomics and Pearson correlation analyses showed that elevated relative contents of amino acids (L-asparagine, L-theanine, and L-glutamic acid) in Jinqu notably enhanced its freshness. In contrast, Xiangluo contained higher levels of ester catechins and flavonoids but lower amino acids, thus increasing bitterness and reducing freshness. Moreover, malic and fumaric acids contributed to increased acidity in Xiangluo tea liquor. In conclusion, Jinqu tea produced by hot-air drying exhibited superior flavor quality compared with teas produced by the other two drying methods. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing processing techniques and enhancing Sichuan Congou black tea quality.

Sichuan Congou black tea  /  drying methods  /  taste quality  /  metabolomics  /  multivariate statistical analysis
杨丽冉, 蒋宾, 成洲, 罗学平, 焦文文, 彭康丽, 刘明丽, 闫敬娜. 基于代谢组学比较不同干燥方式下川红工夫茶的滋味差异. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 45 -54 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120025
Liran YANG, Bin JIANG, Zhou CHENG, Xueping LUO, Wenwen JIAO, Kangli PENG, Mingli LIU, Jingna YAN. Comparison of Taste Differences in Sichuan Gongou Black Tea Prepared with Different Drying Methods Using Metabolomics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 45 -54 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120025
茶是一种采摘于茶树新梢,按照特定工艺加工制成的无酒精饮料[1−2]。因含有茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多糖和微量元素等多种成分,使茶具有抗氧化、降血脂、降血糖和预防心血管疾病等诸多功效[3−5]。在中国,根据加工工艺的不同,茶叶被分成绿茶、黄茶、黑茶、白茶、红茶和乌龙茶,又根据发酵程度的不同,将茶叶分为不发酵茶、轻微发酵茶、半发酵茶和全发酵茶,红茶属于全发酵茶[6−7]。中国茶叶流通协会统计发现,截至2024年底,红茶产量占中国茶叶总产量的14.58%,占国际茶叶贸易量的80%左右[8−9]。
适宜的生长环境促使四川红茶成为中国三大高香红茶之一[10]。川红工夫茶以其独特的风味、浓郁的香气和深厚的文化底蕴,在国内外茶叶市场中享有盛誉[11]。红茶的质量评价指标包括外形、汤色、香气、滋味和叶底,其中,滋味占红茶感官品质的30%,与非挥发性代谢物的含量和组成直接相关[11]。咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、儿茶素、黄酮及其衍生物等与红茶滋味和色泽密切相关[12−13]。这些化合物直接或间接地影响红茶的酸味、苦味、涩味、甜味、醇度和鲜爽味[1]。
红茶的品质不仅依赖于原料和产地环境的优劣,更与加工工艺密切相关[7]。萎凋通过控制水分蒸发和酶的活性,影响茶叶中多酚类、多糖和蛋白质等物质的氧化降解[14];揉捻破坏细胞结构,促进茶汁的释放和酶与底物的接触,进而影响发酵过程[15];发酵是红茶加工的关键环节,决定了红茶的色泽、香气和滋味[16];而干燥是红茶生产中的重要工序,对挥发性和非挥发性代谢物的形成和积累有着显著影响[17]。Liu等[12]研究发现,组合热风和烘焙干燥提高了红茶中表没食子儿茶素、茶黄素以及鲜爽味和甜味氨基酸的含量,而降低了酯型儿茶素、咖啡碱、黄酮及其糖苷的含量。Lan等[18]研究表明热风干燥提高了祁门红茶的甜香和花果香,降低了青草气,提高了红茶的品质。鲁倩等[19]研究发现采用理条机等炒干方式的滇红茶具有明显的焦糖香,但品质低于晒干和烘干。而Xu等[20]比较了四种干燥方式加工形成的祁门红茶品质差异,发现采用双锅曲毫机加工形成的香螺外形乌黑油润,较热风和理条机干燥体积明显减小,节约了包装成本。此外,产地是影响红茶品质高低的关键因素之一,以往研究得出的结论不一定适用于川红工夫茶。
近年来,消费者对高品质红茶的需求不断增加,制茶技术亟需创新和优化。随着分析技术的不断进步,利用现代分析方法对茶叶中的滋味物质进行全面分析,已成为研究茶叶品质的重要手段。本研究结合感官评价、分光光度法、高效液相色谱法(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)和基于超高效液相色谱串联质谱(Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)的广泛靶向代谢组学技术,首次系统比较了川红工夫茶在三种工业化常用干燥设备(热风烘焙机、理条机、双锅曲毫机)下的滋味和代谢物差异,为川红工夫茶干燥方式选择和品质提升提供参考。
一芽二叶中茶302品种茶鲜叶 于2025年4月购自宜宾市江安竹都茶叶有限公司;没食子酸、儿茶素、黄酮、咖啡碱等标准品(纯度≥99%) 成都曼思特生物科技有限公司;氨基酸标准品(纯度≥99%) 美国安捷伦公司;甲醇、乙腈 色谱级,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
756CRT型紫外可见分光光度计 上海菁华科技仪器有限公司;101A-2电热鼓风恒温干燥箱 上海市崇明实验仪器厂;YX-6CHZ-6C茶叶烘焙机、YX-6CCGQ-50茶叶双锅曲毫机 安溪永兴机械有限公司;6CL-1580茶叶多功能理条机 松阳县振跃茶叶机械有限公司;LC-16型高效液相色谱仪 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司;MLG-50B真空冷冻干燥机 无锡沃信仪器有限公司;DW-HL340冰箱 中科美菱低温科技有限责任公司;HH-S28S型数显恒温水浴锅 金坛市大地自动化仪器厂;MU-G02-0448恒温金属混匀仪 杭州米欧仪器有限公司;Biomek i5自动化工作站 贝克曼库尔特有限公司;6945D LC/TQ UPLC-MS/MS仪 美国安捷伦公司;Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱 大连依利特分析仪器有限公司;Agela AA952505-0 venusil AA色谱柱 天津博纳艾杰尔科技有限公司。
鲜叶在25~28 ℃下室内自然萎凋22 h,采用轻压10 min,重压25 min,轻压10 min的方式进行揉捻,将揉捻叶置于30 ℃,相对湿度为95%的发酵箱内发酵4.5 h,其间每隔1.5 h翻拌一次,发酵完成时叶色为黄红色。发酵叶在100 ℃茶叶烘焙机上边烘边搓团做形至九成干后摊凉2 h,再用80 ℃茶叶提香机提香1.5 h,最后通过筛分、分选、拣剔等精制后得到金曲川红工夫茶。发酵叶在215 ℃的茶叶多功能理条机上干燥35 min至九成干后摊凉2 h,80 ℃提香1.5 h后精制得到金针川红工夫茶。发酵叶在185 ℃的茶叶双锅曲毫机上干燥35 min至九成干后摊凉2 h,80 ℃提香1.5 h后精制得到香螺川红工夫茶。
茶叶感官品质及定量描述分析(quantitative description analysis,QDA)由7名年龄在28~40岁(3名男性,4名女性)具备高级评茶员或以上资质的专业审评人员组成审评小组,参照国家标准GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》 开展感官审评,以6名审评人员评分的平均分作为最终得分。根据课题组建立的方法对川红工夫茶的滋味进行评价,并且采用甜味、鲜爽味、苦味、涩味和酸味来描述滋味特征[21−22],具体评价方法如表1所示。在评价红茶感官品质之前,对小组成员进行训练,以区分不同浓度的参考物质的滋味强度特征。每个茶样进行3次评分,每次评分间隔5 min,以6名审评人员的QDA得分平均值作为茶样的最终得分。
根据GB/T 8313-2018《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》测定茶多酚含量;根据GB/T 8314-2013《茶 游离氨基酸总量的测定》测定游离氨基酸含量;根据GB/T 8305-2013测定茶叶水浸出物含量。
采用HPLC测定儿茶素、咖啡碱含量和氨基酸组分含量,儿茶素和咖啡碱的分析条件为:Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm),流动相A为0.261%磷酸,5%乙腈(V:V);流动相B为0.261%磷酸,80%甲醇;检测波长:278、370 nm,柱温43 ℃。氨基酸分析条件为:Agela AA952505-0 venusil AA色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相A为0.016 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH8.2),流动相B为甲醇-乙腈-水溶液(4.5:4.5:1,V:V:V),洗脱梯度与课题组前期建立的方法相一致[23−24]。
将川红工夫茶样品用真空冷冻干燥机冷冻干燥63 h后用研磨仪研磨至粉末状,准确称取0.05 g磨碎样品于2 mL离心管中,加入1200 μL经−20 ℃预冷的浓度为250 μg/mL的内标提取液,每30 min涡旋提取30 s,重复6次。12000 r/min离心3 min后取上清经0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤后用于UPLC-MS/MS分析,每个样品重复提取3次。液相色谱和质谱条件参考前人方法进行[23,25]。
UPLC条件:SB-C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm),流动相A为含0.1%甲酸的超纯水,流动相B为含0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液。流速为0.35 mL/min;柱温40 ℃;进样量4 μL。洗脱程序:0 min,95% A;0~9 min,95%~5% A;9~10 min,5% A;10~11 min,5%~95% A;11~14 min,95% A。
MS/MS条件:电喷雾离子源温度和喷雾电压分别设置为550 ℃和5500 V(正离子模式)/−4500 V(负离子模式);离子源气体I、气体II压力和气帘气压力分别设置为50、60 psi和25 psi,离子扫描为多反应监测模式。基于迈维代谢自建数据库对二级谱信息进行物质定性并去除同位素信号与重复信号。利用三重四极杆质谱(QQQ TRAP-MS/MS)的多反应监测(MRM)模式进行代谢物定量。获得不同处理的代谢物质谱分析数据后,对所有物质色谱峰进行峰面积积分,并对同一代谢物在不同样本中的质谱出峰进行积分校正。
利用SPSS 26.0软件进行差异显著性分析,采用SIMCA 14.1软件进行主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)和层次聚类分析(Hierarchical clustering analysis,HCA),根据OPLS-DA模型获得变量重要性投影(Variable importance in project,VIP)评分进行显著差异代谢物筛选,使用Origin 8软件作图。采用迈维代谢在线云工具进行相关性网络图分析。
根据国家标准和审评小组制定的评价方法和程序,对不同干燥方式下川红工夫茶的感官品质进行分析,结果如表2和图1所示。由表2可知,3种工艺川红工夫茶的感官审评得分由高到低为金曲(91.96)>金针(90.20)>香螺(88.97)。干燥方法对川红工夫茶感官品质的影响主要体现在滋味和香气上,热风干燥制成的金曲香气甜香浓郁,金针的香气为焦糖香显,而香螺香气表现为焦糖香、带酸气。滋味方面,金曲为鲜、甜醇,金针为甜醇,而香螺为较甜醇、稍酸。此外,金曲的滋味得分最高,为92.36,高于金针的91.88分和香螺的88.82分。此外,金曲和金针的叶底红匀,汤色红亮,而香螺的叶底和汤色均偏暗(图1A)。造成上述结果的原因可能是烘干的干燥速率快,有利于甜香物质的形成,理条机干燥时茶叶与槽壁长时间接触,这种热传导方式促进了美拉德反应的进行,而双锅曲毫机的通风效果差,长时间的高湿高热条件下,促进果胶酸等有机酸物质的形成,使红茶呈现出酸馊气,与前人研究结果相一致[19]。
干燥方式对茶汤的滋味有显著影响,为了弥补传统感官审评中由于人为因素带来的误差,根据课题组前期建立的QDA分析方法,采用甜味、鲜爽味、苦味、涩味和酸味对不同干燥方式川红工夫茶的滋味品质进一步分析,结果如图1B所示。虽然3种干燥方式样品的涩味和甜味相似,但它们的苦味、鲜味和酸味却有显著差异。金曲的茶汤最突出的味觉是甜味和鲜爽味,金针最突出的味觉是甜味和微涩味,而香螺最突出的味觉是甜味和微涩味,同时伴有酸味。先前的研究也表明炒干红茶有强烈的苦涩味[17]。3种干燥方式茶汤的甜味强度均超过5,金曲茶汤的甜味最高(5.23),鲜味最高的是金曲(3.84),最低的是香螺(2.96)。最高和最低的苦味分别是香螺(2.42)和金曲(1.26)。酸味最高的是香螺(1.96),最低的是金曲(0.76)。前人研究表明采用理条机和滚筒干燥有利于保留红茶中呈苦涩味的黄酮及其糖苷和酚酸,而热风干燥有利于氨基酸和糖的保留,与本研究结果相一致[22−23]。
水浸出物是川红工夫茶中的可溶性成分,含量高低直接影响红茶的浓度和风味。其主要由茶多酚、游离氨基酸和茶色素组成[1,22]。由表3可知,香螺中的水浸出物含量为34.34%,显著高于其他两种红茶(P<0.05),可能是与香螺长时间在双锅曲毫机上炒制做形增加了细胞破碎有关,也是造成香螺醇度较高的原因。茶多酚是茶汤苦涩味和保健功效的重要贡献者[1],其在金针中的含量最高,达7.67%,但在三种茶中差异不显著(P>0.05)。游离氨基酸可以提高红茶滋味的鲜爽度,降低苦涩味物质对口腔的刺激[1,26],由表3可知,金曲中的游离氨基酸含量达4.34%,显著高于其他两种红茶(P<0.05)。酚氨比是红茶茶汤鲜爽度的衡量指标之一,酚氨比值越低,说明茶汤越柔和、越鲜爽[22]。统计分析发现金曲中的酚氨比最低,仅为1.76,与感官审评和QDA分析结果相一致。川红工夫茶汤颜色差异的主要原因在于其茶汤中茶黄素、茶红素和茶褐素的含量。研究认为,较高的茶黄素和茶红素含量,以及较低的茶褐素含量是红茶茶汤品质较高的原因[17]。本研究中,金曲中茶黄素和茶红素含量分别为0.26%和2.32%,显著高于金针和香螺(P<0.05),二者在香螺中的含量均最低。此外,茶褐素是导致红茶滋味寡淡、浓强度降低和茶汤偏暗的原因,其含量与红茶品质呈负相关[22]。香螺中的茶褐素含量为3.24%,显著高于金针和金曲(P<0.05),在金曲中的含量最低,仅为2.19%。香螺的相对低温长时干燥未能及时钝化多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性,进一步促进了发酵过程,增加了红茶中茶褐素的生成,降低了茶汤的醇度和红亮度。因此,生产上可以适当缩短发酵时间来改善香螺的品质。
儿茶素、黄酮类和咖啡碱是影响茶汤风味强度的关键化学成分,也是茶汤苦涩味的主要呈味物质[1,22]。由表4可知,本研究采用HPLC共检测到8种儿茶素单体,包括四种酯型儿茶素:儿茶素没食子酸酯(catechin gallate,CG)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate,ECG)、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(gallocatechin gallate,GCG)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG),以及四种非酯型儿茶素:儿茶素(catechin,C)、表儿茶素(epicatechin,EC)、没食子儿茶素(gallocatechin,GC)和表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin,EGC)。酯型儿茶素(如EGCG和ECG)具有强烈的苦涩感,而非酯型儿茶素(如EGC和EC)则苦味较轻,具有回甘的特征[17]。如图2所示,川红工夫茶中的非酯型儿茶素含量高于酯型儿茶素含量,且香螺的酯型和非酯型儿茶素含量最高,金曲的最低。香螺中8种儿茶素的含量分别比金曲和金针高30.34%和4.83%。香螺中的EGCG含量显著高于金曲(P<0.05),达0.67 mg/g,ECG的含量在3种川红工夫茶中表现为香螺>金针>金曲。EGC和EC的含量在金曲中的含量最低,含量分别为0.11和0.63 mg/g。
儿茶素是一类热敏化合物,在干燥过程中会发生异构化、水解、聚合等复杂剧烈的化学反应,将儿茶素转化为茶黄素、茶红素和茶褐素等高分子聚合物,这些物质直接影响红茶的色泽与风味,进而影响茶叶的整体品质[17]。酯型儿茶素的降解速率受干燥温度的影响很大,高温是导致EGCG降解和异构化的重要因素,Lu等[17]通过分析不同干燥方式对滇红的儿茶素含量影响,发现儿茶素在低温环境下也会发生缓慢降解。金曲采用热风干燥,其干燥速率是3种红茶中最高的,因此造成了金曲中的EGCG含量显著低于金针和香螺,同时,由于香螺在双锅曲毫机中干燥时,茶叶堆积在一起造成内部叶温较低,使其保留了更多的EGCG。此外,林洁鑫等[25]和Lu等[17]研究发现ECG在8种儿茶素中热稳定性最佳,当温度超过100 ℃时其结构几乎不受影响,这可能是ECG保留量最多的原因,其在香螺工艺中的含量最高,达2.50 mg/g,显著高于金曲的含量(P<0.05),但与金针的差异不显著(P>0.05)。没食子酸(gallic acid,GA)可以增强茶汤的收敛性[1],其在金针中的含量最高,达2.27 mg/g。咖啡碱是茶中主要的生物碱,具有苦味,也是影响茶叶品质的重要因素[17,22],其在金曲中的含量最高,达32.96 mg/g,与Lu等[17]得出咖啡碱具有较高的热稳定性相一致。茶中的黄酮/黄酮醇及其苷类化合物具有较低的味觉阈值,对茶汤的收敛性具有补充作用[22]。在检测到的4种黄酮物质中,木犀草素的含量最高,其在金针中的含量最高,为4.38 mg/g。此外,香螺中的黄酮总量为11.05 mg/g,显著高于金曲(P<0.05)。上述结果与感官审评发现金曲具有鲜、甜醇的滋味特征,以及其鲜味和甜味的QDA得分最高相一致,而香螺由于含有最高的EGCG和黄酮,造成其滋味得分最低。综上所述,金曲的品质高于其他两种红茶。
游离氨基酸是红茶的主要化学成分之一,对茶汤的鲜爽味和香气都有重要影响[17,22]。本研究共检测到19种氨基酸组分,根据其滋味特征可分为鲜味(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺和茶氨酸)、甜味(丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、蛋氨酸和色氨酸)和苦味氨基酸(组氨酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸)[24](图3A)。尽管3种工艺中的氨基酸组分含量存在差异,但不同滋味特征氨基酸在3种干燥工艺川红工夫茶中的比例分布规律一致,均表现为鲜味氨基酸比例最高,其次是苦味氨基酸,甜味氨基酸的比例均小于16%(图3F)。由图3B可知,鲜味氨基酸在金曲中的含量为22.67 mg/g,显著高于金针和香螺(P<0.05)。茶氨酸在鲜味氨基酸中的含量最高,分别占金曲、金针和香螺总含量的60.6%、58.9%和60.5%。由图3C~3E可知,甜味氨基酸和氨基酸总量与鲜爽味氨基酸表现出相同的趋势,苦味氨基酸与鲜爽味氨基酸变化趋势相反。金曲中的氨基酸总量为33.81 mg/g,分别比金针和香螺茶叶高出7.09%和17.04%(图3E)。Lu等[17]和Li等[27]研究发现,氨基酸在高温、长时干燥过程中,通过脱氨、脱羧以及与羰基化合物的美拉德反应使其转化为吡嗪等芳香族化合物,导致其酸含量降低。而金针的干燥温度最高,香螺的干燥时间最长,造成了两者的氨基酸含量显著低于金曲(P<0.05)。上述结果同样表明金曲的品质高于金针和香螺,因为其具有更高的鲜味、甜味氨基酸和较低的苦味氨基酸[17,27]。
为了全面揭示不同干燥方式对川红工夫茶代谢物的影响,采用基于UPLC-QTOF-MS的广泛靶向代谢组学技术分析了3种干燥方式川红工夫茶的代谢产物差异。结果在川红工夫茶中共鉴定出13类3937种代谢物,如图4A所示,其中包括黄酮类773种(19.63%)、其他类657种(16.69%)、酚酸类467种(11.86%)、萜类413种(10.49%)、生物碱376种(9.55%)、氨基酸及其衍生物361种(9.17%)、脂质307种(7.80%)、木脂素和香豆素172种(4.37%)、有机酸166种(4.22%)、核苷酸及其衍生物100种(2.54%)、鞣质89种(2.26%)、醌类39种(0.99%)、甾体17种(0.43%)。由图4B可知,3种干燥方式的川红工夫茶代谢物存在明显差异。此外,金针中代谢物的相对含量显著高于其他两种干燥方式红茶(P<0.05),表现为金针>香螺>金曲,且13种代谢物的比例也存在明显差异(图4C)。Hua等[8]和Wang等[28]研究表明黄酮类化合物是赋予红茶独特风味的关键代谢物,其中低阈值的黄酮及其糖苷会显著提升苦味与涩感。在干燥过程中,黄酮及其糖苷会发生异构化和热降解反应,最终转化为黄酮苷元和糖类,导致其含量逐渐降低,从而有效缓解红茶的涩味与苦味[8],金曲中的黄酮物质相对含量低于其他两种红茶。酚酸是茶多酚中的一种,其在干燥过程中同样会发生异构化、降解和氧化聚合等反应,造成含量降低[28],其在金曲中的相对含量最低,上述结果可能与热风干燥快速使水分丧失,热化效率最高有关。此外,Wang等[28]研究发现在干燥过程中氨基酸通过脱羧、脱氨基及美拉德反应与羰基化合物(如可溶性糖、多酚和抗坏血酸)相互作用,转化为吡嗪、吲哚和对甲基苯酚,导致氨基酸含量降低。本研究中,香螺的氨基酸及其衍生物相对含量最低,可能与其高温、长时干燥有关。Li等[29]比较了绿茶在干燥前后的脂类物质含量差异,发现脂类物质在高温作用下容易发生氧化还原降解和酯化反应,产生挥发性化合物,如醇类、醛类、酮类和酯类,导致其含量降低。本研究比较发现金针中脂质的相对含量最低,其干燥温度最高,与前人研究结果相一致[29]。
为了解析不同干燥工艺川红工夫茶的代谢特征,对检测到的代谢物进行PCA和OPLS-DA分析。无监督的PCA得分图(R2X(cum)=0.86)清晰呈现了3种工艺川红工夫茶的聚类差异(图5A)。前两个主成分分别解释了51.1%和43.8%的方差,表明不同工艺制成的川红工夫茶在化学品质上存在差异。随后采用有监督的OPLS-DA进一步探究3种工艺川红工夫茶之间的代谢物差异(R2X(cum)=0.984,R2Y(cum)=0.991,Q2(cum)=0.996)。由图5B可知,经茶叶烘焙机、茶叶多功能理条机和茶叶双锅曲毫机干燥的样品被归类到不同象限,表明样本间存在显著的代谢差异。通过200次置换检验验证了模型的稳定性,Q2截距值为-0.699,表明模型具有可靠性且未出现过拟合现象(图5C)。茶代谢物的差异会直接影响茶的风味特征。为确定导致3种干燥工艺川红工夫茶品质差异的关键代谢物,本研究构建了VIP图谱。通过筛选P<0.05且VIP>1.0的代谢物,并结合茶叶代谢组学数据库及相关文献,最终共鉴定出47种关键代谢物。这些代谢物包括23种黄酮类、10种氨基酸及其衍生物、8种酚酸、4种生物碱、2种有机酸。为评估不同干燥方式下川红工夫茶的代谢谱差异,基于相对含量绘制了热图,其中蓝色部分代表相对含量较低,红色部分表示相对含量较高(图5D)。黄酮类及黄酮苷类是影响红茶收敛性和涩味的关键代谢物[17,22]。如图5D所示,香螺中的黄酮类物质相对含量显著高于金曲和金针。其中,酯型儿茶素,如表儿茶素没食子酸酯和没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯在香螺中的相对含量显著高于其他两种川红工夫茶。Lu等[17]和Yang等[22]的研究发现酯型儿茶素与红茶滋味的涩味和收敛性显著相关。非酯型儿茶素有回甘生津的特征,对红茶的品质有促进作用,金曲中的表儿茶素相对含量显著高于其余两种红茶。此外,Wang等[28]研究发现芦丁可增强咖啡因的苦味,本研究发现其相对含量在金曲中最低,在金针中最高。Zhang等[1]研究表明具有酸涩味的酚酸是茶多酚的重要成分,本研究发现,在金针样品中相对含量最高的酚酸化合物是没食子酸、2-O-咖啡酰苹果酸、苹果酸,这些化合物在香螺中的相对含量较低,而异绿原酸C和3-O-没食子酰奎宁酸在香螺中的相对含量最高。
氨基酸是构成红茶滋味鲜爽的主要物质之一,与苦涩味物质形成拮抗作用,从而提高红茶的滋味品质,同时也对红茶甜香和花香的品质形成起积极作用[1,28]。本研究筛选到的氨基酸及其衍生物的相对含量在金曲中的相对含量显著高于其余两种干燥方式红茶。茶氨酸是茶叶中的主要鲜爽味氨基酸,其含量约占氨基酸总量的50%左右,分析发现,金曲中的茶氨酸相对含量分别是金针和香螺的1.41和1.48倍,可能是造成金曲鲜爽度得分最高的原因。茶叶中的生物碱主要包括咖啡碱、茶叶碱和可可碱,其对红茶的滋味贡献表现为苦味。茶叶碱和可可碱在金曲中的相对含量均显著低于香螺。Xie等[30]研究表明苹果酸加速了红茶储存过程中的酸化,其在金曲中的相对含量最低,在香螺中最高,可能是香螺滋味有酸感的原因。上述结果与感官审评相一致,表明金曲的品质高于金针和香螺。
相关性分析是表征代谢物与感官指标关系的有效方法。本研究进行了相关性分析,以鉴定川红工夫茶中主要差异代谢物与其味觉特性之间的关系,从而阐明黄酮类、游离氨基酸及其衍生物、酚酸类、生物碱和有机酸如何影响川红工夫茶的滋味品质[17]。QDA结果显示,不同干燥方式川红工夫茶的鲜爽味、苦味、涩味和酸味有显著差异。因此,本研究以(|r|>0.8且P<0.05)为阈值,采用皮尔逊相关性分析了4种滋味属性QDA结果与代谢物含量的相关性。结果如图6所示,每类代谢物与味觉值之间存在显著相关。由图6A可知,黄酮类物质如没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、芦丁、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-甘露糖苷、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷,酚酸类如4-O-甲基没食子酸、4-O-没食子酰奎宁酸、3-O-没食子酰奎宁酸和L-亮氨酸等与苦味、涩味呈显著正相关,这些代谢物可能是导致香螺比金曲和金针更具收敛性的原因。L-天冬酰胺、L-茶氨酸和L-谷氨酸与鲜味呈显著正相关,表明鲜味氨基酸是金曲茶汤鲜爽味较高的主要贡献者,与Lu等[17]的研究结果相一致。与金曲相比,香螺中的鲜爽味氨基酸含量较低,这解释了其鲜爽味较低的原因。苹果酸和富马酸与酸味呈显著正相关,而与鲜味呈显著负相关,可能是香螺酸味较高的原因。通过HPLC测定结合OPLS-DA分析筛选到的绝对定量差异化合物与四种滋味属性的相关性如图6B所示。可以发现,ECG和水浸出物与苦味成正相关,茶氨酸和游离氨基酸与苦味和涩味成负相关,与鲜味呈正相关。EGCG和涩味呈正相关,与鲜味呈负相关,与Yang等[22]和Lu等[17]的研究结果基本一致。此外,由图6A还发现槲皮素-3-O-半乳糖苷、表没食子儿茶素-3-O-没食子酸酯和槲皮素与鲜爽味呈正相关,与这些物质自身的滋味属性相反,可能是因为滋味物质具有协同效应或拮抗效应,在感官评估中,收敛性化合物可能抑制、掩盖并减弱甜味和鲜爽味,同时加剧苦味[31]。综上,上述代谢物是造成不同干燥方式川红工夫茶品质差异的重要原因,而这些物质的相互作用如何影响川红工夫茶的滋味品质还需进一步开展研究。
本研究通过探究不同干燥方式对川红工夫茶滋味的影响,发现采用双锅曲毫机加工形成的香螺保留了更多的水浸出物、酯型儿茶素和黄酮,增加了茶汤的醇度、苦涩味和收敛性,同时由于长时间干燥也使香螺中的茶多酚氧化降解形成了更多的茶褐素,导致其茶汤颜色偏暗。而茶多酚的降低和氨基酸的保留使采用热风干燥形成的金曲苦涩味降低和鲜爽度增加,金针的品质处于中等水平。黄酮类、氨基酸及其衍生物、酚酸、生物碱和有机酸相对含量的不同是造成3种干燥方式川红工夫茶滋味差异的原因。EGCG、GCG、ECG、芦丁、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-甘露糖苷和4-O-甲基没食子酸、4-O-没食子酰奎宁酸等是苦涩味的主要来源,L-天冬酰胺、L-茶氨酸和L-谷氨酸是鲜爽味差异的主要贡献者,而苹果酸和富马酸是造成香螺酸味较为明显的主要原因。综上表明,采用热风干燥的金曲品质最高,研究结果为高品质川红工夫茶加工奠定了理论基础。关于不同热风干燥温度及多种组合干燥方式对川红工夫茶品质的影响,代谢物之间的相互作用与滋味品质的相关性在本研究中均未涉及,后续可以深入开展这方面的研究,更好地揭示干燥方式与干燥温度对川红工夫茶品质的影响机理。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120025
  • 接收时间:2025-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-03
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    1宜宾职业技术学院现代农业学院,四川宜宾 644003
    2宜宾市茶产业研究院,四川宜宾 644100

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蒋宾(1993−)男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:食品发酵与微生物研究,E-mail:。
闫敬娜(1990−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:茶叶功能成分化学与综合利用研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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