Article(id=1320881367009837529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070190, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852258684, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852258684, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852258684, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852258684, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=395, endPage=405, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881367227941338, articleId=1320881367009837529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Lycium barbarum L. Vegetable at Different Harvest Periods Using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study used Lycium barbarum L. vegetable 'Ningqicai No.1' harvested at five different stages as the experimental material. Sensory and physicochemical indices were measured and analyzed, and a comprehensive evaluation model was established using correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results showed that the sensory indices and nutritional quality of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable at different harvest stages were correlated to varying degrees. The L* value was significantly negatively correlated with a* and significantly positively correlated with b* (P<0.05). Total phenolic content was significantly positively correlated with browning degree (P<0.05). Protein content was significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll content and significantly negatively correlated with moisture content (P<0.05), while moisture content showed an extremely significant negative correlation with chlorophyll content (P<0.01). The quality evaluation indices of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable at the five harvest stages could be represented by three principal components, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 93.229%. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the five harvest stages into three groups, and the classification results were generally consistent with those of the principal component comprehensive evaluation. The first group included C1, harvested in May, and C2, harvested in June. These two stages showed high similarity in hardness, springiness, chewiness, browning degree, and moisture content. Their moderate hardness, coordinated springiness and chewiness, low browning degree, bright appearance, and high moisture content indicated tender texture and better visual quality, suggesting that they might be more suitable for fresh consumption.The second group included C3, harvested in July, and C4, harvested in August. C3 exhibited the best overall performance in color, texture, total phenolic content, and betaine content, while C4 showed prominent total flavonoid and protein contents. These two stages demonstrated superior nutritional quality and were therefore more suitable for further processing. The third group consisted of C5, harvested in September, which differed significantly from the other samples due to its high browning degree, dry and hard texture, insufficient nutrient accumulation, and severe moisture loss. Therefore, its comprehensive quality was relatively inferior among all harvest stages. Overall, this study revealed the effects of different harvest stages on the quality of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable, providing theoretical guidance and data support for raw material selection, subsequent processing, and quality standardization of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable products.

, authors=Jiayi WEI1, 2, Lutao ZHANG2, Bowen DING2, Lu LU2, Linyuan DUAN2, Jia MI2, *, Yamei YAN1, 2, *, authorsList=Jiayi WEI, Lutao ZHANG, Bowen DING, Lu LU, Linyuan DUAN, Jia MI, Yamei YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jia MI, Yamei YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881368796611049, articleId=1320881367009837529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于主成分分析和聚类分析对不同采收期枸杞芽菜品质综合评价, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以‘宁杞菜1号’枸杞芽菜的5个采收期为试材,对其感官指标和理化指标进行测定分析,采用相关性、主成分和系统聚类分析,构建综合评价模型。结果表明:5个采收期枸杞芽菜感官指标及营养品质间存在不同程度的相关性,L*与a*显著负相关、与b*显著正相关(P<0.05);总酚与褐变度显著正相关(P<0.05),蛋白质与叶绿素显著正相关、与水分显著负相关(P<0.05),水分与叶绿素呈非常显著负相关(P<0.01)。不同采收期枸杞芽菜的品质评价指标可由3个主成分表示,其累计方差贡献率为93.229%。系统聚类分析将5个采收期枸杞芽菜分为3类,分类结果与主成分综合评价结果基本一致。其中,第1类:C1(5月采)和C2(6月采)硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、褐变度及水分指标高度相似,其硬度适中、弹性与咀嚼性协同匹配,褐变度低(色泽鲜亮)、水分含量高(芽菜鲜嫩),因此,可判断其表观品质可能更契合鲜食消费需求;第2类:C3(7月采)在色泽、质构及总酚和甜菜碱含量等营养指标表现最优,C4(8月采)总黄酮、蛋白质含量突出,这两个时期营养品质表现更优秀,适合深加工;第3类:C5(9月采)因其褐变度高、质地干硬、营养积累不足、水分流失严重,与其他样本差异显著,所以综合品质在整个采收期中处于劣势。本研究结果旨在揭示不同采收期对枸杞芽菜造成的质量影响,为后续枸杞芽菜的选取和加工以及产品质量均一化提供理论依据和数据支撑。

, authors=魏佳仪1, 2, 张渌淘2, 丁博文2, 禄璐2, 段淋渊2, 米佳2, *, 闫亚美1, 2, *, authorsList=魏佳仪, 张渌淘, 丁博文, 禄璐, 段淋渊, 米佳, 闫亚美, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=米佳, 闫亚美, authorNote=

魏佳仪(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:枸杞深加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
米佳(1989−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:枸杞精深加工,E-mail:。
闫亚美(1982−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:枸杞精深加工,E-mail:。
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Plant Science, 2004, 167(3): 665−668., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881798029095157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881798041678070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, companyId=1320881798029095157, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881798050066679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, companyId=1320881798029095157, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881798112981240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881798121369849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, companyId=1320881798112981240, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Goji Berry Science Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881798125564154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, companyId=1320881798112981240, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2宁夏农林科学院枸杞科学研究所,宁夏银川 750002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881800763781418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sensory evaluation of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable at different harvesting periods, figureFileSmall=DD75RusARd4z7B13/zXrSw==, figureFileBig=hpMculLL50QREm5DPks7ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881800843473195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同采收期枸杞芽菜的感官评价, figureFileSmall=DD75RusARd4z7B13/zXrSw==, figureFileBig=hpMculLL50QREm5DPks7ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881802537972013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Heatmap of correlation analysis between sensory parameters and nutritional components in Lycium barbarum L. vegetable across different harvest periods, figureFileSmall=1mNriMk0nnOzAF+nCTYFAA==, figureFileBig=87DUubjvi0VYExmL7cPJPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881802626052398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同采收期枸杞芽菜感官指标与营养成分的相关性分析热图

注:相关性热图以颜色深浅表示相关系数大小,红色代表正相关,蓝色代表负相关; P<0.05表示相关性显著, P<0.01表示相关性非常显著, P<0.001表示相关性极显著。

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Sample information

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C1C2C3C4C5
5月采收6月采收7月采收8月采收9月采收
), ArticleFig(id=1320881803683017020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C1C2C3C4C5
5月采收6月采收7月采收8月采收9月采收
), ArticleFig(id=1320881803871760701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for Lycium barbarum L. vegetable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评价标准感官标准评分(分)
风味优清香浓郁,具有枸杞芽菜特有的清新香气,无异味15~20
良清香较明显,枸杞芽菜香气稍淡,无异味10~14
中香气较淡,枸杞芽菜香气不突出,无异味5~9
差无香气,或有青草腥味或其他异味1~4
组织形态优叶片大小均匀,无老化纤维15~20
良叶片大小较均匀,轻微纤维感10~14
中叶片大小不均匀,有一定纤维感5~9
差叶片大小差异大,纤维感明显1~4
色泽优嫩绿色,色泽均匀,鲜亮有光泽,无杂色15~20
良绿色,色泽较均匀,较鲜亮,稍有光泽10~14
中深绿色,色泽不均匀,光泽度一般5~9
差黄绿色或有枯黄部分,色泽杂乱,无光泽1~4
口感优鲜嫩,脆爽,咀嚼性好,无渣感15~20
良较鲜嫩,脆度较好,稍有渣感10~14
中质地偏硬,脆度一般,渣感较明显5~9
差质地坚硬,无脆感,渣感重1~4
), ArticleFig(id=1320881803959841086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

枸杞芽菜的感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评价标准感官标准评分(分)
风味优清香浓郁,具有枸杞芽菜特有的清新香气,无异味15~20
良清香较明显,枸杞芽菜香气稍淡,无异味10~14
中香气较淡,枸杞芽菜香气不突出,无异味5~9
差无香气,或有青草腥味或其他异味1~4
组织形态优叶片大小均匀,无老化纤维15~20
良叶片大小较均匀,轻微纤维感10~14
中叶片大小不均匀,有一定纤维感5~9
差叶片大小差异大,纤维感明显1~4
色泽优嫩绿色,色泽均匀,鲜亮有光泽,无杂色15~20
良绿色,色泽较均匀,较鲜亮,稍有光泽10~14
中深绿色,色泽不均匀,光泽度一般5~9
差黄绿色或有枯黄部分,色泽杂乱,无光泽1~4
口感优鲜嫩,脆爽,咀嚼性好,无渣感15~20
良较鲜嫩,脆度较好,稍有渣感10~14
中质地偏硬,脆度一般,渣感较明显5~9
差质地坚硬,无脆感,渣感重1~4
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804026949951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Color analysis of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable at different harvesting periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同采收期L*a*b*
C139.25±0.16a−5.33±0.39a19.30±1.12a
C237.41±0.78b−5.41±0.39a18.28±1.09a
C334.89±0.16c−5.41±0.60a15.42±0.51b
C434.03±0.77c−6.63±0.60b15.42±0.51b
C534.03±0.39c−7.59±0.73c15.23±0.91b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804110836032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同采收期枸杞芽菜色泽分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同采收期L*a*b*
C139.25±0.16a−5.33±0.39a19.30±1.12a
C237.41±0.78b−5.41±0.39a18.28±1.09a
C334.89±0.16c−5.41±0.60a15.42±0.51b
C434.03±0.77c−6.63±0.60b15.42±0.51b
C534.03±0.39c−7.59±0.73c15.23±0.91b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804182139201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Texture analysis of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable at different harvesting periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同采收期硬度(N)内聚性回复性弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
C114710.21±481.86d0.45±0.06b0.21±0.03b0.82±0.11b2679.51±862.84c
C215470.79±1326.16c0.39±0.08c0.21±0.03b0.86±0.12a2500.69±765.65d
C317160.15±1377.46b0.50±0.03a0.25±0.03a0.86±0.08a2528.16±631.77d
C417510.07±853.84b0.44±0.04b0.22±0.01b0.73±0.06c2774.57±130.58b
C519944.81±1036.00a0.46±0.06b0.23±0.02b0.76±0.07c3584.45±584.37a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804245053762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同采收期枸杞芽菜质构分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同采收期硬度(N)内聚性回复性弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
C114710.21±481.86d0.45±0.06b0.21±0.03b0.82±0.11b2679.51±862.84c
C215470.79±1326.16c0.39±0.08c0.21±0.03b0.86±0.12a2500.69±765.65d
C317160.15±1377.46b0.50±0.03a0.25±0.03a0.86±0.08a2528.16±631.77d
C417510.07±853.84b0.44±0.04b0.22±0.01b0.73±0.06c2774.57±130.58b
C519944.81±1036.00a0.46±0.06b0.23±0.02b0.76±0.07c3584.45±584.37a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804320551235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of physicochemical indicators of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable at different harvesting periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同采收期水分含量(%)总黄酮含量(mg/g)总酚含量(mg/g)蛋白质含量(%)甜菜碱含量(mg/g)叶绿素含量(mg/g)褐变度
C176.61±0.12a7.23±0.11d22.73±0.15d34.43±0.56c20.56±0.21b4.46±0.34b7.15±0.15c
C275.22±0.24b8.71±0.34c25.08±0.69c33.00±0.33c20.51±0.07b4.66±0.47b7.21±0.12b
C374.16±0.19b10.17±0.16a39.61±0.09a43.08±0.72b16.15±0.35c4.88±0.24b7.51±0.15a
C468.91±0.28c9.94±0.07b29.36±1.58b57.68±0.41a21.90±0.50a5.58±0.56a7.54±0.20a
C565.01±0.32d8.80±0.41c30.63±0.36b39.38±0.53b20.11±0.70b5.59±0.51a7.57±0.20a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804412825924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同采收期枸杞芽菜理化指标分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同采收期水分含量(%)总黄酮含量(mg/g)总酚含量(mg/g)蛋白质含量(%)甜菜碱含量(mg/g)叶绿素含量(mg/g)褐变度
C176.61±0.12a7.23±0.11d22.73±0.15d34.43±0.56c20.56±0.21b4.46±0.34b7.15±0.15c
C275.22±0.24b8.71±0.34c25.08±0.69c33.00±0.33c20.51±0.07b4.66±0.47b7.21±0.12b
C374.16±0.19b10.17±0.16a39.61±0.09a43.08±0.72b16.15±0.35c4.88±0.24b7.51±0.15a
C468.91±0.28c9.94±0.07b29.36±1.58b57.68±0.41a21.90±0.50a5.58±0.56a7.54±0.20a
C565.01±0.32d8.80±0.41c30.63±0.36b39.38±0.53b20.11±0.70b5.59±0.51a7.57±0.20a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804484129093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Eigenvalues and variance contribution rates of principal components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分初始特征值提取平方和载入合计
合计方差(%)累积(%)17.192方差(%)累积(%)合计方差(%)累积(%)
117.19257.30757.3077.66257.30757.30710.87736.25836.258
27.66225.5482.8473.11525.5482.84710.58335.27571.533
33.11510.38293.22910.38293.2296.26220.87392.406
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804547043654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

主成分的特征值与方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分初始特征值提取平方和载入合计
合计方差(%)累积(%)17.192方差(%)累积(%)合计方差(%)累积(%)
117.19257.30757.3077.66257.30757.30710.87736.25836.258
27.66225.5482.8473.11525.5482.84710.58335.27571.533
33.11510.38293.22910.38293.2296.26220.87392.406
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804639318343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Principal component factor load matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标成分
123
L*(Z1)−0.634−0.514−0.532
a*(Z2)0.6980.4530.493
b*(Z3)−0.703−0.488−0.504
硬度(Z4)0.5690.8010.156
内聚性(Z5)0.732−0.0320.048
回复性(Z6)0.9760.02−0.022
弹性(Z7)0.282−0.797−0.471
咀嚼性(Z8)0.1340.954−0.192
总黄酮含量(Z9)0.4540.1160.834
总酚含量(Z10)0.962−0.0640.248
蛋白质含量(Z11)0.1370.1880.952
甜菜碱含量(Z12)−0.947−0.086−0.23
叶绿素含量(Z13)0.1030.7860.501
褐变度(Z14)−0.1590.9270.137
水分含量(Z15)−0.245−0.926−0.282
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804723204424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

主成分因子载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标成分
123
L*(Z1)−0.634−0.514−0.532
a*(Z2)0.6980.4530.493
b*(Z3)−0.703−0.488−0.504
硬度(Z4)0.5690.8010.156
内聚性(Z5)0.732−0.0320.048
回复性(Z6)0.9760.02−0.022
弹性(Z7)0.282−0.797−0.471
咀嚼性(Z8)0.1340.954−0.192
总黄酮含量(Z9)0.4540.1160.834
总酚含量(Z10)0.962−0.0640.248
蛋白质含量(Z11)0.1370.1880.952
甜菜碱含量(Z12)−0.947−0.086−0.23
叶绿素含量(Z13)0.1030.7860.501
褐变度(Z14)−0.1590.9270.137
水分含量(Z15)−0.245−0.926−0.282
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804819673417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Comprehensive score and ranking of quality of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable at different harvesting periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同采收期-枸杞芽菜Y1Y2Y3Y排名
C10.8671.4250.1770.9252
C20.9091.469−0.8900.9063
C31.3671.608−0.9761.1141
C40.5280.0250.3150.3344
C5−0.007−0.152−0.047−0.0365
), ArticleFig(id=1320881804882587978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881367009837529, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同采收期枸杞芽菜品质综合得分及排名

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同采收期-枸杞芽菜Y1Y2Y3Y排名
C10.8671.4250.1770.9252
C20.9091.469−0.8900.9063
C31.3671.608−0.9761.1141
C40.5280.0250.3150.3344
C5−0.007−0.152−0.047−0.0365
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基于主成分分析和聚类分析对不同采收期枸杞芽菜品质综合评价
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魏佳仪 1, 2 , 张渌淘 2 , 丁博文 2 , 禄璐 2 , 段淋渊 2 , 米佳 2, * , 闫亚美 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(16): 395-405
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (16) : 395 -405
基于主成分分析和聚类分析对不同采收期枸杞芽菜品质综合评价
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魏佳仪1, 2 , 张渌淘2, 丁博文2, 禄璐2, 段淋渊2, 米佳2, * , 闫亚美1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021
  • 2宁夏农林科学院枸杞科学研究所,宁夏银川 750002
通讯作者:
米佳(1989−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:枸杞精深加工,E-mail:。
闫亚美(1982−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:枸杞精深加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

魏佳仪(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:枸杞深加工,E-mail:

Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Lycium barbarum L. Vegetable at Different Harvest Periods Using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis
Jiayi WEI1, 2 , Lutao ZHANG2, Bowen DING2, Lu LU2, Linyuan DUAN2, Jia MI2, * , Yamei YAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2Institute of Goji Berry Science Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070190
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本研究以‘宁杞菜1号’枸杞芽菜的5个采收期为试材,对其感官指标和理化指标进行测定分析,采用相关性、主成分和系统聚类分析,构建综合评价模型。结果表明:5个采收期枸杞芽菜感官指标及营养品质间存在不同程度的相关性,L*与a*显著负相关、与b*显著正相关(P<0.05);总酚与褐变度显著正相关(P<0.05),蛋白质与叶绿素显著正相关、与水分显著负相关(P<0.05),水分与叶绿素呈非常显著负相关(P<0.01)。不同采收期枸杞芽菜的品质评价指标可由3个主成分表示,其累计方差贡献率为93.229%。系统聚类分析将5个采收期枸杞芽菜分为3类,分类结果与主成分综合评价结果基本一致。其中,第1类:C1(5月采)和C2(6月采)硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、褐变度及水分指标高度相似,其硬度适中、弹性与咀嚼性协同匹配,褐变度低(色泽鲜亮)、水分含量高(芽菜鲜嫩),因此,可判断其表观品质可能更契合鲜食消费需求;第2类:C3(7月采)在色泽、质构及总酚和甜菜碱含量等营养指标表现最优,C4(8月采)总黄酮、蛋白质含量突出,这两个时期营养品质表现更优秀,适合深加工;第3类:C5(9月采)因其褐变度高、质地干硬、营养积累不足、水分流失严重,与其他样本差异显著,所以综合品质在整个采收期中处于劣势。本研究结果旨在揭示不同采收期对枸杞芽菜造成的质量影响,为后续枸杞芽菜的选取和加工以及产品质量均一化提供理论依据和数据支撑。

枸杞芽菜  /  采收期  /  主成分分析  /  偏最小二乘法  /  品质评价

This study used Lycium barbarum L. vegetable 'Ningqicai No.1' harvested at five different stages as the experimental material. Sensory and physicochemical indices were measured and analyzed, and a comprehensive evaluation model was established using correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results showed that the sensory indices and nutritional quality of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable at different harvest stages were correlated to varying degrees. The L* value was significantly negatively correlated with a* and significantly positively correlated with b* (P<0.05). Total phenolic content was significantly positively correlated with browning degree (P<0.05). Protein content was significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll content and significantly negatively correlated with moisture content (P<0.05), while moisture content showed an extremely significant negative correlation with chlorophyll content (P<0.01). The quality evaluation indices of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable at the five harvest stages could be represented by three principal components, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 93.229%. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the five harvest stages into three groups, and the classification results were generally consistent with those of the principal component comprehensive evaluation. The first group included C1, harvested in May, and C2, harvested in June. These two stages showed high similarity in hardness, springiness, chewiness, browning degree, and moisture content. Their moderate hardness, coordinated springiness and chewiness, low browning degree, bright appearance, and high moisture content indicated tender texture and better visual quality, suggesting that they might be more suitable for fresh consumption.The second group included C3, harvested in July, and C4, harvested in August. C3 exhibited the best overall performance in color, texture, total phenolic content, and betaine content, while C4 showed prominent total flavonoid and protein contents. These two stages demonstrated superior nutritional quality and were therefore more suitable for further processing. The third group consisted of C5, harvested in September, which differed significantly from the other samples due to its high browning degree, dry and hard texture, insufficient nutrient accumulation, and severe moisture loss. Therefore, its comprehensive quality was relatively inferior among all harvest stages. Overall, this study revealed the effects of different harvest stages on the quality of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable, providing theoretical guidance and data support for raw material selection, subsequent processing, and quality standardization of Lycium barbarum L. vegetable products.

Lycium barbarum L. vegetable  /  harvest period  /  principal component analysis  /  partial least squares method  /  quality evaluation
魏佳仪, 张渌淘, 丁博文, 禄璐, 段淋渊, 米佳, 闫亚美. 基于主成分分析和聚类分析对不同采收期枸杞芽菜品质综合评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 395 -405 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070190
Jiayi WEI, Lutao ZHANG, Bowen DING, Lu LU, Linyuan DUAN, Jia MI, Yamei YAN. Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Lycium barbarum L. Vegetable at Different Harvest Periods Using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 395 -405 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070190
叶用枸杞(Lycium barbarum)又称天精草、枸杞菜,为茄科(Solanaceae)枸杞属(Lycium)多年生灌木[1],现代《中药大辞典》中记载叶用枸杞可“补虚益精,清热明目。主治虚劳发热,烦渴,目赤昏痛”[2];宁夏枸杞叶以枸杞茶之名收录于《宁夏中药材标准》[3]中,具有滋补肝肾、养血益精、明目润肺之功。叶用枸杞现也多作一年生绿叶蔬菜栽培,是近年流行且营养价值极高的药食兼用蔬菜之一[4−5]。据报道,叶用枸杞茎叶粗蛋白含量不仅高达30%~45%[6],富含甜菜碱[7]、黄酮类物质[8]、枸杞多糖等生物活性物质和多种氨基酸与矿物质[9],具有抗氧化[10]、抗癌[11]、降血脂[12]和降血糖[13]等作用。同时还具有一苗十年、管理成本低等种植优势。目前我国已育成宁杞菜1号、宁杞9号、天精3号等叶用枸杞新品种[5],其中,宁杞菜1号为当前市场中的主要栽植品种[8],具有营养生长旺盛、适生性广等特性,已分别通过宁夏科技厅的成果鉴定[5]和国家林木良种审定[6]。宁杞菜1号,其具有较强的环境适应性、易于管理、长势好、产菜量高(667 m2产菜1695 kg)、生产周期长以及营养丰富等特征,是一种绿色优质无公害品种,可在田间大量生产[14]。叶用枸杞嫩芽采收季节性强(5~9月)、采收时间短(10 d左右),嫩芽长大会失去食用价值,而植物采收期与其营养品质与功能活性成分有着直接密切的关系[14]。因此对于不同采收期枸杞芽菜品质综合评价对枸杞芽菜的开发利用具有重要的经济价值和社会价值。
近年来,对于枸杞叶的研究主要集中在茶制品以及其本身功效成分研究上,如:Li等[15]研究发现,宁夏枸杞叶茶的铁含量高于乌龙茶和观音王茶,锌含量则优于明香茶和观音王茶。Pollini等[16]证实,枸杞叶总黄酮提取物对胰脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶具有显著抑制作用。Andrei等[17]发现枸杞叶对高血糖、高脂血症患者具有辅助治疗效果。此外,刘静[18]通过对枸杞叶可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、黄酮类化合物和茶多酚等化学成分的含量进行分析,为得到具有较高活性成分且感官品质良好的保健绿茶提供了理论基础。闫亚美等[19]研究表明不同生产厂家、品种、栽培条件下的枸杞叶的黄酮、多酚、氨基酸含量与组成差异较大。然而,值得注意的是,宁夏作为我国枸杞主产区,近年来枸杞芽菜产业发展迅速,但对枸杞芽菜的品质及加工并未得到充分探究,而生产实践中已观察到不同季节采收的枸杞芽菜感官品质差异显著,这一现象对枸杞芽菜标准化生产工艺的建立形成了阻碍,相关研究报道的缺失也制约了枸杞芽菜产业的精细化管理与价值提升。
对作为鲜食蔬菜枸杞芽菜的品质综合评价,是明确不同采收期对其品质差异影响的关键前提。针对宁夏地区枸杞芽菜,通过对不同采收期下其品质特性的系统评估,可深入探索品质差异与各项品质指标之间的内在关联,进而揭示采收期这一关键因素对枸杞芽菜质量形成的具体影响机制。该研究成果不仅能为后续枸杞芽菜鲜食选取、加工工艺优化提供科学的理论依据,更能为实现枸杞芽菜产品质量的标准化与均一化提供有力的数据支撑,对推动枸杞芽菜产业的规范化发展具有重要实践意义。
枸杞芽菜 采自宁夏回族自治区银川市宁夏绿色世纪农业科技有限公司,于2024年5月至9月,每间隔30 d取一次,采时从植株顶部向下采集长度为8~10 cm的叶片,共5个采收期,并按月份顺序将样品编号为C1~C5(表1);芦丁(纯度≥98%)、甜菜碱(纯度≥98%)、没食子酸(纯度≥98%)、牛血清蛋白(纯度≥98%) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;亚硝酸钠、硝酸铝、氢氧化钠 分析纯,天津大茂化学试剂有限公司;甲醇、无水乙醇 色谱纯,徐州天鸿化工有限公司;无水碳酸钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、考马斯亮蓝G-250 分析纯,上海广诺化学科技有限公司。
BS 224 S分析天平 德国赛多利斯公司;UV-1780紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津仪器有限公司;R-300旋转蒸发仪 瑞士Büchi有限公司;Waters 2695高效液相色谱仪及2487紫外吸收检测器 美国Waters公司;De-500多功能粉碎机 浙江红景天工贸有限公司;CM-5分光测色仪 日本柯尼卡美能达控股株式会社;TA-XT.Plus质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司。
将枸杞芽菜不同采收期的试验材料均分为两部分处理。
第一部分:采收后立即置于4 ℃预冷的保鲜泡沫箱中,在2 h内运回实验室,迅速完成色泽、质构特性、褐变度、叶绿素和水分含量等鲜样指标的测定。
第二部分:用于总黄酮、总酚和甜菜碱等理化指标测定。将新鲜芽菜样品立即置于液氮中速冻固定,随后转入真空冷冻干燥机中冻干,至水分含量低于6%;冻干样品经高速粉碎机粉碎,过40目标准筛,得到均匀粉末,密封后避光保存于−80 ℃超低温冰箱中待测。每个采样点均重复三次。
参考宣仕芬等[20]的模糊数学感官评价方法,稍作修改。参照GB/T 1629.1-2012《感官分析 选拔、培训与管理评价员一般导则》标准的要求挑选15名长期从事食品相关专业的人员组成感官评价小组,评价人员无不良嗜好,感知敏锐且评价前未接触过刺激性物品,依次对不同采收期枸杞芽菜的风味、组织形态、色泽、口感的重要程度进行权重打分,评价不同样品前需漱口,具体评定标准见表2。对15名品评员的评价结果进行汇总分析,分别从风味、组织形态、色泽和口感四个方面确定权重,得到权重集A=[0.22,0.23,0.25,0.30]。进一步统计每个指标在四个等级中的得票率,构建出5个样品所对应的模糊矩阵R。通过综合评判模型Y=A×R,计算得到各样品的感官评分。
采用CM-5分光测色仪对枸杞芽菜的色泽进行测定[21],每个样品测定3次,记录数据。其中L*表示明度;a*表示从红色到绿色之间的色彩指数,正值为红色,负值为绿色;b*表示从蓝色到黄色之间的色彩指数,正值为黄色,负值为蓝色。
采用TA-XT.Plus质构仪进行测试[21],试样尺寸10 mm×10 mm,采用TPA程序,P/0.5探头,试样测试速率为:前2.0 mm/s,中1.0 mm/s,后1.0 mm/s,压缩形变量30%,停留时间5 s,依次测得枸杞芽菜的硬度、胶黏性、内聚性、咀嚼性、弹性。
参照 GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》中的直接干燥法进行测定,每个样品重复3次。
参照闫亚美等[21]的方法进行测定,用70% 乙醇溶液提取枸杞芽菜中的总黄酮后,采用亚硝酸钠比色法,在510 nm下用紫外分光光度计检测,以芦丁做标准品,标准曲线方程式Y=9.336x+0.0124,R2=0.9991。
$ \mathrm{W}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{c}\times \mathrm{n}\times \mathrm{v}}{\mathrm{m}} $
式中:W表示样品中的黄酮含量,mg/g;c表示根据标准曲线计算得到的供试液的质量浓度,mg/mL;v表示供试液的体积,mL;n表示稀释倍数;m为样品质量,g。
参照闫亚美等[21]的方法进行测定,用 60% 乙醇溶液提取枸杞芽菜中的总酚后,采用福林酚试剂法,在760 nm 下用紫外分光光度计检测,以没食子酸做标准品,标准曲线方程式Y=1.091x+0.0012,R2=0.9996。
$ \mathrm{W}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{c}\times \mathrm{n}\times {\mathrm{v}}_{1}}{\mathrm{m}} $
式中:W表示样品中的总酚含量,mg/g;c表示根据标准曲线计算得到的供试液的质量浓度,mg/mL;v1表示提取液的总体积;n表示稀释倍数;m为样品质量,g。
参照张琴等[22]的方法进行测定,采用蒸馏水浸提枸杞芽菜中的可溶性蛋白,选用考马斯亮蓝染色法,于 595 nm 波长处使用紫外分光光度计进行吸光度检测,以牛血清白蛋白为标准品绘制标准曲线,标准曲线方程式Y=1.179x−0.0098,R2=0.9993。枸杞芽菜蛋白质含量的测定方法同标准品。
$ \mathrm{W}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{c}\times \mathrm{n}\times \mathrm{v}}{\mathrm{m}}\times 100 $
式中:W表示样品中的蛋白质含量,%;c表示根据标准曲线计算得到的供试液的质量浓度,mg/mL;v表示测定液的体积,mL;n表示稀释倍数;m为样品质量,g。
参照NY/T 2947-2016,样品用甲醇提取,用混合型阳离子交换树脂固相萃取柱净化后用HPLC检测,以甜菜碱(≥纯度98%)做标准品,标准曲线方程式Y=234788x−12354,R2=0.9990。枸杞芽菜甜菜碱含量的测定方法同标准品。
$ \mathrm{W}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{c}\times \mathrm{v}\times \mathrm{v}_1}{\mathrm{m}\times \mathrm{v}_2} $
式中:W表示样品中的甜菜碱含量,mg/g;c表示根据标准曲线计算得到的供试液的质量浓度,mg/mL;v表示试样中加入的提取液体积,mL;v1表示试样的最终定容体积,mL;v2表示提取液分取体积,mL;m为样品质量,g。
参照Beato等[23]的方法进行测定,采用乙醇-丙酮(1:1,v/v)提取法,在649、665 nm下用紫外分光光度计检测提取液吸光度,用于计算叶绿素 a、叶绿素 b 与总叶绿素含量。
$ \text{叶绿素}\mathrm{a}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=(12.71\times {\mathrm{A}}_{665})-(2.59\times {\mathrm{A}}_{649}\times \mathrm{v}\times \mathrm{m}) $
$ \text{叶绿素}\mathrm{b}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=(22.88\times {\mathrm{A}}_{649})-(4.68\times {\mathrm{A}}_{665}\times \mathrm{v}\times \mathrm{m}) $
$ 总 \text{叶绿素}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=\text{叶绿素}\mathrm{a}+\text{叶绿素}\mathrm{b} $
式中:叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素分别表示样品中的叶绿素含量,mg/g;v表示试样的最终定容体积,mL;m为样品质量,g。
参照张菊等[24]的方法进行测定,用95%乙醇溶液提取枸杞芽菜中的褐变有色产物后,4000 r/min离心20 min,取上清液溶液在420 nm处测定吸光度,以吸光度值与样品质量的比值表示褐变度。
数据采用SPSS 26软件进行单因素方差分析,结果表示为平均值±标准差,采用Duncan’s Multiple Range Test计算组间的差异显著性(P<0.05)。将5个采收期枸杞芽菜样品作为评价单元,以15项品质指标为变量,采用SPSS 26进行皮尔逊相关性分析、主成分分析。采用Simca 14.1软件进行偏最小二乘法分析。相关性分析热图、主成分分析载荷图和聚类热图采用Origin 2021软件绘制。
感官评价结果如图1所示,5个采收期枸杞芽菜的感官品质综合得分从高到低依次为:C3>C1>C2>C4>C5。权重集A的结果表明,品评人员对色泽和口感的权重赋值高于风味和组织形态,分别为0.25和0.30,说明消费者在评价枸杞芽菜时更注重色泽和口感方面的表现。综合得分最高的样品C3,在口感方面的评分优于其他样品;得分次高的C1(72.87分),则在风味和色泽方面表现更为突出;C2得分(69.97分)仅次于C3和C1时期,而总分较低的C4(60.33分),其组织形态评分相对较高,显示出一定的质地优势。由此可见,不同采收期的枸杞芽菜在感官品质上存在明显差异,其中C3、C1和C2时期的样品整体品质较高,更受消费者青睐。
不同采收期对枸杞芽菜色泽的影响见表3。通过分光测色仪检测发现,L*值随采收期推移呈持续降低趋势,C5较C1的降幅达13.29%(P<0.05),具体表现:为C1的L*值最高为39.25±0.16,且显著高于其他时期(P<0.05),C2显著低于C1且显著高于C3~C5(P<0.05),C3、C4、C5之间无显著差异,这一趋势推测可能是因为夏季枸杞芽菜的生长速度较快,且气候差异较小而导致枸杞芽菜在这三个时期的色泽没有明显变化。以上结果与Thoma等[25]发现的气候参数差异小于10%时,生菜色泽变异系数低于5%的现象一致。
a*值随采收期推移呈显著降低趋势(P<0.05),C5的a*值最低且与C4差异显著(P<0.05),绿度随采收期增强的现象可能与宁夏地区7~9月气温升高、降水减少导致的干旱胁迫相关,干旱环境可促进植物叶片叶绿素合成,从而使绿度增加,这与Zhao等[26]的研究结论一致。
b*值随采收期推移呈持续降低趋势,C5较C1的降幅达21.08%(P<0.05),其中,C1和C2无显著差异,C3、C4、C5之间无显著差异但均显著低于C1和C2(P<0.05),黄度的降低可能是随着叶片成熟度提高,叶绿素占比上升,伴随着黄蓝度逐渐减弱[27]。
综合来看,不同采收期对枸杞芽菜色泽影响显著,C1~C2时期,L*值和b*值较高,a*值相对较高,整体表现为亮度高、黄度高、绿度低,色泽偏浅绿;C3~C5时期,L*值和b*值显著降低,a*值显著降低,整体表现为亮度低、黄度低、绿度高,色泽偏深绿,且C3~C5色泽差异较小,这种色泽变化规律主要与枸杞芽菜生长过程中叶绿素的积累密切相关,而环境因素(如干旱胁迫)可能进一步促进了叶绿素合成,从而影响了各色泽指标的变化趋势。
不同采收期对枸杞芽菜质构的影响见表4。随着采收期的延长,硬度呈持续上升趋势,各时期差异显著(P<0.05),推测可能是由于生长过程中组织纤维化、木质化引起。Afoakwa等[28]研究表明,在细胞壁木质化过程中,H2O2积累诱使过氧化物酶(POD)氧化细胞壁的单木质醇为自由基并聚合为木质素,从而导致细胞壁硬化。弹性在C1~C3时期呈上升趋势,C4显著(P<0.05)下降至0.73±0.06,C5略有回升至0.76±0.07,但仍显著低于C2~C3(P<0.05)。采收前期弹性增加,可能与生长前期细胞水分含量较高、膨压维持细胞壁张力有关[29],此时受压后形变恢复能力强;而随成熟度提高,水分流失导致膨压降低,弹性减弱。咀嚼性在C1~C3时期相对平稳,C4略有上升,C5显著升高至3584.45±584.37(P<0.05),与硬度增加需更多咀嚼能量的趋势一致。回复性在C3达到最高值,C5次之,二者无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于C1、C2、C4(P<0.05),表明C3和C5采收期的质构回复能力较好,其中C3最佳。内聚性波动较大,C2显著降低至0.39±0.08(P<0.05),C3升至峰值0.50±0.03,显著高于其他时期(P<0.05),C4~C5回落至0.44±0.04、0.46±0.06,二者无显著差异。
综合来看,C3采收期的质构特性更优,弹性与C2相当且显著高于C4~C5,回复性最高,硬度显著低于C5且高于C1和C2,适合作为鲜食采收期。
由表5可知,随着采收期推移,枸杞芽菜水分含量从C1的76.61%±0.12%降至C5的65.01%±0.32%,降幅达15.14%(P<0.05)。这可能是由于采收期越晚,成熟度越高,细胞壁木质化程度增加导致细胞结构紧实,同时在7~9月宁夏地区气温升高会加速蒸腾作用导致自然脱水[30−31]。由此推测,早采收的枸杞芽菜(C1~C3)因水分含量高(>70%),细胞膨压维持良好,质地更鲜嫩;晚采收组(C4~C5)水分降低至70%以下,伴随纤维和木质素积累,质地偏硬。
不同采收期枸杞芽菜的总黄酮含量在7.23~10.17 mg/g之间,呈先升后降趋势,C3采收期达峰值,较C1升高40.66%,C1与C5差异显著(P<0.05)。总酚含量范围为22.73~39.61 mg/g,变化趋势与总黄酮一致,C3时期达39.61 mg/g,C4~C5显著低于C3(P<0.05)。这表明枸杞芽菜总黄酮和总酚含量在生长中期(C3时期)积累最多。Zhao等[32]研究证实逆境胁迫可促进黄酮合成,陈奕琳等[33]在不同发育期山杏中也观察到类似的先升后降趋势。吴宇昊等[34]研究发现莲藕不同采收期总酚含量呈先增加后减少趋势,且采收中期总酚含量最高,本研究采收中期总酚含量最高的结果与之一致。
枸杞芽菜在采收期内的蛋白质含量在33.00%~57.68%之间,变化呈现先上升、在C4采收期达峰值后下降的趋势。这可能是由于生长中期(C2~C4)光合作用旺盛,碳水化合物转化为氮源的效率高,同时硝酸还原酶活性达峰值,促进蛋白质合成;而C5时期气温下降,碳氮代谢失衡,蛋白酶活性增强,导致蛋白质降解[35]。该结果与Wu等[36]和Jia等[37]的研究结果一致。
枸杞芽菜在采收期内的甜菜碱含量在16.15~21.90 mg/g之间,C1~C2含量差异不显著,C3时期降至最低,C4时期升至峰值,C5时期回落。这可能是由于采收期前期,甜菜碱的合成和分解处于相对平衡状态,合成相关基因表达稳定,酶活性无显著变化,因此含量波动不明显[38]。Solymosi等[39]研究发现甜菜碱在SL2样品中含量最高,且在8月显著增加,本研究结果与之一致。
叶绿素含量随采收期推移从C1的4.46 mg/g持续升至C5的5.59 mg/g,增幅达25.34%(P<0.05),各采收期差异显著。该趋势与色泽分析中a*值变化完全一致,随采收期延长,a*值逐渐降低。Liu等[40]在黄魁茶树中也观察到类似的“生长周期越长,叶绿素含量越高”的规律,提示这可能是植物应对环境胁迫的共性机制。
随着采收期延长,褐变程度总体呈上升趋势,其中C1采收期褐变程度最低,C5采收期最高。综合分析表明,采收期对枸杞芽菜各成分含量及褐变程度具有显著影响,特别是C3和C4采收期,这2个时期虽然在多种成分积累方面表现较好,但同时也伴随采收期延长导致的褐变程度加剧。这一现象可能与采收后期水分丧失及植物组织成熟过程中衰老加速,进而促进细胞损伤有关[41]。Shi等[42]研究指出,多种植物的多酚氧化酶(PPO)主要存在于健康细胞的质体或叶绿体中;对杨梅果实发育各阶段的研究发现,成熟期果实的PPO活性显著高于未成熟果实(约为后者的三倍),表明成熟果实相较于幼果对酶促反应更敏感。据此推测,枸杞芽菜采收后期褐变程度增加可能与上述机制相关。
对5个采收期枸杞芽菜的15种成分含量进行皮尔逊相关性分析,结果如图2所示。具体分析如下,在色泽关联中:L*值与a*值呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与b*值(黄蓝值)呈显著正相关(P<0.05),这表明枸杞芽菜亮度降低时,绿度增强、黄度减弱,与肖倩等[43]研究发现丹参花发育过程中亮度逐渐减小、黄度降低、红度加深的趋势一致。在生物活性成分互作上:总酚含量与褐变度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),因总酚是多酚氧化酶(PPO)催化褐变的关键底物,本研究体系中二者呈正相关,侧面反映采收期的变化可能会影响酶促反应从而加剧褐变;此规律与Leng等[44]在开心果芽组织培养中“褐变指数与总酚含量随增殖周期递增”的结论一致,提示可通过调控酚类积累缓解褐变。蛋白质含量与叶绿素含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),同时,与水分呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。GáborčíÍk等[45]通过对3个草种的研究也证实叶绿素与蛋白质的正向关联;而水分与叶绿素含量成绩显著呈非常显著负相关(P<0.01),这与Yadav等[46]研究发现马铃薯叶片的亮度、水分与叶绿素负相关的结论一致。
上述相关性分析结果表明,不同采收期枸杞芽菜中的指标之间存在较强的相关性,且各项指标所呈现的信息有一定程度的重叠,大量信息造成了分析障碍,因此可通过主成分分析、偏最小二乘法对不同采收期枸杞芽菜的品质指标进行降维简化[47],消除指标间的重叠性,从而筛选出关键品质指标,提升综合评价的精确性。
基于不同采收期枸杞芽菜感官指标和理化特性之间的相关性,将所有指标数据进行主成分分析,综合评价15个指标对5个采收期枸杞芽菜的影响。以主成分分析得到特征值的累计方差贡献率大于80%为依据[47],根据表6和图3所示,共提取出3个主成分,每个主成分的特征值分别为17.192、7.662和3.115,累计贡献率达93.229%,能表征原始数据的绝大部分有效信息,符合主成分分析方法的要求。
为了更清晰地揭示各指标与主成分因子之间的关系,得到因子载荷矩阵。如表7所示,载荷值为正值表示该指标对主成分的影响是正向的,为负值则为负向的影响,载荷值绝对值越大表明对该主成分的影响越深[48]。因此,选择载荷绝对值大于0.6的指标为解释指标[49],主成分1主要代表的物质是L*、a*、b*、内聚性、回复性、总酚含量和甜菜碱含量;主成分2主要代表物质是硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、叶绿素含量、褐变度和水分含量;主成分3主要代表物质是总黄酮含量和蛋白质含量。
各品种主成分得分根据标准化后的15个指标及主成分载荷矩阵计算,设3个主成分为Y1~Y3,得到各个主成分与15个指标的线性方程为:
Y1=−0.624Z1+0.698Z2−0.703Z3+0.569Z4+0.732Z5+0.976Z6+0.282Z7+0.134Z8+0.454Z9+0.962Z10+0.137Z11−0.947Z12+0.103Z13−0.159Z14−0.245Z15
Y2=−0.514Z1+0.453Z2−0.488Z3−0.801Z4−0.032Z5+0.02Z6−0.797Z7+0.954Z8+0.116Z9−0.064Z10+0.188Z11−0.086Z12+0.786Z13+0.927Z14−0.926Z15
Y3=−0.532Z1+0.493Z2−0.504Z3+0.156Z4+0.048Z5−0.022Z6−0.471Z7−0.192Z8+0.834Z9+0.248Z10+0.952Z11−0.23Z12+0.501Z13+0.137Z14−0.282Z15
Z1~Z15分别代表枸杞芽菜的15个指标标准化后的数据。以3个主成分所对应的方差贡献率为权重,可得到综合评价函数:Y=0.3685Y1+0.3585Y2+0.2121Y3。其中,Y值越大,表明该采收期的枸杞芽菜综合品质越好,各采收期枸杞芽菜的因子得分、综合评分及排名如表8所示。不同采收期的枸杞芽菜排序从高到低依次为C3、C1、C2、C4、C5。结果表明:在第一主成分中,C3的枸杞芽菜得分整体普遍高于其他月份,这与其具有较好的色泽、质构特性,以及丰富的总酚、甜菜碱含量和较高的水分含量直接相关;在第二主成分中,C1与C2的枸杞芽菜得分整体普遍高于其他月份,且二者差异较小,这与二者均表现出水分含量高、褐变度低、质地鲜嫩、硬度与咀嚼性适中的鲜食特性一致;在第三主成分中,C4的枸杞芽菜得分整体普遍高于其他月份,这说明C4的枸杞芽菜含有较高的总黄酮含量和蛋白质含量。
综合得分显示,C3、C1和C2的感官品质较好,C5的枸杞芽菜综合得分最低。C5的硬度、咀嚼性和色泽指标均差于前两类,褐变度最高,外观和商品价值易受影响;水分含量流失较多,导致芽菜萎蔫、质地干硬,表观品质显著下降;关键营养指标也缺乏优势,综合品质最差。值得注意的是,此结果与感官评价及系统聚类分析结果一致。
偏最小二乘法(Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)是一种新型多元统计分析法,是多元线性回归法、主成分分析法和典型相关分析法的有机结合,可有效对自变量多、样本量少而相关性高的数据进行分析[50]。为了更加直观地体现出感官评价指标和检测指标的相关性。本研究以检测指标为X矩阵,感官评价指标为Y矩阵,进行偏最小二乘法分析。各品质指标与感官评价之间的关系如图4所示,其中靠外的两个圆环分别表示50%和100%的相关性,在两个圆环内表示相关性较好,变量间的距离也表示两者的相关性,位置越接近,正相关性越强,两者在距离圆心的相反位置,负相关性越强,两者位置越垂直越不相关。感官分析与水分含量、弹性、a*有较好的相关性,呈正相关;与硬度、回复性、内聚性、总黄酮含量、总酚含量、蛋白质含量、叶绿素含量和褐变度呈负相关。
在偏最小二乘法中使用交叉验证检验可以评价模型的性能指标,模型的R2x=0.926、R2y=0.994、Q2=0.975,以上数值在0.5~1之间,表明模型的拟合度较好。同时,对模型进行200次置换模拟,结果如图5所示,该PLS-DA模型的0回归线与横坐标交叉且截距为负数,经200次置换检验,所有置换后的R2和Q2值均低于原始模型对应值,表明模型未发生过拟合。综合来看,该模型具有良好的稳定性与预测能力,可用于描述不同采收期枸杞芽菜样品间的品质差异。变量投影重要性(variable important forthe projection,VIP)值可以反映变量的贡献程度,当VIP值>1时被认为具有显著影响,结果如图6所示,VIP值>1的品质指标有5个,分别为硬度、咀嚼性、蛋白质含量、总酚含量、甜菜碱含量,说明以上品质指标对感官评价具有显著影响,在一定程度上可代替感官评价,减少评价人员的主观因素,科学客观的评价不同采收期枸杞芽菜的品质。
聚类分析通过层次聚类(Hierarchical Clustering)结合欧氏距离法,计算不同采收期样本间的指标差异,生成聚类树状图(图7)。以相对距离阈值2000为截距,可将5个采收期枸杞芽菜划分为3类,分类结果与PLS-DA模型的样本分布规律完全一致:第1类为C1(5月)和C2(6月):PLS-DA得分图显示,该类样本与水分含量、弹性、a*等指标高度相关,二者在鲜食相关指标上表现高度一致,硬度适中、质地鲜嫩、褐变度低、水分充足,表观品质更契合鲜食消费需求;第2类为C3(7月)和C4(8月):PLS-DA结果表明,C3与总酚、甜菜碱含量关联度最高,C4则更靠近总黄酮、蛋白质含量指标,二者均在功能营养成分上表现突出,营养品质更适合深加工开发;第3类为C5(9月):该类样本与褐变度、硬度、咀嚼性、叶绿素含量指标高度相关,表现为褐变度高、质地干硬、水分流失严重、营养积累不足,与其他样本差异显著,综合品质最差。
本文对不同采收期枸杞芽菜的感官指标及营养成分进行了对比和综合评价,结果表明,随着采收期的变化,枸杞芽菜中各指标均变幅较大。其中,值得注意的是,在整个分析中与褐变度这一指标显著相关的因素最多。主成分综合分析表明,4个显著相关的指标均在主成分1中,且总酚含量载荷绝对值最大,为0.962。因此,可推测总酚含量的变化与褐变度变化相关性最强。酚类物质是植物体内普遍存在的次生代谢物,研究表明,酚类物质与果蔬褐变密切相关,酚类物质积累越多,褐变越严重[51]。在整个研究过程中C1~C3采收时期的总酚含量变化趋势与褐变度一致,而C4~C5时期,总酚含量显著降低但褐变度并未随之降低。由于影响植物发生褐变的因素众多,如果实衰老、机械损伤、环境胁迫、能量匮乏以及采摘后的处理和贮藏等[52]。Kanojia等[53]发现,通常植物幼龄部位不易发生褐变,而随着组织逐渐老化,植物体内醌类物质含量增加,褐变现象会相应加重。闫洪波等[54]研究发现,苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(PAL)序列广泛存在于各种植物中,不仅参与植物细胞状态、环境胁迫、病害反应,而且参与木质素的合成,影响果实采收时外观品质以及果实的组织褐变。Su等[55]和Duan等[56]研究认为,果蔬褐变可能与能量代谢异常有关。而C4~C5时期,总酚含量虽呈下降趋势,但褐变度并未同步降低,表明褐变程度并不完全取决于总酚含量。总酚作为酶促褐变的重要底物,其变化可能影响褐变反应的底物基础;但褐变还受PPO/POD活性、组织结构破坏、氧气接触及醌类物质聚合等因素共同调控。因此,总酚含量变化可能参与褐变形成,但并非决定褐变程度的唯一因素,因此,在后续研究中需进一步研究褐变的机制且多维度构建褐变调控模型,并将基础研究成果与生产中的加工和贮藏相结合,为枸杞芽菜产品的规范化生产及产品质量均一化提供数据参考。
本研究测定了枸杞芽菜5个采收期的15项指标,发现感官分析与综合评价结果一致,品质排序由高到低依次为:C3>C1>C2>C4>C5。相关性分析显示,5个采收期枸杞芽菜感官指标及营养品质间存在不同程度的相关性,L*与a*显著负相关、与b*显著正相关(P<0.05);总酚与褐变度显著正相关(P<0.05),蛋白质与叶绿素显著正相关、与水分显著负相关(P<0.05),水分与叶绿素呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。主成分分析提取出3个主成分,累计方差贡献率达93.229%,可有效代表不同采收期的品质特征。系统聚类将5个采收期分为3类:第一类包括C1(5月采)和C2(6月采),硬度适中,弹性与咀嚼性协调,褐变度低、水分含量高,表观品质符合鲜食需求;第二类包括C3(7月采)和C4(8月采),C3在色泽、质构及总酚、甜菜碱含量方面表现优异,C4的总黄酮和蛋白质含量突出,营养品质优良,适于深加工;第三类为C5(9月采),褐变度高、质地干硬、营养积累不足、水分流失严重,综合品质最差。本研究为枸杞芽菜的采收期选择、加工利用及品质控制提供了理论依据与数据支持。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070190
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
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    1宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021
    2宁夏农林科学院枸杞科学研究所,宁夏银川 750002

通讯作者:

米佳(1989−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:枸杞精深加工,E-mail:。
闫亚美(1982−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:枸杞精深加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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