Article(id=1320881226303521244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080264, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852225136, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852225136, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852225136, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852225136, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=166, endPage=175, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881226790060509, articleId=1320881226303521244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Quercetin Microencapsulation Process Using Polymerized Whey Protein as Wall Material and Its Properties, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the preparation of microcapsules comprising polymerized whey protein and quercetin as the sole wall and core materials, respectively, and produced quercetin microcapsules with high encapsulation efficiency, quality, and stability. The microcapsules were prepared using the orifice-coagulation bath method, and the encapsulation efficiency was adopted as the assessment indicator in determining the optimal process conditions via single-factor experiments and an L9(34) orthogonal array experimental design. The properties of the microcapsules prepared under the optimal process conditions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, particle size and Zeta potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and an in vitro digestion study. The optimal process parameters for microcapsule preparation were as follows: core:wall ratio: 1:7, quercetin concentration: 1 mg/mL, CaCl2 solution concentration: 1.6%, stirring time: 50 min. The microcapsules prepared under these conditions exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 95.665% and a uniform particle size distribution. The spectroscopic measurements and results of the in vitro digestion study indicated that the prepared microcapsules also displayed high levels of formability and stability and the wall material exhibited good sustained-release properties. This study can serve as a theoretical basis for the optimization of microcapsule preparation and the practical application of microcapsules in the food industry.

, authors=Chunlei NI1, 2, *, Zhuoxiu LI2, Fang PENG2, Tengxiao YANG2, Xiufang BI2, Meigui HUANG2, authorsList=Chunlei NI, Zhuoxiu LI, Fang PENG, Tengxiao YANG, Xiufang BI, Meigui HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunlei NI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881231668036092, articleId=1320881226303521244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=以聚合乳清蛋白为壁材的槲皮素微胶囊制备及其性质研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究以聚合乳清蛋白为单一壁材,槲皮素为芯材的微胶囊制备工艺,得到包埋率较高、品质优良且较稳定的槲皮素微胶囊,该研究采用锐孔-凝固浴法,以包埋率为指标,通过单因素与L9(34)正交试验设计确定最佳工艺,并通过扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)、粒径与Zeta电位测定、傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer,FT-IR)、X射线衍射(X Ray Diffraction,XRD)、差示扫描量热(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC)、拉曼光谱(Raman Spectrometer,RAM)、体外消化实验对最佳工艺微胶囊的性质进行探究,结果表明:制备微胶囊的最佳工艺参数为芯壁比1:7、槲皮素浓度1 mg/mL、CaCl2溶液浓度1.6%、搅拌时间50 min,在此条件下制得的微胶囊包埋率达到95.665%;扫描电镜与粒径测定结果表明微胶囊具有良好的成型性且粒径分布均一;FT-IR与RAM表明芯材成功被壁材包裹且无化学反应发生;DSC与XRD图谱表明微胶囊具有良好热稳定性;模拟胃肠液实验表明壁材具有良好缓释性。该研究可为微胶囊制备工艺的优化及其在食品领域的实际应用提供相应的理论支撑。

, authors=倪春蕾1, 2, *, 李卓修2, 彭芳2, 杨腾孝2, 毕秀芳2, 黄梅桂2, authorsList=倪春蕾, 李卓修, 彭芳, 杨腾孝, 毕秀芳, 黄梅桂, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=倪春蕾, authorNote=

倪春蕾(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:

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倪春蕾(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1fNUmBXz1l/L7A59aKAXRg==, magXml=G6GiiSP+HkNTI2y1Co4llw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lm+5UfZZL3kys+cYuzWq7A==, pdfFileSize=2791030, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/NGptS7LRXnsWpHAHCdIPQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DMg0KrR6YDpqSpjkEdXIGg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881642990850465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=nichunlei0225@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881643074736548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, authorId=1320881642990850465, language=EN, stringName=Chunlei NI, firstName=Chunlei, middleName=null, lastName=NI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, China
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注:不同小写字母代表存在显著性差异(P<0.05);图2~图4同。

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label=Fig.15, caption=Release curve of microcapsules in simulated gastrointestinal digestion, figureFileSmall=+HucmllxQdUlFsUWVhpm/Q==, figureFileBig=R1x8JJvSrsLRhWwvsBg8yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881651354292710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=CN, label=图15, caption=微胶囊在模拟胃肠道中消化释放曲线

注:0~2 h胃液阶段,2~4 h肠液阶段。

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Orthogonal experimental factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A槲皮素浓度
(mg/mL)
B CaCl2浓度
(%)
C芯壁比
(g/g)
D 搅拌时间
(min)
111.21:650
221.41:760
331.61:870
), ArticleFig(id=1320881651530453480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A槲皮素浓度
(mg/mL)
B CaCl2浓度
(%)
C芯壁比
(g/g)
D 搅拌时间
(min)
111.21:650
221.41:760
331.61:870
), ArticleFig(id=1320881651605950953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Orthogonal experiment scheme and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A槲皮素浓度
(mg/mL)
B CaCl2浓度
(%)
C芯壁比
(g/g)
D搅拌时间
(min)
包埋率
(%)
131.61:75096.46
231.21:86086.73
321.61:66090.85
421.41:85093.32
521.21:77094.8
611.61:87094.42
711.21:65095.67
831.41:67092.1
911.41:76094.13
K194.7492.492.8795.15
K292.9993.1895.1390.57
K391.7693.9191.4993.77
R2.981.513.644.58
), ArticleFig(id=1320881651689837034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验方案及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A槲皮素浓度
(mg/mL)
B CaCl2浓度
(%)
C芯壁比
(g/g)
D搅拌时间
(min)
包埋率
(%)
131.61:75096.46
231.21:86086.73
321.61:66090.85
421.41:85093.32
521.21:77094.8
611.61:87094.42
711.21:65095.67
831.41:67092.1
911.41:76094.13
K194.7492.492.8795.15
K292.9993.1895.1390.57
K391.7693.9191.4993.77
R2.981.513.644.58
), ArticleFig(id=1320881651769528811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Validation of test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验编号对最佳包埋工艺组合A1B3C2D1的验证实验对正交表中工艺组合A3B3C2D1的验证实验对正交表中工艺组合A1B1C1D1的验证实验
123456789101112131415161718
包埋率(%)95.8896.7294.3796.3695.7494.9292.7894.2796.6394.3795.4793.2393.1894.2192.5395.2195.0693.69
平均值(%)95.66594.45893.980
标准偏差0.8831.3740.983
RSD(%)0.9231.4551.046
), ArticleFig(id=1320881651861803500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

验证实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验编号对最佳包埋工艺组合A1B3C2D1的验证实验对正交表中工艺组合A3B3C2D1的验证实验对正交表中工艺组合A1B1C1D1的验证实验
123456789101112131415161718
包埋率(%)95.8896.7294.3796.3695.7494.9292.7894.2796.6394.3795.4793.2393.1894.2192.5395.2195.0693.69
平均值(%)95.66594.45893.980
标准偏差0.8831.3740.983
RSD(%)0.9231.4551.046
), ArticleFig(id=1320881651937300973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of quercetin on the intensity of protein side chain group spectral bands

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名Trp(I760/I1003 cm−1)Tyr(I850/I830 cm−1)C-H(I1450/I1003 cm−1)
PWP0.709±0.012a0.983±0.025a0.742±0.013b
微胶囊0.601±0.253a1.025±0.002a1.133±0.024a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881652008604142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

槲皮素对蛋白质侧链基团谱带强度影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名Trp(I760/I1003 cm−1)Tyr(I850/I830 cm−1)C-H(I1450/I1003 cm−1)
PWP0.709±0.012a0.983±0.025a0.742±0.013b
微胶囊0.601±0.253a1.025±0.002a1.133±0.024a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881652079907311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of quercetin on the content of protein secondary structure components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方式α-螺旋
(%)
β-折叠
(%)
β-转角
(%)
无规卷曲
(%)
PWP19.31±0.06a12.62±0.01b60.47±0.04a7.59±0.03a
微胶囊10.94±0.01b28.60±0.02a52.06±0.02b8.25±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881652167987696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881226303521244, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

槲皮素对蛋白二级结构组分含量影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方式α-螺旋
(%)
β-折叠
(%)
β-转角
(%)
无规卷曲
(%)
PWP19.31±0.06a12.62±0.01b60.47±0.04a7.59±0.03a
微胶囊10.94±0.01b28.60±0.02a52.06±0.02b8.25±0.01a
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以聚合乳清蛋白为壁材的槲皮素微胶囊制备及其性质研究
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倪春蕾 1, 2, * , 李卓修 2 , 彭芳 2 , 杨腾孝 2 , 毕秀芳 2 , 黄梅桂 2
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(17): 166-175
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (17) : 166 -175
以聚合乳清蛋白为壁材的槲皮素微胶囊制备及其性质研究
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倪春蕾1, 2, * , 李卓修2, 彭芳2, 杨腾孝2, 毕秀芳2, 黄梅桂2
作者信息
  • 1东北农业大学动物医学学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150006
  • 2西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610225
通讯作者:
倪春蕾(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

倪春蕾(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:

Optimization of Quercetin Microencapsulation Process Using Polymerized Whey Protein as Wall Material and Its Properties
Chunlei NI1, 2, * , Zhuoxiu LI2, Fang PENG2, Tengxiao YANG2, Xiufang BI2, Meigui HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, China
  • 2College of Pharmacy and Food, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080264
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为探究以聚合乳清蛋白为单一壁材,槲皮素为芯材的微胶囊制备工艺,得到包埋率较高、品质优良且较稳定的槲皮素微胶囊,该研究采用锐孔-凝固浴法,以包埋率为指标,通过单因素与L9(34)正交试验设计确定最佳工艺,并通过扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)、粒径与Zeta电位测定、傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer,FT-IR)、X射线衍射(X Ray Diffraction,XRD)、差示扫描量热(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC)、拉曼光谱(Raman Spectrometer,RAM)、体外消化实验对最佳工艺微胶囊的性质进行探究,结果表明:制备微胶囊的最佳工艺参数为芯壁比1:7、槲皮素浓度1 mg/mL、CaCl2溶液浓度1.6%、搅拌时间50 min,在此条件下制得的微胶囊包埋率达到95.665%;扫描电镜与粒径测定结果表明微胶囊具有良好的成型性且粒径分布均一;FT-IR与RAM表明芯材成功被壁材包裹且无化学反应发生;DSC与XRD图谱表明微胶囊具有良好热稳定性;模拟胃肠液实验表明壁材具有良好缓释性。该研究可为微胶囊制备工艺的优化及其在食品领域的实际应用提供相应的理论支撑。

槲皮素  /  乳清蛋白  /  微胶囊  /  理化特性  /  体外消化

This study investigated the preparation of microcapsules comprising polymerized whey protein and quercetin as the sole wall and core materials, respectively, and produced quercetin microcapsules with high encapsulation efficiency, quality, and stability. The microcapsules were prepared using the orifice-coagulation bath method, and the encapsulation efficiency was adopted as the assessment indicator in determining the optimal process conditions via single-factor experiments and an L9(34) orthogonal array experimental design. The properties of the microcapsules prepared under the optimal process conditions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, particle size and Zeta potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and an in vitro digestion study. The optimal process parameters for microcapsule preparation were as follows: core:wall ratio: 1:7, quercetin concentration: 1 mg/mL, CaCl2 solution concentration: 1.6%, stirring time: 50 min. The microcapsules prepared under these conditions exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 95.665% and a uniform particle size distribution. The spectroscopic measurements and results of the in vitro digestion study indicated that the prepared microcapsules also displayed high levels of formability and stability and the wall material exhibited good sustained-release properties. This study can serve as a theoretical basis for the optimization of microcapsule preparation and the practical application of microcapsules in the food industry.

quercetin  /  whey protein  /  microcapsule  /  physicochemical properties  /  in vitro digestion
倪春蕾, 李卓修, 彭芳, 杨腾孝, 毕秀芳, 黄梅桂. 以聚合乳清蛋白为壁材的槲皮素微胶囊制备及其性质研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 166 -175 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080264
Chunlei NI, Zhuoxiu LI, Fang PENG, Tengxiao YANG, Xiufang BI, Meigui HUANG. Optimization of Quercetin Microencapsulation Process Using Polymerized Whey Protein as Wall Material and Its Properties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 166 -175 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080264
槲皮素(Quercetin,QR)是天然存在的黄酮类化合物之一,近年来受到国内外学者的广泛关注。槲皮素在可食用植物中分布广泛,不仅存在于洋葱、苹果、蓝莓、西兰花等常见新鲜蔬果中,也存在于荞麦、茶叶、银杏叶等药食同源植物原料中,且其在不同植物中的含量会因品种、生长环境及采摘部位的不同而存在差异[1]。槲皮素凭借其独特的化学结构与分子特性展现出丰富多样的生物活性,例如抗氧化活性、调节脂质代谢、抑制炎症因子释放、改善胰岛素敏感性等。这些功能特性使得槲皮素在慢性疾病防控、开发功能性食品及天然药物方面发挥出重要的应用价值[2−4]。然而,槲皮素存在亲水性不足的缺陷,在酸性与中性环境中易发生氧化降解,且对光照、高温及氧气表现出较强的敏感性,导致其生物利用率偏低,进而在一定程度上制约了其在食品工业中的实际应用[5]。
微胶囊化是一种使用薄层聚合物基质分离微小颗粒的技术,该聚合物基质用于保护颗粒免受外部环境的影响,并允许受控释放以提高其有效性[6]。微胶囊包埋技术可有效减少食品功能因子在加工与贮藏过程中的损耗,保护其免受肠道不良环境的破坏,同时促使芯材对靶细胞形成良好的靶向递送效果,进而显著提升功能因子的生物利用率[7]。微胶囊制备方法的选择对微胶囊的成效起到了重要作用。基于微粒形成机制,微胶囊的制备方法可分为物理法、化学法与物理化学法三大类[8]。锐孔-凝固浴法是化学法中最常见、使用最多的一种方法,其原理为借助注射器等锐孔类装置,将芯材与壁材的混合溶液逐滴注入固化液中;壁材分子接触固化液后迅速沉淀析出,芯材物质随壁材的析出过程同步沉淀并固化成型。当混合液滴与阳离子接触时,体系中的聚合物会迅速包裹核心物质,通过交联反应形成较为稳定的三维晶格结构,经干燥处理后,即可获得目标产品微胶囊[9−10]。张生生等[10]以海藻酸钠为壁材,利用锐孔-凝固浴法制备表面活性肽微胶囊,包埋率为87%左右,制备出的微胶囊具有良好的稳定性;彭梦侠等[11]以壳聚糖与海藻酸钠为壁材,通过锐孔-凝固浴法制备橙子油微胶囊,包埋率高达89.3%,且微胶囊缓释性能良好。锐孔-凝固浴法与其他微胶囊制备方法相比操作简便、成本低廉、制备条件较温和,是一种环境友好技术[12]。
微胶囊壁材的选择同样是决定微胶囊最终成效的关键因素之一。天然多糖型壁材如海藻酸钠、壳聚糖等因它们具有成本低廉、无毒性等优势,是当前常用的壁材选择[13−18]。然而,这类壁材在胃肠道环境中因接触高浓度的酸和胆汁易发生裂解,无法有效保护芯材。乳清蛋白作为一种天然优质蛋白,主要来源于干酪生产过程中产生的乳清[19−20],乳清蛋白所具备的特定功能性质是其作为食品功能性成分得到广泛应用的重要基础,将乳清蛋白的成膜性与凝胶性联合应用时,可实现对某些特定物质的包埋处理[21]。聚合乳清蛋白(Polymerized Whey Protein,PWP)是指将乳清蛋白溶液加热至70 ℃以上温度后,蛋白质分子发生聚集形成的可溶性聚集体,又称热改性乳清蛋白[22]。PWP在Ca2+的加持下有效屏蔽蛋白质分子间的静电相互作用,减少分子间的排斥力,此外Ca2+与蛋白质分子中的极性基团结合形成盐桥,增强分子间的交联程度[23]。田木[24]采用聚合乳清蛋白作为壁材包裹大豆异黄酮,制备的大豆异黄酮纳米颗粒具有较强的离子强度稳定性,且通过体外模拟消化实验显示,聚合乳清蛋白能够有效保护大豆异黄酮纳米颗粒,使其顺利运输到肠道并实现靶向释放。目前以利用CaCl2作为凝固浴,PWP作为唯一壁材对活性物质进行包埋的相关研究数量较少;而针对PWP应用于黄酮类化合物微胶囊化的具体报道,则更为匮乏。
本研究以槲皮素为芯材、聚合乳清蛋白为壁材制备微胶囊,并选取槲皮素浓度、芯壁比、CaCl2溶液浓度和搅拌时间四个因素进行单因素和正交试验,以包埋率为指标,确定最佳工艺条件,并对最优条件下制备的微胶囊进行性质测定,考察PWP作为微胶囊唯一壁材的可能性,旨在探究一种微胶囊化的新型壁材并为槲皮素微胶囊的研究和开发提供一定的理论基础。
槲皮素 纯度≥98%,购买自四川省维克奇生物科技有限公司;乳清蛋白 购买自恒天然合作社集团有限公司;胃蛋白酶(酶活力>3000 U/mg,来源于猪胃粘膜)、胰蛋白酶(酶活力≥2500 U/mg,来源于牛胰腺) 购买自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;所有用于制备微胶囊及理化性质、体外消化探究实验的试剂均为国产分析纯。
UV-1800PC紫外分光光度计 上海美谱达仪器有限公司;Spectrum Two傅里叶变换红外光谱 赛默飞世尔科技公司;NETZSCH 3500差示扫描量热仪 德国耐驰仪器有限公司;in Via Qontor拉曼光谱仪 英国雷尼绍有限公司;X' Pert3Powder X射线衍射仪 马尔文帕纳科公司;sigma 300扫描电镜 卡尔蔡司光学有限公司;BeNano 90 Zeta纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪 丹东百特仪器有限公司。
参考李欣等[25]的方法并加以改进,配制9组浓度为0~80 μg/mL(每个梯度间隔10 μg/mL)的槲皮素标准溶液,并于374 nm下测定吸光度。样品溶液吸光度对槲皮素浓度的回归方程为y=0.0071x−0.0041,R2=0.9978。
根据孙亚利[26]的方法进行改进,配制10%的乳清蛋白溶液置于4 ℃冰箱内冷藏12 h后取出,静置恢复至室温,调节pH为7.0,85 ℃磁力搅拌20 min后迅速转移至冰水浴中冷却至室温,随后4 ℃冷藏24 h,最终获得具有流动性的PWP凝胶。
根据孙亚利等[27]的方法进行改进,配制CaCl2凝固浴,4 ℃冷藏备用。按照一定的芯壁比准确称取PWP凝胶与槲皮素置于锥形瓶中,750 r/min磁力搅拌后将混合液移至配针规格为0.6×25TWLB的5 mL一次性注射器中,快速均匀滴入至配制好的CaCl2凝固浴中形成微胶囊,4 ℃下固化30 min后充分洗涤并过滤,预冻48 h后真空冷冻干燥24 h得到槲皮素微胶囊,计算包埋率。
将芯壁比、CaCl2浓度及搅拌时间分别固定在1:9、1.4%、50 min,考察槲皮素浓度(1、2、3、4和5 mg/mL)对微胶囊包埋率的影响。
将槲皮素浓度、CaCl2浓度及搅拌时间分别固定在1 mg/mL、1.4%、50 min,考察芯壁比(1:6、1:7、1:8、1:9和1:10 g/g)对微胶囊包埋率的影响。
将槲皮素浓度、芯壁比及搅拌时间分别固定在1 mg/mL、1:9、50 min,考察CaCl2浓度(1.0%、1.2%、1.4%、1.6%和1.8%)对微胶囊包埋率的影响。
将槲皮素浓度、芯壁比及CaCl2浓度分别固定在1 mg/mL、1:9、1.4%,考察搅拌时间(20、30、40、50、60和70 min)对微胶囊包埋率的影响。
在单因素实验基础上,以微胶囊的包埋率为指标,通过L9(34)正交试验确定各因素之间的最佳组合(表1),从而优化微胶囊的包埋工艺。
参照佟思漫[28]的方法并适当改动,微胶囊中槲皮素总含量测定:精确称取0.01 g微胶囊,充分研磨后加入无水乙醇溶解,随后以8000 r/min离心10 min,在374 nm波长下测定上清液吸光度。微胶囊表面槲皮素含量测定:称取0.01 g槲皮素微胶囊,加入无水乙醇溶解后,同样以8000 r/min离心10 min,于374 nm波长处测定上清液吸光度。依据1.2.1标准曲线,通过公式(1)计算包埋率,每组实验均设置3次平行。
$\rm EE(\text{%}) =\left(1-\frac{A_1}{A_0}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为微胶囊表面槲皮素含量;A0为微胶囊槲皮素总量;EE为槲皮素微胶囊包埋率,%。
用药匙取适量微胶囊轻柔放置于粘贴有导电双面胶带的样品台上,经喷金处理后,利用扫描电镜选取适宜视野完成对微胶囊的拍摄与观察。
根据田木[24]的方法并加以修改,采用粒度仪测定槲皮素微胶囊的三个指标,具体操作如下:取样品溶液,用去离子水稀释至蛋白质浓度为0.1%(w/v),每个样品设置3次平行实验,最终记录测定结果。
根据Mohammadian等[29]的方法加以修改,将制备完成的样品在8000 r/min转速下离心10 min,在374 nm波长处测定上清液的吸光度,依据1.2.1标准曲线计算槲皮素的实际含量,按照式(2)计算得出微胶囊装载能力。
$\rm LC(\text{%}) =\left(\frac{m_1-m_2}{m_0}\right)\times 100$
式中:m1为微胶囊槲皮素总质量,g;m2为微胶囊表面槲皮素质量,g;m0为微胶囊总质量,g。
采用傅里叶红外光谱仪分别对槲皮素及微胶囊的红外吸收光谱进行测定,具体操作如下:取1 mg研磨后冻干样品,放入KBr粉末在红外干燥灯上混匀并压片,在4000~400 cm−1波数范围内进行扫描分析,每个样品均重复测定三次。
参考Wei等[30]的方法并加以改进,称取20 mg微胶囊样品研磨粉碎后将粉末置于铝盘中,随后在以50 mL/min速率的氮气吹扫环境下,以10 ℃/min的升温速率将铝盘从25 ℃加热至260 ℃。
参考吴长玲等[31]的方法并加以改进,称取10 mg微胶囊样品研磨粉碎后,设定拉曼光谱分析测试条件如下:激光功率为80 mW,激发光波长为785 nm,单次扫描时长60 s,积分次数10次,扫描范围为400~2000 cm−1的波数谱段,通过四次扫描结果累加获得最终谱图。实验以苯丙氨酸(1003±1 cm−1)作为归一化参照因子,谱图的基线校正及谱峰归属分析均采用ACD Labs V12软件完成。
精确称取30 mg样品,将其均匀平铺于载玻片上,再将载玻片放置在X射线衍射仪的样品台上进行检测。检测条件设定为:衍射角5°,X射线管工作电压40 kV、电流40 mA,在10°~80°(2θ)范围内扫描,在此条件下获取样品的衍射图谱。
参考佟思漫[28]的方法适当改进。模拟胃液(SGF)的配制过程如下:量取1.64 mL浓度为2.81 mol/L的浓盐酸,稀释至100 mL得到溶液A;称取400 mg胃蛋白酶溶解于A中,pH调节至2.0可得SGF。模拟肠液(SIF)的配制方法为:将1 g胰蛋白酶溶于0.1 mol/L的NaH2PO3溶液中,调节体系pH至8.0可得SIF。胃液标准曲线为y=0.2095x−0.0939,R2=0.9904;肠液标准曲线为y=0.2702x−0.0639,R2=0.9902,胃肠液标准曲线的线性关系良好。
精确称取50 mg冻干微胶囊样品,置于50 mL SGF/SIF中,在37 ℃、110 r/min的摇床中充分进行相互作用;每隔1 h取出1 mL溶液,使用0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后,定容至10 mL,在374 nm波长处测定其吸光度,随后向体系中补充等量的新鲜SGF/SIF。依据1.2.1节的方法计算SGF/SIF中槲皮素的实际含量,通过公式(3)计算累积释放量R。
$\rm R(\text{%}) =\left(\frac{A}{m\times EE}\right)\times 100$
式中:A为SGF/SIF中微胶囊释放槲皮素的含量;m为槲皮素微胶囊质量,g;EE为微胶囊的包埋率。
另取50 mg的冻干微胶囊样品于50 mL SGF中,在37 ℃、110 r/min的摇床中振荡处理2 h后,4000 r/min、20 min离心,小心倒出上清液,加入50 mL SIF,继续于37 ℃、110 r/min摇床振荡处理2 h。此间,每隔30 min吸取1 mL消化液,测定其中槲皮素的实际含量,同时补充相应体积的消化液,保持离心管中溶液体积不变,依据1.2.1节的方法计算SGF/SIF中槲皮素的实际含量,通过公式(3)计算累积释放量R。
每组实验平均测定三次,结果表示为平均值±标准偏差。运用Origin 2022软件进行绘图;采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行单因素ANOVA检验显著性分析以及正交试验三因素三水平极差分析,显著性检验在0.05水平上进行。
由图1可知,当槲皮素的浓度为1~2 mg/mL时,包埋率上升较快;在浓度为2 mg/mL时,包埋率最高,达到96.25%。当浓度为3~4 mg/mL时包埋率迅速下降,这是由于微胶囊体系中芯材过剩,会使芯材分子在体系中分布较为稀疏,与壁材接触并被包裹的机会相对较少所导致,与张汉辉等[32]通过锐孔-凝固浴法结合复合凝聚法制备以海藻酸钠与壳聚糖为壁材,荔枝多酚为芯材的微胶囊所得结果一致,当荔枝多酚质量分数超过0.8%时包埋率显著下降。然而,当槲皮素浓度达到5 mg/mL时微胶囊包埋率虽然有所提升,达到85%左右,但考虑槲皮素浓度过高会导致体系内槲皮素过剩,包埋率并没有浓度为2 mg/mL槲皮素的包埋效果好,且2 mg/mL的实验结果与其他四组实验相比差异显著(P<0.05),因此不宜选用5 mg/mL及后面的浓度进行后续的正交试验。综上所述,选择槲皮素浓度为1、2、3 mg/mL三个参数来进行正交试验。
如图2所示,当芯壁比为1:6时,由于壁材含量较低并不能达到最佳的包埋效果。芯壁比为1:7时,包埋率最高,达到94.83%。在微胶囊的形成过程中壁材与芯材形成包合物的过程是一种动态平衡,当壁材的含量适宜时能够为芯材提供更多的空腔,促使达到最理想的包埋效果[33]。继续加大PWP的含量会使芯材的含量超过饱和状态,多余的槲皮素无法被PWP有效包埋,便会释放到CaCl2溶液中,造成包埋率降低进而影响微胶囊产品的质量与性能,当芯壁比为1:9时,PWP含量过多会导致混合物的黏度过高从而使得造粒困难,微胶囊出现较为严重的粘连和拖尾。当芯壁比为1:10时包埋率相较芯壁比为1:9上升了8%左右,包埋率上升的原因可能是1:10的微胶囊中壁材为芯材提供的空腔略大于芯壁比1:9的微胶囊,但在制珠成型的过程中仍出现较严重的拖尾现象,因此不宜选用芯壁比为1:10及后面的浓度进行后续的正交试验。芯壁比无论是过低还是过高,均会使包埋率降低。综上所述,选择芯壁比为1:6、1:7、1:8三个参数来进行正交试验。
由图3可知,当CaCl2浓度为1.0%~1.2%时,包埋率迅速上升;在1.2%~1.4%包埋率上升变慢,在1.4%时包埋率达到最大,为97.07%;当浓度大于1.4%时,包埋率降低。当CaCl2浓度为1.0%时,PWP滴在CaCl2溶液中时不能快速成形且容易粘连,导致形成的微胶囊形态软薄且易损,无法完全包裹住芯材,导致微胶囊的包埋率较低;当CaCl2浓度为1.2%~1.4%时,随着浓度的增加,Ca2+与PWP负离子的结合量增多,得到的微胶囊形状完整,软硬适中,在1.4%达到最佳状态;当CaCl2浓度增加到1.8%时,得到的微胶囊变得非常坚硬,且微胶囊真空干燥成形后其溶解性较差进而使得芯材槲皮素无法正常释放,微胶囊包埋率较低。由此可知,选择浓度为1.2%、1.4%、1.6%的CaCl2浓度来进行槲皮素微胶囊工艺优化正交试验。
搅拌过程是利用外力对体系做功,促使芯材与壁材分子间充分接触、相互扩散,进而实现两者高效融合。搅拌时间是决定产品质量的关键要素。由图4可知,在20~60 min时,微胶囊包埋率随着时间的延长逐渐提高。当搅拌时间超过60 min时,在制珠成型的过程中PWP凝胶与槲皮素形成的糊状物泡沫量增加,溶液黏度增大,导致注射器针孔堵塞和滴加困难,从而影响微胶囊的制备效果,这是由于搅拌时间过长会导致主客体之间的结合力(疏水作用力及范德华力)减弱,甚至分离[33]。当搅拌时间为60 min时微胶囊包埋率相较于其他组别(70 min除外)差异显著(P<0.05),因此,选择搅拌时间为50、60、70 min范围进行槲皮素微胶囊工艺优化正交试验。
用L9(34)正交试验设计对包埋工艺进行优化,结果如表2所示。R值越大,说明该因素对试验结果包埋率的影响越大。各因素对包埋率的影响程度由大到小依次为:D>C>A>B,最佳工艺组合为A1B3C2D1,即槲皮素浓度1 mg/mL,CaCl2浓度1.6%,芯壁比1:7,搅拌时间50 min,利用最佳工艺制得的微胶囊包埋率最高为96.72%。
分别对最佳包埋工艺组合A1B3C2D1以及正交表中最优组别A3B3C2D1、A1B1C1D1(第1组与第7组)进行验证,每组做6次验证实验,实验结果由表3所示。三组验证实验中对最佳包埋工艺组合的验证实验得出的平均包埋率为95.665%,高于对正交表中两组最优组别的平均包埋率,以上验证实验证明了制备槲皮素微胶囊的最佳工艺组合为槲皮素浓度1 mg/mL,CaCl2浓度1.6%,芯壁比1:7,搅拌时间50 min,且该工艺可用于微胶囊的包埋。
微胶囊形貌图如图5所示,QR微胶囊色泽较为均匀、呈现淡黄色。微胶囊颗粒饱满、形态近似椭球状,个体较为圆润。这是因为QR本身具有较深的颜色,被PWP包裹住,颜色变浅。通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察到的槲皮素微胶囊表面形貌如图6所示。结合图5和图6,可清晰观察到微胶囊的整体形态,其呈现椭圆形外观,表面体积分布均匀且凹凸不平。这一现象可能源于游离槲皮素与PWP溶液混合后,PWP在冷冻干燥过程中因水分均匀挥发而形成细小孔洞;此外,较高的PWP浓度也可能是促成孔洞形成的因素之一[34]。在200×放大倍数下,微胶囊表面虽表现出凹凸不平的状态,但整体结构紧致且无破损,这一特征表明其成型效果良好,包埋率较高。
图7与图8分别为槲皮素微胶囊粒径的光强分布统计图、Zeta电位均值统计图,每种颜色表示每一个样本平行对照组。经粒度仪分析后可知最佳制备工艺下制备的微胶囊的粒径为232.82±16.58 nm,PDI为0.360±0.010;Zeta电位为−17.45±1.72 mV,电泳迁移率为−1.36±0.13 μm·cm/(V·s)。说明所制备微胶囊为纳米级且粒径均一。
如图9所示,槲皮素与PWP复合体系的不同配比,对活性成分的包封特性具有明显影响。当槲皮素与PWP的质量浓度比为1:90和1:100时,PWP对槲皮素的包埋率都达到90%以上。随着质量浓度比从1:100逐渐减小至1:60,EE从94%逐步下降到62%,而LC从0.8%上升至4.5%。这些结果表明随着体系中槲皮素含量的逐步增加,PWP的负载能力趋于饱和。在此过程中,游离的槲皮素分子在离心后形成沉淀,这一现象直接导致了纳米复合体系EE的下降。Shen等[35]的研究结果证实,采用PWP作为包埋基质时,可显著提高虾青素等活性成分的包封效率,与本研究所得结果一致,进一步验证了PWP作为功能性载体材料的有效性。
槲皮素、乳清蛋白与槲皮素微胶囊的FT-IR图如图10所示,酚类化合物的羟基O-H的伸缩振动在3200~3550 cm−1之间[36],酚的O-H比醇的O-H伸缩振动频率低一些,所以谱带较窄,由于空间位阻的原因,在此处槲皮素微胶囊的壁材不易与芯材形成氢键,故槲皮素在3413 cm−1处的峰更加尖锐。槲皮素微胶囊在3454 cm−1处呈现出由缔合作用形成的宽且强度较高的特征峰。此外,在2925 cm−1与1385 cm−1处,能够观察到较为明显的-CH2和-CH3伸缩振动。说明槲皮素微胶囊分子内的氢键键强有所增强[26],因此微胶囊分子承受环境干扰的能力提高,如高温、酸碱环境。苯环骨架的振动作用导致在1614 cm−1和1514 cm−1处出现了相应的特征峰,807 cm−1处的吸收峰,则表征着苯环中的取代模式为对位取代[28]。对比微胶囊与槲皮素、乳清蛋白的红外图谱可知,三者的主要吸收峰均在图谱中呈现,但各特征峰的位置发生了明显偏移,强度也有所变化。这一现象表明,在微胶囊化过程中,槲皮素与PWP可能形成了新的分子间作用力[26]。上述结果充分表明,槲皮素被完全包裹于PWP中。此外,在微胶囊化的制备过程中,被包埋的芯材槲皮素其化学组成未发生改变。
图11为PWP、微胶囊以及游离槲皮素的DSC热谱图,从图中能够看出槲皮素在126.71 ℃时呈现出显著的放热尖峰。槲皮素微胶囊在108.32 ℃有明显的放热宽峰,PWP在111.44 ℃有一个放热宽峰。当槲皮素与PWP相互作用并形成微胶囊后,在微胶囊的热谱图中,没有发现槲皮素原本的吸热峰。此现象意味着槲皮素已被成功包埋于纳米颗粒内部,其原本的晶体结构发生转变,成为无定型态。Wang等[37]研究报道,在利用大豆多糖水凝胶对大豆异黄酮进行包埋的实验中,出现了大豆异黄酮吸热峰消失的现象。这一现象恰好证实了大豆异黄酮已被水凝胶成功包埋。此外,槲皮素与PWP的结合使得PWP的热稳定性下降。PWP的峰值变性温度从最初的111.44 ℃降至108.32 ℃,这一变化说明热处理促使乳清蛋白的结构发生变化,进而使其热稳定性降低。
利用RAM分析PWP与槲皮素相互作用后蛋白质二级结构变化,此外,拉曼图谱中的频率与强度信息,可反映出槲皮素微胶囊体系所处环境以及其构象变化。图12展示了PWP和槲皮素微胶囊的RAM图谱,色氨酸谱带常被用作表征蛋白质微环境极性特征及氢键相互作用变化的重要指标。国内外大量研究表明,加热会使蛋白结构改变、Trp残基暴露、谱带强度降低[36,38−40],而PWP包埋槲皮素时也出现该现象,促使槲皮素与更多疏水性残基通过疏水作用结合。
拉曼光谱中I850/I830比值主要用于表征蛋白质中Tyr残基的微环境及其氢键状态,当比值处于1~2.5之间时,表明Tyr残基暴露于溶液中参与中等或弱的氢键组成,而当比值较低时说明Tyr残基处于疏水环境中,作为强氢键的供体[41]。如表4所示,槲皮素微胶囊的I850/I830比值大于1,说明PWP的Tyr残基暴露在了极性疏水的环境中充当了中性强氢键的供体或者受体。此外研究进一步发现,当PWP与槲皮素发生相互作用后,位于1450 cm−1处的脂肪族氨基酸拉曼特征谱线强度出现下降趋势,这或许与PWP二级结构的变化相关[38]。
如表5所示,PWP的结构组成包含19.31%的α-螺旋结构、12.62%的β-折叠结构、60.47%的β-转角结构以及7.59%的无规卷曲结构。当PWP与槲皮素相互作用后,蛋白质中α-螺旋结构和β-转角结构的含量降低,意味着蛋白质构象发生变化,更倾向于向β-折叠和无规则卷曲结构转变,这充分说明PWP与槲皮素相互作用促使蛋白质的有序结构向无序结构转化。
XRD常被用于晶体物质的分析,图13展示了槲皮素、PWP以及槲皮素微胶囊在2θ角度范围从10°至80°范围内的衍射实验结果。图中槲皮素在2θ=10.76°、12.42°、14.06°、15.78°、17.18°、17.25°、19.78°、23.84°、27.34°、28.14°、36.34°和38.65°处出现特征衍射峰,表明该槲皮素样品具有较高的结晶性。在微胶囊的X射线衍射图谱中,观察到部分特征峰消失,且峰强度有所减弱,这一现象说明槲皮素在微胶囊体系内仅有部分仍保持结晶状态,证明槲皮素已被有效地包裹于微胶囊之中,该结论与DSC图谱的分析结果相互印证。
由图14可知,在体外模拟胃肠液消化过程中,微胶囊的释放量随时间延长呈逐渐缓慢上升趋势。最终在胃液中的释放率仅为20.12%,释放量相对较低,这可能是由于槲皮素与蛋白质间的相互作用可在一定程度上保护蛋白质免受胃蛋白酶的消化作用,进而产生延迟消化效应[42]。当槲皮素微胶囊处于体外模拟小肠液环境中时,释放速度显著加快,消化6 h后实现大幅度高效释放,在肠液中的累计释放量达60.13%。其原因在于槲皮素微胶囊蛋白质外壳中疏水性氨基酸间的肽键被胰蛋白酶水解,使蛋白质结构遭到破坏,进而加速槲皮素的释放[43]。在对茶多酚的包埋研究中,Sanna等[44]得到了与本研究类似的结果。综上所述,PWP对槲皮素微胶囊具有较好的缓释效果,展现出良好的保护性能,能够维持槲皮素的生物活性,有效提升了槲皮素的稳定性与生物可及性,对保健食品的开发具有一定的应用价值。
图15展示了微胶囊在模拟胃肠道环境中消化缓释的释放曲线,在模拟胃液消化的2 h中槲皮素的释放量较为缓慢,最终在胃液的释放率仅为12.83%,释放较少。当微胶囊处于模拟肠液时槲皮素得以快速释放,在2 h内消化率增加了20%左右,在消化4 h后槲皮素释放率达到了47.97%。孙亚利[26]对苦荞黄酮微胶囊的包埋得出了相似的效果。以上结果表明在整个胃肠道的消化过程中,当消化2 h时微胶囊的囊壁发生逐渐降解,槲皮素向外释放的速率增大,最终在小肠内实现高效率释放。综上所述,PWP作为槲皮素微胶囊的壁材有效保护了槲皮素的生物活性,大大提高了槲皮素的生物利用率,制备的微胶囊具有良好的缓释性能。
该研究通过锐孔-凝固浴法成功制备出了以槲皮素为芯材、聚合乳清蛋白为壁材的微胶囊。以包埋率为指标,通过单因素实验与正交实验得出最佳制备工艺为槲皮素浓度1 mg/mL,CaCl2浓度1.6%,芯壁比1:7,搅拌时间50 min,在此最佳工艺下包埋率达到95.665%。通过扫描电镜与粒径测定可知制备出的微胶囊整体为球形,表面疏松多孔,凹凸不平,成型性较好,粒径为纳米级且均一;傅里叶红外光谱与拉曼光谱结果显示槲皮素成功包埋于PWP中,且芯材与壁材之间无化学反应发生,可保证槲皮素的完整性与稳定性;DSC与XRD图谱可知微胶囊体系具有良好的热稳定性,槲皮素在微胶囊体系内仍维持着结晶状态;体外消化实验表明PWP有效保护了槲皮素的生物活性,制备的微胶囊具有良好的缓释性能,有助于提高人体对于黄酮的利用率。该研究为微胶囊的工艺优化及在食品中的应用提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080264
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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    1东北农业大学动物医学学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150006
    2西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610225

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倪春蕾(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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