Article(id=1320881182447878308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080073, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852214680, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852214680, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852214680, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852214680, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=114, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881182678565029, articleId=1320881182447878308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Thawing-Reheating Methods on the Quality Characteristics of Precooked Chicken Breast Meat, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Precooked poultry products commonly suffer from issues such as juice loss and texture deterioration during final household reheating, yet the synergistic mechanisms of thawing-reheating methods remain unclear. This study investigated precooked chicken breast meat, systematically analyzing the effects of three thawing methods (no thawing, 4 ℃ thawing, room temperature thawing) and four reheating methods (steaming, boiling, microwaving, baking) on quality characteristics. Evaluations included water-holding capacity, water distribution, texture properties, oxidation indices (carbonyl content/TBARS), color, pH, and sensory quality. Results demonstrated that both thawing and reheating methods collectively influenced the end-product quality. Among all thawing-reheating treatments, the combination of 4 ℃ thawing followed by steam reheating yielded chicken breast meat closest to freshly cooked quality. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) revealed that compared to room-temperature thawing with microwave reheating, 4 ℃ thawing-steam reheating significantly inhibited the loss of immobilized water and reduced free water proportion (P<0.05). Texture properties (hardness and chewiness decreased by 14.01% and 27.72%, respectively) and oxidation levels (carbonyl and TBARS values reduced by 48.82% and 64.18%) were also significantly improved (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis confirmed strong correlations among water migration, oxidative denaturation, texture deterioration, and the sensory quality of precooked chicken products under different thawing-reheating protocols (P<0.05). Based on these findings, this study proposes a "processing-method matching" principle: boiled precooked meat is best suited for low-temperature thawing combined with moist-heat reheating. This provides technical guidance for standardizing the home cooking of precooked poultry products.

, authors=Nan QIN1, Kaili WANG2, Wenjia LÜ2, Xinyan ZHANG2, Jiahui CHEN2, Aili LI2, *, authorsList=Nan QIN, Kaili WANG, Wenjia LÜ, Xinyan ZHANG, Jiahui CHEN, Aili LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aili LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881186432467132, articleId=1320881182447878308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=解冻-复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉品质特性影响的研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

预煮禽肉制品在终端家庭复热过程中普遍存在汁液流失、质构劣变等问题,而解冻-复热协同作用机制尚未明确。本研究以预煮鸡胸肉为对象,基于保水性、水分分布、质构特性、氧化程度(羰基/TBARS)、色泽、pH及感官品质等评估指标,系统解析三种解冻方式(未解冻、4 ℃、室温)与四种复热方式(蒸汽、水煮、微波、烤制)对其品质特性的影响。结果表明解冻方式和复热方式共同影响预煮鸡胸肉的终端品质。在所有解冻-复热的处理条件下,4 ℃解冻-蒸汽复热组合所制得的鸡胸肉最接近新鲜煮制品质。低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)显示,与室温-微波复热相比,4 ℃解冻-蒸汽复热显著抑制了样品中固定水的流失,降低了自由水比例(P<0.05);质构特性(硬度与咀嚼性分别下降14.01%和27.72%)与氧化水平(羰基与TBARS值减少48.82%和64.18%)均显著改善(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析证实不同解冻-复热方式中水分迁移、氧化变性和质地劣化与预煮鸡胸肉制品的终端感官品质具有较强的相关性(P<0.05)。基于此,本研究提出“加工方式匹配”原则,即水煮预制肉适用低温解冻+湿热复热,为预制禽肉制品家庭烹饪标准化提供技术支撑。

, authors=秦楠1, 王凯丽2, 吕文佳2, 张欣妍2, 陈佳慧2, 李艾黎2, *, authorsList=秦楠, 王凯丽, 吕文佳, 张欣妍, 陈佳慧, 李艾黎, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李艾黎, authorNote=

秦楠(1983−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与营养,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李艾黎(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:。
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Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont), 2025, 203: 115849., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881593665827610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881593670021915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, companyId=1320881593665827610, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Landscape and Food Technology, Xuchang Vocational and Technical College, Xuchang 461000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881593678410524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, companyId=1320881593665827610, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1许昌职业技术学院园林与食品学院,河南许昌 461000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881593732936477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881593737130782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, companyId=1320881593732936477, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881593745519391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, companyId=1320881593732936477, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881601786000202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different thawing and reheating combinations on the moisture content of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=Ehc0J8WdGHRcLrB+1pM3SA==, figureFileBig=4+MFjtWzqflXdetA5U6flg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881601848914763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉水分含量的影响

注:大写字母表示同一解冻方式下,不同复热方式的差异显著性;小写字母表示同一复热方式下,不同解冻方式的差异显著性(P<0.05);图2、图4、图6~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=Ehc0J8WdGHRcLrB+1pM3SA==, figureFileBig=4+MFjtWzqflXdetA5U6flg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881601953772364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on the centrifugation loss of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=PQuYLtqcZ+RoDIKXIWu/xA==, figureFileBig=WW8j5bjOMo+BKGMrK6/cog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881602041852749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉离心损失率的影响, figureFileSmall=PQuYLtqcZ+RoDIKXIWu/xA==, figureFileBig=WW8j5bjOMo+BKGMrK6/cog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881602121544526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on water distribution (A) and peak proportions (B) of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=Ohzl4Jn0NE7PbsoOSMSBAA==, figureFileBig=wjkgXc4x9akQI3Ijs+FFoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881602176070479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉水分分布(A)和峰比例(B)的影响

注:图中-1、-2、-3分别对应未解冻、4 ℃解冻和室温解冻。

, figureFileSmall=Ohzl4Jn0NE7PbsoOSMSBAA==, figureFileBig=wjkgXc4x9akQI3Ijs+FFoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881602264150864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on reheating mass loss of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=GicKnE3RVd0FDcrkNHZyUg==, figureFileBig=3TIqgCQ46HG0gmpSnc+EnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881602327065425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉复热质量损失的影响, figureFileSmall=GicKnE3RVd0FDcrkNHZyUg==, figureFileBig=3TIqgCQ46HG0gmpSnc+EnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881602385785682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on microstructure of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=LDRIj0wcKtFDm7uE7iLT8A==, figureFileBig=CCTtvTeD13fvTkLbPDZxtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881602461283155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉微观结构的影响, figureFileSmall=LDRIj0wcKtFDm7uE7iLT8A==, figureFileBig=CCTtvTeD13fvTkLbPDZxtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881602524197716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on pH of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=CN6k84Zc2ZTP571Ut7CVWg==, figureFileBig=C2GcIDl2MVBycPRdjH24FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881604453577557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉pH的影响, figureFileSmall=CN6k84Zc2ZTP571Ut7CVWg==, figureFileBig=C2GcIDl2MVBycPRdjH24FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881606114521942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on carbonyl content of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=xh9PSUOuWQlNt7HJAJ//Fw==, figureFileBig=On6AGuDfMoJKWtNQ9C12pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881606261322583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉羰基含量的影响, figureFileSmall=xh9PSUOuWQlNt7HJAJ//Fw==, figureFileBig=On6AGuDfMoJKWtNQ9C12pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881606349402968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on TBARS of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=OTPUbfM2gUzfWv6zmyEg5w==, figureFileBig=7c49Oc6JgJzO3Fm9Hk8KtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881606424900441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同解冻和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉TBARS的影响, figureFileSmall=OTPUbfM2gUzfWv6zmyEg5w==, figureFileBig=7c49Oc6JgJzO3Fm9Hk8KtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881606492009306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on sensory scores of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=bVugXnxhq/lkIzAqjrv6Ew==, figureFileBig=nWaqycbcaEYhj0ibjWdrXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881606559118171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉感官评分的影响, figureFileSmall=bVugXnxhq/lkIzAqjrv6Ew==, figureFileBig=nWaqycbcaEYhj0ibjWdrXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881606638809948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Correlation analysis between different thawing and reheating methods and various indicators and sensory properties of pre-cooked chicken breast, figureFileSmall=3Nkcg2Xua/NKzPOju9MT4A==, figureFileBig=8hg2Yc3asXQSECID3PtZWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881606714307421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉各指标与感官之间的相关性分析

注:*显著相关(P<0.05);**极显著相关(P<0.01);蓝色表示负相关;红色表示正相关;圆圈越大表示相关性越强。

, figureFileSmall=3Nkcg2Xua/NKzPOju9MT4A==, figureFileBig=8hg2Yc3asXQSECID3PtZWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881606773027678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation scoring criteria for precooked chicken breast

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特性评分标准分数
外观色泽明亮自然,具有良好光泽9~10
色泽较明亮自然,具有一定光泽7~8
色泽略显暗淡或轻微不均,光泽度一般5~6
色泽暗淡、发暗或明显不均,缺乏光泽3~4
色泽异常、严重不均或存在明显劣变迹象1~2
组织
形态
肌肉纹理清晰、结构致密完整,切面光滑9~10
肌肉纹理较清晰、结构较致密完整,切面较光滑7~8
肌肉纹理略模糊、结构稍松散或轻微变形,切面略粗糙5~6
肌肉纹理模糊、结构明显松散或变形,切面粗糙3~4
肌肉纹理不清、结构严重松散或破碎1~2
风味具有浓郁、纯正、愉悦的鸡肉特征香气,无异味9~10
具有较明显、纯正的鸡肉香气,无异味7~8
鸡肉香气微弱或平淡,无异味5~6
鸡肉香气几乎消失或带有轻微不愉悦气味
(如轻微脂肪氧化味、陈旧味)
3~4
无鸡肉香气或存在明显不愉悦、腐败等异味1~2
滋味滋味鲜美浓郁,具有纯正鸡肉味,多汁,无不良余味9~10
滋味较鲜美,具有较纯正鸡肉味,较适口,无明显不良余味7~8
滋味平淡,鸡肉味不明显,口感略干或带有轻微不良
余味
5~6
滋味较差,缺乏鸡肉味,口感干柴或带有明显不良余味(如酸味、苦涩味)3~4
滋味劣变,存在强烈不愉悦味道(如严重酸败、苦涩味)1~2
整体接
受度
非常喜欢,强烈愿意购买或食用9~10
比较喜欢,愿意购买或食用7~8
感觉一般,可接受但不主动选择5~6
不太喜欢,勉强接受3~4
非常不喜欢,拒绝接受1~2
), ArticleFig(id=1320881606852719455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

预煮鸡胸肉的感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特性评分标准分数
外观色泽明亮自然,具有良好光泽9~10
色泽较明亮自然,具有一定光泽7~8
色泽略显暗淡或轻微不均,光泽度一般5~6
色泽暗淡、发暗或明显不均,缺乏光泽3~4
色泽异常、严重不均或存在明显劣变迹象1~2
组织
形态
肌肉纹理清晰、结构致密完整,切面光滑9~10
肌肉纹理较清晰、结构较致密完整,切面较光滑7~8
肌肉纹理略模糊、结构稍松散或轻微变形,切面略粗糙5~6
肌肉纹理模糊、结构明显松散或变形,切面粗糙3~4
肌肉纹理不清、结构严重松散或破碎1~2
风味具有浓郁、纯正、愉悦的鸡肉特征香气,无异味9~10
具有较明显、纯正的鸡肉香气,无异味7~8
鸡肉香气微弱或平淡,无异味5~6
鸡肉香气几乎消失或带有轻微不愉悦气味
(如轻微脂肪氧化味、陈旧味)
3~4
无鸡肉香气或存在明显不愉悦、腐败等异味1~2
滋味滋味鲜美浓郁,具有纯正鸡肉味,多汁,无不良余味9~10
滋味较鲜美,具有较纯正鸡肉味,较适口,无明显不良余味7~8
滋味平淡,鸡肉味不明显,口感略干或带有轻微不良
余味
5~6
滋味较差,缺乏鸡肉味,口感干柴或带有明显不良余味(如酸味、苦涩味)3~4
滋味劣变,存在强烈不愉悦味道(如严重酸败、苦涩味)1~2
整体接
受度
非常喜欢,强烈愿意购买或食用9~10
比较喜欢,愿意购买或食用7~8
感觉一般,可接受但不主动选择5~6
不太喜欢,勉强接受3~4
非常不喜欢,拒绝接受1~2
), ArticleFig(id=1320881606919828320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on texture properties of pre-cooked chicken breast

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
解冻方式复热方式硬度(g)弹性咀嚼性内聚性
//3523.62±267.32Aa0.85±0.019Aa1744.76±63.37 Aa0.63±0.015 Aa
/蒸4972.56±437.51Bc0.72±0.002Bc2092.20±51.44Bb0.55±0.006Bb
/煮5193.37±143.01Bd0.73±0.004Bc2126.65±38.87BCb0.52±0.003Cb
/微波5500.87±122.40Cd0.71±0.007Bc2256.41±61.24Cc0.50±0.003Dc
/烤5894.21±112.61Dd0.68±0.002Cc2501.62±10.33Dc0.52±0.002Cc
4 ℃蒸4117.15±281.57Bb0.81±0.006Bb1855.11±45.40Aa0.61±0.004Aa
4 ℃煮4126.23±232.39Bb0.80±0.005Bb1877.44±25.48Aa0.61±0.003Aa
4 ℃微波4369.43±29.75BCb0.81±0.014Bb2084.88±62.07Bb0.60±0.005ABa
4 ℃烤4725.79±25.91Cb0.73±0.005Cb2356.66±86.12Cb0.58±0.012Bb
室温蒸4449.55±136.25Bb0.69±0.010Bd2342.72±41.55Bc0.61±0.021Aa
室温煮4502.15±44.96Bc0.66±0.002Cc2434.05±46.36BCc0.60±0.013Ba
室温微波4788.21±26.42BCc0.63±0.007Cd2566.56±35.12Cd0.57±0.018Cb
室温烤5116.86±23.68Cc0.66±0.008Cc2437.69±71.87BCbc0.58±0.023Cb
), ArticleFig(id=1320881606974354273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
解冻方式复热方式硬度(g)弹性咀嚼性内聚性
//3523.62±267.32Aa0.85±0.019Aa1744.76±63.37 Aa0.63±0.015 Aa
/蒸4972.56±437.51Bc0.72±0.002Bc2092.20±51.44Bb0.55±0.006Bb
/煮5193.37±143.01Bd0.73±0.004Bc2126.65±38.87BCb0.52±0.003Cb
/微波5500.87±122.40Cd0.71±0.007Bc2256.41±61.24Cc0.50±0.003Dc
/烤5894.21±112.61Dd0.68±0.002Cc2501.62±10.33Dc0.52±0.002Cc
4 ℃蒸4117.15±281.57Bb0.81±0.006Bb1855.11±45.40Aa0.61±0.004Aa
4 ℃煮4126.23±232.39Bb0.80±0.005Bb1877.44±25.48Aa0.61±0.003Aa
4 ℃微波4369.43±29.75BCb0.81±0.014Bb2084.88±62.07Bb0.60±0.005ABa
4 ℃烤4725.79±25.91Cb0.73±0.005Cb2356.66±86.12Cb0.58±0.012Bb
室温蒸4449.55±136.25Bb0.69±0.010Bd2342.72±41.55Bc0.61±0.021Aa
室温煮4502.15±44.96Bc0.66±0.002Cc2434.05±46.36BCc0.60±0.013Ba
室温微波4788.21±26.42BCc0.63±0.007Cd2566.56±35.12Cd0.57±0.018Cb
室温烤5116.86±23.68Cc0.66±0.008Cc2437.69±71.87BCbc0.58±0.023Cb
), ArticleFig(id=1320881607045657442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different thawing and reheating methods on color of pre-cooked chicken breast

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
解冻方式复热方式L*a*b*
//75.97±1.14Aa2.10±0.09Aa16.15±1.21Aa
/蒸76.99±1.29Aa2.55±0.09Bb16.23±1.11Aa
/煮76.33±1.30Aa2.44±0.04Bc16.56±0.31Ab
/微波79.62±1.30Bbc2.77±0.09Cc18.89±0.82ABc
/烤80.30±1.29Bc2.64±0.03BCb19.84±0.90Bc
4 ℃蒸76.45±1.76Aa2.16±0.09Aa15.97±0.84Aa
4 ℃煮77.10±1.08Ab2.27±0.08Ab16.87±0.46Ab
4 ℃微波78.70±1.01Bb2.57±0.13Bb17.42±0.79Bb
4 ℃烤79.23±1.50Bb2.51±0.12Bb18.28±0.91Cb
室温蒸75.12±1.40Aa2.47±0.28Bb16.32±0.85Aa
室温煮76.70±1.87Aab2.37±0.01ABc16.01±0.95Aa
室温微波80.03±1.50Bc2.55±0.04Cb18.18±1.00Bbc
室温烤80.79±1.73Bc2.71±0.09Dc19.55±0.76Cc
), ArticleFig(id=1320881607112766307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881182447878308, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同解冻方式和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
解冻方式复热方式L*a*b*
//75.97±1.14Aa2.10±0.09Aa16.15±1.21Aa
/蒸76.99±1.29Aa2.55±0.09Bb16.23±1.11Aa
/煮76.33±1.30Aa2.44±0.04Bc16.56±0.31Ab
/微波79.62±1.30Bbc2.77±0.09Cc18.89±0.82ABc
/烤80.30±1.29Bc2.64±0.03BCb19.84±0.90Bc
4 ℃蒸76.45±1.76Aa2.16±0.09Aa15.97±0.84Aa
4 ℃煮77.10±1.08Ab2.27±0.08Ab16.87±0.46Ab
4 ℃微波78.70±1.01Bb2.57±0.13Bb17.42±0.79Bb
4 ℃烤79.23±1.50Bb2.51±0.12Bb18.28±0.91Cb
室温蒸75.12±1.40Aa2.47±0.28Bb16.32±0.85Aa
室温煮76.70±1.87Aab2.37±0.01ABc16.01±0.95Aa
室温微波80.03±1.50Bc2.55±0.04Cb18.18±1.00Bbc
室温烤80.79±1.73Bc2.71±0.09Dc19.55±0.76Cc
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秦楠 1 , 王凯丽 2 , 吕文佳 2 , 张欣妍 2 , 陈佳慧 2 , 李艾黎 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(17): 114-123
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (17) : 114 -123
解冻-复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉品质特性影响的研究
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秦楠(1983−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与营养,E-mail:

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秦楠1 , 王凯丽2, 吕文佳2, 张欣妍2, 陈佳慧2, 李艾黎2, *
作者信息
  • 1许昌职业技术学院园林与食品学院,河南许昌 461000
  • 2东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150006
通讯作者:
李艾黎(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

秦楠(1983−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与营养,E-mail:

Effect of Thawing-Reheating Methods on the Quality Characteristics of Precooked Chicken Breast Meat
Nan QIN1 , Kaili WANG2, Wenjia LÜ2, Xinyan ZHANG2, Jiahui CHEN2, Aili LI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Landscape and Food Technology, Xuchang Vocational and Technical College, Xuchang 461000, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080073
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预煮禽肉制品在终端家庭复热过程中普遍存在汁液流失、质构劣变等问题,而解冻-复热协同作用机制尚未明确。本研究以预煮鸡胸肉为对象,基于保水性、水分分布、质构特性、氧化程度(羰基/TBARS)、色泽、pH及感官品质等评估指标,系统解析三种解冻方式(未解冻、4 ℃、室温)与四种复热方式(蒸汽、水煮、微波、烤制)对其品质特性的影响。结果表明解冻方式和复热方式共同影响预煮鸡胸肉的终端品质。在所有解冻-复热的处理条件下,4 ℃解冻-蒸汽复热组合所制得的鸡胸肉最接近新鲜煮制品质。低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)显示,与室温-微波复热相比,4 ℃解冻-蒸汽复热显著抑制了样品中固定水的流失,降低了自由水比例(P<0.05);质构特性(硬度与咀嚼性分别下降14.01%和27.72%)与氧化水平(羰基与TBARS值减少48.82%和64.18%)均显著改善(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析证实不同解冻-复热方式中水分迁移、氧化变性和质地劣化与预煮鸡胸肉制品的终端感官品质具有较强的相关性(P<0.05)。基于此,本研究提出“加工方式匹配”原则,即水煮预制肉适用低温解冻+湿热复热,为预制禽肉制品家庭烹饪标准化提供技术支撑。

预煮鸡胸肉  /  解冻  /  复热  /  理化特性  /  水分分布  /  终端品质

Precooked poultry products commonly suffer from issues such as juice loss and texture deterioration during final household reheating, yet the synergistic mechanisms of thawing-reheating methods remain unclear. This study investigated precooked chicken breast meat, systematically analyzing the effects of three thawing methods (no thawing, 4 ℃ thawing, room temperature thawing) and four reheating methods (steaming, boiling, microwaving, baking) on quality characteristics. Evaluations included water-holding capacity, water distribution, texture properties, oxidation indices (carbonyl content/TBARS), color, pH, and sensory quality. Results demonstrated that both thawing and reheating methods collectively influenced the end-product quality. Among all thawing-reheating treatments, the combination of 4 ℃ thawing followed by steam reheating yielded chicken breast meat closest to freshly cooked quality. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) revealed that compared to room-temperature thawing with microwave reheating, 4 ℃ thawing-steam reheating significantly inhibited the loss of immobilized water and reduced free water proportion (P<0.05). Texture properties (hardness and chewiness decreased by 14.01% and 27.72%, respectively) and oxidation levels (carbonyl and TBARS values reduced by 48.82% and 64.18%) were also significantly improved (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis confirmed strong correlations among water migration, oxidative denaturation, texture deterioration, and the sensory quality of precooked chicken products under different thawing-reheating protocols (P<0.05). Based on these findings, this study proposes a "processing-method matching" principle: boiled precooked meat is best suited for low-temperature thawing combined with moist-heat reheating. This provides technical guidance for standardizing the home cooking of precooked poultry products.

precooked chicken breast  /  thawing  /  reheating  /  physicochemical properties  /  moisture distribution  /  end-product quality
秦楠, 王凯丽, 吕文佳, 张欣妍, 陈佳慧, 李艾黎. 解冻-复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉品质特性影响的研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 114 -123 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080073
Nan QIN, Kaili WANG, Wenjia LÜ, Xinyan ZHANG, Jiahui CHEN, Aili LI. Effect of Thawing-Reheating Methods on the Quality Characteristics of Precooked Chicken Breast Meat[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 114 -123 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080073
预制菜(Prepared dishes)作为便捷食品,依据中国食品工业协会标准《预制包装菜肴》(T/CNFIA 115-2019)分为即食、即热、即烹、即配四类[1]。伴随全球食品工业升级与消费需求转型,预制菜市场呈现爆发式增长,北美、欧洲及中国为核心消费区域。据预测,2028年全球预制食品产量将达1196亿公斤(复合年增长率超6.51%)[2]。2024年国家市场监督管理总局等六部委联合发布《关于加强预制菜食品安全监管促进产业高质量发展的通知》,首次在国家层面明确定义预制菜禁止添加防腐剂,要求全程符合冷藏/冷冻储运条件。这一新规对预制菜的保鲜工艺与冷链管理提出了更高要求。然而,即热型肉制品(如卤汁牛肉、水煮鸡胸肉)在储存、运输及终端复热过程中也面临品质劣变问题,包括质构特性(嫩度、多汁性)、保水性、色泽及风味等的显著衰减[3−4],严重制约消费者体验和预制禽肉制品的产业发展。
当前研究多聚焦单一环节对肉品品质的影响。在禽肉制品解冻方面,Bai等[5]证实冷冻-解冻会降低鸡胸肉水分与蛋白含量,加剧蛋白/脂质氧化(羰基与TBARS上升),促进熟肉中晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)生成。王建军等[6]发现相较于空气、超声波和低温解冻,流水解冻的鸡胸肉在解冻时间、色泽(L*值最高)、嫩度(剪切力最低)和保水性等方面表现最佳,且肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度和总巯基含量最高,二级和三级结构更稳定,能有效减少肌原纤维蛋白的聚集和氧化。Zhang等[7]提出与传统空气解冻对比,低电压电场两阶段解冻法(TLT,第二阶段温度低于15 ℃时)解冻鸡肉品质接近鲜肉,肌纤维能捕获更多不流动水,且色泽、水分保持能力效果俱佳。在复热方面,Mei等[8]表明微波协同蒸汽复热可抑制红烧肉AGEs形成并保留风味。Dong等[9]指出相较于蒸、煮、微波、烤、煎制和油炸的复热方式,空气炸制能最大程度维持荆州鱼糕质地与感官品质。朱秀曼等[10]证实微波复热有助于保留油焖大虾呈鲜物质(鲜味核苷酸),更好保持产品的风味。然而,现有研究尚未系统解析“冷冻-解冻-复热”全链条工艺的协同效应,尤其缺乏解冻-复热组合对终端食用品质的优化机制。
基于健康膳食对高蛋白、低脂即食预制肉制品的需求激增,预煮鸡胸肉成为轻食市场的核心品类。本研究以其为对象,针对家庭厨房场景的便捷性需求,设计三种解冻温度(−20 ℃急冻态、4 ℃冷藏、20 ℃室温)与四种复热方式(蒸汽、水浴、微波、烤制)的组合实验。通过综合评估其质构特性、持水力、色泽及蛋白/脂质氧化指标(羰基/TBARS)等,解析解冻状态与热传递模式(湿热/干热/电磁)的耦合效应。本研究旨在通过解析不同解冻-复热组合对预煮鸡胸肉品质的影响,筛选适用于家庭复热场景的最优工艺参数组合,为提升预制鸡胸肉终端食用品质提供理论依据。
新鲜鸡胸肉 购于当地农贸市场;氯化钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、2,4-二硝基苯肼 天津市恒兴化学试剂制造有限公司;浓盐酸、三氯乙酸、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、盐酸胍 天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;石油醚、硫代巴比妥酸、氯仿、戊二醛、丙酮 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;其余试剂均为分析纯。
HH-4电热恒温水浴锅 绍兴市苏珀仪器有限公司;TGL-16高速冷冻离心机 四川蜀科仪器有限公司;MesoMR23-060H-I核磁共振成像分析仪 苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司;FE28 pH计 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;10QC色差计 深圳市三恩驰科技有限公司;SpectraMax reg iD3酶标仪 美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;SMS TA.XT plus质构仪 英国STab. Micro Systems仪器有限公司;S-3400N电子扫描显微镜 日本日立有限公司。
新鲜鸡胸肉经适量食用盐腌制2 h后于沸水中煮制10 min,确保完全成熟。煮制后立即取出鸡胸肉(即预煮鸡胸肉)并迅速冰水浴冷却,沥干表面水分,使用真空包装袋进行密封,随即置于−20 ℃冷冻室中冻藏30 d,以模拟商业调理鸡胸肉产品的制备与贮藏过程。
以未经冻藏、解冻及复热处理的新鲜预煮鸡胸肉作为对照组。对于处理组,取冻藏30 d的预煮鸡胸肉,分别采用以下三种解冻方式处理后,再进行四种复热方式加热至中心温度达80 ℃并维持至少5 s。
解冻方式:a.直接复热(无解冻):样品从−20 ℃冷冻室取出后直接复热;b.4 ℃解冻:样品于4 ℃冰箱解冻至中心温度达4±1 ℃后复热;c.室温解冻:样品于20±5 ℃环境解冻至中心温度达20±1 ℃(总时长≤2 h)后复热。所有解冻终点均使用温度探针确认中心温度。
复热方式(应用于上述三种解冻状态样品):a.蒸汽复热:样品置于沸水蒸汽(100 ℃)中加热;b.水浴复热:样品浸没于沸腾水(100 ℃)中加热;c.微波复热:样品于1000 W微波功率下加热;d.烤制复热:样品置于预热200 ℃烤箱中(上下火模式)烤制。
水分含量测定参照国家标准GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》中的直接干燥法进行,按公式(1)计算。
$\rm X(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{m}_{1}-\mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{m}_{1}} \times 100 $
式中:X为试样的水分含量(%);m1为干燥前试样与称量瓶的总质量(g);m2为干燥后试样与称量瓶的总质量(g)。
精确称取样品(记为质量m1,g),用滤纸包裹,插入装有吸收棉绒的离心管中离心(4 ℃,9000×g)10 min。离心结束后取出样品并称量(记为质量m2,g),离心损失率(X,%)按公式(2)计算。
$\rm X(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{m}_{1}-\mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{m}_{1}} \times 100 $
水分分布状态采用低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)分析仪测定。将样品切割成2 cm×2 cm×1.5 cm 的块状,置于玻璃核磁管中测定,参数设置:TW=5000, SW=100 kHz,Ns=8,NECH=5000。并使用仪器配套的弛豫分析软件获得弛豫时间分布。
复热质量损失测定参考Liu等[11]的方法并稍作修改。称取经解冻处理后的肉样,记为复热前质量m1(g)。待复热后至中心温度接近室温,立即精确称量,记为复热后质量m2(g)。并按公式(3)计算复热质量损失(X,%):
$\rm X(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{m}_{1}-\mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{m}_{1}} \times 100 $
参考Álvarez等[12]的方法略作修改。将样品切为2 cm×2 cm×1.5 cm的肉块,置于2.5%(v/v)戊二醛溶液中固定48 h。随后用磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4)漂洗3次,依次用不同体积分数的乙醇溶液(30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、100%)进行梯度脱水。脱水干燥后的样品经喷金处理后,使用场发射扫描电子显微镜在500倍放大倍率下观察肌肉纤维的表面形态。
参照Bai等[13]的方法略作修改,使用质构分析仪测定鸡胸肉的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和内聚性。将所有样品切割成尺寸为2 cm×2 cm×1.5 cm的块状。使用P/36R平面圆柱形探针进行测试。测试参数设定为:测前速度2.0 mm/s,测试速度1.0 mm/s,测后速度5.0 mm/s,测试间隔5 s,触发力5 g,压缩形变量30%(即压缩至样品原始高度的70%)。
pH测定参照国家标准GB 5009.237-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品pH值的测定》进行。样品加入蒸馏水匀浆后静置30 min,使用pH计测定。
蛋白质羰基含量采用2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)法测定[14]。在370 nm测吸光度,以22000 L·mol−1·cm−1的消光系数计算,结果以nmol羰基/mg蛋白表示。
脂质氧化程度采用Setyabrata等[15]报道的方法测定。取2.0 g绞碎样品与硫代巴比妥酸-三氯乙酸(TBA-TCA)溶液反应,经加热后氯仿萃取,将制得的上清液于532 nm处测定吸光度。
使用色差计测定,记录样品的L*值(亮度)、a*值(红度/绿度)和b*值(黄度/蓝度)。
感官评价由东北农业大学食品学院招募的20名经过培训的感官评价员(10名男性,10名女性,年龄20~30岁)进行。评价小组在标准感官评价室内对鸡胸肉样品的外观、组织形态、风味、滋味和整体接受度进行评价。评价依据QB/T 5471-2020《肉与肉制品感官评定规范》中规定的评分标准进行。样品以随机编号顺序呈送给评价员,并提供清水用于漱口。具体评分标准详见表1。
每组实验重复3次,实验数据通过SPSS 16.0软件中的单因素方差分析,结果用平均值±标准差表示,多重比较误差用Duncan法表示,P<0.05表示差异水平显著,应用Origin2024软件作图。
水分是肌肉纤维和其他生物分子稳定性、结构和功能的重要支持者[16]。冻融复热过程显著降低了预煮鸡胸肉的水分含量(图1)。对照组(新鲜鸡胸肉直接水煮)持水性最佳,水分含量最高,达81.24%±1.40%。在冷冻复热组中,水分流失程度受解冻和复热方式的共同影响。未解冻直接复热(各组水分含量58.64%~68.00%)和室温解冻后复热(各组水分含量61.98%~71.10%)通常导致水分含量显著降低(P<0.05)。这主要源于未解冻时冰晶在快速复热中剧烈融化加剧细胞破裂,而室温解冻则因表面蒸发和内部冰晶融化不均导致肌纤维间隙扩大,均促进水分流失。4 ℃低温缓慢解冻(各组水分含量65.16%~75.42%)能部分缓解机械损伤,减少水分损失,但其水分含量仍普遍低于对照组(P<0.05)。
在复热方式上,微波复热(各组水分含量58.64%~65.16%)造成的水分流失最为严重,尤其是未解冻直接微波复热组(水分含量为58.64%±1.65%),其高频分子剧烈振动引发局部过热和蒸汽爆发式逸出。烤制复热(各组水分含量60.64%~66.07%)的干热环境促使表面快速脱水,其结合4 ℃低温缓慢解冻下的水分流失程度与微波复热无显著差异(P>0.05),这可能是复热过程的高温诱导肌纤维再收缩不利于内部水分保持[17]。相比之下,蒸制和煮制复热因两者处于高湿度介质和相对均匀的热传递,能更有效地减少水分蒸发。其中,4 ℃解冻蒸制复热的预煮鸡胸肉水分含量为75.42%±1.18%,其水分保留效果在冷冻复热组中最佳(P<0.05)。
冻融复热对预煮鸡胸肉离心损失的影响如图2所示。对照组(新鲜水煮鸡胸肉)离心损失最低,仅为8.25%±0.39%。所有处理组的离心损失均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),是由于冷冻处理形成的冰晶会破坏肌纤维结构,造成解冻过程中不可逆的质量流失。未解冻直接复热的鸡胸肉离心损失最高(P<0.05),因冷冻过程中形成的冰晶在复热时快速融化,导致肌纤维断裂加剧,水分与可溶性蛋白(如肌浆蛋白)大量流失。室温解冻的高温可能加速表面水分蒸发和微生物活动,离心损失较高。4 ℃低温解冻下冰晶逐渐融化并重新分布,肌纤维损伤减轻,离心损失较未解冻组显著降低(P<0.05)。
不同复热方式对离心损失的影响显著。微波复热容易引发肌纤维内部瞬时过热,导致蛋白质剧烈收缩,离心损失最高,其中未解冻直接微波加热的离心损失最大,可达19.64%±0.35%。烤箱复热的干热方式同样导致鸡胸肉自由水减少,其离心损失显著高于煮制和蒸制(P<0.05)。这是因为在冷冻-解冻-复热这一过程中,肌原纤维结构可能因前期冰晶形成而受损,后续复热时的热诱导收缩会加剧水分从肌纤维内向纤维间迁移,导致持水能力严重受损[18]。相比之下,煮制和蒸制复热因加热均匀且介质湿度高,离心损失相对较低,其中蒸汽渗透性更优,可部分松弛肌纤维间隙,较好地保留水分。且4 ℃解冻结合蒸制复热离心损失在所有处理组中最低(P<0.05),提示该组合能促进肌纤维复性和游离水的重吸收,最大程度地维持终端品质。
由图3A可知,所有鸡胸肉样品均在0.01~10000 ms内有3个峰,T2B代表结合水(0.01~2 ms);T21代表固定水(10~100 ms);T22代表游离水(100~1000 ms)。新鲜煮熟鸡胸肉的水分分布以固定水(T21)为主(约83.21%),是维持肉质多汁性的关键;游离水(T22)次之(约12.91%),其流动性直接影响汁液流失;结合水(T2B)占比最低(约3.87%),但对蛋白质稳定性有重要贡献。经过解冻和复热后的预煮鸡胸肉组织内部的水分含量及流动性发生变化。
由图3B可知,与对照相比,微波复热和烤箱复热中固定水(T21)减少至60.55%~68.45%,游离水(T22)占比激增至29.37%~37.90%,前者为电磁波传热,加热速率极快,后者为热空气和辐射热,两者都容易导致肌原纤维蛋白剧烈收缩变性,加速水分从紧密结合态快速释放。Lin等[19]发现冻融对预煮牛肉的水分流失没有显著影响,解冻后样品中的自由水暂时存在于肌纤维间隙,却在后续复热时泄漏,刺激肌肉伸缩介导的水分重新分布,加剧了水分流失。煮制复热的传热介质为液态水,水分子直接接触鸡肉传热,一方面导致表面含水量饱和和肌浆蛋白溶出,使得游离水(T22)占比升高至17.57%~25.30%,固定水(T21)占比72.55%~79.45%。Qian等[20]指出预煮牛肉在解冻-复热过程中不易流动水转化为自由水,并在复热过程中分散至细胞外空间,造成样品T22显著上升。4 ℃解冻结合蒸制复热的水分分布状态最接近对照组,其结合水(T2B)为3.28%,游离水(T22)占比控制在15.27%,固定水(T21)占比81.45%,推测是因为蒸汽复热通过高温水蒸气(气态水)进行加热,湿度较大有利于水分保持,同时蒸汽流动穿透食物表面缝隙,加热均匀性较好。
不同解冻和复热方式对预煮鸡胸肉的复热质量损失影响如图4所示。未解冻直接复热的鸡胸肉复热质量损失最高,因冷冻形成的冰晶在复热时快速融化,肌纤维断裂导致结合水和固定水大量转化为游离水,并通过汁液流失和蒸发快速逸出。室温解冻的鸡胸肉,因解冻速率较快且环境温度较高,表面水分蒸发和解冻滴液损失叠加,复热质量损失显著高于4 ℃低温解冻(P<0.05)。4 ℃低温解冻的鸡胸肉,因缓慢解冻减少冰晶尺寸,肌纤维损伤较轻,复热质量损失较其他解冻组显著降低(P<0.05)。
复热方式同样直接影响复热质量损失。微波复热损失达21.16%~26.64%,可能是高热(>100 ℃)使得肌纤维内部瞬时高温,水分快速蒸发和汁液爆发式流失。烤箱复热(干热,200 ℃)虽温度同样很高,但因表面快速脱水形成硬壳,阻碍内部水分逸出,其复热质量损失略低于微波,为19.07%~23.41%。研究表明复热损失往往与复热强度呈正相关,过热会导致肉制品的肌肉纤维收缩,迫使水分和可溶性蛋白质等物质从肌肉组织流失到细胞外空间,而温和的湿热处理能更好地维持产品完整性[21]。本研究发现煮制复热和蒸制复热有利于减少质量损失。其中,4 ℃解冻结合蒸制复热水分蒸发速率缓慢,其质量损失最小,为11.42%±0.43%。Choi等[22]也发现相较于其他各种烹饪方法,过热蒸汽处理的复热鸡排的质量损失显著降低,而经过烤箱复热后的鸡排观察到最高的质量损失。
不同解冻方式显著影响冷冻预煮鸡胸肉的微观结构完整性。图5显示对照组能看到完整的肌纤维结构,而未解冻组直接加热肌原纤维发生坍塌,间隙出现明显孔洞。这可能是由于内部大冰晶瞬间融化,造成肌纤维束严重撕裂。室温解冻组可观察到肌纤维出现明显断裂纹,肌纤维整体结构松散。这可能因为室温快速解冻引发局部渗透压失衡,导致表层肌纤维过度收缩,深层冰晶融化不完全,在后续复热过程中进一步劣化。这与Wang等[23]在不同成熟度预煮鸡胸肉解冻后再烹饪中观察的结果一致。相比之下,4 ℃解冻实现冰晶梯度融化,较好保持了肌纤维的三维框架,其结构与对照组接近,能清晰地看到肌纤维横向结构。
复热方式则主要通过热传递介质改变蛋白质变性,进而影响微观结构。煮制为液态传导,引发肌球蛋白过度聚集,导致纤维直径收缩。微波和烤制出现明显肌纤维断裂,深层结构呈海绵状疏松化。这可能因为冷冻样品结构在解冻后可以部分恢复,但受损纤维无法抵抗复热过程的高温破坏,使得复热后样品收缩,肌纤维间隙变大[24]。同时高温(>120 ℃)复热通常伴随着剧烈的对流热传递,导致大量的水分蒸发,加大纤维间隙和结构断裂和纤维收缩[25]。随后,本文观察到,蒸制(100 ℃气相传导)所形成的肌纤维微观结构比较完整,间隙较少。这可能是因为蒸汽释放实现等温加热,促进肌纤维蛋白温和变性并形成连续凝胶基质,有效填补纤维间隙[26]。
冻融复热过程显著改变了预煮鸡胸肉的质构特性(表2)。新鲜对照组质地最优(硬度为3523.62±267.32 g、弹性为0.85±0.019、咀嚼性为1744.76±63.37以及内聚性为0.63±0.015)。解冻方式是影响预煮鸡胸肉质构劣变的关键因素,未解冻直接复热因冰晶瞬时融化引发剧烈机械应力,导致肌纤维网络严重破坏,表现为硬度、咀嚼性显著升高(P<0.05),但弹性(≤0.73)和内聚性(≤0.55)降低,表明汁液大量流失与结构松散,与前面水分分布结果保持一致。室温解冻组硬度和咀嚼性均高于4 ℃解冻组,这是因冻融过程中渗透压失衡和肌纤维结构完整性的丧失,结果与Dalvi-Isfahan等[27]在冻融羊肉中观察结果一致。相比之下,4 ℃低温缓慢解冻硬度(4117.15~4725.79 g)、咀嚼性(1855.11~2356.66)、弹性(0.73~0.81)和内聚性(0.58~0.61)更接近对照组,证明其能最大限度抑制冻融损伤。
复热通过热诱导蛋白变性进一步调控质构。干热复热(烤制、微波)增加硬度(烤制:4725.79~5894.21 g;微波:4369.43~5500.87 g)与咀嚼性(烤制:2356.66~2501.62;微波:2084.88~2566.56),且明显降低弹性(烤制≤0.73;微波≤0.81)和内聚性(烤制≤0.58;微波≤0.60),归因于表层快速硬化、内部水分蒸发及肌原纤维高温断裂[28]。此外,Xia等[29]指出高温诱导较高氧化作用使得肌肉蛋白凝胶的硬度增加和弹性降低。煮制和蒸制复热表现出相对优势,其中4 ℃解冻-蒸制组(硬度4117.15±281.57 g,弹性0.81±0.006,咀嚼性1855.11±45.40,内聚性0.61±0.004)的质构特性最接近新鲜对照组。这表明温和的湿热环境能有效维持水分与纤维结合力,减少蛋白过度变性进而引发的质构变化[30]。
冻融复热过程中预煮鸡胸肉的pH变化主要受复热方式调控(图6)。新鲜对照组pH最低(5.95±0.02),反映其未经历冷冻损伤与剧烈热处理的蛋白稳定状态。不同解冻方式(未解冻、4 ℃、室温)对复热后pH无显著影响(P>0.05),这与Zhang等[31]的研究结论一致,即冷冻及短期解冻不会显著改变肉类pH。
然而,复热方式显著改变了预煮鸡胸肉pH。微波与烤制组pH最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。这源于干热型加热(微波分子摩擦、烤制辐射热)导致肌原纤维蛋白剧烈变性,释放碱性多肽及含氮化合物(如游离胺),同时高温加速美拉德反应中间产物的积累[32]。蒸制与煮制组pH更接近对照组(如4 ℃解冻-蒸制:6.082±0.036;4 ℃解冻-煮制:6.177±0.039),这可能是湿热环境(蒸/煮)中的水分介质稀释复热过程中产生的碱性物质。Han等[33]也指出烤制复热显著提升熟鸡肉pH(P<0.05),而蒸汽处理能最大限度维持接近初始加工的pH水平。
蛋白质氧化程度(以羰基含量计)在冷冻复热过程后同样发生变化(图7)。新鲜对照组蛋白氧化程度最低,羰基含量为0.945±0.091 nmol/mg。各处理组羰基含量较对照显著升高(P<0.05),但不同解冻方式组间无显著差异(P>0.05),表明冰晶损伤对蛋白氧化的影响有限。
不同复热方式会影响蛋白质羰基化。首先,微波复热组因瞬时高温,产生大量羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子(O2−)[34],其中未解冻直接微波复热的样品中羰基含量达到2.441±0.048 nmol/mg。烤箱复热组因干热环境加速美拉德反应,生成羰基中间体,释放促氧化金属离子[35],羰基含量(2.839~2.918 nmol/mg)也显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。煮制复热羰基含量略高(1.877~1.913 nmol/mg),可能是由于水浴加热会导致细胞内水溶性促氧化剂(如催化铁离子)的释放以及氢过氧化物的产生和分解[36]。不过,本文发现蒸制复热在所有处理组中羰基含量最低,其中4 ℃协同蒸汽复热的样品中羰基含量仅为1.398±0.058 nmol/mg。
图8显示对照组脂肪氧化程度最低,TBARS值为0.145±0.014 mg MDA/kg。未解冻直接复热的鸡胸肉TBARS值升高(0.318~0.564 mg MDA/kg),主要因大冰晶破坏膜结构释放促氧化因子,且“外热内冷”的温度梯度加速脂质氧化。室温解冻的鸡胸肉TBARS显著升高则是脂质过氧化与微生物代谢产物的协同作用。而4 ℃低温解冻因细胞机械损伤减轻,氧化应激程度降低,TBARS值较低(0.202~0.486 mg MDA/kg),不过仍高于对照组。
复热方式同样会直接影响TBARS值。各复热处理组TBARS值均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。微波与烤制复热TBARS最高(0.486~0.564 mg MDA/kg)(P<0.05),煮制和蒸制次之(0.202~0.475 mg MDA/kg),其中4 ℃协同蒸汽复热的样品中TBARS值仅为0.202±0.006 nmol/mg。Xu等[37]也发现相较于现煮大黄鱼,通过蒸汽、水浴和微波方法复热后的预煮大黄鱼均表现出显著更高的脂质氧化程度,其中微波复热时TBARS含量显著升高27.5%。这可能是微波通过内部分子振动产生热量,诱导局部过热加速脂质氧化,导致更高的过氧化物值和增加的二次氧化产物。相比之下,温和的加热方式(煮制或蒸制)提供更均匀的温度分布和更顺畅的传热,对肉制品中脂质氧化的影响较小[38]。
表3显示与对照组(L*为75.97±1.14、a*为2.10±0.09、b*为16.15±1.21)相比,解冻方式对色泽影响不明显,但不同复热方式显著影响色泽(P<0.05)。这可能是样品在高温(烤制或者微波)显著促进美拉德反应与肌红蛋白氧化变性,同时鸡肉表面长时间与热空气接触,因受热不均局部碳化使亮度(L*)、红绿值(a*)和黄蓝值(b*)升高。温和复热条件下(蒸制或者煮制)其色泽(L*和b*值)最接近新鲜水煮鸡胸肉,能较好维持预煮肉制品的色泽。类似的,Kim等[39]评估了不同烹饪方法(水煮、烤制、煎制、红外烹饪和蒸汽)对复热腌制猪里脊品质的影响。结果表明,蒸汽烹饪的样品在亮度、红度和黄度值的保持以及多汁性、咀嚼性和整体接受度评分显著最高。
如图9所示,不同解冻与复热方式的交互作用显著影响预煮鸡胸肉的感官特性。对照组外观呈现均匀乳白色,无腥味,口感嫩滑多汁,组织形态紧致无纤维断裂,总体感官评分高达45.62(总分50)。未解冻组组织形态评分(5.63~7.08)与滋味(5.95~7.24)普遍劣化,尤其未解冻-微波组的组织形态仅5.63分(较新鲜组低41.2%),风味评分(5.95)提示可能出现明显氧化异味。室温解冻组滋味评分(6.64~7.87)波动较大,且室温-烤制处理因表面硬化导致接受度降至6.14分(较新鲜组下降33.5%)。4 ℃解冻-煮制/蒸制组感官评分较高,其预煮鸡胸肉的外观(8.15和8.57)与组织形态(8.58和8.97)接近新鲜组(外观和组织形态评分分别为9.00±0.57和9.57±0.16),其中蒸制的总分高达43.50,提示该复热工艺能较好维持鸡胸肉的感官特性。而微波与烤制因干热效应引发表面碳化,整体接受度评分降低,且组织形态呈现“外硬内渣”的缺陷特征。类似的,Choi等[22]探讨了水煮、蒸汽、烤和微波对鸡肉排的成感官特性的影响,结果表明,蒸汽复热的鸡肉排水分含量显著高于其他烹饪方式,其处理后的样品嫩度、多汁性和整体接受度评分最高。
然而,有些研究认为微波或空气炸制复热的预制肉制品具有更好的风味和口感。如Luo等[40]调查了微波、水煮、蒸制和煎制这几种复热方法对鱼糜胶风味的影响,电子鼻和电子舌结果显示,所有复热处理都会改变样本的风味,水煮和蒸制的风味接近,煎制展现出最独特的风味,但TBARS 值最高,微波更有利于保持鱼糜胶的原始风味。Ren等[41]探讨了五种复热方式(水浴、蒸汽、空气炸、烤箱和微波)对脆皮鸡理化性质、氧化和风味的影响。结果显示,空气炸复热的脆皮鸡在质地和风味上优于其他方法,能显著提升鲜味相关氨基酸(如谷氨酸和半胱氨酸)含量及风味化合物(如氮氧化物和甲基化合物)含量。Sheng等[42]同样认为在五种复热方式(煮沸、烤、空气炸锅、微波、煎炸)中,空气炸复热的肉饼风味中含有更多令人愉悦的含氮和含硫化合物,其感官测试得分最高,购买意向达80%,而水煮组仅20%。然而,本研究基于预煮水煮鸡胸的原始加工特性,结果可能表明预制菜的最终食用品质不仅受解冻和复热方式影响,其初始加工方式也奠定了产品的基础特性。因此,解冻与复热方式的选择可能需要考虑与原始加工方式的协同性或接近性。
为系统探究不同解冻方式(未解冻、4 ℃解冻、室温解冻)与复热方式(蒸制、煮制、微波、烤制)对预煮鸡胸肉品质的影响机制,本研究采用Pearson相关性分析解析17项指标间的内在关联,如图10热图所示,红色表示正相关,蓝色表示负相关。
水分分布指标(水分含量、离心损失、质量损失)是调控产品品质的核心枢纽。水分含量与质构特性(硬度和咀嚼性)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),这是因为水分可维持肌纤维间距,抑制蛋白质受热聚集导致的硬化。离心损失与氧化指标呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),这是由于汁液流失导致内源性抗氧化物质损失,加剧脂质-蛋白质氧化连锁反应。质量损失与色泽参数极显著正相关(P<0.01),主要源于水分蒸发增强表面光散射并降低肌红蛋白浓缩度。质构特性(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性)是构成感官接受度的物理基础。硬度与感官评分呈显著负相关(P<0.05),这归因于高硬度引发的口腔机械应力不适。弹性与水分分布T21形成正反馈循环(P<0.05),反映肌原纤维水分保留能力的变化。
综上,感官评分作为终端品质指标,受到水分含量(P<0.01)、水分分布T21(P<0.01)和弹性(P<0.05)的正向驱动;而离心损失(P<0.01)、质量损失(P<0.01)、硬度(P<0.05)、羰基含量(P<0.01)和TBARS值(P<0.01)则是关键负向抑制因子。这提示不同解冻-复热方式通过水分迁移-氧化变性-质地劣化三重路径最终显著影响预煮鸡胸肉制品的终端品质。
本研究系统解析了解冻条件(未解冻、4 ℃解冻、室温解冻)与复热方式(蒸汽、水煮、微波、烤制)对预煮水煮鸡胸肉品质的协同影响。结果表明对于水煮工艺预制的鸡胸肉,选择湿热型复热方式(蒸汽/水煮)更利于维持终端品质,其中 4 ℃解冻协同蒸汽复热的综合表现最优。相较室温解冻-微波复热组,4 ℃解冻协同蒸汽复热所制得的鸡胸肉制品水分含量提升21.68%,离心损失降低46.95%,硬度与咀嚼性分别下降14.01%和27.72%,羰基与TBARS值显著减少48.82%和64.18%。该工艺通过梯度解冻减缓冰晶损伤,并利用湿热环境补充冻藏水分损失,有效抑制高温引发的脱水硬化与氧化劣变,使产品最接近新鲜煮制鸡胸肉品质。本研究确立了“低温解冻+湿热复热”的关键参数,为预制禽肉制品提供了可借鉴的复热工艺标准,并揭示“加工方式匹配”原则的科学基础。然而,本研究仅聚焦鸡胸肉,尚未验证鸡腿肉(脂肪含量高)等其他品类的适用性,也未考察家庭冰箱性能差异导致的解冻时长波动对品质的影响。未来应将延伸至油炸/烤制预制品的匹配性验证,开发适用于微波场景的保水抗氧可食涂层,并量化复热对营养物质如维生素与必需氨基酸保留率的影响,从而推动预制禽肉制品复热标准化体系建设,并为消费者提供经实验室验证的家庭烹饪指南。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080073
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-11
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    1许昌职业技术学院园林与食品学院,河南许昌 461000
    2东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150006

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李艾黎(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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