Article(id=1320881209891206100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070234, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752768000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852221223, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852221223, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852221223, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852221223, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=282, endPage=292, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881210092532693, articleId=1320881209891206100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of the Extraction Process on the Structure and Activity of Chestnut Pollen Protein and Its Optimization, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chestnut pollen, rich in high-value protein, was extensively discarded due to the lack of efficient extraction technologies, limiting its potential applications in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. This study presented the first systematic comparative analysis of three extraction methods—Ultrasound-assisted alkali dissolution and acid precipitation (UADAP), microwave-assisted alkali dissolution and acid precipitation (MADAP), and ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP)—on the structural attributes and biological activities of chestnut pollen protein. With protein yield as the optimization criterion, the extraction process was systematically optimized through single-factor experiments integrated with response surface methodology. Results showed that all three methods yielded typical proteins with molecular weights of 20~100 kDa, exhibiting characteristic ultraviolet and infrared absorption peaks. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed thermal degradation at approximately 280 ℃, with MADAP-extracted protein demonstrating the highest thermal stability. Antioxidant activity assays indicated that MADAP protein exhibited superior activity in DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ABTS+ radical scavenging rate, with an activity order of MADAP>UADAP>ASP. For hypoglycemic activity, the three chestnut pollen proteins all exhibited favorable inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Among them, MADAP showed the optimal inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, UADAP possessed the strongest inhibitory activity against α-amylase, while ASP displayed the weakest inhibitory capacity toward both digestive enzymes. Response surface methodology optimized MADAP conditions (solid-to-liquid ratio 1:25 g/mL, extraction time 60 min, temperature 60 ℃), achieving a protein yield of 26.41%. In conclusion, the MADAP method effectively preserved protein structural stability while significantly enhancing its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, providing an optimal technical approach for the efficient development of chestnut pollen protein.

, authors=Jianhua ZHOU1, Fei PENG1, 2, Huan DAI1, Yuedong YANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Jianhua ZHOU, Fei PENG, Huan DAI, Yuedong YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuedong YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881213766743016, articleId=1320881209891206100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=板栗花粉蛋白提取工艺对结构、活性的影响及优化, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

板栗花粉富含高价值蛋白质,却因缺乏高效提取技术而被大量废弃,限制了其在功能性食品和医药领域的应用潜力。本研究首次系统比较超声辅助碱提酸沉法(Ultrasound-assisted alkali dissolution and acid precipitation,UADAP)、微波辅助碱提酸沉法(Microwave-assisted alkali dissolution and acid precipitation,MADAP)及硫酸铵沉淀法(Ammonium sulfate precipitation,ASP)三种工艺对板栗花粉蛋白结构特性及生物活性的影响,并以蛋白质得率为考察指标,通过单因素实验结合响应面分析法优化提取工艺。结果表明,三种方法所得蛋白均为典型蛋白质,分子量主要分布于20~100 kDa,呈现特征性紫外和红外吸收峰。热重分析显示,三种蛋白在约280 ℃发生热降解,其中MADAP提取的蛋白展现最佳热稳定性。抗氧化活性测试表明,MADAP蛋白在DPPH自由基清除、羟基自由基清除及ABTS+自由基清除率方面具有最高活性,活性顺序为MADAP>UADAP>ASP。在降血糖活性方面,三种板栗花粉蛋白对α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶均具备良好抑制活性,其中 MADAP 对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制效果最优,UADAP对α-淀粉酶抑制活性最强,ASP 对两种消化酶的抑制能力均最弱。通过响应面法优化,MADAP最佳工艺条件为料液比1:25 g/mL、提取时间60 min、温度60 ℃,蛋白质得率达26.41%。综上,MADAP工艺在保留蛋白结构稳定性的同时,显著提升其抗氧化和降血糖活性,为板栗花粉蛋白的高效开发提供了优选技术路线。

, authors=周建华1, 彭飞1, 2, 代欢1, 杨越冬1, 2, *, authorsList=周建华, 彭飞, 代欢, 杨越冬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨越冬, authorNote=

周建华(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨越冬(1965−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物研究,E-mail:。
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周建华(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物研究,E-mail:

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周建华(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物研究,E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881680630526395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881209891206100, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Response surface plot of two-factor interaction of chestnut pollen protein extracted by the MADAP method, figureFileSmall=RBVOwJbTMbpdndpJnSb+hg==, figureFileBig=47IqXvbkvpqOMupTp4dwqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881680697635260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881209891206100, language=CN, label=图9, caption=用MADAP法提取的板栗花粉蛋白质双因素交互的响应面图, figureFileSmall=RBVOwJbTMbpdndpJnSb+hg==, figureFileBig=47IqXvbkvpqOMupTp4dwqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881680768938429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881209891206100, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface test

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水平因素
A料液比(g/mL)B微波提取时间(min)C提取温度(℃)
−11:204550
01:256060
11:307570
), ArticleFig(id=1320881680857018814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881209891206100, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素及水平

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水平因素
A料液比(g/mL)B微波提取时间(min)C提取温度(℃)
−11:204550
01:256060
11:307570
), ArticleFig(id=1320881680961876415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881209891206100, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Box-Behnken experimental design and results of chestnut pollen proteinextracted by MADAP

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实验号A:料液比
(g/mL)
B:微波提取时间
(min)
C:提取温度
(℃)
Y:蛋白质得率
(%)
11:20456017.73±0.56
21:30456015.47±0.78
31:20756016.20±1.02
41:30756015.03±0.81
51:20605022.20±0.85
61:30605023.54±0.50
71:20607021.30±0.21
81:30607021.98±0.33
91:25455015.73±0.91
101:25755016.40±0.58
111:25457014.29±0.43
121:25757015.68±0.88
131:25606026.70±1.13
141:25606026.80±0.68
151:25606027.90±0.71
161:25606027.29±0.61
171:25606026.37±0.44
), ArticleFig(id=1320881681033179584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881209891206100, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MADAP提取的板栗花粉蛋白质的Box-Behnken试验设计和结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:料液比
(g/mL)
B:微波提取时间
(min)
C:提取温度
(℃)
Y:蛋白质得率
(%)
11:20456017.73±0.56
21:30456015.47±0.78
31:20756016.20±1.02
41:30756015.03±0.81
51:20605022.20±0.85
61:30605023.54±0.50
71:20607021.30±0.21
81:30607021.98±0.33
91:25455015.73±0.91
101:25755016.40±0.58
111:25457014.29±0.43
121:25757015.68±0.88
131:25606026.70±1.13
141:25606026.80±0.68
151:25606027.90±0.71
161:25606027.29±0.61
171:25606026.37±0.44
), ArticleFig(id=1320881681108677057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881209891206100, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Variance analysis of regression model

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型403.72944.8643.77<0.0001***
A0.248510.24850.24250.6375
B0.001010.00100.00100.9758
C2.6712.672.600.1507
AB0.297010.29700.28980.6070
AC0.108910.10890.10630.7540
BC0.129610.12960.12640.7326
A218.34118.3417.900.0039**
B2327.341327.34319.38<0.0001***
C230.01130.0129.280.0010**
残差7.1771.02
失拟5.7531.925.400.0684不显著
误差1.4240.3551
总和410.9016
R2=0.9825,R2Adj=0.9601
), ArticleFig(id=1320881681179980226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881209891206100, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型403.72944.8643.77<0.0001***
A0.248510.24850.24250.6375
B0.001010.00100.00100.9758
C2.6712.672.600.1507
AB0.297010.29700.28980.6070
AC0.108910.10890.10630.7540
BC0.129610.12960.12640.7326
A218.34118.3417.900.0039**
B2327.341327.34319.38<0.0001***
C230.01130.0129.280.0010**
残差7.1771.02
失拟5.7531.925.400.0684不显著
误差1.4240.3551
总和410.9016
R2=0.9825,R2Adj=0.9601
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板栗花粉蛋白提取工艺对结构、活性的影响及优化
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周建华 1 , 彭飞 1, 2 , 代欢 1 , 杨越冬 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(16): 282-292
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (16) : 282 -292
板栗花粉蛋白提取工艺对结构、活性的影响及优化
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周建华1 , 彭飞1, 2, 代欢1, 杨越冬1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1河北省天然产物活性成分与功能重点实验室,河北秦皇岛 066004
  • 2板栗产业技术教育部工程研究中心,河北秦皇岛 066004
通讯作者:
杨越冬(1965−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

周建华(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物研究,E-mail:

Effects of the Extraction Process on the Structure and Activity of Chestnut Pollen Protein and Its Optimization
Jianhua ZHOU1 , Fei PENG1, 2, Huan DAI1, Yuedong YANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Active Ingredients and Functions of Natural Products, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
  • 2Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070234
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板栗花粉富含高价值蛋白质,却因缺乏高效提取技术而被大量废弃,限制了其在功能性食品和医药领域的应用潜力。本研究首次系统比较超声辅助碱提酸沉法(Ultrasound-assisted alkali dissolution and acid precipitation,UADAP)、微波辅助碱提酸沉法(Microwave-assisted alkali dissolution and acid precipitation,MADAP)及硫酸铵沉淀法(Ammonium sulfate precipitation,ASP)三种工艺对板栗花粉蛋白结构特性及生物活性的影响,并以蛋白质得率为考察指标,通过单因素实验结合响应面分析法优化提取工艺。结果表明,三种方法所得蛋白均为典型蛋白质,分子量主要分布于20~100 kDa,呈现特征性紫外和红外吸收峰。热重分析显示,三种蛋白在约280 ℃发生热降解,其中MADAP提取的蛋白展现最佳热稳定性。抗氧化活性测试表明,MADAP蛋白在DPPH自由基清除、羟基自由基清除及ABTS+自由基清除率方面具有最高活性,活性顺序为MADAP>UADAP>ASP。在降血糖活性方面,三种板栗花粉蛋白对α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶均具备良好抑制活性,其中 MADAP 对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制效果最优,UADAP对α-淀粉酶抑制活性最强,ASP 对两种消化酶的抑制能力均最弱。通过响应面法优化,MADAP最佳工艺条件为料液比1:25 g/mL、提取时间60 min、温度60 ℃,蛋白质得率达26.41%。综上,MADAP工艺在保留蛋白结构稳定性的同时,显著提升其抗氧化和降血糖活性,为板栗花粉蛋白的高效开发提供了优选技术路线。

板栗花粉  /  蛋白质  /  抗氧化活性  /  降血糖活性  /  工艺优化

Chestnut pollen, rich in high-value protein, was extensively discarded due to the lack of efficient extraction technologies, limiting its potential applications in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. This study presented the first systematic comparative analysis of three extraction methods—Ultrasound-assisted alkali dissolution and acid precipitation (UADAP), microwave-assisted alkali dissolution and acid precipitation (MADAP), and ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP)—on the structural attributes and biological activities of chestnut pollen protein. With protein yield as the optimization criterion, the extraction process was systematically optimized through single-factor experiments integrated with response surface methodology. Results showed that all three methods yielded typical proteins with molecular weights of 20~100 kDa, exhibiting characteristic ultraviolet and infrared absorption peaks. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed thermal degradation at approximately 280 ℃, with MADAP-extracted protein demonstrating the highest thermal stability. Antioxidant activity assays indicated that MADAP protein exhibited superior activity in DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ABTS+ radical scavenging rate, with an activity order of MADAP>UADAP>ASP. For hypoglycemic activity, the three chestnut pollen proteins all exhibited favorable inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Among them, MADAP showed the optimal inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, UADAP possessed the strongest inhibitory activity against α-amylase, while ASP displayed the weakest inhibitory capacity toward both digestive enzymes. Response surface methodology optimized MADAP conditions (solid-to-liquid ratio 1:25 g/mL, extraction time 60 min, temperature 60 ℃), achieving a protein yield of 26.41%. In conclusion, the MADAP method effectively preserved protein structural stability while significantly enhancing its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, providing an optimal technical approach for the efficient development of chestnut pollen protein.

chestnut pollen  /  protein  /  antioxidant activity  /  hypoglycemic activity  /  process optimization
周建华, 彭飞, 代欢, 杨越冬. 板栗花粉蛋白提取工艺对结构、活性的影响及优化. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 282 -292 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070234
Jianhua ZHOU, Fei PENG, Huan DAI, Yuedong YANG. Effects of the Extraction Process on the Structure and Activity of Chestnut Pollen Protein and Its Optimization[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 282 -292 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070234
我国是全球板栗种植大国,年产量居世界首位,但其附属产物板栗雄花常被修剪丢弃,造成农业资源的大量浪费[1]。在当前农业绿色发展和资源高效利用的背景下,开发板栗雄花的综合利用技术具有重要现实意义。据Horčinová等[2]研究,板栗花粉富含蛋白质(169.0±1.60 g/kg)、黄酮等生物活性物质,具备作为功能性蛋白来源的巨大潜力。然而,目前针对板栗花粉蛋白的系统性研究极为匮乏,尤其是提取工艺的优化与比较,亟需深入探索。
提取工艺是决定蛋白质得率、结构与功能特性的关键因素。已有研究证实,不同提取技术可以显著影响蛋白质的理化性质与生物活性。王雁娇[3]研究发现,与传统碱溶酸沉法相比,超声辅助提取能显著提升油菜蜂花粉的蛋白质提取率,并改善其乳化稳定性和起泡性。另一项研究表明,采用亚临界水提取法提取玉米花粉蛋白质,其DPPH自由基清除能力是传统溶剂提取法的1.5倍[4]。徐鑫[5]通过复合盐法-碱提法提取天花粉蛋白,硫酸铵处理后的蛋白质析出率高达82.63%,DPPH自由基清除率和OH自由基清除能力显著提升。Altuner等[6]采用超高压处理与碱提酸沉结合提取花粉蛋白,结果显示,总蛋白含量较碱提酸沉法提高13倍。此外,酶法辅助(如果胶酶、纤维素酶)或多种技术协同(如超声与酶协同)已被证实能有效水解细胞壁蛋白,促进内容物释放,从而使蜂花粉蛋白的产率和纯度提升70%和20%,同时溶解度、持水性、持油性及乳化活性指数均有所提高[7]。这些研究表明,不同提取方法能够有效提升花粉蛋白的得率与功能特性,但不同原料的细胞壁结构和化学成分差异可能对提取效果产生显著影响。因此,尽管已有研究证明了超声、微波、酶法等技术在不同花粉中的应用效果,但针对板栗花粉这一特定原料,现有提取技术的适用性及其对蛋白理化特性和生物活性的影响尚未得到充分验证。对此,进行板栗花粉蛋白提取工艺的系统性比较具有重要的理论意义与实践价值。
因此,本研究以燕山产板栗花粉为原料,首次系统性地比较超声辅助碱提酸沉法、微波辅助碱提酸沉法及硫酸铵沉淀法三种工艺,深入探讨其对板栗花粉蛋白提取得率、理化性质、结构特征及体外抗氧化和降血糖活性的差异化影响。本研究旨在揭示适用于板栗花粉蛋白的高效提取方法,为其作为新型功能性蛋白的开发利用提供坚实的理论依据与实验数据支撑。
板栗花 采自河北省秦皇岛市抚宁区大新寨镇柳树沟村板栗示范园;水杨酸、Tris-三羟甲基氨基甲烷、α-淀粉酶(40000 U/g)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(100 U/3.6 mg)、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(DPPH)、ABTS+自由基清除能力检测试剂盒(微板法) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;十二烷基硫酸钠、2×蛋白上样缓冲液(含DTT)、彩虹245广谱蛋白Marker(11~245 kD)、SDS-PAGE凝胶制备试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;所有试剂均为国产分析纯。
LC-JY96-IIN超声波细胞破碎仪 湖南力辰仪器科技有限公司;Alpha2-4LDplus冷冻干燥机 德国Marin Christ公司;TENSOR27傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;Bio-radChemiDoc MP化学发光凝胶成像系统 Bio-Rad公司;UV-1700紫外分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;STA409PC差热热重同步分析仪 美国珀金埃尔默公司;SPECTRA MAX 190型酶标仪 美国Molecular Devices;SU-8010扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司。
板栗花经干燥之后,采用120目筛分离出花粉,随后利用球磨机进行粉碎。石油醚脱脂后,于通风橱中室温风干。
超声辅助碱提酸沉法(UADAP)组:参考Song等[8]方法,称取板栗花粉粉末,按料液比1:25 g/mL将样品与去离子水混合均匀,调节混合液pH至10。以150 W功率进行超声处理1 h,继而置于60 ℃水浴中提取2 h,得提取液。提取液经离心处理(8000 r/min,10 min,4 ℃),收集上清液;调节上清液pH至蛋白质等电点(pH4.0),静置沉淀4 h后,再次离心(8000 r/min,10 min,4 ℃),弃去上清液。沉淀经去离子水多次洗涤至中性后,进行透析处理48 h;透析后的样品经冷冻干燥后,于−80 ℃条件下保存备用。
微波辅助碱提酸沉法(MADAP)组:参照Phongthai等[9]的方法,精确称取板栗花粉粉末,按料液比1:25 g/mL混合,调节体系pH至10;以900 W功率进行微波处理1 h后,后续按UADAP组的方法完成蛋白质的提取及处理步骤。
硫酸铵沉淀法(ASP)组:参照徐鹏伟等[10]方法,称取适量板栗花粉粉末,按1:25 g/mL的料液比与溶剂混合,用碱液调节体系pH至10.0,于60 ℃水浴中连续提取2 h。反应结束后,将混合液离心10 min,收集上清液。在搅拌条件下缓慢加入硫酸铵粉末,使其饱和度达到70%,继续轻柔搅拌30 min确保完全溶解,随后于4 ℃静置2 h以促进蛋白沉淀。离心收集沉淀,将所得沉淀重新溶解于适量去离子水中,透析48 h,每隔6 h更换透析液。最后将透析液预冷后冷冻干燥,得到纯化样品,密封并存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中备用。
参照Ajayi等[11]的方法,并稍作修改,进行SDS-PAGE分析。分别配制12%的分离胶和5%的浓缩胶。每孔上样量为15 µL,蛋白Marker上样量为3 µL。采用垂直电泳系统,初始电压设置为80 V,待溴酚蓝指示剂进入分离胶后,将电压调整为120 V,持续电泳至溴酚蓝前沿到达凝胶底部。电泳结束后,将凝胶置于考马斯亮蓝染色液中染色1 h,随后使用脱色液在水平摇床上进行脱色,直至蛋白条带清晰可见。最后使用凝胶成像系统采集图像。
将冷冻干燥后的板栗花粉蛋白样品与干燥的KBr粉末按照1:100研磨均匀混合,压片,以KBr作为空白对照,在500~4000 cm−1下进行红外光谱分析。
精确称取6 mg板栗花粉蛋白样品,置于铝制坩埚中并轻轻压实后密封。以空铝坩埚作为空白参照,在氮气(流速为40 mL/min)下,以恒定升温速率从20 ℃程序升温至800 ℃,采集样品的热重(TG)图谱与微商分热重(DTG)分析曲线[12]。
将板栗花粉蛋白样品溶解于去离子水中,配制成浓度为10 mg/mL的溶液。经6000 r/min离心10 min后,收集上清液作为待测样品。采用UV-1700型紫外可见分光光度计,在室温条件下于200~800 nm波长范围内进行扫描,扫描分辨率设置为0.2 nm,记录不同波长下样品的吸光度值[13]。
将少量的板栗花粉蛋白样品均匀平铺在已经粘好导电双面胶的金属样品台上,进行真空镀金后,放入扫描电镜样品室,在真空下将加速电压调至8.0 kV,调节倍数、观察样品的微观结构[14]。
DPPH自由基清除能力的测定参考Ibrahim等[15]的方法略作修改。向1 mL的板栗花粉蛋白溶液(0.5~4.0 mg/mL)中加入0.25 mg/mL的DPPH-无水乙醇溶液4 mL涡旋混匀后,暗反应30 min,于517 nm处测定吸光度值,以无水乙醇作为空白对照,抗坏血酸作为阳性对照,每个处理重复三次试验,依据测定结果计算半数抑制浓度(IC50)值。DPPH自由基清除率计算如下式所示:
$ \mathrm{DPPH} \text {自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{A}_{1}-\mathrm{A}_{2}}{\mathrm{A}_{0}}\right) \times 100 $
式中:A1为样品溶液的吸光度;A2为无水乙醇替代DPPH-无水乙醇溶液的吸光度;A0为去离子水替代蛋白液的吸光度。
羟基自由基清除能力的测定参考Moore等[16]的方法略作修改。向400 µL的板栗花粉蛋白溶液(2~16 mg/mL)中快速加入400 µL 9 mmol/L的FeSO4溶液和400 µL 9 mmol/L水杨酸-乙醇溶液,最后再加入400 µL 8.8 mmol/L H2O2溶液,将混合体系涡旋振荡混匀后,置于37 ℃水浴环境中反应30 min,反应结束后在510 nm波长下测定其吸光度值。以去离子水替代样品溶液作为空白对照,以抗坏血酸作为阳性对照,依据测定结果计算半数抑制浓度(IC50)值。羟基自由基清除率计算如下式所示:
$ \rm 羟基自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{A_1-A_2}{A_0}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品溶液的吸光度;A2为去离子水替代H2O2溶液的吸光度;A0为去离子水替代蛋白溶液的吸光度。
ABTS+自由基清除率检测参考Yang等[17]的方法,并略作修改。将ABTS溶液和过硫酸钾等体积混合均匀,室温避光保存12 h后,用无水乙醇稀释30倍,制得ABTS工作液。取6 µL的板栗花粉蛋白溶液(0.5~4.0 mg/mL),迅速加入240 µL ABTS工作液,涡旋混匀后,于405 nm处测定吸光度值。以去离子水作为空白对照,抗坏血酸作为阳性对照,每个处理重复三次。依据测定结果计算半数抑制浓度(IC50)值。ABTS+自由基清除率的计算如下式所示:
$ \rm{{ABTS^+自由基清除率}}(\text{%})=\left(\frac{A_1-A_2}{A_1}\right)\times100 $
式中:A1为去离子水替代蛋白的吸光度;A2样品溶液的吸光度。
抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶实验参考Wu等[18]的方法略作修改,取浓度梯度为0.5~3.0 mg/mL的板栗花粉蛋白溶液20 µL,加入120 µL浓度为1 U/mL的α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液与120 µL浓度为9 mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(0.1 mol/L,pH6.8),将混合体系涡旋振荡混匀后,置于37 ℃水浴环境中反应30 min。反应结束后,向体系中加入20 µL 4-硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG)底物溶液,继续于37 ℃条件下反应30 min;随后加入50 µL浓度为 0.1 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液,在510 nm波长下测定体系吸光度值。以磷酸盐缓冲溶液作为空白对照,阿卡波糖为阳性对照,依据测定结果计算半数抑制浓度(IC50)值。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率计算如下式所示:
$ \rm \alpha \text{-}葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(\text{%})=\frac{(A_3-A_4)-(A_1-A_2)}{(A_3-A_4)}\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品溶液的吸光度;A2为磷酸盐缓冲溶液代替α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液的吸光度;A3为磷酸盐缓冲溶液代替蛋白样品溶液的吸光度;A4为磷酸盐缓冲溶液代替蛋白样品溶液和α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液的吸光度。
抑制α-淀粉酶实验参考Poovitha等[19]的方法略作修改,向50 µL板栗花粉蛋白溶液(0.5~3.0 mg/mL),加入150 µL浓度为1 U/mL的α-淀粉酶溶液,将混合体系涡旋振荡混匀后,置于25 ℃水浴环境中反应10 min。反应结束后,向体系中加入200 μL浓度为1%(w/v)的可溶性淀粉溶液,继续于25 ℃水浴条件下反应10 min;随后加入80 μL 3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)试剂,置于沸水浴中反应5 min,待体系自然冷却至室温,在520 nm波长下测定吸光度值。以磷酸盐缓冲溶液替代样品溶液作为空白对照,以阿卡波糖作为阳性对照,依据测定结果计算半数抑制浓度(IC50)值。α-淀粉酶抑制率计算如下式所示:
$\rm \alpha \text{-}淀粉酶抑制率(\text{%})=\frac{(A_3-A_4)-(A_1-A_2)}{(A_3-A_4)}\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品溶液的吸光度;A2为磷酸盐缓冲溶液代替α-淀粉酶溶液的吸光度;A3为磷酸盐缓冲溶液代替蛋白样品溶液的吸光度;A4为磷酸盐缓冲溶液代替蛋白样品溶液和α-淀粉酶溶液的吸光度。
将微波提取时间固定为60 min,提取温度固定为50 ℃,探究不同料液比(1:15、1:20、1:25、1:30、1:35 g/mL)对蛋白质得率的影响。
根据下列公式计算板栗花粉蛋白质得率。
$ 蛋白质得率(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{1}}{{\text{m}}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:m2为板栗花粉样品重量(g);m1为板栗花粉蛋白提取液冻干后重量(g)。
将料液比固定为1:25 g/mL,提取温度固定为50 ℃,探究不同微波提取时间(15、30、45、60、75 min)对蛋白质得率的影响。
将料液比固定为1:25 g/mL,微波提取时间固定为60 min,探究提取温度(30、40、50、60、70 ℃)对蛋白质得率的影响。
在单因素实验的基础上,对板栗花粉蛋白质提取方法进行优化实验设计,以板栗花粉蛋白质得率为响应值(Y),料液比(A)、微波提取时间(B)和提取温度(C)为自变量,利用Box-Behnken design(BBD)试验原理设计三因素三水平响应面分析实验来优化板栗花粉蛋白质提取工艺。如表1所示。
所有实验数据均基于三次独立重复试验,结果以均值±标准差表示。数据处理使用Microsoft Excel 2021完成。响应面法通过Design-Expert 12软件进行分析。统计分析采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),并通过Tukey检验进行多重比较,显著性水平设定为P<0.05。所有图表使用Origin 2022绘制。
SDS-PAGE是一种基于蛋白质分子量差异,在电场作用下进行分离的分析技术。如图1所示,不同方法提取的板栗花粉蛋白亚基组成方面未呈现显著差异,表明提取方法对板栗花粉蛋白亚基结构影响较小,核心蛋白组成具有较高稳定性[20]。这一结果与周芷夷等[21]的研究结论一致。板栗花粉蛋白主要由四个亚基组成,其分子量分别约为75、70、35和28 kDa。其中,35 kDa和28 kDa亚基的条带信号强度较高,表明其相对丰度较高。这与杏仁蛋白经过不同方法处理后电泳图谱条带没有明显变化的研究结果相一致[22]。
红外光谱通过探测分子对红外光的吸收,能够揭示物质内部化学键与官能团的信息。图2展示了不同方法制备的板栗花粉蛋白质的红外光谱。结果显示,UADAP、MADAP和ASP三种方法提取的板栗花粉蛋白均在3335~3248 cm−1范围内出现一个宽而强的吸收峰,该峰属于酰胺A带,对应于N-H伸缩振动;其向低频移动表明该基团与氢键发生了相互作用[23]。在2924 cm−1和2858 cm−1处,三种蛋白均出现了C-H基团的对称和不对称伸缩振动峰[24]。酰胺I带的吸收位于1656~1610 cm−1,该处强吸收峰主要由C=O伸缩振动引起。值得注意的是,MADAP蛋白在1647 cm−1附近的吸收强度明显高于另外两种方法,说明该方法对蛋白C=O键的振动结构影响较小,可提高β-折叠结构的含量与规整度[25]。酰胺II带的吸收出现在1521~1514 cm−1,在UADAP和MADAP蛋白中该峰发生轻微偏移,主要源于N-H弯曲振动与C-N伸缩振动[26]。此外,在1400~1200 cm−1范围内的酰胺III带出现复杂吸收,与C-N伸缩振动和N-H弯曲振动相关[27]。总体而言,这些特征吸收峰表明不同提取方法并未显著改变板栗花粉蛋白的二级结构组成。
热稳定性分析是用于研究及评估材料在受热条件下保持其物理与化学性质稳定性的关键技术。图3展示了经三种方法提取的板栗花粉蛋白样品的TG与DTG曲线。热解过程显示,所有样品均呈现三个明显的失重阶段。第一阶段中,UADAP、MADAP和ASP蛋白的最大失重速率温度分别为67.62、71.97和73.73 ℃,相应失重率依次为12.86%、8.28%和6.55%。该阶段失重主要归因于自由水、结合水及挥发性物质的蒸发,使蛋白质结构开始变得不稳定[28]。第二阶段为板栗花粉蛋白主要热分解阶段,失重率分别为39.98%(UADAP)、36.12%(MADAP)、50.54%(ASP)。该阶段质量损失源于蛋白质肽键的迅速脱水及C=O、C-N、C-O等化学键的断裂,表明蛋白质等大分子化合物发生热解反应[29]。当温度升至800 ℃时,三种蛋白的残余质量分别为41.59%(UADAP)、52.55%(MADAP)、36.39%(ASP)。ASP蛋白的残余质量显著较低,可能归因于其在燃烧过程中形成多孔半焦结构,增大了比表面积,促进了氧气扩散与燃烧反应[30];而UADAP与MADAP蛋白的残余质量较为接近,表明二者热稳定性较为相似。第三阶段失重不明显,可归属为难分解碳质残留物的缓慢氧化。综上所述,可以判断出三种方法提取的板栗花粉蛋白的热稳定性顺序为:MADAP>UADAP>ASP。
蛋白质紫外吸收光谱中的变化与其微环境的改变密切相关,所以常用紫外吸收光谱变化来表征蛋白质的构象变化。不同方法制备的板栗花粉蛋白质的紫外吸收光谱如图4所示,在220 nm和280 nm附近存在显著的紫外吸收峰,这通常是蛋白质中酪氨酸(Tyr)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)和色氨酸(Trp)等芳香族氨基酸的特征吸收区域(200~400 nm)[31]。值得注意的是,MADAP蛋白表现出增强的紫外吸收强度,这可能与微波辅助提取过程促进了更多色氨酸和酪氨酸等发色团氨基酸的暴露有关,从而引起蛋白质含量或二级螺旋结构发生变化[32]。卢笑雨[33]的研究中也出现类似结果。
扫描电镜可以显示蛋白质的微观结构和表面形貌。图5为不同蛋白样品在500×和2000×下的电镜图。UADAP蛋白在低倍镜(图5a)下呈现块状且边缘锋利,团聚程度较低,而在高倍镜(图5d)下则显示出粗糙、大小不均的颗粒状结构,这主要归因于超声辅助提取过程中“空化效应”和“机械剪切”对蛋白质分子的直接作用,可能导致肽链断裂或解聚[34]。与之相比,MADAP蛋白在低倍镜(图5b)下呈片状结构,高倍镜(图5e)下其表面附有絮状物质,形成层状褶皱,纹理明显并具有多孔结构,这可能与微波辅助提取主要通过热效应传递能量,导致局部温度不均进而引发蛋白质构象改变和重排有关[35]。而ASP蛋白(图5c、图5f)表现为蓬松的絮状或片状集合体,结构更为分散,片体间孔隙明显,这种形貌通常是由于盐析过程中电荷屏蔽效应减弱以及疏水作用增强,导致蛋白质过度聚集形成多孔絮凝结构[36]。
DPPH作为一种稳定的有机氮自由基,当抗氧化剂提供电子或氢原子时,DPPH自由基被还原,导致溶液颜色褪去,其褪色程度评估抗氧化化合物清除自由基的能力[37]。不同提取方法对板栗花粉蛋白清除DPPH自由基能力的影响如图6(a)所示。在0.5~4.0 mg/mL的质量浓度范围内,三种板栗花粉蛋白的DPPH自由基清除率均与质量浓度呈正相关。MADAP蛋白的清除效果优于UADAP和ASP蛋白;UADAP蛋白的清除率变化趋势介于MADAP蛋白与ASP蛋白之间;ASP蛋白的清除率最低,整体清除能力相对最弱。当质量浓度升高至为4.0 mg/mL时,清除率提高到92.67%±0.49%(UADAP)、93.94%±0.90%(MADAP)和90.44%±0.90%(ASP),但均弱于VC,三种板栗花粉蛋白在较低浓度下即表现出良好的DPPH自由基清除能力,其中MADAP蛋白的清除效果最优,UADAP次之,ASP相对最弱。可能的原因是微波处理降低了板栗花粉蛋白的聚集度,暴露出更多的与自由基作用的基团[38]。Yang等[39]研究表明,微波处理可促进蛋白质结构展开,生成具有良好生物活性的水解产物,本研究的结果与之相一致。
羟自由基(·OH)是活性氧中最活泼且毒性最强的自由基,被认为是导致生物体氧化损伤的主要因素之一,因此其清除能力是评估抗氧化活性的重要指标[40]。图6(b)显示各蛋白样品的羟基自由基(·OH)清除能力均表现为质量浓度依赖性。当质量浓度达到4.0 mg/mL时,MADAP蛋白的清除率急剧升高,而UADAP与ASP蛋白的清除率增幅则相对趋缓。在质量浓度升至16.0 mg/mL 时,各样品清除率的增长均趋于稳定,其中MADAP蛋白的清除率最高,达到92.14%±1.27%。三者羟基自由基清除能力的IC50分别为4.8、6.99、7.47 mg/mL,清除能力排序为MADAP>UADAP>ASP,表明MADAP提取的蛋白清除能力更强。推测原因是蛋白氨基酸残基中的羧基等活性基团通过螯合亚铁离子阻断Fenton反应,进而抑制羟基自由基生成[41],这与Ruan等[42]关于银杏蛋白经超声预处理后羟基自由基清除能力显著增强的研究结论一致。
ABTS+自由基清除法可直观表征样品总抗氧化能力,该法通过蛋白还原ABTS阳离子自由基引发体系褪色,以 405 nm 吸光度变化量化自由基清除效率,能够综合反映板栗花粉蛋白内还原性氨基酸、活性多肽等组分清除自由基、抵御氧化损伤的协同作用[43]。不同提取方法对ABTS+自由基清除能力的影响如图6(c)所示。当质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,UADAP与MADAP蛋白的总抗氧化能力相近,分别为38.55%±1.44%、38.03%±1.45%。MADAP蛋白的总抗氧化能力随质量浓度的增加呈现稳定上升趋势,在0.5~3.0 mg/mL范围内增幅较为均匀,此后增长速率减缓并逐渐趋于平稳,其抗氧化性能优于UADAP和ASP蛋白,但显著低于VC。UADAP蛋白的总抗氧化能力随质量浓度升高而逐步增强,在各相应浓度下均恒定介于MADAP与ASP蛋白之间。ASP蛋白的总抗氧化能力虽同样随质量浓度上升而增强,但提升幅度相对最低,在4.0 mg/mL时达到67.24%±1.45%,其抗氧化能力为三者中最弱。UADAP、MADAP和ASP蛋白总抗氧化能力的IC50分别为1.57、1.72和2.18 mg/mL,三种板栗花粉蛋白对羟基自由基清除能力的顺序为MADAP>UADAP>ASP。由此可知,MADAP蛋白具有更强的总抗氧化能力,可能是因为微波处理破坏蛋白质分子内的二硫键,巯基增多,使蛋白结构舒展,暴露出更多抗氧化活性巯基、酚羟基集团[44]。
研究表明,α-葡萄糖苷酶通过水解复合碳水化合物,导致餐后血糖水平升高[45],当其被抑制时可达到控制血糖的目的。图7(a)显示,三种板栗花粉蛋白均具有较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力,且抑制活性随蛋白质量浓度升高而增强。在1.0 mg/mL后,UADAP与MADAP蛋白的抑制率随浓度变化的趋势较为接近,MADAP蛋白在各浓度下的抑制率略高于UADAP蛋白;两者抑制率均明显优于ASP蛋白,但均低于阿卡波糖。ASP蛋白抑制率整体最低,增长趋势较为平缓;即使在最高浓度(3.0 mg/mL)下,其抑制效果仍显著弱于其他样品。三种蛋白的抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50均小于0.5 mg/mL,表现出较强抑制活性。MADAP蛋白的抑制能力更突出,推测原因是微波热效应可优化传质效率,促使蛋白快速吸收能量并高频振动,通过局部高温释放更多活性蛋白,进而提升抑制活性[46],这与Hayta等[47]米糠蛋白经微波处理后α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性增强的研究结论一致。
糖尿病的血糖控制策略中,碳水化合物消化酶抑制剂,尤其是α-淀粉酶抑制剂,能够有效减缓淀粉水解为葡萄糖并进入血液的速度,从而有助于控制餐后血糖[48]。如图7(b)所示,三种板栗花粉蛋白均表现出较好的α-淀粉酶抑制能力,且与质量浓度呈正相关。MADAP蛋白起始(0.5 mg/mL)抑制率与UADAP、ASP蛋白相近;在质量浓度1.5~2.0 mg/mL区间,与UADAP蛋白的抑制率曲线出现交点(交点前两者抑制率接近,交点后MADAP蛋白抑制率超过UADAP蛋白);在2.0 mg/mL后,MADAP蛋白抑制率上升速率平缓,最终抑制率为71.09%±1.23%,效果优于UADAP、ASP蛋白,但弱于阿卡波糖。ASP蛋白随质量浓度增加上升幅度最小,各浓度下抑制率均低于UADAP 和MADAP蛋白,整体抑制效果最弱。UADAP、MADAP和ASP蛋白的α-淀粉酶抑制活性的IC50分别为1.25、1.28和1.63 mg/mL,三种板栗花粉蛋白对α-淀粉酶抑制能力的顺序为UADAP>MADAP>ASP。由此可知,UADAP与MADAP蛋白具有更强的α-淀粉酶抑制能力,可能是因为提取液经过微波加热后,微波辅助加热法会使得水分子得到大量热量,温度迅速上升,水分子振动加速,从而增加了与蛋白质分子接触的几率,可将更多的蛋白质分子从板栗花粉中提取出来[49]。
鉴于MADAP提取的板栗花粉蛋白在多项关键活性指标中表现优异,本研究选定其作为板栗花粉蛋白的优选提取方法,并在此基础上开展单因素实验及工艺优化。
如图8(a)所示,随着料液比的增加,蛋白质得率逐渐上升。当料液比为1:25 g/mL时,得率达到最大值。当料液比进一步增大时,得率反而呈下降趋势。这可能是因为在较低料液比条件下,溶液黏度较大,限制了蛋白质分子的有效扩散,从而导致提取率偏低。随着料液比的逐步增大,浓度梯度增大,促进了蛋白质的溶出和扩散,得率随之提高[50]。然而,当料液比超过1:25 g/mL后,蛋白质的溶出可能趋于饱和,浓度梯度优势减弱,甚至可能因过度稀释导致提取效率下降。因此,最佳料液比为1:25 g/mL。
微波提取时间对板栗花粉蛋白质得率的影响如图8(b)所示。结果表明,当微波处理时间超过60 min时,板栗花粉蛋白质的得率开始下降。这主要是由于长时间的微波作用导致体系温度持续升高,蛋白质分子在高温和微波辐射的协同作用下,其内部的肽键等化学键易发生过度水解,从而生成小分子肽段或游离氨基酸,导致无法以完整蛋白质形式被有效提取[51]。此外,长时间的微波热处理还可能引起蛋白质发生不可逆变性,暴露其内部疏水基团,促使蛋白质分子间发生疏水聚集形成沉淀复合物,进而降低了蛋白质在溶剂中的溶解度和得率[52]。
从图8(c)可以看出,在一定的温度范围内,提取温度的升高有利于提高板栗花粉蛋白得率。当提取温度达到60 ℃时,蛋白质的得率达到最大值。这主要是由于温度升高促进了蛋白质分子与水分子之间的相互作用,从而增强了蛋白质的溶解度和溶出效率。然而,过高的温度(如超过60 ℃)可能导致蛋白质发生不可逆变性[53],使其功能活性丧失,进而影响提取效率。因此,综合考虑得率与蛋白质稳定性,本研究选择50、60和70 ℃作为进一步探究的最佳提取温度范围。
在单因素实验结果的基础上,使用Design Epert-12软件中Box-Behnken design进行响应面分析,优化蛋白质得率条件。在单因素实验结果的基础上,选取料液比(A)、微波提取时间(B)、提取温度(C)作为考察因素,以蛋白质得率作为响应值,进行3因素3水平响应面试验优化设计,结果如表2所示。
Y=27.01−0.1763A+0.0112B−0.5775C+0.2725AB−0.1650AC+0.1800BC−2.09A2−8.82B2−2.67C2
其中,Y为板栗花粉蛋白质得率(%),A、B和C为自变量的编码值。
表3为该模型的方差分析,该模型的显著性水平P<0.0001,表明该回归模型拟合极显著;决定系数R2=0.9825,调整决定系数R2Adj=0.9601,失拟项P=0.0684>0.05不显著,表明该方程可靠性较高,模型拟合程度较好,可以运用该模型进行预测和分析板栗花粉蛋白提取工艺优化结果。从各系数项P值可以看出,模拟方程中的A2和C2对板栗花粉蛋白质的得率有高度显著(P<0.01)的影响,B2对板栗花粉蛋白质得率有极其显著(P<0.001)的影响。根据F值大小,判断出各因素对板栗花粉蛋白质得率的影响程度排序为:提取温度(C)>料液比(A)>微波提取时间(B)。
根据回归方程分析结果,利用Design-Expert 12软件进行拟合,绘制响应面曲面图(图9),以直观分析料液比(A)、微波提取时间(B)和提取温度(C)两两交互作用对蛋白质得率的影响。响应面坡面的陡峭程度及等高线的疏密、形状可反映出交互作用对响应值的强弱影响,响应面坡度陡峭,等高线密集且趋于椭圆形表明两因素交互作用对响应值的影响显著;反之,响应面坡度平缓,等高线稀疏且趋于圆形则表明影响较弱[54]。由图9可知,料液比与微波提取时间的响应曲面坡度陡峭,表明AB二者交互作用对板栗花粉蛋白得率影响相对明显;微波提取时间与提取温度的响应曲面较料液比与提取温度的响应面更为陡峭,表明BC交互作用对板栗花粉蛋白得率影响较大。该结果与表3中分析结果一致。
通过回归模拟得到MADAP蛋白的最佳工艺条件为浸提料液比为1:24.813 g/mL,微波提取时间59.988 min,提取温度58.934 ℃,预测蛋白质得率为27.01%。考虑实际操作的可行性,将优化后的工艺条件调整为:料液比1:25 g/mL,微波提取时间60 min,提取温度60 ℃,得率为26.41%±0.30%,该值与预测值(27.01%)非常接近,相对误差仅为0.59%。这一结果充分验证了响应面模型预测的准确性和优化工艺条件的可行性与稳定性。
本研究采用UADAP、MADAP、ASP三种方法制备板栗花粉蛋白,系统比较了其结构和活性差异。结果表明板栗花粉蛋白亚基组成稳定,但在二级结构、热稳定性和微观形态上存在显著差异。MADAP提取的蛋白结构更加稳定,聚集度更低,并表现出更优异的活性。三种板栗花粉蛋白抗氧化活性和降血糖活性均与质量浓度呈正相关,板栗花粉蛋白的DPPH自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力和ABTS+自由基清除能力的顺序均为:MADAP>UADAP>ASP;三种板栗花粉蛋白可有效抑制 α-葡萄糖苷酶与 α-淀粉酶活性,MADAP 对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力最优,UADAP 对α-淀粉酶抑制效果更佳。进一步工艺优化确定了料液比1:25 g/mL、提取时间60 min、提取温度60 ℃为最优条件,验证实验重复 3 次,得到的蛋白得率达26.41%±0.30%。本研究系统地比较了不同制备方法对板栗花粉蛋白结构及活性的影响,为板栗花粉蛋白在食品体系中的应用及开发提供了理论基础,具有一定的实践指导价值。然而,蛋白质功能提升的分子机制尚未完全阐明,其在复杂食品体系中的稳定性和生物利用度仍需进一步研究。未来工作应结合分子模拟、细胞实验和动物模型,深入探讨结构变化与功能活性的内在联系,并在工艺参数优化和应用验证方面持续推进,为板栗花粉蛋白的产业化开发提供更坚实的科学依据。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070234
  • 接收时间:2025-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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    1河北省天然产物活性成分与功能重点实验室,河北秦皇岛 066004
    2板栗产业技术教育部工程研究中心,河北秦皇岛 066004

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杨越冬(1965−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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