Article(id=1320881353319629166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026030205, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773763200000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852255420, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852255420, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852255420, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852255420, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=471, endPage=481, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881353529344367, articleId=1320881353319629166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KSFY202408 Improves Exercise Capacity in Mice by Synergizing with Exercise Training via the AMPK/PGC-1α Pathway, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KSFY202408 on exercise capacity in mice and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: Four experimental groups were established: Sedentary (Sed), exercise training (Ext), KSFY202408 sedentary (KSFY202408+Sed), and KSFY202408 exercise training (KSFY202408+Ext). Mice in the Ext and KSFY202408+Ext groups underwent 6 weeks of treadmill exercise training, while those in the KSFY202408+Sed and KSFY202408+Ext groups were administered KSFY202408 by gavage. Body weight, exhaustive exercise time, organ indices, and blood lactate levels were measured. Histological changes in the gastrocnemius muscle were observed. Gene expression levels related to mitochondrial activation, energy metabolism, and antioxidant defense in the gastrocnemius muscle were detected, and alterations in gut microbiota were analyzed. Results: Compared with the Sed group, both the KSFY202408+Sed and KSFY202408+Ext groups exhibited significantly prolonged exhaustive running and swimming times (P<0.05), accelerated post-exercise blood lactate clearance (P<0.05), improved cardiac function, and alleviated exercise-induced splenomegaly (P<0.05). Gene expression levels of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, and catalase were significantly upregulated (P<0.05). Gut microbiota analysis revealed increased microbial diversity in KSFY202408-administered mice, with Lactiplantibacillus identified as the characteristic microbial genus in the KSFY202408+Ext group. Conclusion: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KSFY202408 may enhance energy capacity in mice by regulating the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway, thereby improving energy metabolism and oxidative stress status in synergy with exercise training. These findings suggest that KSFY202408 has potential as a sports nutritional supplement.

, authors=Huilin ZENG1, 2, Xin ZHAO2, *, authorsList=Huilin ZENG, Xin ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881356788318592, articleId=1320881353319629166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408通过AMPK/PGC-1α通路协同运动训练改善小鼠运动能力, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探究植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)KSFY202408对小鼠运动能力的影响及其潜在作用机制。方法:实验设置久坐组(sedentary,Sed)、运动训练组(exercise training,Ext)、KSFY202408久坐组(KSFY202408 sedentary,KSFY202408+Sed)和KSFY202408运动训练组(KSFY202408 exercise training,KSFY202408+Ext),利用实验动物跑台,对Ext组和KSFY202408+Ext组小鼠进行6周的运动训练,对KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组灌胃KSFY202408,测定小鼠体重、力竭运动时间、脏器指数、血乳酸值,观察腓肠肌组织学变化,检测腓肠肌线粒体激活、能量代谢、抗氧化防御相关的基因表达水平,分析肠道菌群变化。结果:与Sed组相比,KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组显著延长小鼠力竭跑步与力竭游泳时间(P<0.05),加速运动后血乳酸清除(P<0.05),改善心脏功能、缓解运动引起的脾脏肿大(P<0.05),上调腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α,PGC-1α)、烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase,NAMPT)、超氧化物歧化酶1(superoxide dismutase 1,SOD1)、SOD2和过氧化氢酶(catalase)的基因表达水平(P<0.05)。肠道菌群分析表明,灌胃KSFY202408的小鼠肠道菌群多样性增加,且KSFY202408+Ext组小鼠肠道中的特征性微生物菌群为乳植杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus)。结论:植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408可能通过调控AMPK/PGC-1α信号通路,改善机体能量代谢与氧化应激状态,从而协同运动训练提升小鼠的运动能力。本研究提示KSFY202408具备作为运动营养补充剂的潜力。

, authors=曾荟霖1, 2, 赵欣2, *, authorsList=曾荟霖, 赵欣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵欣, authorNote=

曾荟霖(1991−),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:运动健康管理,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵欣(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:益生菌及功能性食品,E-mail:。
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注:*表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05),**表示具有极显著差异(P<0.01)。

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注:不同小写英文字母表示数据差异显著,P<0.05;图3、图5同。

, figureFileSmall=vux2cTIYfSP+KE4RlFLRCw==, figureFileBig=YHoChR8jMRM5XjvWC2wVuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881747118641407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of blood lactic acid concentration in mice after exhaustive running, figureFileSmall=H/NAV5fz89AIpQZQm1QBGw==, figureFileBig=G1mPwIBZzf7TQAR5LmAgtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881747223499008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=CN, label=图3, caption=小鼠力竭跑步运动后血乳酸浓度的变化, figureFileSmall=H/NAV5fz89AIpQZQm1QBGw==, figureFileBig=G1mPwIBZzf7TQAR5LmAgtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881748871860481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=H&E staining of gastrocnemius muscle fibers in mice (200×), figureFileSmall=utHFCV7ozprNHOcJ66GmGQ==, figureFileBig=XVUuSHwX9W7OeOmLNlT9gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881748930580738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=CN, label=图4, caption=小鼠腓肠肌肌纤维HE染色结果(200×), figureFileSmall=utHFCV7ozprNHOcJ66GmGQ==, figureFileBig=XVUuSHwX9W7OeOmLNlT9gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749014466819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Gene relative expression levels of AMPK, PGC1-α, NAMPT, SOD1, SOD2 and catalase in mouse gastrocnemius muscle, figureFileSmall=ftBeJ7/F62t8adarL0KNZA==, figureFileBig=zGJN8Mtt4quXuy/8vKaumg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749077381380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=CN, label=图5, caption=小鼠腓肠肌AMPK、PGC1-α、NAMPT、SOD1、SOD2和catalase基因相对表达水平, figureFileSmall=ftBeJ7/F62t8adarL0KNZA==, figureFileBig=zGJN8Mtt4quXuy/8vKaumg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749165461765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of KSFY202408 combined with exercise training on α-diversity and β-diversity of intestinal flora in mice, figureFileSmall=eT3BKIwuoeLRH5KBpUg3qA==, figureFileBig=tosgqtuZ7iqsAt04Q9Ykxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749232570630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=CN, label=图6, caption=KSFY202408联合运动训练对小鼠肠道菌群α-多样性和β-多样性的影响

注:A. Shannon指数;B. Observed species指数;C. PD whole tree指数;D. β-多样性指数;E. PCA plot;F. PCoA plot;E~F圆圈置信区间为95%。

, figureFileSmall=eT3BKIwuoeLRH5KBpUg3qA==, figureFileBig=tosgqtuZ7iqsAt04Q9Ykxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749291290887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of KSFY202408 combined with exercise training on intestinal flora structure in mice, figureFileSmall=bp5VriWWjos8kXNFMnS2gQ==, figureFileBig=HEl2fWEM5CciIWzjlhcSpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749354205448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=CN, label=图7, caption=KSFY202408联合运动训练对小鼠肠道菌群结构的影响

A.门水平肠道菌群相对丰度;B.属水平肠道菌群相对丰度;C.种水平肠道菌群相对丰度。

, figureFileSmall=bp5VriWWjos8kXNFMnS2gQ==, figureFileBig=HEl2fWEM5CciIWzjlhcSpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749438091529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of KSFY202408 combined with exercise training on characteristic microbial groups of intestinal flora in mice, figureFileSmall=zS4t0iS6qV8Dk8zYXMpMGw==, figureFileBig=VvsyWQ86X4oJXumN5WlbbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749513589002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=CN, label=图8, caption=KSFY202408联合运动训练对小鼠肠道菌群特征性微生物类群的影响

注:A. LEfSe分析聚类树;B. LDA柱状图。

, figureFileSmall=zS4t0iS6qV8Dk8zYXMpMGw==, figureFileBig=VvsyWQ86X4oJXumN5WlbbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881749597475083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名登录号引物序列(5'—3')
GAPDHNM_008084.4F:TGACCTCAACTACATGGTCTACA
R:CTTCCCATTCTCGGCCTTG
AMPKNM_001013367.3F:GTCAAAGCCGACCCAATGATA
R:CGTACACGCAAATAATAGGGGTT
PGC-1αNM_008904.3F:TATGGAGTGACATAGAGTGTGCT
R:CCACTTCAATCCACCCAGAAAG
NAMPTNM_021524.2F:GCAGAAGCCGAGTTCAACATC
R:TTTTCACGGCATTCAAAGTAGGA
SOD1NM_011434.2F:AACCAGTTGTGTTGTCAGGAC
R:CCACCATGTTTCTTAGAGTGAGG
SOD2NM_013671.3F:CAGACCTGCCTTACGACTATGG
R:CTCGGTGGCGTTGAGATTGTT
CatalaseNM_009804.2F:GGAGGCGGGAACCCAATAG
R:GTGTGCCATCTCGTCAGTGAA
), ArticleFig(id=1320881749693944076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名登录号引物序列(5'—3')
GAPDHNM_008084.4F:TGACCTCAACTACATGGTCTACA
R:CTTCCCATTCTCGGCCTTG
AMPKNM_001013367.3F:GTCAAAGCCGACCCAATGATA
R:CGTACACGCAAATAATAGGGGTT
PGC-1αNM_008904.3F:TATGGAGTGACATAGAGTGTGCT
R:CCACTTCAATCCACCCAGAAAG
NAMPTNM_021524.2F:GCAGAAGCCGAGTTCAACATC
R:TTTTCACGGCATTCAAAGTAGGA
SOD1NM_011434.2F:AACCAGTTGTGTTGTCAGGAC
R:CCACCATGTTTCTTAGAGTGAGG
SOD2NM_013671.3F:CAGACCTGCCTTACGACTATGG
R:CTCGGTGGCGTTGAGATTGTT
CatalaseNM_009804.2F:GGAGGCGGGAACCCAATAG
R:GTGTGCCATCTCGTCAGTGAA
), ArticleFig(id=1320881749786218765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in organ indexes of mice in each group (mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别心脏指数肝脏指数脾脏指数
Sed4.86±0.26c40.11±0.91b2.51±0.11c
Ext5.73±0.47a43.90±1.09a4.07±0.59a
KSFY202408+Sed5.26±0.47b43.59±1.92a2.85±0.45bc
KSFY202408+Ext6.03±0.27a44.13±0.83a3.06±0.33b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881749849133326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881353319629166, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各组小鼠脏器指数变化(mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别心脏指数肝脏指数脾脏指数
Sed4.86±0.26c40.11±0.91b2.51±0.11c
Ext5.73±0.47a43.90±1.09a4.07±0.59a
KSFY202408+Sed5.26±0.47b43.59±1.92a2.85±0.45bc
KSFY202408+Ext6.03±0.27a44.13±0.83a3.06±0.33b
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植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408通过AMPK/PGC-1α通路协同运动训练改善小鼠运动能力
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曾荟霖 1, 2 , 赵欣 2, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(16): 471-481
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (16) : 471 -481
植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408通过AMPK/PGC-1α通路协同运动训练改善小鼠运动能力
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曾荟霖1, 2 , 赵欣2, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆第二师范学院体育与健康管理学院,重庆 400067
  • 2重庆第二师范学院儿童营养与健康发展协同创新中心,重庆市功能性食品工程技术研究中心,功能性食品研发重庆市工程实验室,重庆 400067
通讯作者:
赵欣(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:益生菌及功能性食品,E-mail:。
作者简介:

曾荟霖(1991−),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:运动健康管理,E-mail:

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KSFY202408 Improves Exercise Capacity in Mice by Synergizing with Exercise Training via the AMPK/PGC-1α Pathway
Huilin ZENG1, 2 , Xin ZHAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Physical Education and Health Management, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
  • 2Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center for Child Nutrition and Health Development, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026030205
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目的:探究植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)KSFY202408对小鼠运动能力的影响及其潜在作用机制。方法:实验设置久坐组(sedentary,Sed)、运动训练组(exercise training,Ext)、KSFY202408久坐组(KSFY202408 sedentary,KSFY202408+Sed)和KSFY202408运动训练组(KSFY202408 exercise training,KSFY202408+Ext),利用实验动物跑台,对Ext组和KSFY202408+Ext组小鼠进行6周的运动训练,对KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组灌胃KSFY202408,测定小鼠体重、力竭运动时间、脏器指数、血乳酸值,观察腓肠肌组织学变化,检测腓肠肌线粒体激活、能量代谢、抗氧化防御相关的基因表达水平,分析肠道菌群变化。结果:与Sed组相比,KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组显著延长小鼠力竭跑步与力竭游泳时间(P<0.05),加速运动后血乳酸清除(P<0.05),改善心脏功能、缓解运动引起的脾脏肿大(P<0.05),上调腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α,PGC-1α)、烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase,NAMPT)、超氧化物歧化酶1(superoxide dismutase 1,SOD1)、SOD2和过氧化氢酶(catalase)的基因表达水平(P<0.05)。肠道菌群分析表明,灌胃KSFY202408的小鼠肠道菌群多样性增加,且KSFY202408+Ext组小鼠肠道中的特征性微生物菌群为乳植杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus)。结论:植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408可能通过调控AMPK/PGC-1α信号通路,改善机体能量代谢与氧化应激状态,从而协同运动训练提升小鼠的运动能力。本研究提示KSFY202408具备作为运动营养补充剂的潜力。

运动能力  /  抗疲劳  /  植物乳植杆菌  /  能量代谢  /  抗氧化

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KSFY202408 on exercise capacity in mice and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: Four experimental groups were established: Sedentary (Sed), exercise training (Ext), KSFY202408 sedentary (KSFY202408+Sed), and KSFY202408 exercise training (KSFY202408+Ext). Mice in the Ext and KSFY202408+Ext groups underwent 6 weeks of treadmill exercise training, while those in the KSFY202408+Sed and KSFY202408+Ext groups were administered KSFY202408 by gavage. Body weight, exhaustive exercise time, organ indices, and blood lactate levels were measured. Histological changes in the gastrocnemius muscle were observed. Gene expression levels related to mitochondrial activation, energy metabolism, and antioxidant defense in the gastrocnemius muscle were detected, and alterations in gut microbiota were analyzed. Results: Compared with the Sed group, both the KSFY202408+Sed and KSFY202408+Ext groups exhibited significantly prolonged exhaustive running and swimming times (P<0.05), accelerated post-exercise blood lactate clearance (P<0.05), improved cardiac function, and alleviated exercise-induced splenomegaly (P<0.05). Gene expression levels of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, and catalase were significantly upregulated (P<0.05). Gut microbiota analysis revealed increased microbial diversity in KSFY202408-administered mice, with Lactiplantibacillus identified as the characteristic microbial genus in the KSFY202408+Ext group. Conclusion: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KSFY202408 may enhance energy capacity in mice by regulating the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway, thereby improving energy metabolism and oxidative stress status in synergy with exercise training. These findings suggest that KSFY202408 has potential as a sports nutritional supplement.

exercise capacity  /  anti-fatigue  /  Lactiplantibacillus plantarum  /  energy metabolism  /  antioxidant
曾荟霖, 赵欣. 植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408通过AMPK/PGC-1α通路协同运动训练改善小鼠运动能力. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 471 -481 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026030205
Huilin ZENG, Xin ZHAO. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KSFY202408 Improves Exercise Capacity in Mice by Synergizing with Exercise Training via the AMPK/PGC-1α Pathway[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 471 -481 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026030205
长期以来,规律且科学的运动训练不仅是预防各类慢性疾病及相关并发症的有效策略,也可作为辅助治疗的方式[1]。研究表明,有氧运动能够通过增强心血管功能和能量代谢来显著改善机体的生理适应性[2]。然而,随着生活和工作节奏的加快,人们常处于持续或高强度工作和运动状态中,精力消耗大使人易产生疲劳感,持续的疲劳感又会降低运动意愿,导致身体素质下降,陷入疲劳与体能衰退的恶性循环[3]。此外,剧烈或过度运动可能引起细胞和肌肉损伤,破坏体内氧化应激与抗氧化系统之间的平衡,从而诱发运动性疲劳,这对专业运动员的身体健康与运动生涯构成潜在威胁[4]。因此,寻找安全、有效且易于实施的干预手段,以增强身体素质、提升运动耐力、促进疲劳恢复并改善运动适应性,已成为运动营养与健康领域的重要研究方向。
运动能力提升与抗疲劳机制的核心在于机体对能量代谢需求的精准响应与适应。在此过程中,AMPK/PGC-1α信号轴被认为是调控运动诱导的代谢适应,特别是线粒体生物合成的关键枢纽。腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)作为细胞的能量感受器,在运动等能量需求增加时被激活,从而促进能量生成、恢复稳态,并有助于减少氧化应激及其他潜在的不良细胞事件[5]。其下游关键效应分子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α,PGC-1α)被誉为“线粒体生物合成的主控制器”,直接调控线粒体的生成与功能,是提升有氧耐力的分子基础[6]。然而,线粒体功能增强在提升能量供应的同时,也可能伴随活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的产生。因此,高效的抗氧化防御系统,如超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD),特别是线粒体中的SOD2,对于维持氧化还原平衡、减轻运动损伤至关重要[7]。
近年来,益生菌作为一种新兴的运动营养干预策略受到广泛关注。研究表明,补充特定益生菌(如植物乳植杆菌)可通过调节能量代谢、增强抗氧化防御及改善肠道健康等多种途径,对提升运动表现和缓解疲劳产生积极影响[8−10]。我国新疆喀什地区传统发酵酸奶富含多种益生微生物,其菌群具有抗逆性强、多样性高的特点,是优良益生菌的资源库。研究显示,该地区发酵乳中主要优势菌包括德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus)、唾液链球菌嗜热亚种(Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus)、瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)、植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)和马克斯克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus)[11]。本课题组前期从新疆喀什地区传统发酵乳中分离出一株植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408,并证实其在体外条件下具有良好的胃肠道存活率、胆盐耐受性和细胞黏附能力,提示其具备作为功能性益生菌的潜力(数据尚未发表)。尽管已有研究提示植物乳植杆菌可能有助于运动表现,但目前针对具体菌株在活体内是否具备抗疲劳效应、能否与运动训练产生协同作用,以及其潜在分子机制如何,仍缺乏系统性的实证研究。
因此,本研究通过实验小鼠跑台建立长期有氧运动训练模型,结合力竭跑步实验、力竭游泳实验、血乳酸动态检测、运动相关脏器指数测量及腓肠肌组织学分析等一系列行为学与生理生化测试,系统评估植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408对小鼠运动耐力、抗疲劳能力及相关指标的影响,并初步探讨其与运动训练协同作用的潜在机制,以期为开发基于本土益生菌资源的运动营养补充剂提供科学依据,同时为深入理解益生菌与运动的交互作用提供新的实验证据。
植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408 分离自新疆喀什地区自然发酵牦牛酸乳。现保藏于中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心,保藏编号为CGMCC NO. 31102;SPF级雄性ICR小鼠 32只,6周龄,(27±1)g,湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司[动物资格许可证编号:SCXK(湘)2019-0004];营养琼脂Nutrient Agar、MRS肉汤培养基 北京陆桥技术股份有限公司;氯化钠 纯度为99.99%,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;4%多聚甲醛通用型组织固定液 白鲨生物科技有限公司;TRlzol试剂、Phusion®High-Fidelity PCR主混合物 赛默飞世尔科技公司;异丙醇、三氯甲烷 分析纯,成都市科隆化学品有限公司;RNase-Free water、SYBR Green PCR Master Mix 翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司;NEB Next®Ultra™II FS DNA PCR free文库制备试剂盒 纽英伦生物技术(北京)有限公司。
BY-G20医用离心机 北京白洋医疗器械有限公司;iCEN-24R台式高速冷冻离心机、Nano-300微量分光光度计 杭州奥盛仪器有限公司;ZH-P八通道实验动物跑台 安徽正华生物仪器设备有限公司;Lactate Scout 4血乳酸检测仪 宜得孚医疗器械有限公司;A200基因扩增仪 杭州朗基科学仪器有限公司;6D45415正置光学显微镜、OLYMPUS-BX43正置光学显微镜 日本奥林巴斯仪器有限公司,StepOnePlus实时PCR系统 赛默飞世尔科技(苏州)有限公司。
实验小鼠饲养于恒温恒湿的环境中,温度(25±2) ℃,湿度50%±5%,每12 h明暗交替,自由摄食饮水。所有动物实验严格按照实验室动物使用规范及动物伦理实验要求进行,伦理审批号为2024072201B。适应性喂养7 d后随机分为4组,即:久坐组(sedentary,Sed)、运动训练组(exercise training,Ext)、KSFY202408久坐组(KSFY202408 sedentary,KSFY202408+Sed)和KSFY202408运动训练组(KSFY202408 exercise training,KSFY202408+Ext),其中Sed组和KSFY202408+Sed组小鼠在整个运动造模周期内未进行任何运动训练,Ext组和KSFY202408+Ext组按计划在八通道实验动物跑台上进行规律运动训练。实验期内,KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组小鼠灌胃1×109 CFU/kg·BW的KSFY202408菌悬液(通过预实验确定小鼠灌胃浓度为1×109 CFU/kg·BW),同时,为严格控制实验过程中的灌胃刺激变量,Sed组和Ext组每日同一时间灌胃无菌生理盐水。整个实验持续7周,其中第1至6周为跑步运动训练期,第7周为行为学测试期。在正式训练前,以12 m/min的速度跑步25 min适应1 d,之后的第1周以12 m/min的速度开始,速度每周增加2 m/min,从第3周开始,跑台坡度增加5°,第4周到第6周坡度保持在10°,每天跑步运动时间为35 min[5]。第7周内所有小鼠进行力竭跑步实验、力竭游泳实验和血乳酸浓度测定。为评估长期运动训练和KSFY202408对小鼠生长状态的影响,每周固定时间测量并记录一次小鼠体重。
将KSFY202408单菌落接种到MRS液体培养基中,在37 ℃下培养20 h后,按2%体积的接种量转移到新的无菌MRS液体培养基中培养18 h。通过离心(4 ℃,4000 r/min,10 min)收集KSFY202408菌体,用无菌生理盐水洗涤两次,并重悬至调整后的细菌浓度1×109 CFU/kg·BW,每日灌胃一次体积为0.2 mL的菌悬液。
小鼠全部行为学测试结束后各组小鼠休息48 h,在对所有小鼠实施安乐死并采集生物样本前禁食不禁水12 h以尽量排空胃肠道内容物。收集小鼠全血于4 ℃放置2 h后离心,离心条件为4 ℃下4000 r/min离心15 min,分离并吸取上层血清,分装保存于−80 ℃待用。同时收集小鼠心脏、肝脏、脾脏和腓肠肌等骨骼肌样本分装保存于−80 ℃待用。
将小鼠处死后,迅速完整摘取心脏、肝脏及脾脏组织。摘取后的脏器经预冷的生理盐水漂洗,以去除表面残留血液与杂质,随后使用滤纸吸干表面多余水分。使用精度为0.1 mg的天平对各脏器进行称重,并精确记录重量数据。各脏器指数依据下列公式进行计算。该指标用于客观评估运动干预及菌剂补充对各脏器相对重量的影响。
$\rm \mathrm{脏器指数}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{脏器重量}(\text{mg})}{\mathrm{小鼠体重}(\mathrm{g})} $
利用八通道实验动物跑台对小鼠进行力竭跑步测试实验。Sed组和KSFY202408+Sed组小鼠在力竭跑步实验开始前3 d进行低强度适应性跑步训练,速度10 m/min,时间10 min。各组小鼠均适应动物跑台之后开始正式力竭跑步实验,设定起始坡度为10°,并逐渐提高跑台履带速度(10 m/min进行5 min,16 m/min进行10 min,21 m/min进行10 min,26 m/min进行10 min,31 m/min进行10 min,36 m/min进行10 min,41 m/min进行10 min,46 m/min进行10 min),直至小鼠力竭为止,小鼠力竭判定标准为电击次数达到10次,或者无法继续往前持续跑步10 s。记录小鼠跑至力竭所用时间[12]。
小鼠力竭游泳测试前3 d,各组小鼠每天进行约10 min的负重游泳适应性训练,选取高65 cm,直径20 cm的柱状游泳池,水温(28±1) ℃,水深约40 cm,在小鼠尾根部负重约小鼠体重5%的重物,结束后立即用毛巾擦干小鼠皮毛并用热风吹至全干。负重游泳适应性训练结束后进行正式力竭游泳实验。实验条件和适应性训练实验条件相同,实验过程中保证小鼠四肢持续运动,力竭判定标准为小鼠鼻孔完全没入水中7 s不能浮出水面,记录小鼠游至力竭所用时间[13]。
对各组小鼠力竭跑步运动前安静时、跑步力竭后5 min以及力竭后30 min的乳酸值进行测定。使用乳酸检测仪配套采血针,采取小鼠尾尖血进行检测,第一滴血拭去,用试纸条吸取全血,于检测仪上读取数据并记录。每次取血测试前后用棉球蘸取碘伏对小鼠尾部采血处进行消毒处理[14]。
切取约5 mm厚的肌腹中段组织块,立即浸入4%多聚甲醛磷酸缓冲液(pH 7.4)中固定24 h。固定完成后,组织样本经梯度乙醇依次脱水,用石蜡包埋,经切片机将石蜡包埋块切成4 μm薄片后,进行常规脱蜡,梯度乙醇水化,随后经苏木精染色2 min,1%盐酸乙醇分化,稀氨水返蓝,最后用伊红染色15 s,利用梯度乙醇脱水,脱水后进行封片,于正置光学显微镜下观察并分析小鼠腓肠肌组织学变化。制备好的组织切片置于正置光学显微镜下详细观察并分析肌纤维类型与排列、细胞核分布、炎症细胞浸润等组织学特征。
称取适量小鼠腓肠肌组织,加入TRIzol进行匀浆提取总RNA,然后利用微量分光光度计对提取的总RNA的浓度及纯度进行测定,根据逆转录试剂盒说明将总RNA逆转录成cDNA。逆转录后于八联管中配制cDNA反应体系,即Master mix 10 μL、上游和下游引物各1 μL、模板cDNA 1 μL和无菌无酶水7 μL。配制好的反应体系利用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术进行扩增检测(两步扩增法)。扩增条件:95 ℃预变性2 min,然后95 ℃变性10 s,60 ℃退火30 s,变性和退火过程进行40次循环。测定结束后,以GAPDH为内参基因,计算2‒ΔΔCT确定目的基因的相对表达量。本实验中使用的引物序列见表1。
采用引物338F-806R(16S rRNA基因V3~V4可变区)对小鼠粪便DNA进行PCR扩增和微生物多样性测序。使用的引物序列如下:338F 5'-ACTCCTACGGGGAGCAG-3',806R 5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3'。所有PCR反应均使用15 µL Phusion®High-Fidelity PCR主混合物进行;正向和反向引物各2 µmol/L,约10 ng模板DNA。热循环包括在98 ℃下进行1 min的初始变性,然后在98 ℃下进行30次变性10 s,在50 ℃下退火30 s,并在72 ℃下延伸30 s和72 ℃ 5 min。按照制造商的说明,使用NEB Next®Ultra™II FS DNA PCR free文库制备试剂盒生成测序文库。用Qubit对文库进行分析,并用实时荧光定量PCR对文库进行定量。使用生物分析仪进行粒度分布检测,在Illumina平台上收集定量文库并测序。根据各样本的Barcode序列与PCR扩增引物序列,从测序下机数据中拆分出对应数据。去除Barcode与引物序列后,使用FLASH软件(1.2.11版本)对每个样本的reads进行拼接,所得拼接序列定义为原始标签数据(Raw Tags)。随后,使用Cutadapt软件匹配反向引物序列并予以切除,以避免其对下游分析产生干扰。进一步,采用fastp软件(0.23.1版本)对Raw Tags进行严格质控过滤,以获得高质量的Raw Tags。为获得最终可用于分析的有效数据,对上述高质量Tags进行嵌合体序列剔除。
所有数据均以平均值±标准差(x±s)表示结果。使用统计软件IBM SPSS(23.0版本)进行分析,采用单因素方差分析法(ANOVA)和邓肯多重范围检验进行多组间对比,采用TUKEY进行组间两两比较,P<0.05表示具有显著差异。利用GraphPad Prism软件(8.0.2版本)进行绘图。
如图1所示,第1周适应性饲养结束后,各组小鼠的体重无明显差异。整个实验周期,各组小鼠体重均呈现稳定上升的趋势,无异常波动。至第7周实验结束时,Sed组、Ext组、KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组小鼠体重分别为40.02±1.36、39.59±0.40、40.41±1.61和37.77±1.38 g。其中,Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组相比具有显著差异(P<0.05),表明相较于未进行运动训练、未补充菌剂的Sed组,KSFY202408协同运动训练可有效控制小鼠体重增长;KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组相比具有极显著差异(P<0.01),凸显出运动训练联合菌剂补充对于控制小鼠体重增长的重要性;其余各组小鼠体重组间则无显著差异(P>0.05)。根据体重数据的分析推测,仅运动或仅补充KSFY202408均无法有效控制小鼠体重的增长,只有KSFY202408联合运动训练才能发挥显著效果。
小鼠脏器指数是衡量实验小鼠生理状态的宏观标尺,本研究统计分析了各组小鼠的心脏指数、肝脏指数和脾脏指数。长期系统的运动训练可诱导心脏发生适应性形态与结构重塑,形成特征鲜明的“运动员心脏”。这种具备高功能状态与高储备能力的心脏,是支撑高强度、长时间运动的核心生理基础,对于提升整体运动表现具有重要意义。如表2所示,Sed组的心脏指数为4.86±0.26 mg/g,相较于Sed组,运动和KSFY202408干预均能显著增加心脏指数(P<0.05),其中KSFY202408+Ext组小鼠心脏指数增加为6.03±0.27 mg/g,此变化可能与运动型心脏适应性增大相关,可提高小鼠运动耐力与机能。在肝脏指数中,相较于Sed组的40.11±0.91 mg/g,Ext组、KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组的肝脏指数都显著增加(P<0.05),这表明小鼠肝脏代谢更为活跃,KSFY202408和运动训练都可能增加了肝糖原的储备。另外,与Sed组相比,Ext组小鼠脾脏指数显著增长(P<0.05),表明剧烈的力竭运动导致了急性免疫应激和炎症反应,可能与脾脏处理炎症细胞而暂时性增大相关。而KSFY202408+Ext组脾脏指数显著低于Ext组,表明KSFY202408有效地缓解了由剧烈运动引发的过度免疫应激和炎症,这与KSFY202408提升抗疲劳能力和促进恢复的表现一致。此外,KSFY202408+Sed组脾脏指数与Sed组相近,说明益生菌本身在安静状态下不会异常激活免疫系统,侧面体现了其对于小鼠机体的安全性。
运动的持续时间和强度是影响耐力训练适应性反应的最重要因素。如图2A所示,各实验组小鼠在力竭跑步测试中达到力竭状态耗时具有显著性差异(P<0.05),总体趋势表现为Sed组小鼠达到力竭状态用时最短,其次分别是Ext组、KSFY202408+Sed组、KSFY202408+Ext组。不仅KSFY202408+Ext组力竭耗时显著高于Ext组,KSFY202408+Sed组力竭耗时也显著高于Ext组(P<0.05)。与此同时,力竭游泳实验也被用于检测各组小鼠运动耐力的变化,实验结果和力竭跑步实验一致(图2B),KSFY202408+Ext组小鼠达到力竭状态用时最长,其次为KSFY202408+Sed组、Ext组、Sed组,且各组之间力竭耗时均具有显著差异(P<0.05)。实验结果表明,KSFY202408可显著提升无运动训练小鼠的运动耐力,更可结合日常有氧运动训练,有效提升小鼠的运动耐力。
乳酸是评价机体运动后疲劳和有氧代谢的重要指标。如图3所示,力竭运动前安静时刻,各组小鼠之间血乳酸浓度无明显差异(P>0.05),总体处于较低水平。而力竭运动后5 min,各组小鼠血乳酸含量均有所上升,且各组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。其中Sed组小鼠血乳酸浓度为各组中最高,其后依次是Ext组、KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组。力竭运动30 min后,各组小鼠血乳酸浓度均有所降低,且各组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。其中KSFY202408+Ext组血乳酸含量最低,其次是KSFY202408+Sed组和Ext组,Sed组血乳酸含量最高。结果表明,日常规律的运动训练有助于加快过度运动后血乳酸的转化,降低血乳酸的堆积,KSFY202408的摄入不仅可有效缓解小鼠过度运动后血乳酸浓度的升高,也可加速血乳酸的转化,降低血乳酸浓度,改善运动疲劳。
骨骼肌约占人体体重的40%~50%,对维持全身能量平衡和日常活动至关重要。由图4可见,各组小鼠腓肠肌组织未见损伤、水肿、炎症、出血、坏死等病理性变化,表明6周的有氧运动训练量适中,未造成因过度运动导致的肌肉组织损伤,可作为研究小鼠运动性能的有效实验对象。其中,Sed组腓肠肌纤维多为Ⅱ B型肌纤维(白肌纤维,纤维横截面粗,染色较浅),仅可见极少量的Ⅰ型肌纤维(红肌纤维,纤维横截面细,染色较深)和Ⅱ A型肌纤维(中间型肌纤维,纤维横截面粗,染色较深)。相较于Sed组,Ext组Ⅰ型肌纤维和Ⅱ A型肌纤维含量均有所增加,这两种肌纤维的数量在KSFY202408+Sed组中得到了明显的提升,而KSFY202408+Ext组腓肠肌则含有更多的Ⅰ型肌纤维和Ⅱ A型肌纤维。实验结果表明,长期运动训练有助于提升和耐力相关的Ⅰ型肌纤维和Ⅱ A型肌纤维数量,KSFY202408的日常摄入,不仅能提升非运动个体腓肠肌中和耐力相关的肌纤维数量,更能联合运动训练显著增加腓肠肌的运动耐受能力。
调控AMPK/PGC-1α轴有助于促进运动中线粒体生物合成和能量代谢过程,从而延迟疲劳的产生,提高运动耐力。为进一步分析KSFY202408改善运动疲劳,提升运动性能的作用,对腓肠肌中AMPK、PGC-1α、NAMPT、SOD1、SOD2和catalase的mRNA表达水平进行了检测。如图5所示,相较于未经过运动训练的Sed组,经历了为期6周的有氧运动训练的Ext组和KSFY202408与运动组小鼠的能量代谢相关基因(AMPK、PGC-1α、NAMPT)和抗氧化相关基因(SOD1、SOD2、catalase)的表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),同时KSFY202408+Sed组小鼠也表现出显著高于Sed组的基因表达水平。结果表明,日常运动训练可提高身体素质,改善急性运动造成的能量代谢降低、减轻过量运动后的氧化应激症状,而KSFY202408的日常摄入也可以达到日常运动训练带来的效果,日常运动训练联合KSFY202408摄入更可有效增加运动耐力,提升运动性能。
采用16S rRNA测序方法研究KSFY202408对小鼠肠道菌群组成的影响。α-多样性分析显示(图6A~图6C),与Sed组相比,Ext组肠道菌群多样性增加,KSFY202408联合有氧运动训练明显提高了小鼠肠道菌群Shannon指数、Observed species指数和PD whole tree指数。就β-多样性而言,经KSFY202408干预后,KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组小鼠肠道菌群的β-多样性指数均有所提高(图6D)。此外,本研究采用了两种分析方法进行评估:主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)基于物种丰度矩阵进行线性降维,反映样本间的总体差异趋势;主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis,PCoA)基于Weighted UniFrac距离矩阵,同时考虑物种有无及丰度变化,更准确地评估微生物群落的系统发育差异。PCA分析显示(图6E),各主成分对样本差异的解释度分别为PC1=23.15%、PC2=15.41%,合计贡献率约为38.56%。PCoA分析显示(图6F),PCo1和PCo2的解释度分别为39.50%和28.23%,合计贡献率约为67.73%。两种分析方法的合计贡献率均在可接受范围内,且PCoA的解释度明显高于PCA,这是因为PCoA基于加权UniFrac距离,同时整合了物种进化关系与丰度信息,能更有效地解析菌群结构的组间差异。从图6E~图6F中可以观察到,各组样本在PCA和PCoA图中均呈现出明显的分离趋势:Sed组与Ext组样本在PC1轴上呈现分离趋势;KSFY202408+Sed组与KSFY202408+Ext组均与两个对照组明显区分,且两组之间也存在分离,提示KSFY202408干预对肠道菌群结构的影响大于运动训练本身。
物种丰度条形图显示,在门水平上(图7A),各组小鼠肠道菌群以拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和厚壁菌门(Bacillota,旧称Firmicutes)为主,合计占总菌落数的90%以上,其次是假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacterota)、热脱硫杆菌门(Thermodesulfobacteriota)、弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)、帕特斯菌门(Patescibacteria)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)等。KSFY202408的干预增加了拟杆菌门丰度,降低了厚壁菌门和假单胞菌门丰度。在属水平上(图7B),优势微生物为鼠杆菌属(unidentified_Muribaculaceae)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、丹毒丝菌科菌属(unidentified_Erysipelotrichaceae)、杜氏菌属(Dubosiella)、普雷沃氏菌属(unidentified_Prevotellaceae)、普拉梭菌属(Faecalibaculum)、粘液乳杆菌属(Limosilactobacillus)、苏黎世杆菌属(Turicimonas)、普雷沃氏菌UCG-001属(Prevotellaceae_UCG-001),组间主要差异体现在鼠杆菌属(Sed组,Ext组,KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组的丰度分别是17.21%,29.64%,36.68%和32.85%),乳杆菌属(Sed组,Ext组,KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组的丰度分别是29.40%,12.46%,21.27%和18.50%)和拟杆菌属(Sed组,Ext组,KSFY202408+Sed组和KSFY202408+Ext组的丰度分别是13.36%,6.00%,3.51%和7.37%)。在种水平上(图7C),各组菌群结构差异显著,KSFY202408联合长期有氧运动显著(P<0.05)降低了啮齿类粪杆状菌(Faecalibaculum rodentium)的丰度,同时增加了罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)的丰度。
为进一步明确KSFY202408联合有氧运动对小鼠肠道菌群结构的影响,采用线性判别分析-效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe)分析评价微生物群落的特征和潜在的生物标志物。如图8A所示,Sed组、Ext组、KSFY202408+Ext组之间不显著的微生物类群用黄色表示,其组间具有显著差异的微生物类群分别用蓝色、红色、绿色来表示。LDA柱状图显示(图8B),Sed组、Ext组和KSFY202408+Ext组之间的交叉比较中,门、纲、目、科、属、种这6个水平上具有8个特征性微生物类群(LDA>4,P<0.05),其中,Ext组的特征性微生物类群包括假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)及其下属的γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria),伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)及其下属的萨特氏菌科(Sutterellaceae);Sed组包括丹毒丝菌目(Erysipelotrichales)及其下属的丹毒丝菌科菌属(unidentified_Erysipelotrichaceae),普拉梭菌属(Faecalibaculum)及其下属的啮齿普拉梭菌(Faecalibaculum_rodentium),微球菌目(Micrococcales);而KSFY202408+Ext组中的特征性微生物类群则是乳植杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus)。
心脏对运动训练的良性适应主要表现为心肌泵血功能增强、氧代谢能力及其储备能力提升。通常,耐力项目运动员的心脏以心室腔扩大为主要特征,心室壁厚度亦随腔室扩大相应增加[15]。本实验结果表明(表1),运动组(Ext组和KSFY202408+Ext组)的心脏指数显著高于久坐组(Sed组和KSFY202408+Sed组),符合典型的“运动员心脏”特征。这揭示了单独补充KSFY202408或将其与长期有氧运动训练联合,均可诱导心脏产生生理性、有益的适应性变化,提高泵血效率,从而为运动中的骨骼肌提供更充分的氧气和能量物质。心脏功能的这一改善,与后文所述的骨骼肌能量代谢调节及肠道菌群重塑共同作用,从不同层面支持了KSFY202408协同运动训练提升小鼠运动表现的效果。
力竭时间是评定运动能力的重要指标,Huang等[16]的研究发现,补充植物乳植杆菌TWK10可改善志愿者在跑步机上的运动耐力。另一项针对非精英运动员的随机双盲实验也证实,服用特定益生菌能显著延长受试者的力竭时间[17]。为评估KSFY202408对小鼠运动耐力的影响,本研究开展了力竭跑步和力竭游泳实验。结果表明,摄入KSFY202408可显著提升小鼠的运动耐力,具体表现为跑步力竭时间和游泳力竭时间的明显延长(图2),其效果甚至优于运动训练对运动耐力的提升作用。
乳酸堆积是导致肌肉疲劳的关键因素,主要表现为:抑制ATP再合成、降低肌肉做功效率、干扰收缩-舒张过程,并可诱发延迟性肌肉酸痛或非感染性炎症[18]。本实验结果显示,KSFY202408的摄入可有效降低乳酸在血液中的积累,并促进运动后血乳酸的快速清除,从而发挥缓解运动性疲劳、提升运动耐力的作用。与本研究结果一致,同为植物乳植杆菌的CCFM1280和73L1也被报道可通过缓解肌肉和血乳酸堆积来发挥抗疲劳作用[19−20]。
骨骼肌具有较强的再生能力,其内部的分子信号通路可促进成肌细胞的活化、增殖与分化[21]。适度的体育活动有助于增强骨骼肌线粒体功能、提高参与代谢途径酶的活性以及促进肌肉糖原储存[22]。骨骼肌纤维主要分为3类:收缩速度较慢、不易疲劳、有氧能力高的Ⅰ型肌纤维(慢缩纤维);收缩速度快、抗疲劳的Ⅱ A型肌纤维(中间型纤维);以及收缩速度快、易疲劳的Ⅱ B型肌纤维(快缩纤维)[23]。研究表明,骨骼肌纤维类型可以相互诱导转化,这为提高运动员运动性能甚至治疗肌肉相关疾病提供了可能[24]。本研究发现,规律运动训练可增加腓肠肌中Ⅰ型和Ⅱ A型抗疲劳肌纤维的数量,补充KSFY202408亦可诱导肌纤维向这两类亚型转化,二者联合干预时效果更为显著,从而提升小鼠运动耐力与抗疲劳能力。该现象可能与KSFY202408激活AMPK/PGC-1α信号通路有关。研究表明,PGC-1α是调控肌纤维类型转化的关键因子,其过表达可促进ⅡB型快缩纤维向Ⅰ型慢缩纤维转变[25]。本实验中KSFY202408上调了腓肠肌PGC-1α的基因表达,可能通过这一途径介导了肌纤维类型的有利转化。此外,最新研究证实,肠道菌群可通过“肠-肌轴”调节骨骼肌纤维类型转换[26]。因此,KSFY202408对肠道菌群的调节作用也可能间接参与了肌纤维类型的重塑过程。
AMPK在整个进化过程中共存于细胞中的燃料敏感分子,参与机体多种物质能量代谢过程,当细胞处于应激状态时(如缺血、缺氧、运动等),AMPK激酶系统将启动,增加葡萄糖转运和脂肪酸氧化等代谢过程,同时阻断糖异生、蛋白质合成以及脂类等代谢过程[27]。PGC-1α在脂肪酸氧化、葡萄糖代谢、线粒体生物合成等方面有重要的调控作用[28]。本实验结果表明,KSFY202408可显著提高小鼠腓肠肌中AMPK、PGC-1α、NAMPT的mRNA表达水平,提示KSFY202408可通过激活AMPK/ PGC-1α轴来提升运动性能。此外,过度运动会导致机体过氧化反应,进而引发氧化应激损伤。临床前研究表明,耐力训练可增强骨骼肌中关键抗氧化酶(如SOD1和SOD2)的活性[29]。与此一致,本研究中Ext组小鼠的SOD1和SOD2表达水平高于Sed组,证明日常有氧运动训练有助于提高抗氧化酶含量。另外,仅补充KSFY202408而未进行运动训练的小鼠,其SOD1和SOD2表达水平甚至高于Ext组,表明KSFY202408本身具有增强机体抗氧化能力的作用。
本研究的肠道菌群分析为阐释KSFY202408协同运动训练改善运动能力的机制提供了重要线索。LEfSe分析显示,乳植杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus)成为KSFY202408+Ext组最具鉴别性的生物标志物(图8),这直接证实了每日灌胃的KSFY202408菌株能够有效地抵抗消化道环境压力(如胃酸、胆盐),持续存活并抵达肠道末端,最终在整个干预周期内,成为塑造该组肠道菌群结构的最关键特征性因素。尽管本研究在持续干预期间采样,该结果主要反映了菌株在干预期内的生态位占据,但这正是益生菌发挥即时功能的必要前提。对于作为膳食补充剂每日服用的益生菌而言,其核心功能属性之一正是能够在持续摄入期间有效递送并发挥活性。更为重要的是,KSFY202408的干预与运动训练产生了协同效应,共同驱动了肠道菌群结构的“益生化”重塑:不仅表现为α-多样性指数(如Shannon指数)的提升(图6),还体现在粘液乳杆菌属(Limosilactobacillus)和罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)等具有公认益生特性菌种丰度的增加(图7)。这种“益生化”的菌群结构与Sed组中以潜在致病菌纲γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)为特征的状态形成鲜明对比。这一趋势与近期一项为期6周的随机对照试验结果一致,该研究同样发现补充植物乳植杆菌PL-02可显著增加受试者肠道内有益菌(如阿克曼氏菌)丰度,并同步改善其运动表现和身体成分[30]。这些共性发现表明,通过益生菌干预优化肠道菌群结构,可能是其提升运动能力的一个普遍机制。
基于上述菌群改变,可进一步构建其与宿主生理改善之间的“肠-肌肉轴”联系。本研究中观察到的骨骼肌AMPK/PGC-1α信号通路上调及SOD、catalase等抗氧化基因的表达增强,很可能与重塑后的肠道菌群功能密切相关。新近研究为此提供了直接证据:植物乳植杆菌CQPC03被证实可通过上调AMPK/PGC-1α通路及抗氧化酶基因表达来增强小鼠运动能力[31];另一项研究则称,植物乳植杆菌补充能帮助休闲运动员在剧烈运动后维持更高的抗氧化能力[32]。更重要的是,有研究指出,益生菌(如嗜酸乳杆菌KBL409)及其代谢产物(如丁酸)可通过直接激活AMPK/PGC-1α通路来改善宿主线粒体功能[33]。由此我们推断,KSFY202408定植后驱动的菌群重塑,可能通过其代谢产物作为信号分子,远程激活了骨骼肌中调控能量代谢和氧化应激的关键通路。这一机制将肠道局部的菌群变化,与远端肌肉组织的代谢适应和运动耐力提升系统地联系了起来,为理解KSFY202408的益生功能提供了深入的分子视角。需要指出的是,本研究虽然观察到KSFY202408同时引起肠道菌群结构改变和腓肠肌AMPK/PGC-1α通路上调,但并未直接检测循环代谢物(如短链脂肪酸)或炎症因子等可能介导“肠-肌轴”通信的关键分子。因此,关于肠道菌群变化与肌肉AMPK/PGC-1α通路激活之间的因果关系,目前尚不能下定论,上述机制解释主要基于文献报道的合理推测[29−30]。未来研究应通过代谢组学分析、粪便微生物移植或使用通路特异性抑制剂等手段,提供直接证据以明确KSFY202408引起的菌群变化与宿主肌肉代谢适应之间的因果联系,而非仅仅停留在相关性层面。
综上,KSFY202408表现出维持小鼠体重健康、稳定增长,延长力竭跑步和力竭游泳时间,减少过度运动后血乳酸浓度,加快乳酸清除速率,激活线粒体发生和能量代谢基因(AMPK、PGC1-α和NAMPT),骨骼肌抗氧化基因(SOD1、SOD2和catalase)表达水平的显著效果,同时还进一步重塑了小鼠健康的肠道菌群结构,增加了有益菌株的定植与丰度。上述实验结果表明,植物乳植杆菌KSFY202408可能通过调控AMPK/PGC-1α轴及重塑肠道菌群,发挥提高运动耐力、减轻运动性疲劳、促进运动表现的作用,提示其可作为开发运动相关营养补充剂的候选菌株。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026030205
  • 接收时间:2026-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-18
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    1重庆第二师范学院体育与健康管理学院,重庆 400067
    2重庆第二师范学院儿童营养与健康发展协同创新中心,重庆市功能性食品工程技术研究中心,功能性食品研发重庆市工程实验室,重庆 400067

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赵欣(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:益生菌及功能性食品,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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