Article(id=1320881396642599561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026020003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769875200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852265749, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852265749, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852265749, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852265749, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=429, endPage=439, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881396839731850, articleId=1320881396642599561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Multidimensional Comprehensive Evaluation of Xinjiang Prune Quality Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the quality characteristics and processing suitability differences of major cultivated plum varieties in Southern Xinjiang, the processing suitability of Prunus domestica samples collected from seven production regions across four major cultivated varieties (‘Francistown’ ‘Hong Ximei’ ‘Xiao Ximei’ and ‘Blue Plum’) in Southern Xinjiang, was systematically evaluated in this study. A multidimensional quality evaluation system was established by measuring appearance, texture, physicochemical properties, bioactive components, and volatile flavor compounds. Cluster analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were employed to classify the samples. The results showed significant differences in key quality indicators such as anthocyanins, total polyphenols, and total soluble solids (TSS) among different cultivars. Comprehensive quality analysis revealed distinct quality characteristics among the samples: ‘Blue Plum’ from Kashi exhibited notably high firmness and juice yield; ‘Blue Plum’ from Zepu was characterized by high acidity and anthocyanin content; ‘Francistown’ from Jiashi displayed significantly higher sugar content, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity compared with the other samples, while ‘Francistown’ from Jiashi and ‘Francistown’ from Aksu were distinguished by their high sugar-acid ratio and abundant characteristic volatile aroma compounds. The constructed OPLS-DA model exhibited excellent discriminative performance, with an R2X of 0.998 and a Q2 of 0.994. A total of 14 key quality markers with variable importance in projection (VIP) values greater than 1.0 were identified, including fruit shape index, TSS, polyphenols, 2-hexenal, DPPH· radical scavenging activity, flavonoids, infrared absorption peak at the wavenumber of 3300 cm−1 (O-H stretching vibration), ABTS+· radical scavenging activity, lauric aldehyde, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for selective breeding, intelligent grading, and targeted processing strategies in the plum industry.

, authors=Zhenzhen DING, Xueqing WANG, Tingting SU, Li WANG, Yutao WANG*, authorsList=Zhenzhen DING, Xueqing WANG, Tingting SU, Li WANG, Yutao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yutao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881398454538904, articleId=1320881396642599561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于多元统计分析的新疆西梅品质多维度综合评价, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确南疆主栽西梅品种的品质特征与加工适宜性差异,本研究系统评价了新疆南疆四大主栽品种(‘法兰西’‘红喜梅’‘小西梅’和‘蓝西梅’)7个产地西梅样品的加工适宜性。通过测定外观、质构、理化、活性成分及挥发性风味物质,构建了多维品质指标体系,并采用聚类分析与正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)对样品进行分类。结果表明,不同西梅品种在花色苷、多酚及可溶性固形物等关键品质指标上存在显著差异。综合品质分析显示,各样品呈现差异化的品质特征:‘蓝西梅’(喀)以高硬度、高出汁率为突出特性;‘蓝西梅’(泽)则表现为高酸与高花色苷含量;‘法兰西’(伽)的可溶性固形物、多酚含量及抗氧化活性显著优于其他样品;‘小西梅’(伽)与‘法兰西’(阿)则以高糖酸比和丰富的特征香气成分为主要优势。所构建的OPLS-DA模型判别性能优异(R2X=0.998,Q2=0.994),并筛选出果型指数、可溶性固形物(total soluble solids,TSS)、多酚、2-己烯醛、DPPH·清除率、黄酮、波数3300 cm−1(O-H伸缩振动)处的红外吸收峰、ABTS+·清除率、月桂醛、·OH清除率等14个变量重要性投影(variable importance in projection,VIP)值大于1.0的关键品质标志物。本研究可为西梅专用品种选育、智能化分级及定向加工提供理论依据与技术支撑。

, authors=丁真真, 王学庆, 苏婷婷, 王莉, 王玉涛*, authorsList=丁真真, 王学庆, 苏婷婷, 王莉, 王玉涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王玉涛, authorNote=

丁真真(1991−),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏保鲜,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王玉涛(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物多样性保护与利用,E-mail:。
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Foods, 2023, 12(4): 837., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881720245731521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=卢晨, 陈楠, 王立娟, 等. 基于顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同产地黄金百香果的代谢组学分析[J]. 食品与发酵工业, 2023, 49(18): 315−321. [LU C, CHEN N, WANG L J, et al. Metabolomic analysis of golden passion fruit from different origins based on headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2023, 49(18): 315−321.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881720321228994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU C, CHEN N, WANG L J, et al. Metabolomic analysis of golden passion fruit from different origins based on headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2023, 49(18): 315−321., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881706660380739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881706668769348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, companyId=1320881706660380739, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology in the Pamir Plateau, College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881706677157957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, companyId=1320881706660380739, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=喀什大学生命与地理科学学院新疆帕米尔高原生物资源与生态重点实验室,新疆喀什 844000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881710426865769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Samples of different prune varieties, figureFileSmall=BvZsuvfHMsn0oPhhr0iyaw==, figureFileBig=QdT70L4dJGBPbYrrpTGERQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881710502363242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同品种西梅样品图, figureFileSmall=BvZsuvfHMsn0oPhhr0iyaw==, figureFileBig=QdT70L4dJGBPbYrrpTGERQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881710607220843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=FTIR spectra of different prune samples, figureFileSmall=DTfgCQDvnDDGUn6U3WaF6A==, figureFileBig=/38l1J1lvlQ7PViyP0gnYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881710670135404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同西梅样品的傅里叶变换红外光谱, figureFileSmall=DTfgCQDvnDDGUn6U3WaF6A==, figureFileBig=/38l1J1lvlQ7PViyP0gnYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881710737244269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Electronic nose analysis of different prune samples, figureFileSmall=8ZlGg4mEkNwdZ92ZmRmZwg==, figureFileBig=TjD5+yR3KjJiPGIsrnT5kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881710825324654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同西梅样品的电子鼻分析

注:(a)雷达图;(b)主成分分析图。

, figureFileSmall=8ZlGg4mEkNwdZ92ZmRmZwg==, figureFileBig=TjD5+yR3KjJiPGIsrnT5kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881710925987951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Volatile compounds in different prune samples, figureFileSmall=iJpvuyOoJhN1IUFTROxnlQ==, figureFileBig=zrB85dm70GLIAQ5vUolOvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881710993096816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同西梅样品挥发性物质

注:(a)总含量与分类含量;(b)种类数量分布。

, figureFileSmall=iJpvuyOoJhN1IUFTROxnlQ==, figureFileBig=zrB85dm70GLIAQ5vUolOvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881711064399985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Cluster analysis heatmap of prune varieties based on multi-index fusion, figureFileSmall=sgOfYFEMRPdTs6I2yoX7SQ==, figureFileBig=bEW3RPXxzXPWUBTgDFN5gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881711139897458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于多指标融合的西梅品种聚类分析热图, figureFileSmall=sgOfYFEMRPdTs6I2yoX7SQ==, figureFileBig=bEW3RPXxzXPWUBTgDFN5gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881711198617715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=OPLS-DA discrimination analysis and key marker screening for prune variety classification, figureFileSmall=v9KjYZFO9eLJzJ5iENdsjg==, figureFileBig=9hCeu7sxxFnb7lLrRqML1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881711269920884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=图6, caption=西梅样品分类的OPLS-DA判别分析与关键标志物筛选

注:(a)模型置换检验验证图;(b)OPLS-DA得分图;(c)关键差异性标志物VIP值图,红色代表VIP≥1,绿色代表VIP<1。

, figureFileSmall=v9KjYZFO9eLJzJ5iENdsjg==, figureFileBig=9hCeu7sxxFnb7lLrRqML1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881711332835445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Names of PEN3 electronic nose sensors and their corresponding responsive substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器性能描述
1W1C对芳香类挥发性成分灵敏
2W5S灵敏度高,对氮氧化合物灵敏
3W3C对氨类、芳香类成分灵敏
4W6S主要对氢气有选择性响应
5W5C对烷烃类、芳香类成分灵敏
6W1S对甲基类挥发性成分灵敏
7W1W对硫化物类挥发性成分灵敏
8W2S对醇类、醛酮类挥发性成分灵敏
9W2W对芳香类、有机硫化物灵敏
10W3S对烷烃类挥发性成分灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320881711412527222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电子鼻传感器名称与其响应物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器性能描述
1W1C对芳香类挥发性成分灵敏
2W5S灵敏度高,对氮氧化合物灵敏
3W3C对氨类、芳香类成分灵敏
4W6S主要对氢气有选择性响应
5W5C对烷烃类、芳香类成分灵敏
6W1S对甲基类挥发性成分灵敏
7W1W对硫化物类挥发性成分灵敏
8W2S对醇类、醛酮类挥发性成分灵敏
9W2W对芳香类、有机硫化物灵敏
10W3S对烷烃类挥发性成分灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320881713069277303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Measurement results of basic quality indicators of different prune samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品单果重(g)纵径(mm)横径(mm)侧径(mm)果形指数L*
‘法兰西’(阿)34.10±1.71c38.63±1.93b37.23±1.86b52.53±2.63b1.04±0.06ab32.51±1.63b
‘法兰西’(巴)23.64±1.18e31.45±1.57d33.83±1.69c41.06±2.05d0.93±0.02bc30.71±1.54c
‘法兰西’(伽)22.60±1.13e31.79±1.59d34.71±1.74c40.38±2.02d0.92±0.05c32.36±1.62b
‘法兰西’(克)18.50±0.93f30.65±1.53d32.59±1.63c39.53±1.98d0.94±0.06bc30.00±1.50c
‘蓝西梅’(泽)82.31±4.12a47.17±2.36a44.48±2.22a60.18±3.01a1.06±0.05a26.29±1.31d
‘蓝西梅’(英)39.60±1.98b34.50±1.73cd35.09±1.75c48.68±2.43c0.98±0.06abc26.22±1.31d
‘蓝西梅’(喀)35.14±1.76c38.25±1.91b40.41±2.02b51.57±2.58b0.95±0.06abc37.77±1.89a
‘红喜梅’(巴)30.33±1.52d36.27±1.81c39.22±1.96b45.00±2.25c0.92±0.06c33.11±1.66b
‘小西梅’(伽)23.98±1.20e31.85±1.59d33.03±1.65c39.71±1.99d0.96±0.06abc27.08±1.35d
), ArticleFig(id=1320881713140580472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同西梅样品基本品质指标测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品单果重(g)纵径(mm)横径(mm)侧径(mm)果形指数L*
‘法兰西’(阿)34.10±1.71c38.63±1.93b37.23±1.86b52.53±2.63b1.04±0.06ab32.51±1.63b
‘法兰西’(巴)23.64±1.18e31.45±1.57d33.83±1.69c41.06±2.05d0.93±0.02bc30.71±1.54c
‘法兰西’(伽)22.60±1.13e31.79±1.59d34.71±1.74c40.38±2.02d0.92±0.05c32.36±1.62b
‘法兰西’(克)18.50±0.93f30.65±1.53d32.59±1.63c39.53±1.98d0.94±0.06bc30.00±1.50c
‘蓝西梅’(泽)82.31±4.12a47.17±2.36a44.48±2.22a60.18±3.01a1.06±0.05a26.29±1.31d
‘蓝西梅’(英)39.60±1.98b34.50±1.73cd35.09±1.75c48.68±2.43c0.98±0.06abc26.22±1.31d
‘蓝西梅’(喀)35.14±1.76c38.25±1.91b40.41±2.02b51.57±2.58b0.95±0.06abc37.77±1.89a
‘红喜梅’(巴)30.33±1.52d36.27±1.81c39.22±1.96b45.00±2.25c0.92±0.06c33.11±1.66b
‘小西梅’(伽)23.98±1.20e31.85±1.59d33.03±1.65c39.71±1.99d0.96±0.06abc27.08±1.35d
), ArticleFig(id=1320881713216077945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Measurement results of quality indicators of different prune samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)脆性(N)TSS(°Brix)总酸(g/L)出汁率(%)
‘法兰西’(阿)99.29±4.96c91.97±4.60c15.02±0.75d1.20±0.06d47.47±2.37b
‘法兰西’(巴)122.36±6.12b115.34±5.77b20.82±1.04c0.32±0.02e27.94±1.40f
‘法兰西’(伽)65.13±3.26d75.75±3.79d25.40±1.27a4.50±0.23b22.76±1.14g
‘法兰西’(克)63.60±3.18d64.74±3.24e22.28±1.11b5.06±0.25b15.90±0.80h
‘蓝西梅’(泽)42.33±2.12e42.33±2.12f21.22±1.06bc7.13±0.36a46.16±2.31b
‘蓝西梅’(英)56.19±2.81e57.19±2.86e21.14±1.06bc3.38±0.17c34.80±1.74de
‘蓝西梅’(喀)163.21±8.16a169.58±8.48a13.75±0.69e3.53±0.18c50.00±2.50a
‘红喜梅’(巴)122.07±6.10b125.44±6.27b16.15±0.81d1.59±0.08d42.82±2.14bc
‘小西梅’(伽)110.04±5.50bc101.40±5.07c23.12±1.16b0.83±0.04de22.00±1.10g
), ArticleFig(id=1320881713283186810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同西梅样品品质指标测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)脆性(N)TSS(°Brix)总酸(g/L)出汁率(%)
‘法兰西’(阿)99.29±4.96c91.97±4.60c15.02±0.75d1.20±0.06d47.47±2.37b
‘法兰西’(巴)122.36±6.12b115.34±5.77b20.82±1.04c0.32±0.02e27.94±1.40f
‘法兰西’(伽)65.13±3.26d75.75±3.79d25.40±1.27a4.50±0.23b22.76±1.14g
‘法兰西’(克)63.60±3.18d64.74±3.24e22.28±1.11b5.06±0.25b15.90±0.80h
‘蓝西梅’(泽)42.33±2.12e42.33±2.12f21.22±1.06bc7.13±0.36a46.16±2.31b
‘蓝西梅’(英)56.19±2.81e57.19±2.86e21.14±1.06bc3.38±0.17c34.80±1.74de
‘蓝西梅’(喀)163.21±8.16a169.58±8.48a13.75±0.69e3.53±0.18c50.00±2.50a
‘红喜梅’(巴)122.07±6.10b125.44±6.27b16.15±0.81d1.59±0.08d42.82±2.14bc
‘小西梅’(伽)110.04±5.50bc101.40±5.07c23.12±1.16b0.83±0.04de22.00±1.10g
), ArticleFig(id=1320881713362878587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Determination results of functional components and antioxidant activity of different prune samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品花色苷(mg/L)多酚(mg/g)黄酮(mg/g)羟基自由基清除率(%)ABTS+自由基清除率(%)DPPH自由基清除率(%)
‘法兰西’(阿)70.23±3.51b3.25±0.16e1.92±0.10a61.36±3.07e67.15±3.36f64.29±3.21d
‘法兰西’(巴)30.00±1.50d3.07±0.15e1.72±0.09b30.00±1.50f89.22±4.46b78.57±3.93bc
‘法兰西’(伽)43.41±2.17c9.63±0.48a1.41±0.07b92.43±4.62a97.88±4.89a73.81±3.69cd
‘法兰西’(克)15.55±0.78e7.30±0.37c0.85±0.04d87.50±4.38b91.68±4.58a80.95±4.05bc
‘蓝西梅’(泽)142.97±7.15a7.35±0.37c1.14±0.06c90.45±4.52ab82.09±4.10d73.48±3.67cd
‘蓝西梅’(英)85.97±4.30b8.56±0.43b0.93±0.05cd67.50±3.38d77.50±3.88e97.62±4.88a
‘蓝西梅’(喀)17.88±0.89e8.10±0.41b0.90±0.05cd71.71±3.59c87.61±4.38c64.29±3.21d
‘红喜梅’(巴)25.96±1.30d2.28±0.11f0.62±0.03e92.50±4.63a61.12±3.06f83.33±4.17b
‘小西梅’(伽)16.10±0.81e3.98±0.20d0.82±0.04d90.00±4.50ab91.43±4.57a90.48±4.52a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881713442570364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同西梅样品功能成分与抗氧化活性测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品花色苷(mg/L)多酚(mg/g)黄酮(mg/g)羟基自由基清除率(%)ABTS+自由基清除率(%)DPPH自由基清除率(%)
‘法兰西’(阿)70.23±3.51b3.25±0.16e1.92±0.10a61.36±3.07e67.15±3.36f64.29±3.21d
‘法兰西’(巴)30.00±1.50d3.07±0.15e1.72±0.09b30.00±1.50f89.22±4.46b78.57±3.93bc
‘法兰西’(伽)43.41±2.17c9.63±0.48a1.41±0.07b92.43±4.62a97.88±4.89a73.81±3.69cd
‘法兰西’(克)15.55±0.78e7.30±0.37c0.85±0.04d87.50±4.38b91.68±4.58a80.95±4.05bc
‘蓝西梅’(泽)142.97±7.15a7.35±0.37c1.14±0.06c90.45±4.52ab82.09±4.10d73.48±3.67cd
‘蓝西梅’(英)85.97±4.30b8.56±0.43b0.93±0.05cd67.50±3.38d77.50±3.88e97.62±4.88a
‘蓝西梅’(喀)17.88±0.89e8.10±0.41b0.90±0.05cd71.71±3.59c87.61±4.38c64.29±3.21d
‘红喜梅’(巴)25.96±1.30d2.28±0.11f0.62±0.03e92.50±4.63a61.12±3.06f83.33±4.17b
‘小西梅’(伽)16.10±0.81e3.98±0.20d0.82±0.04d90.00±4.50ab91.43±4.57a90.48±4.52a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881713530650749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

OAV of key volatile compounds in different prune samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性物质阈值
(μg/kg)
‘法兰西’
(阿)
‘法兰西’
(巴)
‘法兰西’
(伽)
‘法兰西’
(克)
‘蓝西梅’
(泽)
‘蓝西梅’
(英)
‘蓝西梅’
(喀)
‘红喜梅’
(巴)
‘小西梅’
(伽)
香气描述
水杨酸甲酯0.0410.2524.00nd6.00ndndndnd8.75甜香、薄荷香
壬醛0.06521.6922.318.464.774.464.4632.627.2312.77玫瑰、柑橘的花果香
2-己烯醛1.2918.0829.79ndndndndndnd43.63苹果、浆果等果香
月桂醛0.06ndndndnd1.331.17nd1.67nd紫罗兰花香
反式-β-紫罗兰酮0.01nd14.00nd7.003.004.00ndndnd紫罗兰花香气
), ArticleFig(id=1320881713606148222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881396642599561, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同西梅样品中关键挥发性物质的OAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性物质阈值
(μg/kg)
‘法兰西’
(阿)
‘法兰西’
(巴)
‘法兰西’
(伽)
‘法兰西’
(克)
‘蓝西梅’
(泽)
‘蓝西梅’
(英)
‘蓝西梅’
(喀)
‘红喜梅’
(巴)
‘小西梅’
(伽)
香气描述
水杨酸甲酯0.0410.2524.00nd6.00ndndndnd8.75甜香、薄荷香
壬醛0.06521.6922.318.464.774.464.4632.627.2312.77玫瑰、柑橘的花果香
2-己烯醛1.2918.0829.79ndndndndndnd43.63苹果、浆果等果香
月桂醛0.06ndndndnd1.331.17nd1.67nd紫罗兰花香
反式-β-紫罗兰酮0.01nd14.00nd7.003.004.00ndndnd紫罗兰花香气
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基于多元统计分析的新疆西梅品质多维度综合评价
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丁真真 , 王学庆 , 苏婷婷 , 王莉 , 王玉涛 *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(16): 429-439
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (16) : 429 -439
基于多元统计分析的新疆西梅品质多维度综合评价
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丁真真 , 王学庆, 苏婷婷, 王莉, 王玉涛*
作者信息
  • 喀什大学生命与地理科学学院新疆帕米尔高原生物资源与生态重点实验室,新疆喀什 844000
通讯作者:
王玉涛(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物多样性保护与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

丁真真(1991−),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏保鲜,E-mail:

Multidimensional Comprehensive Evaluation of Xinjiang Prune Quality Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Zhenzhen DING , Xueqing WANG, Tingting SU, Li WANG, Yutao WANG*
Affiliations
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology in the Pamir Plateau, College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026020003
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为明确南疆主栽西梅品种的品质特征与加工适宜性差异,本研究系统评价了新疆南疆四大主栽品种(‘法兰西’‘红喜梅’‘小西梅’和‘蓝西梅’)7个产地西梅样品的加工适宜性。通过测定外观、质构、理化、活性成分及挥发性风味物质,构建了多维品质指标体系,并采用聚类分析与正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)对样品进行分类。结果表明,不同西梅品种在花色苷、多酚及可溶性固形物等关键品质指标上存在显著差异。综合品质分析显示,各样品呈现差异化的品质特征:‘蓝西梅’(喀)以高硬度、高出汁率为突出特性;‘蓝西梅’(泽)则表现为高酸与高花色苷含量;‘法兰西’(伽)的可溶性固形物、多酚含量及抗氧化活性显著优于其他样品;‘小西梅’(伽)与‘法兰西’(阿)则以高糖酸比和丰富的特征香气成分为主要优势。所构建的OPLS-DA模型判别性能优异(R2X=0.998,Q2=0.994),并筛选出果型指数、可溶性固形物(total soluble solids,TSS)、多酚、2-己烯醛、DPPH·清除率、黄酮、波数3300 cm−1(O-H伸缩振动)处的红外吸收峰、ABTS+·清除率、月桂醛、·OH清除率等14个变量重要性投影(variable importance in projection,VIP)值大于1.0的关键品质标志物。本研究可为西梅专用品种选育、智能化分级及定向加工提供理论依据与技术支撑。

西梅  /  品质评价  /  多元统计分析  /  挥发性风味物质  /  品质特征

To clarify the quality characteristics and processing suitability differences of major cultivated plum varieties in Southern Xinjiang, the processing suitability of Prunus domestica samples collected from seven production regions across four major cultivated varieties (‘Francistown’ ‘Hong Ximei’ ‘Xiao Ximei’ and ‘Blue Plum’) in Southern Xinjiang, was systematically evaluated in this study. A multidimensional quality evaluation system was established by measuring appearance, texture, physicochemical properties, bioactive components, and volatile flavor compounds. Cluster analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were employed to classify the samples. The results showed significant differences in key quality indicators such as anthocyanins, total polyphenols, and total soluble solids (TSS) among different cultivars. Comprehensive quality analysis revealed distinct quality characteristics among the samples: ‘Blue Plum’ from Kashi exhibited notably high firmness and juice yield; ‘Blue Plum’ from Zepu was characterized by high acidity and anthocyanin content; ‘Francistown’ from Jiashi displayed significantly higher sugar content, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity compared with the other samples, while ‘Francistown’ from Jiashi and ‘Francistown’ from Aksu were distinguished by their high sugar-acid ratio and abundant characteristic volatile aroma compounds. The constructed OPLS-DA model exhibited excellent discriminative performance, with an R2X of 0.998 and a Q2 of 0.994. A total of 14 key quality markers with variable importance in projection (VIP) values greater than 1.0 were identified, including fruit shape index, TSS, polyphenols, 2-hexenal, DPPH· radical scavenging activity, flavonoids, infrared absorption peak at the wavenumber of 3300 cm−1 (O-H stretching vibration), ABTS+· radical scavenging activity, lauric aldehyde, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for selective breeding, intelligent grading, and targeted processing strategies in the plum industry.

prune  /  quality evaluation  /  multivariate statistical analysis  /  volatile flavor compounds  /  quality characteristics
丁真真, 王学庆, 苏婷婷, 王莉, 王玉涛. 基于多元统计分析的新疆西梅品质多维度综合评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 429 -439 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026020003
Zhenzhen DING, Xueqing WANG, Tingting SU, Li WANG, Yutao WANG. Multidimensional Comprehensive Evaluation of Xinjiang Prune Quality Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 429 -439 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026020003
西梅(Prunus domestica L.)是新疆南疆地区重要的特色经济林果,其产业对提升农产品附加值、促进区域经济发展具有重要意义[1]。随着市场对西梅干、浓缩汁等高附加值产品需求的增长,产业向高值化、标准化转型已成为必然趋势[2]。然而,这一转型面临的核心瓶颈在于原料存在显著的品种间与产地间品质异质性[3−4]。这种品质异质性系统体现在单果重、硬度等物理属性,糖酸组成等基础理化指标,多酚、花色苷等功能成分以及关键挥发性风味物质等多个维度[3,5]。当品质差异显著的原料进入固定工艺的加工流程时,易导致产品得率不稳定、品质波动及能耗增加等系统性工程问题[6]。因此,构建基于原料内在品质特征的精准分选与评价体系,是突破当前产业瓶颈的迫切需求[1]。
针对上述问题,现有研究已从不同侧面展开。在原料品质解析方面,研究多集中于单一维度,如比较不同品种的外观与基础理化差异[3],或深入分析特定产区西梅的酚类物质组成[5]。在加工工艺方面,则多聚焦于单一技术的优化,如探究热风干燥工艺参数对产品品质的影响[6]。近期,虽有研究开始运用主成分分析等方法对西梅进行多指标综合评价[7],标志着该领域的进步,但现有研究范式仍存在明显局限,缺乏对决定加工适应性的外观、质构、理化、营养及风味等多维性状进行系统性整合与关联分析的框架。尽管化学计量学方法(如OPLS-DA)已在蓝莓[8]、猕猴桃[9]等果实的品质分类与综合评价中展现出强大能力,感官导向的风味分析技术也为精准鉴定关键香气物质提供了范例[10],且生态与常规等不同栽培管理模式[4]、基因型等因子[8]以及采后生理调控机制[11]均被证实深刻影响果实最终品质,然而,将这些方法系统性整合应用于西梅多维度品质的深度解析与评价,目前尚属研究空白。
本研究系统采集与测定了南疆四大主栽品种9个产地的西梅在物理属性、加工特性、营养组分及挥发性风味物质等多维度品质数据,集成聚类分析与OPLS-DA等化学计量学方法,旨在深度解析品质指标间的内在关联,以筛选具有高区分度的关键品质标志物。本研究旨在为西梅的专用品种选育、产后智能化分级与品质导向加工提供理论依据与关键技术支撑。
西梅 包括‘法兰西’(‘Francistown’)、‘红喜梅’(‘Hong Ximei’)、‘小西梅’(‘Francistown’)、‘蓝西梅’(‘Blue Plum’)4个新疆南疆地区主栽品种(见图1),样本于2024年8月至9月采集自阿克苏市、巴楚县、伽师县、泽普县、英吉沙县、阿图什市和喀什市7个主产区,共计9份样品。以果皮呈现该品种典型色泽、果肉拇指轻压有弹性为采收标准,所有果实大小一致且无病虫害及机械损伤的个体。样品采集后,立即置于4 ℃冷藏箱运抵实验室。部分果实用于鲜样指标的测定,剩余样品经去核、匀浆处理后分装,于−40 ℃低温冰箱保存;福林酚试剂(生物技术级)、碳酸钠(分析纯) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;芦丁与没食子酸标准品(纯度≥98%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼基自由基(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)、2,2′-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt,ABTS) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;2-辛醇 色谱纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
LE-204E电子分析天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;KQ5200DE数控超声波清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;5910R高速冷冻离心机 艾本德国际贸易有限公司;P1611008紫外可见分光光度计 上海菁华科技仪器有限公司;PEN3电子鼻系统 德国Airsense公司;GCMS-QP2020NXNC气相色谱-质谱联用仪 岛津企业管理(中国)有限公司;Spectramax Mini多功能酶标仪 美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;NR60CP便携式测色仪 三恩时科技有限公司;TA.TOUCH+质构仪 上海保圣实业发展有限公司。
单果质量采用精度为0.01 g的电子分析天平称量,使用数显游标卡尺测量果实的纵径、横径和侧径,其中纵径为果实从果蒂到顶端的最大距离,横径和侧径为果实赤道部位两个相互垂直方向的最大宽度[3],并计算果形指数(纵径/横径)。采用三恩时NR60CP便携式测色仪测定西梅色差。以标准色板或选定样为标样,测量试样获取为明度差,正值表示偏白,负值表示偏暗,L*代表明度,范围0(黑)到100(白)。
质构特性采用TA/2N针型探头,全质构模式,测试前速度、测试速度和测试后速度均为1.00 mm/s,测试类型为下压测试,目标模式为位移,目标数值2.000 mm,触发点类型为力(N),触发点数值为5.000 N,样品接触面积和探头接触面积为25.000 mm2,每组样品平行测定8个果实,于果实赤道部位去皮后对称选取3个点进行测定,取平均值,其中,硬度值以探头下压过程中的力(N)表示[12];脆度为出现明显破裂峰对应的力值(N)。TSS采用手持数显折光仪测定,使用前用蒸馏水校准,取果实汁液直接滴加于棱镜,读取°Brix值,重复三次;总酸依据GB 12456-2021《食品中总酸的测定》中的酸碱滴定法进行;出汁率采用压榨法测定。准确称取50.00 g去核果肉,打浆之后于8000 r/min离心10 min之后,所得汁液质量。按公式(1)计算:
$ \text{出汁率}(\text{%} ) =\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中:M1为样品去核果肉质量,g;M2为汁液的质量,g。
使用高速中药粉碎机将西梅样品打成浆状,准确称取果浆浆液5.00 g,加入75%乙醇定容至25 mL,加高岭土搅拌混匀进行脱色,放入数控超声波清洗器中超声提取。提取完成后,在25 ℃条件下,使用高速冷冻离心机以4000 r/min的转速离心,收集上清液,置4 ℃保存备用。该上清液即为“样品提取液”,其质量浓度相当于0.2 g西梅果浆(鲜重)/mL,用于多酚、黄酮、DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+自由基清除率和羟基自由基清除率指标的测定。
花色苷含量采用pH示差法测定[13],另准确称取西梅果浆2.00 g,加入含1%盐酸的酸化甲醇定容至10 mL,避光条件下超声提取30 min,离心收集上清液,用于花色苷含量的测定。用pH1.0的氯化钾缓冲液和pH4.5的乙酸钠缓冲液分别稀释上清液,平衡20 min后,分别在520 nm和700 nm波长下测定吸光度,根据公式(2)计算,结果以矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷X(mg/L)表示:
$ \text{X(mg/L)}=\frac{\text{A×}{\text{M}}{\text{w}}\text{×DF×1000}}{\varepsilon\times 1} $
式中:A为吸光度[A=(A520−A700)pH1.0−(A520−A700)pH4.5];DF为稀释倍数;Mw为矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷的摩尔质量(449.2 g/mol);ε为矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷的摩尔消光系数(26900 L/(mol·cm));1000为单位换算因子;1为比色皿的光程(cm)。
多酚含量采用福林-酚法测定[14],取0.5 mL适当稀释的样品提取液,加入2.5 mL 10%福林-酚试剂,混匀后室温静置5 min,再加入2 mL 7.5%碳酸钠溶液,混匀后于37 ℃水浴避光反应10 min,冰浴冷却后在765 nm波长下测定吸光度。以没食子酸为标准品,制作标准曲线为y=0.1103x+0.0122,R2=0.9982,多酚含量计算如式(3):
$ \mathrm{C}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{0}\times \mathrm{V}\times \mathrm{D}}{\mathrm{m}\times \mathrm{v}} $
式中:C0由标准曲线计算得到的多酚含量(mg/mL);V为提取液的总体积(mL);D为测定前样品的稀释倍数;m为样品的鲜重(g);v为测定吸取的提取液体积(mL)。
黄酮含量采用硝酸铝比色法测定[15],取1 mL样品提取液,加入4 mL蒸馏水、0.3 mL、5%亚硝酸钠溶液,混匀静置6 min;加入0.3 mL 10%硝酸铝溶液,混匀静置6 min;加入4 mL 4%氢氧化钠溶液,用60%乙醇定容至10 mL,混匀静置15 min后,在510 nm波长下测定吸光度。以芦丁为标准品制作标准曲线得到曲线方程y=0.0257x+0.005,R2=0.9962,黄酮含量计算如式(4)所示:
$\rm C(mg/g)=\frac{{C}_{0}\times V\times D}{m\times v} $
式中:C0由标准曲线计算得到的黄酮含量(mg/mL);V为提取液的总体积(mL);D为测定前样品的稀释倍数;m为样品的鲜重(g);v为测定吸取的提取液体积(mL)。
羟基自由基清除率:样品组依次加入1.0 mL样品提取液、1.0 mL 6 mmol/L硫酸亚铁溶液、1.0 mL 6 mmol/L过氧化氢溶液及1.0 mL 6 mmol/L水杨酸溶液,混合均匀后避光静置10 min;空白实验组以1.0 mL蒸馏水替代过氧化氢溶液,其余试剂与样品组相同;对照实验组以1.0 mL蒸馏水替代样品提取液,其余试剂与样品组相同。各反应体系经充分混匀后,于510 nm波长处测定吸光度,所有试验均平行测定3次。该表达方式将抗氧化能力直接关联至原始样品质量,与沈康等[16]方法一致。羟基自由基清除率按公式(5)计算:
$\rm 羟基自由基清除率\text{(\%)}=\left(1-\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品实验组的吸光度值;A2为空白实验组的吸光度值;A0为对照实验组的吸光度值。
ABTS阳离子自由基清除率将7 mmol/L ABTS溶液与2.45 mmol/L过硫酸钾溶液等体积混合,室温避光反应12~16 h生成ABTS储备液。使用前用磷酸缓冲液(pH7.4)稀释至734 nm吸光度为0.70±0.02。取0.1 mL样品提取液与3.9 mL工作液混合,反应6 min后于734 nm测定吸光度。按公式(6)计算ABTS阳离子自由基清除率。
$\rm 清除率 \text{(\%)}=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{S}}}{{\text{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0以0.1 mL 75%乙醇替代样品提取液,与3.9 mL ABTS工作液混合,测定吸光度为空白对照组;As为样品液的吸光度值。
DPPH自由基清除率参照Zhu等[17]方法,取0.1 mL样品提取液(按1.2.3节制备)与3.9 mL、0.1 mmol/L DPPH-乙醇溶液混合,室温避光反应30 min,在517 nm测吸光度,空白对照A0以0.1 mL 75%乙醇替代样品提取液,与3.9 mL DPPH-乙醇溶液混合,测定吸光度。计算公式同公式(6),抗氧化指标均重复三次。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪进行无损扫描。将果实切成约3.0 mm厚的薄片,光谱采集范围4000~400 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1,累计扫描64次以获得平均光谱,每次扫描前均采集背景空气光谱进行扣除[18]。
使用电子鼻仪器准确称取10.0 g新鲜果浆置于40 mL顶空瓶中,密封后于40 ℃水浴平衡15 min。载气流速400 mL/min,传感器清洗时间110 s,归零时间10 s,样品准备时间5 s,采样时间60 s,每组样品重复测定5次[19]。该仪器由10个金属氧化物传感器组成的阵列,如表1所示。
参照Pino等[20]方法并稍作修改。准确称取10.00 g西梅果肉于40 mL顶空瓶中,加入2 g氯化钠以促进挥发性成分释放,加入10 μL 2-辛醇(20 μg/mL)作为内标,立即用配备聚四氟乙烯隔垫的螺纹盖密封。将50 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头先于250 ℃老化5 min,随后插入顶空瓶上方,在40 ℃条件下顶空吸附35 min。GC条件:采用DB-5毛细管色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm);进样口温度250 ℃;柱温升温程序:初始温度40 ℃保持2 min,以3 ℃/min升至230 ℃;载气为氦气(纯度>99.99%),流速1.0 mL/min,不分流模式。MS条件:接口温度250 ℃,离子源温度230 ℃,电子能量70 eV,溶剂延迟3 min,电离方式为EI,全扫描模式,扫描质量范围m/z 35.0~500.0。
定性与定量分析:通过NIST17数据库(NIST17-1、NIST17-2、NIST17-3)比对质谱数据,选取相似度>80的成分作为挥发性成分。以2-辛醇为内标,根据各成分与内标的峰面积比值计算相对含量,如公式(7)。气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)计算公式如(8),其中OAV>1的成分,说明该成分为对样品风味有显著贡献的关键香气成分[20]。
$ {\text{C}}_{\text{x}}\text{(μg/kg)}=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{x}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{s}}}\text{×f×}{\text{C}}_{\text{is}} $
式中:Cx为待测组分含量,μg/kg鲜重;Ax:待测成分峰面积;As:内标物峰面积;f为相对校正因子(本研究无标准品,取f=1);Cis:内标物在样品中的添加浓度(10 μL×20 mg/L/10.00 g=20 μg/kg)。
$ \text{OAV}=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{x}}}{{\text{T}}_{\text{i}}} $
式中:OAV为挥发性化合物的气味活度值;Cx为待测组分含量(μg/kg);Ti为该化合物在空气中的气味阈值(μg/kg)。
所有测定数据均以平均值±标准差表示,指标均重复测定三次。采用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析,差异显著性采用Duncan多重比较法检验(P<0.05),图表使用Origin 2024软件绘制。为进行多变量分析与模型构建,采用SIMCA 14.1软件对多维度品质数据进行OPLS-DA分析,该分析使用SIMCA 14.1软件(Umetrics AB,瑞典马尔默)完成。模型的统计显著性通过交叉验证的ANOVA检验进行验证,并利用200次置换检验以评估和排除过拟合风险。通过Hotelling’s T2检验识别模型空间内的潜在离群样本,依据VIP指标筛选对类别判别贡献最大的关键差异化合物,将VIP值>1.0的变量定义为具有高判别潜力的标志性差异物。
果实外观性状是决定其商品价值与加工适应性的首要因素。由表2可知,西梅的单果重、果形指数及果皮亮度(L*)在品种与产地间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),表现出丰富的表型多样性。单果重变化范围为18.50~82.31 g,其中‘蓝西梅’(泽)的单果重最大(82.31 g),但仍低于日本引种的大果品种‘Edwards’(117.0 g)等[21]。同一品种(如‘法兰西’)在不同产地的单果重差异显著(18.50~34.10 g),表明生态条件与栽培措施可能对其具有明显影响。果实纵径、横径与侧径的测量结果显示,各品种三径数值的整体变化趋势与单果重大致吻合。其中,‘蓝西梅’(泽)在三项尺寸上均达到最大值,分别为纵径(47.17 mm)、横径(44.48 mm)及侧径(60.18 mm)。值得注意的是,所有样品的侧径均明显大于其纵径与横径,表明西梅果实主要沿侧径方向拉伸,呈现出“侧向最宽、纵向略长”的椭球体形态。果形指数作为影响机械化加工效率的关键性状,其值在0.92(近圆形)至1.06(椭圆形)之间连续分布,与日本研究中的描述性分类[21]相符,量化指标更有利于自动化分选与加工定向。果皮亮度L*值变化范围为26.22~37.77,其中‘蓝西梅’(喀)最高(37.77),外观鲜亮;‘蓝西梅’(英、泽)最低(26.22~26.29),色泽深紫,这与国内报道的类似品种L*值(36)[22]存在差异。上述外观性状的差异为后续品质形成机制研究提供了基础数据,果实色泽表现与品种遗传背景及产地环境因子的关系有待进一步探讨[23−24]。
如表3所示,不同西梅品种在硬度、脆性、糖酸含量及出汁率等品质指标上均存在显著差异(P<0.05),反映出样品材料具有丰富的品种多样性,这与其广泛的遗传背景相符[25]。不同西梅品种果实硬度变化范围为42.33~163.21 N,其中‘蓝西梅’(喀)硬度最高(163.21 N),‘蓝西梅’(泽)硬度最低(42.33 N)。与日本引种品种(53.8~71.1 N)[21]相比,本研究中‘法兰西’(伽)(65.13 N)、‘法兰西’(克)(63.60 N)等样品的硬度值与之相近;同时,整体硬度水平低于国内鲜食西梅品种(约196 N)[26];硬度与脆性呈明显正相关,‘蓝西梅’(喀)脆性最高(169.58 N),表明该品种在机械外力作用下具有较强抵抗形变的能力;TSS含量为13.75°Brix~25.40°Brix,总酸含量为0.32~7.13 g/L。‘法兰西’(伽)兼具最高TSS(25.40°Brix)与较高总酸(4.50 g/L),呈现高糖高酸的浓郁风味特征;‘蓝西梅’(喀)呈低糖(13.75°Brix)中酸(3.53 g/L)特征,风味相对清淡;‘法兰西’(巴)总酸最低(0.32 g/L),属低酸型风味。与已有研究相比,本研究的TSS范围与日本引种品种(15.5°Brix~25.8°Brix)[21]及国内研究(22%)[27]基本一致,但总酸含量呈现从极低(0.32 g/L)至极高(7.13 g/L)的连续分布,显示出样品在有机酸积累特性上的广泛差异;4种西梅出汁率范围为15.90%~50.00%。‘蓝西梅’(喀)出汁率最高(50.00%),结合其高硬度特征,已有研究表明,果实出汁率不仅取决于含水量,更与果肉细胞壁结构及组织在压缩过程中的行为密切相关[28−29]。Lahaye等[30]进一步证实,高硬度果实细胞壁果胶交联程度高,受压时细胞趋于分离而非破裂,有利于维持汁液流动通道,从而提高出汁率。本研究中‘蓝西梅’(喀)高硬度与高出汁率并存的现象,与该机制一致。
由表4可知,不同西梅样品在花色苷、多酚、黄酮含量及其清除羟基、ABTS+、DPPH自由基的能力上均存在显著差异(P<0.05),这些指标共同反映了西梅样品的潜在抗氧化活性。
西梅样品中功能性成分含量因品种和产地不同呈现显著差异(P<0.05),其中花色苷含量差异性最大,介于15.55 mg/L(‘法兰西’(克))与142.97 mg/L(‘蓝西梅’(泽))之间,这一差异直接反映于果皮色泽从浅黄至深紫黑的多样性[31]。多酚含量在2.28(‘红喜梅’(巴))至9.63 mg/g(‘法兰西’(伽))之间变化,‘法兰西’(伽)的多酚含量显著高于其他西梅样品(P<0.05),而‘蓝西梅’(英)和‘蓝西梅’(喀)的多酚含量也显著高于除‘法兰西’(伽)外的其余样品(P<0.05)。黄酮含量整体变异幅度相对较小,‘法兰西’(阿)黄酮含量最高(1.92 mg/g),‘红喜梅’(巴)最低(0.62 mg/g)。酚类与黄酮类物质作为植物次生代谢的核心产物,其积累受遗传背景、生态因子及发育阶段的协同调控[32]。
抗氧化分析表明,不同西梅样品对三种自由基清除能力存在明显差异,‘小西梅’(伽)、‘法兰西’(伽)和‘法兰西’(克)的ABTS+自由基清除率均处于高水平(91.43%~97.88%),三者无显著差异;在DPPH自由基清除率上,‘小西梅’(伽)(90.48%)显著优于‘法兰西’(伽)(73.81%)和‘法兰西’(克)(80.95%)。‘法兰西’(克)与‘法兰西’(伽)的花色苷含量分别为15.55和43.41 mg/L,相差约2.8倍,但二者ABTS+自由基清除率与DPPH自由基清除率均无显著差异(P>0.05),仅羟基自由基清除率存在差异。唐凌骁等[5]采用非靶向代谢组学技术对新疆喀什西梅的研究发现,仅19种酚类与总酚、总黄酮及总花色苷含量显著相关,特定酚类(如儿茶素、原花青素B2)对抗氧化活性有更直接的贡献,说明抗氧化能力取决于更广谱的酚类组成,而非单一花色苷水平。‘法兰西’(伽)同时具备最高的多酚含量(9.63 mg/g)和较高的羟基自由基清除率,其ABTS+与DPPH清除率亦处较高水平,表明其抗氧化成分具有广谱高效的清除能力,是综合抗氧化活性最强的优良品种。
‘红喜梅’(巴)的多酚与黄酮含量均为最低,但其羟基自由基清除率和DPPH自由基清除率均较高。Zhang等[33]报道,非酚类抗氧化剂(如抗坏血酸)对总抗氧化能力的贡献率可达1.0%~26.0%,提示该样品可能存在非酚类物质的贡献,或其所含特定酚类组分对羟基自由基具有较高的特异性清除效率。‘法兰西’(巴)则呈现羟基自由基清除率最低(30.00%),但ABTS+清除率(89.22%)与DPPH清除率(78.57%)较高的特征。Amir等[34]研究表明,不同酚类化合物在ABTS+法与DPPH法中的抗氧化表现差异显著,这与‘法兰西’(巴)的自由基选择性清除特征相吻合,可能与其酚类物质组成的特异性有关。
综上所述,西梅样品在功能性成分与抗氧化活性方面展现出高度的品种间多样性,‘法兰西’(伽)与‘小西梅’(伽)为综合抗氧化能力较强的品种,而‘红喜梅’(巴)和‘法兰西’(巴)则分别表现出“低酚高羟基清除活性”和“自由基选择性清除”的独特抗氧化特征,这些发现为西梅种质资源评价及功能性成分的深入研究提供了基础数据。
如图2所示,西梅样品在4000~400 cm−1范围内的红外光谱图整体趋势相似,表明其具有西梅果实共有的主要化学骨架。
如图2所示,不同西梅品种的FTIR特征反映了其细胞壁化学组成的差异,并表现出与果实宏观品质属性的相关性。在1050 cm−1附近(C-O),‘蓝西梅’(喀)与‘红喜梅’(巴)的吸光度相对较低,表明其结构性多糖基质较为丰富或致密;这一光谱特征与其较高的硬度(122.07 N)密切相关,提示该结构特征可能有利于增强果实的抗机械损伤能力[35–36]。相反,‘蓝西梅’(泽)在该区域吸光度较高,与其最低的硬度(42.33 N)相符,暗示其细胞壁结构较为松散。在1450 cm−1(C-H)与1630 cm−1(C=O)区域的光谱差异,已有研究证实与果实的质构特性及功能品质具有内在联系[36]。‘蓝西梅’(喀)在1450 cm−1区域的较强吸收,结合其最高的脆性(169.58 N)和出汁率(50.00%),表明其果胶状态有利于细胞间紧密结合与脆性断裂[35]。同时,‘法兰西’(伽)在1630 cm−1(C=O)附近的光谱特征,可能与其最高的多酚含量(9.63 mg/g)及强抗氧化活性存在一定联系,提示酚类物质可能影响了该区域的化学微环境[36]。上述特征峰强度的差异,与总酸、TSS、硬度、多酚等关键品质指标表现出一定的相关性,可为构建新疆西梅品质的多维度评价体系提供参考依据。值得注意的是,1600~1630 cm−1处的吸收峰可表征同聚半乳糖醛酸的甲酯化状态及其在细胞壁基质中的空间分布,其强度的变化与果实质构及酚类物质存在相互作用[37]。
综上,不同西梅样品在1450 cm−1(C-H)和1050 cm−1(C-O)处特征吸收峰强度差异,与果实的总酸、TSS及硬度等关键品质指标的变化趋势表现出一定的相关性。这一结果表明,FTIR技术能够有效反映出不同西梅品种在化学组成上的差异,可为基于化学组成特征分析果实品质差异提供了光谱学参考依据。
如图3所示,采用电子鼻技术结合主成分分析可有效区分不同西梅样品的整体气味特征。图3(a)雷达图直观展示了不同样品在10个传感器(W1C至W6S)上的响应强度差异。传感器响应值存在显著差异的传感器主要集中在W1S、W1W和W5S上,而W1C、W3C、W5C等传感器的响应值差异较小,这表明W1S、W1W和W5S是区分9个西梅样品香气特征的主要贡献传感器。具体而言,‘蓝西梅’(泽)在W1S传感器上呈现明显高于其他样品的响应峰值,表明其可能富含特定的甲基类或芳香族挥发性物质;‘蓝西梅’(泽/英)在W1W与W5S传感器上均表现出显著高于其他品种的响应值,而‘红喜梅’(巴)及‘蓝西梅’(喀)在W1W传感器上的响应值则为最低。此传感器响应模式与核果类水果风味表征研究中的发现相符[38],表明芳香族物质、氮氧化合物及烷烃类化合物的含量与比例差异是驱动9个西梅样品在PCA空间中分布离散的首要化学因素。图3(b)主成分分析图显示,PC1与PC2的累计贡献率达91.9%,能够清晰地区分各样品的风味轮廓[39]。在PCA得分图上,9个西梅样品沿PC1轴呈现出明显的空间聚类:‘蓝西梅’(泽)与‘蓝西梅’(英)均位于PC1正半轴区域,而其余7个样品则分布在PC1负半轴,且相对分散。在PC2轴上,‘小西梅’(伽)位于PC2负半轴远端,‘法兰西’(克)处于PC2零轴附近(负),‘蓝西梅’(喀)、‘红喜梅’(巴)、‘法兰西’(阿)及‘法兰西’(伽)沿PC1负轴紧密相邻,而‘法兰西’(巴)则延伸至PC2正半轴最远端。这种基于挥发性物质指纹的客观分类,与果实糖酸组分和多酚等功能成分的差异性具有内在代谢关联,因为风味物质的生物合成途径与糖、酸及酚类等前体物质的代谢网络紧密交织、协同调控[40]。综上,电子鼻PCA技术能够依据关键传感器响应,为多个西梅样品的快速、客观风味判别与分类提供可靠依据。
为阐明不同西梅品种整体风味的物质差异,通过顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)结合OAV进行分析。结果表明,品种间在挥发性物质总量上均存在差异,这些差异构成了其风味化学指纹,如图4(a)所示,‘小西梅’(伽)(58.23 μg/kg)与‘法兰西’(巴)(42.51 μg/kg)的挥发性物质总含量最高,而‘蓝西梅’(英)(2.17 μg/kg)、‘法兰西’(伽)(0.68 μg/kg)、‘蓝西梅’(喀)(2.28 μg/kg)等样品总含量明显较低。从物质类别构成来看,醛类物质在所有样品中占据绝对主导地位(占比普遍超过85%),此构成特征与既有研究结论一致[41]。西梅品种间挥发性物质种类数量差异明显(图4(b)),‘蓝西梅’(泽)(10种)和‘蓝西梅’(英)(12种)检测出的种类最多,而‘法兰西’(伽)(3种)和‘蓝西梅’(喀)(2种)种类数量显著偏少,表明不同西梅品种在挥发性物质积累上存在差异。
通过计算气味活度值(OAV≥1视为关键香气贡献者),从表5中筛选出壬醛、2-己烯醛、水杨酸甲酯、反式-β-紫罗兰酮及月桂醛共5种香气活性化合物。其中,壬醛在全部9个西梅样品中均有检出,OAV范围为4.46~32.62,呈现玫瑰、柑橘类花果香,是各品种共有的香气骨架物质[42-43]。2-己烯醛(苹果、浆果香)仅在高值样品‘小西梅’(伽)(OAV=43.63)与‘法兰西’(巴)(OAV=29.79)中检出,提示其对特定品种的青香型风味具有决定性贡献[44]。水杨酸甲酯(甜香、薄荷香)与反式-β-紫罗兰酮(紫罗兰花香气)呈现互补分布:前者在‘法兰西’(阿)(OAV=10.25)、‘法兰西’(巴)(OAV=24.00)、‘法兰西’(克)(OAV=6.00)及‘小西梅’(伽)(OAV=8.75)中占优;后者则在‘法兰西’(巴)(OAV=14.00)、‘法兰西’(克)(OAV=7.00)、‘蓝西梅’(英)(OAV=4.00)及‘蓝西梅’(泽)(OAV=3.00)中表现突出。月桂醛(紫罗兰花香)OAV相对较低(1.17~1.67),仅出现在‘红喜梅’(巴)’及部分‘蓝西梅’样品中[43]。上述结果从关键挥发性化合物的分子层面揭示了西梅品种间风味差异的化学基础,进一步支持了果实香气多样性主要由少数高OAV物质决定的普遍认识[45]。
基于层次聚类热图(图5),采用欧氏距离与Ward最小方差法。聚类树结构表明,品质指标与品种间均呈现显著的模块化特征,反映了多维度品质性状的内在关联与品种依赖性差异。将24项品质特征划分为两大主聚类。第一大类包含三个小类:小类1由黄酮、反式-β-紫罗兰酮、水杨酸甲酯及2-己烯醛构成,代表了挥发性香气物质与黄酮类成分的集合;小类2主要由1630 cm−1(C=O)与3300 cm−1(O-H)这两处红外特征光谱构成,反映了特定波段的吸收特征;小类3由脆性、硬度、L*、壬醛及PC1构成,其中,‘蓝西梅’(喀)在该组所有指标上均为最高,而‘法兰西’(克)在PC1上呈极高值(6.07),两者显著高于其他品种。第二大类与第三大类在更高层级上聚合:第二大类包括果形指数、·OH清除率、DPPH·清除率、TSS、ABTS+·清除率、PC2及红外1050 cm−1(C-O)、1450 cm−1(C-H),‘蓝西梅’(英)DPPH·清除率最高(97.62%),‘法兰西’(伽)TSS(25.40%)与ABTS+·清除率(97.88%)最高,‘小西梅’(伽)PC2(2.22)最高;第三大类含总酚、总酸及出汁率、月桂醛、单果质量、花色苷,‘蓝西梅’(泽)单果质量(82.31 g)、总酸(7.13%)与花色苷(142.97 mg/kg)均为最高,‘蓝西梅’(喀)出汁率最高(50.00%)。上述聚类结构揭示了西梅品质指标间的协同关系:质地-色泽-电子鼻响应(小类3)、抗氧化-糖酸-光谱特征(第二大类)、以及果型-加工特性-花青素积累(第三大类)分别形成独立的功能群组。
将9个西梅样品划分为三个小类,并最终合并为一个大类。第一小类(‘法兰西’(克)、‘法兰西’(伽)、‘小西梅’(伽)、‘法兰西’(阿))在TSS、总酚、ABTS+·清除率及PC2上表现较高,呈现出高糖、高酚及高抗氧化活性的综合特征。第二小类(‘蓝西梅’(英)、‘蓝西梅’(泽))在单果质量、总酸、花色苷及DPPH·清除率上表现突出,‘蓝西梅’(泽)单果质量与花色苷最高,‘蓝西梅’(英)DPPH·清除率最高。第三小类(‘蓝西梅’(喀)、‘法兰西’(阿)、‘红喜梅’(巴))在硬度、脆性、L*、出汁率及壬醛上表现较高,‘蓝西梅’(喀)在上述指标中均为最高,‘红喜梅’(巴)果形指数与·OH清除率最高。上述品种聚类结果从多维度数据层面验证了不同西梅品种品质性状的异质性[41],为高抗氧化活性品种(‘法兰西’(伽)、‘蓝西梅’(英))、鲜食甜感品种(‘法兰西’(伽))、加工适应性品种(‘蓝西梅’(喀))及特色风味品种(‘法兰西’(巴)、‘小西梅’(伽))的定向筛选提供了客观依据[42]。
如图6(a)所示,OPLS-DA模型的自变量矩阵解释率R2X为0.998,模型预测能力Q2为0.994,表明模型对变量与样本均具备良好的解释和预测效果。经200次置换检验,Q2截距为−0.856,小于0,说明模型无过拟合,分析结果可靠[47]。OPLS-DA得分图中(图6(b)),t1、t2为两个主成分。均为正值区域的‘蓝西梅’(泽),在t2轴上距离原点最远,‘蓝西梅’(英)也分布于此;t1为正、t2为负值区域包含‘红西梅’(巴)、‘法兰西’(阿)和‘蓝西梅’(喀)3个样品。t1为负、t2为正值区域内,‘小西梅’(伽)与‘法兰西’(伽)呈平行分布,‘法兰西’(克)紧邻t2负轴。‘法兰西’(巴)单独分布在t1、t2均为负值的区域。以VIP>1.0为阈值筛选出14种关键标志物(图6(c)),VIP值依次为:果型指数、TSS、2-己烯醛、PC1、DPPH·清除率、PC2、黄酮、ABTS+·清除率、3300 cm−1(O-H伸缩振动)、月桂醛、总酸、·OH清除率和反式-β-紫罗兰酮。其中果型指数贡献了最高的区分度,表明外观性状在品种区分中占据首要地位;TSS与多酚次之,反映了糖酸品质与功能活性成分的重要贡献;2-己烯醛、月桂醛等特征香气物质亦位列其中,与核果风味研究中醛酮类作为关键品种标识物的结论一致[48]。
上述VIP指标涵盖了外观性状、糖酸品质、功能活性成分、抗氧化活性、特征香气物质和光谱特征等多个维度,共同构成了区分不同西梅品种的核心指标集。该结果与聚类热图的品种划分相互印证,共同证实了基于多维度品质指标的西梅分类具有坚实的化学基础。与已有研究相比,本研究不仅通过无监督聚类识别了品种的自然亲疏关系,更借助有监督的OPLS-DA模型量化了驱动分类的关键标志物及其贡献度,从而将西梅品质评价从表型描述推进至可量化、可预测的分子指标层面[47–48]。上述关键标志物的系统归属,为西梅种质资源的加工适宜性分类及高附加值产品开发提供了明确的理论依据。
基于多元统计分析,本研究构建了外观、理化、营养、风味、光谱等多维度品质评价体系,系统解析了南疆主栽西梅样品的品质特征与加工适宜性。不同西梅品种在花色苷、多酚及TSS等关键指标上差异显著,为品种品质区分与特征描述提供了物质基础。基于OPLS-DA模型筛选出果型指数、TSS、多酚、2-己烯醛、DPPH·清除率、黄酮、反式-β-紫罗兰酮、ABTS+·清除率、月桂醛、·OH清除率、3300 cm−1(O-H伸缩振动)等14种关键标志物,构成了区分西梅品种品质特征的核心指纹。综合品质分析表明,‘蓝西梅’(喀)以高硬度、高出汁率为突出特性;‘蓝西梅’(泽)以高酸、高花色苷为特征;‘法兰西’(伽)高糖、高多酚、高抗氧化活性;‘小西梅’(伽)与‘法兰西’(阿)则以高糖酸比和丰富的特征香气成分为主要优势。本研究为西梅品种选育、智能化分级及品质导向的进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026020003
  • 接收时间:2026-02-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-01
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    喀什大学生命与地理科学学院新疆帕米尔高原生物资源与生态重点实验室,新疆喀什 844000

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王玉涛(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物多样性保护与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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