Article(id=1320881107751514329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090237, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758470400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852196871, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852196871, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852196871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852196871, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=194, endPage=202, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881108049309914, articleId=1320881107751514329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Pectin with Different Esterification Degrees on the Gastrointestinal Stability of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the interaction between pectin and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), as well as its impact on the gastrointestinal stability of C3G, using high-ester and low-ester pectin from different sources. Experimental results on aggregation and binding behavior indicated that low-ester pectin was less prone to aggregate formation and contained abundant free carboxyl groups, primarily binding to C3G through strong electrostatic interactions. The binding rate of C3G with low-ester pectin was significantly higher than that of high-ester pectin, which relied predominantly on hydrogen bonds. Among the samples, low-ester citrus pectin exhibited the highest binding rate, reaching 66.80%. Physicochemical analysis revealed that low-ester pectin formed a composite with C3G characterized by smaller particle size, more negative zeta potential, and a denser, more uniform structure, with C3G effectively encapsulated within the pectin network. In contrast, high-ester pectin primarily formed loose aggregates by adsorbing C3G onto its surface. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulations revealed that the low-ester pectin-C3G complex exhibited high stability. After intestinal digestion, the total C3G content in low-ester citrus pectin-C3G group increased by 65.58% compared to the control group, significantly enhancing the gastrointestinal stability of C3G. In summary, low-ester pectin improves the gastrointestinal stability of C3G more effectively by binding and encapsulating it within the aggregated pectin structure through electrostatic interactions.

, authors=Yan LI1, 2, Dajing LI2, Cunshan ZHOU1, Weiwei HE2, Yayuan XU2, Zhuqing DAI2, Zhongyuan ZHANG2, *, authorsList=Yan LI, Dajing LI, Cunshan ZHOU, Weiwei HE, Yayuan XU, Zhuqing DAI, Zhongyuan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongyuan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881111828377834, articleId=1320881107751514329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同酯化度果胶对矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷胃肠稳定性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以不同来源的高酯和低酯果胶为研究对象,研究其与矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(cyanidin-3-O-glucoside,C3G)之间的相互作用及对C3G胃肠稳定性的影响。聚集与结合行为实验结果表明,低酯果胶不容易形成聚集体且含有丰富游离的羧基,主要通过强静电相互作用与C3G结合,结合率显著高于以氢键为主的高酯果胶,其中低酯柑橘果胶结合率最高达66.80%。理化特性分析结果表明低酯果胶与C3G形成了粒径更小、ζ电位更负、结构更致密均匀的复合物,C3G被有效包埋于果胶的网络结构内部;而高酯果胶主要通过将C3G吸附于其表面形成松散聚集体。体外模拟胃肠消化结果显示,低酯果胶-C3G复合物展现出较高的稳定性,其中低酯柑橘果胶-C3G在肠消化后,总C3G含量相较于对照组提升了65.58%,显著增强了C3G的胃肠稳定性。综上,低酯果胶通过静电作用结合并包埋C3G于聚集结构内部,更有效提高了C3G的胃肠稳定性。

, authors=李艳1, 2, 李大婧2, 周存山1, 何伟伟2, 徐亚元2, 戴竹青2, 张钟元2, *, authorsList=李艳, 李大婧, 周存山, 何伟伟, 徐亚元, 戴竹青, 张钟元, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张钟元, authorNote=

李艳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工与营养健康,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张钟元(1983−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工与营养健康,E-mail:。
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Food & Function, 2015, 6(11): 3444−3453., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881553899631105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881553908019714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, companyId=1320881553899631105, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881553916408323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, companyId=1320881553899631105, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881553987711492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881554004488710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, companyId=1320881553987711492, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881554025460231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, companyId=1320881553987711492, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881558383342134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=I373 nm/I383 nm of pyrene in different pectin solutions, figureFileSmall=XpY3ZvgMtcQbs7+xfJbUpQ==, figureFileBig=vFFnp8CUk9KiY5xjD763Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881558458839607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=CN, label=图1, caption=芘在不同果胶溶液中的I373 nm/I383 nm, figureFileSmall=XpY3ZvgMtcQbs7+xfJbUpQ==, figureFileBig=vFFnp8CUk9KiY5xjD763Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881558559502904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Binding rates of different pectins with C3G, figureFileSmall=tSK4QSeGdgjqO26YPe7dZg==, figureFileBig=JGiwNyx9Ra3zMph0X5+R6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881558626611769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同果胶与C3G的结合率

注:不同大写字母表示相同浓度比例条件下,不同种果胶与C3G的结合率有显著差异(P<0.05);不同小写字母表示同一种果胶在不同浓度比例条件下与C3G的结合率有显著差异(P<0.05);图3、图7同。

, figureFileSmall=tSK4QSeGdgjqO26YPe7dZg==, figureFileBig=JGiwNyx9Ra3zMph0X5+R6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881558697914938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Particle size and potential of pectin-C3G, figureFileSmall=xwoiSgLWbyzsUqyckOu/nw==, figureFileBig=Z6Cs62Ak09owCg9nbCgr+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881558781801019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=CN, label=图3, caption=果胶-C3G粒径和电位, figureFileSmall=xwoiSgLWbyzsUqyckOu/nw==, figureFileBig=Z6Cs62Ak09owCg9nbCgr+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881558844715580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Ultraviolet absorption visible spectrum of pectin-C3G, figureFileSmall=dlDfJr4yahJKsa4so5IG6w==, figureFileBig=OQwrkMZOqWHovLn0tfP7pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881558907630141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=CN, label=图4, caption=果胶-C3G紫外吸收可见光谱, figureFileSmall=dlDfJr4yahJKsa4so5IG6w==, figureFileBig=OQwrkMZOqWHovLn0tfP7pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881558970544702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fourier transform infrared spectrum of pectin-C3G, figureFileSmall=T6nd+LRZSq1H/xc2RhmpHg==, figureFileBig=17A4AdByQXe2Um67ohxhOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881559054430783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, language=CN, label=图5, caption=果胶-C3G傅里叶变换红外光谱, figureFileSmall=T6nd+LRZSq1H/xc2RhmpHg==, figureFileBig=17A4AdByQXe2Um67ohxhOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881559121539648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881107751514329, 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不同酯化度果胶对矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷胃肠稳定性的影响
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李艳 1, 2 , 李大婧 2 , 周存山 1 , 何伟伟 2 , 徐亚元 2 , 戴竹青 2 , 张钟元 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(17): 194-202
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (17) : 194 -202
不同酯化度果胶对矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷胃肠稳定性的影响
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李艳1, 2 , 李大婧2, 周存山1, 何伟伟2, 徐亚元2, 戴竹青2, 张钟元2, *
作者信息
  • 1江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013
  • 2江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014
通讯作者:
张钟元(1983−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工与营养健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李艳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工与营养健康,E-mail:

Effects of Pectin with Different Esterification Degrees on the Gastrointestinal Stability of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside
Yan LI1, 2 , Dajing LI2, Cunshan ZHOU1, Weiwei HE2, Yayuan XU2, Zhuqing DAI2, Zhongyuan ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 2Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090237
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本文以不同来源的高酯和低酯果胶为研究对象,研究其与矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(cyanidin-3-O-glucoside,C3G)之间的相互作用及对C3G胃肠稳定性的影响。聚集与结合行为实验结果表明,低酯果胶不容易形成聚集体且含有丰富游离的羧基,主要通过强静电相互作用与C3G结合,结合率显著高于以氢键为主的高酯果胶,其中低酯柑橘果胶结合率最高达66.80%。理化特性分析结果表明低酯果胶与C3G形成了粒径更小、ζ电位更负、结构更致密均匀的复合物,C3G被有效包埋于果胶的网络结构内部;而高酯果胶主要通过将C3G吸附于其表面形成松散聚集体。体外模拟胃肠消化结果显示,低酯果胶-C3G复合物展现出较高的稳定性,其中低酯柑橘果胶-C3G在肠消化后,总C3G含量相较于对照组提升了65.58%,显著增强了C3G的胃肠稳定性。综上,低酯果胶通过静电作用结合并包埋C3G于聚集结构内部,更有效提高了C3G的胃肠稳定性。

高酯果胶  /  低酯果胶  /  花色苷  /  相互作用  /  胃肠稳定性

This study investigated the interaction between pectin and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), as well as its impact on the gastrointestinal stability of C3G, using high-ester and low-ester pectin from different sources. Experimental results on aggregation and binding behavior indicated that low-ester pectin was less prone to aggregate formation and contained abundant free carboxyl groups, primarily binding to C3G through strong electrostatic interactions. The binding rate of C3G with low-ester pectin was significantly higher than that of high-ester pectin, which relied predominantly on hydrogen bonds. Among the samples, low-ester citrus pectin exhibited the highest binding rate, reaching 66.80%. Physicochemical analysis revealed that low-ester pectin formed a composite with C3G characterized by smaller particle size, more negative zeta potential, and a denser, more uniform structure, with C3G effectively encapsulated within the pectin network. In contrast, high-ester pectin primarily formed loose aggregates by adsorbing C3G onto its surface. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulations revealed that the low-ester pectin-C3G complex exhibited high stability. After intestinal digestion, the total C3G content in low-ester citrus pectin-C3G group increased by 65.58% compared to the control group, significantly enhancing the gastrointestinal stability of C3G. In summary, low-ester pectin improves the gastrointestinal stability of C3G more effectively by binding and encapsulating it within the aggregated pectin structure through electrostatic interactions.

high-ester pectin  /  low-ester pectin  /  anthocyanins  /  interactions  /  gastrointestinal stability
李艳, 李大婧, 周存山, 何伟伟, 徐亚元, 戴竹青, 张钟元. 不同酯化度果胶对矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷胃肠稳定性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 194 -202 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090237
Yan LI, Dajing LI, Cunshan ZHOU, Weiwei HE, Yayuan XU, Zhuqing DAI, Zhongyuan ZHANG. Effects of Pectin with Different Esterification Degrees on the Gastrointestinal Stability of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 194 -202 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090237
花色苷广泛存在于新鲜浆果和红紫色蔬菜中,具有预防癌症、糖尿病和心脏病等多种慢性疾病的功效[1],但其稳定性易受pH、热、光照、氧气、酶及其他化合物的影响[2]。在胃的酸性条件下,花色苷以稳定的黄烊盐离子形式存在;在小肠中性环境条件下,花色苷易转化为醌类碱、假碱及查尔酮,这些碱易受亲核性水攻击且不稳定[3]。有研究表明,在小肠的中性条件下,花色苷降解超过60%,显著降低其生物可及性[4],限制了其功效的发挥和在食品产业中的应用。现有研究报道,结构修饰、微胶囊化等手段能够显著增加花色苷的胃肠稳定性[5]。其中,花色苷与膳食大分子(如蛋白质、淀粉和果胶多糖)之间的相互作用对于提高花色苷的胃肠稳定性表现出良好的效果[6−7]。果胶是天然存在于植物细胞壁的一种多糖,主要由半乳糖醛酸通过α-1,4-糖苷键连接而成,具有丰富的羧基、羟基和酰氨基等电子官能团,这些基团可以与花色苷之间形成非共价相互作用[8]。研究发现,果胶酯化度影响其与花色苷相互作用。Larsen等[9]通过超声和果胶甲酯酶处理使果胶酯化度降低,发现低酯化果胶利于花色苷结合。Luo等[10]通过超声处理蓝莓果胶,发现超声处理可以降低果胶的酯化度,促进了其与矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(cyanidin-3-O-glucoside,C3G)的相互作用。此外,果胶与花色苷相互作用对花色苷具有胃肠保护作用。Koh等[11]研究发现,螯合水溶性果胶与C3G具有较高的结合率,在肠消化过程中可以保留更多C3G。Wang等[12]发现,具有高比例半乳糖醛酸含量的桑椹果胶提高了C3G在小肠的生物可及性。果胶的结构因来源及组分而异,这赋予了果胶不同的花色苷保护作用。但不同酯化度果胶与花色苷相互作用对花色苷胃肠稳定性的影响及机制尚不清楚。
本研究首先比较了高酯与低酯果胶的聚集行为,并通过结合率评估了其与C3G的相互作用,在此基础上系统表征了复合物的理化性质、分子作用机制与微观结构,最后探讨了C3G在不同果胶复合物中的胃肠稳定性差异,为拓展花色苷功能产品的应用提供理论依据。
高酯苹果果胶(High-ester apple pectin,HAP,DE=68%)、高酯柑橘果胶(High-ester citrus pectin,HCP,DE=64%~70%)、低酯苹果果胶(Low-ester apple pectin,LAP,DE=38%~44%)、低酯柑橘果胶(Low-ester citrus pectin,LCP,DE=10%) 德国Herbstreith & Fox公司;矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(C3G)(≥98%) 武汉中标科技有限公司;无水乙醇、无水乙酸钠、氯化钾、乙酸、盐酸、氢氧化钠等 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;芘(≥99%) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;胃蛋白酶(≥250 U/mg)、胰酶(8×USP) 德国默克集团;胆盐(≥60%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;本文除特殊说明外均使用去离子水。
Cary Eclipse荧光分光光度计 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;50 mL 30 kDa超滤管 德国默克集团;Zetasizer Nano ZES纳米粒度电位仪 马尔文帕纳科仪器有限公司;Synergy NEO2全功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;Nicolet iS50傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞公司;Ultra 55扫描电子显微镜 德国蔡司公司。
参考Zhao等[13]的方法稍作修改。将HAP、HCP、LAP和LCP以15 mg/mL溶解于pH4.0 25 mmol/L乙酸盐缓冲液中,并在4 ℃条件下搅拌过夜,随后将其稀释至溶液达到0.005~15.000 mg/mL的一系列浓度。将芘溶解于乙醇溶液中,以制备4 mg/mL的芘溶液,添加5 μL芘溶液于5 mL果胶溶液中,超声处理30 min后在室温黑暗条件下平衡1 h。使用荧光分光光度计记录在339 nm的激发波长下果胶溶液中芘的荧光发射光谱(350~500 nm),发射和激发狭缝宽度分别设置为1 nm和5 nm,扫描速度为240 nm/s。将I373/I383比值相对于果胶浓度的对数作图,并在高浓度和低浓度范围内分别进行线性拟合,两条拟合线的交点横坐标为果胶的聚集浓度。
参考本课题组先前的方法稍作修改[10]。将HAP、HCP、LAP和LCP四种果胶和C3G分别溶解于pH4.0 25 mmol/L乙酸盐缓冲溶液,溶解12 h确保完全溶解。将等体积的果胶溶液和C3G溶液进行混合,使得混合后C3G的浓度为0.25 mg/mL,果胶与C3G的质量浓度比为1:5、1:3、1:1、3:1和5:1,等体积的pH4.0 25 mmol/L乙酸盐缓冲液与C3G混合用于空白对照。混合后置于4 ℃转速为100 r/min摇床混匀2 h,置于4 ℃环境中孵育18 h,全程避光。
参考Koh等[11]的方法分离游离的C3G。将果胶-C3G复合物置于30 kDa的超滤管中,用样品润洗一遍后,在4 ℃ 5000×g条件下离心30 min,结合在果胶上的C3G会被截留在超滤管内部,游离的C3G会渗透到离心外管,将游离的C3G收集起来用于测定结合率。选用pH示差法测定花色苷的含量[14]。将1 mL游离的C3G与4 mL pH1.0 25 mmol/L KCl-HCl溶液和4 mL pH4.5 400 mmol/L CH3COONa-HCl溶液进行混合,涡旋混匀后平衡30 min,使用酶标仪在510 nm(λmax)和700 nm处测定吸光度。结合率按照下面公式计算:
$\rm OD={({{OD}_{510\;nm}}-{{OD}_{700\;nm}})}_{pH1.0}-{({{OD}_{510\;nm}}-{{OD}_{700\;nm}})}_{pH4.5} $
$\rm 游离C3G含量(\text{μ}g/mL) =\frac{OD\times Mw\times DF\times 1000}{\varepsilon \times L} $
$\rm 结合率(\text{%}) =\frac{{C}_{z}-{C}_{y}}{{C}_{z}}\times 100 $
式中,OD:吸光度值;Mw:C3G分子量(449.2 g/mol);DF:稀释因子(5);ε:C3G摩尔消光系数(26900 L/mol·cm);L:光范围(0.645 cm);Cz:空白对照组游离C3G含量(μg/mL); Cy:实验组游离C3G含量(μg/mL)。
使用纳米粒度电位仪测定果胶-C3G复合物粒径和ζ电位[15]。粒径根据粒度分布分析计算,以nm为单位。使用波长为630 nm、散射角为173°的He/Ne激光器进行测定。将1.2.2制备的果胶-C3G样品溶液稀释10倍后在25 ℃条件下进行测定,溶液的折射率为1.33,以确保获得精确的结果。
将200 μL制备好的果胶-C3G复合物溶液滴于96孔板,使用全功能酶标仪在300~800 nm波段进行扫描,记录光谱图。
使用傅里叶红外光谱仪完成ATR-FTIR分析[15]。将果胶:C3G=5:1溶液冷冻干燥后,通过 128 次扫描获取光谱,覆盖500~4000 cm−1的范围,分辨率为4 cm−1。对每个样品进行分析,并以透射率模式描述光谱。
用扫描电子显微镜分析果胶-C3G复合物的微观结构[12]。将果胶:C3G=5:1的溶液冷冻干燥后,涂在导电粘合剂上,溅射涂上一层薄金层,并在10.0 kV的加速电压下成像,放大倍数2000倍,选择清晰且具有代表性的视野进行图像采集。
参考Koh等[11]的实验方法,选择果胶:C3G=5:1的复合物进行体外模拟胃肠消化。对于胃消化,向2 mL果胶-C3G复合物中滴加1 mol/L HCl调节pH至2.0以模拟胃环境条件,然后向混合物中加入0.1 mL胃蛋白酶溶液(40 mg/mL胃蛋白酶溶解在0.1 mol/L HCl中),然后将其置于100 r/min的振荡水浴中以37 ℃放置1 h,结束后将样品置于冰浴冷却后立即测定C3G含量。对于小肠消化,首先将2 mL样品溶液进行胃消化,然后添加1 mol/L NaHCO3调节pH至5.7,将混合物置于37 ℃ 100 r/min振荡水浴中20 min。然后加入1 mol/L NaOH以调节pH至7.0,然后加1 mL胰酶-胆汁盐溶液(2 mg/mL胰酶和12 mg/mL胆汁盐溶解在0.1 mol/L NaHCO3中),将混合物放回100 r/min振荡水浴中,在37 ℃下保持2 h。肠消化结束,加入40 μL的6 mol/L HCl使酶失活。水浴振荡前均需要氮吹排除空气的影响。参考Wang等[12]的方法,模拟胃肠消化后,将消化混合物置于30 kDa超滤管中离心,以获得游离C3G,用pH示差法测定游离C3G含量。参考Ryu等[16]的方法,模拟胃肠消化后,直接收集消化液用pH示差法测定总C3G含量。
所有实验至少进行三次重复,结果用平均值±标准差表示。采用R语言(版本4.4.3)进行单因素方差分析(analysis of variance,ANOVA)和邓肯(Duncan)多重比较,当P<0.05时表示差异显著。采用Origin2024制作数据图表。
果胶在溶液中以链状结构或者聚集形式存在,其存在状态影响着与小分子的结合效果[17]。因此本实验以芘溶液作为探针,研究了果胶的聚集行为,结果如图1所示。果胶在较低的浓度范围内,随着浓度的增加,I373 nm/I383 nm基本保持不变,果胶此时以单链的结构形式存在,没有形成聚集[18]。当果胶的浓度超过一定的值时,I373 nm/I383 nm出现下降趋势,说明果胶甲基之间形成疏水相互作用,组装成含有内部疏水微结构域的聚集体[13]。研究发现,HAP、HCP、LAP、LCP四种果胶的临界聚集质量浓度分别为0.23 、0.25、0.70和0.51 mg/mL,高酯果胶具有较低的临界聚集浓度,相比低酯果胶更容易聚集。赵少杰等[18]认为,高酯化果胶的分子链中甲基含量较高而羧基数量较少,这一结构特征增强了分子间的疏水作用,同时削弱了静电相互作用,从而更易诱发果胶分子在溶液中的聚集。
在pH4.0条件下,不同果胶与C3G在4 ℃条件下混合孵育18 h后的结合率,如图2所示,C3G与果胶的结合率为3.42%~66.80%。随着果胶和C3G浓度比值的增加,C3G 与果胶的结合率先增加后呈现稳定的趋势。HAP、HCP和LAP三种果胶在果胶:C3G=5:1时,C3G与果胶的结合率达到最大,分别为32.13%、27.74%和53.97%;而LCP在果胶:C3G=1:1时,其结合率达到最大,为66.80%,而后随着果胶比例的增加,二者的结合率减小,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。两种高酯果胶的酯化度差别不大,结合率也显示出较小的差别,可能是不同来源的果胶结构骨架基本相同,区别主要在于果胶本身的理化指标[19]。
不同浓度的果胶在溶液中呈现不同的状态,在较低浓度范围内,果胶以链状构象存在,其结构中的基团完全暴露;而当浓度升高至临近聚集浓度(如HAP>0.23 mg/mL、HCP>0.25 mg/mL、LAP>0.70 mg/mL、LCP>0.51 mg/mL)时,疏水相互作用和氢键会驱动果胶自组装形成聚集体。在浓度低于聚集浓度时,随着果胶浓度增加,可用于结合C3G的位点数增多,结合率随之上升;当浓度略高于聚集浓度时,尽管发生轻微聚集,但新引入的结合位点仍多于被包裹的位点,结合率继续增加;而在更高浓度下,果胶分子间发生明显聚集,结合位点被包埋在聚集体内部,阻碍了与C3G的结合,导致结合率趋于稳定或下降。果胶聚集行为和C3G结合行为不完全一致,主要是由于果胶是一种结构复杂的多糖,与小分子的结合不仅仅与果胶聚集行为有关,与果胶本身的结构性质更有密切的联系。与高酯果胶相比,低酯果胶与C3G表现出更高的结合率(P<0.05),这与其较高的负电荷密度和更多未酯化的羧基有关,前者增强了静电相互作用,后者可以提供氢键结合位点。这一结果与Koh等[11]提出的果胶电荷量及电荷密度对花色苷结合具有影响的观点一致,也与Shi等[20]认为高线性度和低酯化度的果胶与花色苷相互作用更强的结论相一致。此外,高酯果胶更强的自身聚集倾向,会竞争性抑制其结合位点与C3G的相互作用,导致较低的结合率。
本实验分析了不同酯化度以及不同浓度果胶与C3G在4 ℃条件下混合孵育18 h后的平均粒径和电位的变化,如图3所示。随着果胶浓度比例的增加,果胶-C3G复合物的粒径先减小后增大,HAP在果胶:C3G=1:3时粒径最小,为503.17 nm,HCP、LAP和LCP果胶在果胶:C3G=1:1时,平均粒径最小,分别为541.10、418.80和172.53 nm。果胶的浓度和酯化度可能会影响果胶和C3G分子的排列,从而导致粒径不同[21]。在低浓度比(果胶:C3G=1:5)时,果胶以舒展的链状形式存在,复合物粒径较大,其中LCP-C3G的粒径最大,为2631.33 nm。随着果胶浓度的增加,其与C3G之间的静电相互作用增加,分子间的结构更为紧密,从而导致复合物的平均粒径减小[22]。当果胶浓度进一步提高时,复合物的平均粒径增大,这可能是由于果胶链以聚集形式为主,果胶-C3G复合物的平均粒径取决于果胶聚集的粒径[23−24]。此外,低酯果胶与C3G形成复合物的粒径绝大多数小于高酯果胶,可能是低酯果胶带有更强的负电荷,与C3G产生更强的相互作用。
由图3可以看出,四种果胶-C3G复合物溶液的ζ电位呈现负值,主要是由于果胶分子中羧基残基的主导作用[21]。同一种果胶,随着果胶浓度比例的增加,果胶-C3G复合物的ζ电位负值变大,主要是由于果胶浓度的增加产生更多的负电荷[23]。果胶在高浓度条件下,各浓度比之间果胶-C3G复合物ζ电位没有显著差异(P>0.05),可能是因为高浓度的果胶构象发生变化,形成了聚集体,阻止了羧基的质子化[24]。低酯果胶-C3G复合物的ζ电位绝对值高于高酯果胶-C3G复合物。Jiang等[21]研究结果也发现,几乎没有酯基的低酯化果胶与C3G形成复合物后,其ζ电位低于其他样品。这是由于低酯果胶GalA 结构中含有大量羧基,可以电离形成负电荷,使复合物ζ电位负值更大。
紫外可见吸收光谱如图4所示。C3G是具有2-苯基苯并毗喃结构的一类糖苷衍生物,其共轭双键使得C3G和果胶-C3G复合物在400~600 nm具有特征吸收峰[25]。将果胶引入系统不会影响该吸光度范围,但观察到增色效应,即吸收峰强度增加,表明果胶和C3G之间存在相互作用,导致C3G发色团上的电子分布发生变化,这一过程是由疏水相互作用和分子间π-π共轭驱动的[26−27]。在弱酸性条件下,C3G处于无色半缩醛形式和有色黄烊盐阳离子形式的动态平衡中[28−29]。随着果胶组分浓度的增加,C3G在其光谱中显示出增色效应,可归因于半缩醛与黄烊盐阳离子之间的平衡向后移动,生成了更多的黄烊盐离子[28−29]。也可能是C3G吸附于果胶结构中,从而保护发色团免受水分影响[30]。与单独的C3G溶液相比,在果胶:C3G=5:1时,HAP-C3G和HCP-C3G的最大吸光度分别增加0.644和0.511,LAP-C3G和LCP-C3G的最大吸光度分别增加1.108和1.346。低酯果胶观察到较大的增色效应,归因于低酯果胶与C3G有更强的相互作用[31],这与之前的结合率、粒径和电位结果一致。Luo等[10]研究结果也表明,果胶超声处理后,其酯化度降低,游离羧酸盐含量增加,可以促进果胶与C3G之间的静电相互作用,从而表现出较强的增色效果。Fernandes等[29]指出,以更高的线性、扩展结构和较少的侧链为特征的果胶允许花色苷聚集在同型半乳糖醛酸结构域上,表现出更强的相互作用,导致更明显的增色效应。此外,果胶的加入使得C3G溶液的最大紫外吸收波长(λmax)值降低,这表明C3G分子可能吸附在果胶的结构上[32]。其中,果胶:C3G=5:1时,HAP-C3G和HCP-C3G的最大吸收波长分别降低6.5 nm和7.5 nm,LAP-C3G和LCP-C3G的最大吸光波长分别降低8.5 nm和15.5 nm。相比于C3G,果胶-C3G的紫外可见吸收光谱图发生蓝移,但没有新的特征峰出现。说明紫外可见吸收光谱图的蓝移并不是由于生成了新的物质引起的[27],而是果胶与C3G的结合改变了C3G的动态平衡,促使其向有色黄烊盐离子方向移动[33]。
FTIR光谱可以通过检查拉伸振动带的位置和强度来分析果胶和C3G之间的相互作用,图5显示了果胶组分与C3G结合前后的FTIR光谱,波数范围为500~4000 cm−1。对于C3G,1640~1440 cm−1附近的小峰与芳香烃骨架C=C基团的伸缩相关[34],1260 cm−1处的吸收峰对应C-O-C基团的伸缩振动[35],1230 cm−1处的吸收峰归因于吡啶环的伸缩振动[36],这些官能团均属于黄酮类化合物的典型特征。加入果胶后,芳香烃骨架C=C基团被果胶的碳骨架掩盖,证明C3G与果胶成功结合[37]。对于果胶,在3700~3000 cm−1有一个较宽的吸收峰,是由于-OH的拉伸振动引起的[38],2935 cm−1 附近的吸收峰与C-H基团相关[15] ,1750 cm−1和 1600cm−1处的峰分别是COO−和COOH的拉伸振动吸收峰[39],1220 cm−1和1010 cm−1处的吸收峰分别与羧酸的 C-O 拉伸和吡喃环有关[40]。HAP、HCP、LAP、LCP分别在3296.5、3331.40、3285.67、3250.57 cm−1出现了-OH振动吸收峰,与C3G混合孵育后,振动吸收峰发生了轻微的红移,出现在3250.87、3250.25、3254.88和3216.64 cm−1,表明果胶与C3G之间形成了氢键网络[41]。其中,高酯果胶的红移程度更为明显,且与C3G结合后,3700~3000 cm−1处的振动峰变强,说明相比于高酯果胶,加入C3G后形成了更多的氢键,1644cm−1处-COOH的红移也印证了这一点;低酯果胶与C3G结合后,3600~3200 cm−1处的振动峰变弱,可能是因为pH4.0条件下,低酯果胶-COOH会电离为-COO—带负电,与带正电荷的C3G通过静电相互作用结合[42],所以氢键相互作用相对减弱[43]。总体而言,光谱特征未发生显著变化,仅观察到吸收峰位置的轻微偏移及强度的轻微变化,且未检测到新特征峰的出现。这一现象表明,C3G与果胶之间的相互作用主要为非共价键结合,而未形成新的化学键[44]。
图6为果胶-C3G复合物的微观结构。由图可以看出,果胶链在溶液中会相互交织成网络,其中同聚半乳糖醛酸聚糖(HG)组分表现出片状结构,而I型-聚鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖(RG-I)组分表现出丝状结构[31]。C3G在果胶表面出现了轻微的团聚现象,归因于两种组分间相互作用[32]。此外,C3G的加入也得果胶的网络空间结构发生了变化。不同来源果胶的微观结构没有显著差别,酯化度对其微观结构有较大的影响。对于高酯果胶,C3G主要以较小颗粒吸附于其表面,这种保护作用相对较弱。而在低酯果胶中,表面观察到的C3G颗粒显著减少,表明C3G可能被包埋于果胶聚集结构内部或与果胶融为一体[45],这种作用使得C3G免受外界环境的干扰。
进一步研究了果胶-C3G复合物的胃肠稳定性,胃肠消化前后游离C3G和总C3G的含量,结果如图7所示。花色苷在胃的酸性环境中相对稳定,但在小肠的弱碱性条件下容易分解[42−43],与本实验的研究结果一致。消化前,各组总C3G含量没有显著的差别(P>0.05)。果胶与C3G混合孵育18 h后,果胶-C3G实验组游离的C3G含量均显著低于C3G对照组,是由于二者之间通过非共价相互作用发生了结合。胃消化后,总C3G含量发生了轻微的下降,C3G对照组降低了4.77%,果胶-C3G组降低了3%左右,主要归因于胃的酸性环境有利于C3G的稳定。而胃消化后,果胶-C3G组中游离C3G含量显著升高,HAP-C3G和HCP-C3G组升高了19.71%和27.51%,LAP-C3G和LCP-C3G组升高了10.96%和13.18%,可能是由于模拟胃的蠕动以及酸性条件,导致C3G从果胶结构中释放。高酯果胶-C3G复合物中游离C3G含量高于低酯果胶,这可能是因为高酯果胶与C3G相互作用以氢键为主,在胃酸环境下羧基发生质子化,使C3G更易被释放。
肠消化后,总C3G含量和游离C3G含量均发生显著的下降(P<0.05)。C3G对照组总C3G含量降低至53.71 μg/mL,降低了65.79%,HAP-C3G和HCP-C3G组降低了60.30%和55.82%,LAP-C3G和LCP-C3G组降低了47.66%和45.43%。花色苷在肠道环境中,容易转化为醌碱、假碱(B)和查尔酮(C),且易受水的亲核攻击[3,46],代谢为一些无色形式、氧化或降解为其他化学物质,这些化学物质在目前的条件下无法检测到[47–48]。与C3G空白对照组相比,肠消化后果胶-C3G中总C3G含量分别提高了16.73%(HAP-C3G)、28.94%(HCP-C3G)、53.04%(LAP-C3G)和65.58%(LCP-C3G),说明果胶-C3G复合物在模拟肠消化过程中可有效保护C3G免受消化液、酶和碱性条件引起的降解。Koh等[11]研究也发现,果胶和花色苷之间的静电相互作用和氢键均有助于花色苷在体外胃肠模拟下的稳定性。与高酯果胶相比,低酯果胶对C3G表现出更优的保护效果,这主要是因为其可通过静电作用与C3G结合,并将C3G包埋于复杂的三维网络聚集结构内部,显著增强了空间位阻效应,从而减少C3G在肠道环境中的直接暴露[46];而高酯果胶与C3G的相互作用主要依赖氢键,C3G多吸附于分子表面,其复合物中C3G稳定性低于低酯果胶复合物。对于酯化度差别不大的两种高酯果胶中,在复杂的消化环境中,柑橘果胶对C3G的稳定效果更好。
本研究分析了不同来源的高酯和低酯果胶与C3G相互作用及其对C3G胃肠稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,虽然不同果胶与C3G复合物的结构表征无明显差异,但柑橘果胶可以更好地提高C3G的胃肠道稳定性。低酯果胶与C3G的结合率和胃肠稳定性显著高于高酯果胶,主要归因于低酯果胶能够通过静电作用与C3G形成紧密结合,并将其包埋于果胶三维网络聚集结构内部及表面;而高酯果胶则主要依靠氢键与C3G作用,C3G多吸附于果胶聚集结构表面,导致结合率和胃肠稳定性较低。本研究的局限性在于,果胶-C3G复合物在机体内的吸收代谢特性仍有待阐明。后续研究需要通过小鼠体内代谢动力学实验,以阐明其吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程,全面评估其生物利用度。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090237
  • 接收时间:2025-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-22
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    1江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013
    2江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014

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张钟元(1983−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工与营养健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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