Article(id=1320881079502877603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762704000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852190136, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852190136, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852190136, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852190136, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=51, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881079926502308, articleId=1320881079502877603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Different Osmotic Agents and Drying Conditions on the Quality of Lemon Preserves, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using sugar alcohols (xylitol, sorbitol, and maltitol) as osmotic agents to replace traditional sucrose in the osmotic dehydration of lemon. Lemon preserves were subsequently obtained by drying at 45, 50, and 55 ℃. The effects of osmotic agent type and drying temperature on product quality were systematically evaluated in terms of osmotic efficiency, moisture content, textural properties, color, electronic nose responses, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, soluble sugar content, and organic acid composition. Based on a comprehensive assessment integrating physicochemical indices and sensory evaluation, the optimal osmotic agent and drying temperature were determined. The results showed that, in terms of texture, sorbitol- and maltitol-treated samples dried at 45 ℃ exhibited lower hardness and chewiness, whereas sucrose- and xylitol-treated samples showed higher values. Regarding nutritional quality, sucrose- and maltitol-treated samples dried at 45 ℃ exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, followed by sorbitol-treated samples, with xylitol-treated samples showing the lowest levels. In terms of flavor quality, sucrose-treated samples dried at 45 ℃ contained the highest levels of volatile compounds, followed by sorbitol- and maltitol-treated samples, while the high osmotic efficiency of xylitol resulted in greater losses of volatile compounds. Sensory evaluation indicated that sucrose-treated samples dried at 45 ℃ achieved the highest overall acceptability, followed by sorbitol- and xylitol-treated samples. Overall, based on a comprehensive assessment of physicochemical properties with sensory evaluation, it can be concluded that substituting sucrose with sorbitol in combination with a drying temperature of 45 ℃ is suitable for the development of low-sugar candied lemon products.

, authors=Xinyi LÜ1, 2, 3, 4, Lixiang ZHU1, 2, 3, 4, Yao YAO1, 2, 3, 4, Linyan ZHOU1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Xinyi LÜ, Lixiang ZHU, Yao YAO, Linyan ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Linyan ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881081738441654, articleId=1320881079502877603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同渗透剂和干燥条件对柠檬蜜饯品质的影响, columnId=1320881080014582693, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—果蔬基料制造:基础理论、新型加工、质量控制与智能制造(客座主编:徐贞贞、王永涛、李涛;产业顾问:李仁杰), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探究糖醇类代糖(木糖醇、山梨糖醇、麦芽糖醇)作为渗透剂,替代传统蔗糖用于柠檬渗透脱水的可行性,并进一步采用45、50、55 ℃三个温度分别干燥处理得到柠檬蜜饯产品,从渗透效率、水分、质构特性、颜色、电子鼻、总酚、总黄酮、抗氧化活性、可溶性糖含量及有机酸含量等指标分析渗透剂类型和干燥温度对柠檬蜜饯品质的影响规律,最终结合理化指标和感官评价筛选出最优的渗透剂与干燥温度。结果表明,在质构方面,45 ℃干燥条件下的山梨糖醇组与麦芽糖醇组产品的硬度与咀嚼度较低,而蔗糖组与木糖醇组则较高。在营养品质方面,蔗糖组与麦芽糖醇组在45 ℃干燥处理后总酚和总黄酮含量最高,山梨糖醇组次之,木糖醇组最低。在风味品质方面,45 ℃干燥条件下蔗糖组的挥发性物质含量最高,山梨糖醇组和麦芽糖醇组次之,木糖醇组的高渗透率则导致较多的挥发性物质流失。感官评价结果显示,45 ℃干燥下蔗糖组综合评分最高,而山梨糖醇组与木糖醇组的得分次之。基于理化指标与感官评价的结果,可以发现以山梨糖醇替代蔗糖、结合45 ℃干燥温度可用于低糖柠檬蜜饯的开发。

, authors=吕欣依1, 2, 3, 4, 朱李想1, 2, 3, 4, 姚瑶1, 2, 3, 4, 周林燕1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=吕欣依, 朱李想, 姚瑶, 周林燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周林燕, authorNote=

吕欣依(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
周林燕(1984−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=kZpAgkzJ/CPV6qjv5zE7kg==, magXml=CHkp8tVsJqPP/zZQMZiQhA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Cx4YkeuVOpq/pDAe4J3YWA==, pdfFileSize=4806063, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=84IBUtLKVsCkYLKG/cEE7A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=MSYtasMoOq1B8jkuywfu7Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881514364129848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2571626784@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881514456404541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, authorId=1320881514364129848, language=EN, stringName=Xinyi LÜ, firstName=Xinyi, middleName=null, lastName=LÜ, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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South China Fruits, 2019, 48(4): 21−24.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881532177339072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Wenyun, LUO Yi, BAI Ziqin, et al. Characteristics of soluble sugar and organic acid accumulating in ripe lemon fruits[J]. 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注:不同大写字母代表同一真空干燥温度下的不同渗透剂处理的柠檬蜜饯之间的显著差异;不同小写字母代表同一渗透剂不同真空干燥温度处理的柠檬蜜饯之间的显著差异(P<0.05),图4、图7同。

, figureFileSmall=slpghHvq6Xx4dS60ZAIsgQ==, figureFileBig=SWu9UxeIKd/Y02w5WUNZFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881518432604775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=SEM images at 500× and 1000× magnification of lemon preserves under different treatments, figureFileSmall=NtZ/qgEBfH9mztPP08IF5A==, figureFileBig=IPUpq2OdZuh+UZqLfHpshg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881518495519336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=图3, caption=500×与1000×放大倍数下不同处理方式柠檬蜜饯的SEM图像, figureFileSmall=NtZ/qgEBfH9mztPP08IF5A==, figureFileBig=IPUpq2OdZuh+UZqLfHpshg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881518566822505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variations in hardness and chewiness of lemon preserves under different treatment methods, figureFileSmall=DDgda3zvTujlEkEy1DTRzw==, figureFileBig=37cGJIkHmt89RBZXw80B6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881518650708586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理方式柠檬蜜饯的硬度和咀嚼度变化, figureFileSmall=DDgda3zvTujlEkEy1DTRzw==, figureFileBig=37cGJIkHmt89RBZXw80B6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881518747177579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Macroscopic image of lemon preserves under different treatments, figureFileSmall=+ztKFy1iiLFhwoSmJVQdsA==, figureFileBig=Ro3aUm7f/dxR+nmJwCPpIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881518818480748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理方式柠檬蜜饯的图像, figureFileSmall=+ztKFy1iiLFhwoSmJVQdsA==, figureFileBig=Ro3aUm7f/dxR+nmJwCPpIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881518873006701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Analysis of electronic noses of lemon preserves under different treatments, figureFileSmall=MS3vyJzIEec46GLfvCT49g==, figureFileBig=dKZbORcXqdoqmufMeKVEgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881518961087086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理方式柠檬蜜饯的电子鼻分析

注:S1、S7、S9、S13、S14响应物质为短链烷烃类;S2、S15响应物质为含碳类物质、醇类、醛类等;S3、S10响应物质为含氢气体;S4、S16响应物质为硫化物;S5、S17响应物质为含氮类物质;S6、S18响应物质为醛酮有机类;S8响应物质为液化气;S11响应物质为烷烃、一氧化碳等;S12响应物质为其他部分有机溶剂。

, figureFileSmall=MS3vyJzIEec46GLfvCT49g==, figureFileBig=dKZbORcXqdoqmufMeKVEgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881519028195951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variations in total phenol contents, total flavonoid contents and DPPH, ABTS+ free radical scavenging rate of lemon preserves under different treatments, figureFileSmall=0uRksQRHThqxmrc+oMGN4A==, figureFileBig=pmbzgxDQ0QJJFwsUb4V7NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881519095304816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同处理方式柠檬蜜饯的总酚、总黄酮含量以及DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除率的变化, figureFileSmall=0uRksQRHThqxmrc+oMGN4A==, figureFileBig=pmbzgxDQ0QJJFwsUb4V7NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881519158219377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Sensory scores of lemon preserves under different treatments, figureFileSmall=kyC9/HVHyrX1y2dQmOhKGQ==, figureFileBig=0qX8s4PLXY3+oiw1QbzWfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881519216939634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同处理方式柠檬蜜饯的感官评分, figureFileSmall=kyC9/HVHyrX1y2dQmOhKGQ==, figureFileBig=0qX8s4PLXY3+oiw1QbzWfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881519309214323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Vocabulary developed to describe lemon preserves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属性定义
柠檬片完整性柠檬蜜饯与新鲜柠檬片形态完整性的对比评价
黄色尤力克柠檬特有的黄色色调,是产品应具有的正常色泽
亮度指人眼对物体表面明暗程度的感知
柠檬特有香气成熟的柠檬所特有的典型水果特征香气,具有明显的
清新舒畅感
蜜饯特有香气指蜜饯这类糖制食品特有的甜香气味及风味,涉及蜜香、或糖渍等工艺形成的综合香气
酸味具有独特的酸度层次感,能引发显著的三叉神经刺激
甜味呈现出蜜饯特有的甜味层次感
苦味呈现柚皮苷特有的苦味特征
涩味口腔皮层或黏膜表面产生的起皱、紧缩、干燥复合感觉
硬度初嚼阶段切齿穿透食物基质所需的力度
咀嚼度达到吞咽阈值前累计消耗的咀嚼能量
), ArticleFig(id=1320881520563311220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柠檬蜜饯的感官描述词汇

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属性定义
柠檬片完整性柠檬蜜饯与新鲜柠檬片形态完整性的对比评价
黄色尤力克柠檬特有的黄色色调,是产品应具有的正常色泽
亮度指人眼对物体表面明暗程度的感知
柠檬特有香气成熟的柠檬所特有的典型水果特征香气,具有明显的
清新舒畅感
蜜饯特有香气指蜜饯这类糖制食品特有的甜香气味及风味,涉及蜜香、或糖渍等工艺形成的综合香气
酸味具有独特的酸度层次感,能引发显著的三叉神经刺激
甜味呈现出蜜饯特有的甜味层次感
苦味呈现柚皮苷特有的苦味特征
涩味口腔皮层或黏膜表面产生的起皱、紧缩、干燥复合感觉
硬度初嚼阶段切齿穿透食物基质所需的力度
咀嚼度达到吞咽阈值前累计消耗的咀嚼能量
), ArticleFig(id=1320881520659780213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Color parameters of lemon preserves under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
渗透剂类型L*a*b*ΔE
45 ℃蔗糖33.59±0.49Aa−3.27±0.11Ab10.82±0.80Ba0
木糖醇34.53±0.55Aa−3.26±0.14Ab11.01±0.48ABa1.11±0.30Aa
山梨糖醇34.83±1.12Aa−3.31±0.27Ab11.83±0.21Aa1.76±0.77Aa
麦芽糖醇34.14±1.00Aa−3.47±0.11Ab10.88±0.11Ba0.91±0.55Aa
50 ℃蔗糖34.08±0.53Aa−3.17±0.21Bb8.73±0.28Bb0
木糖醇33.37±0.89Aa−2.70±0.14Ab10.35±0.38Aa1.06±0.42ABa
山梨糖醇33.15±1.36Aa−3.06±0.04Bab9.96±1.02Ab1.64±0.58Aa
麦芽糖醇33.38±0.35Aa−2.96±0.18ABa10.70±0.18Aa0.46±0.32Ba
55 ℃蔗糖32.23±0.58Bb−2.77±0.04ABa9.56±1.33Aab0
木糖醇33.07±0.68ABa−2.52±0.12Aa10.78±0.06Aa1.02±0.39Aa
山梨糖醇33.69±0.75Aa−2.82±0.22Ba10.42±0.38Ab0.85±0.46Aa
麦芽糖醇33.89±0.66Aa−2.81±0.13Ba10.38±0.97Aa1.14±0.43Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1320881520747860598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理方式柠檬蜜饯的色泽参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
渗透剂类型L*a*b*ΔE
45 ℃蔗糖33.59±0.49Aa−3.27±0.11Ab10.82±0.80Ba0
木糖醇34.53±0.55Aa−3.26±0.14Ab11.01±0.48ABa1.11±0.30Aa
山梨糖醇34.83±1.12Aa−3.31±0.27Ab11.83±0.21Aa1.76±0.77Aa
麦芽糖醇34.14±1.00Aa−3.47±0.11Ab10.88±0.11Ba0.91±0.55Aa
50 ℃蔗糖34.08±0.53Aa−3.17±0.21Bb8.73±0.28Bb0
木糖醇33.37±0.89Aa−2.70±0.14Ab10.35±0.38Aa1.06±0.42ABa
山梨糖醇33.15±1.36Aa−3.06±0.04Bab9.96±1.02Ab1.64±0.58Aa
麦芽糖醇33.38±0.35Aa−2.96±0.18ABa10.70±0.18Aa0.46±0.32Ba
55 ℃蔗糖32.23±0.58Bb−2.77±0.04ABa9.56±1.33Aab0
木糖醇33.07±0.68ABa−2.52±0.12Aa10.78±0.06Aa1.02±0.39Aa
山梨糖醇33.69±0.75Aa−2.82±0.22Ba10.42±0.38Ab0.85±0.46Aa
麦芽糖醇33.89±0.66Aa−2.81±0.13Ba10.38±0.97Aa1.14±0.43Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1320881520814969463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Soluble sugar content of lemon preserves under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
渗透剂类型蔗糖(mg/g dw)葡萄糖(mg/g dw)果糖(mg/g dw)木糖醇(mg/g dw)山梨糖醇(mg/g dw)麦芽糖醇(mg/g dw)
45 ℃蔗糖123.94±3.35Aa76.64±1.80Ba109.47±3.15Ac26.33±0.31Ca−−
木糖醇22.69±0.16Bb37.14±1.20Ca28.02±2.04Ca867.79±4.37Aa−−
山梨糖醇19.92±0.95Bc36.58±0.31Ca28.03±2.86Ca58.05±6.56Ba434.83±13.19a−
麦芽糖醇1.66±0.08Cb95.71±1.28Aa39.11±4.84Ba26.87±5.44Ca−284.79±7.68a
50 ℃蔗糖114.44±2.61Ab63.87±6.48Bb116.29±0.99Ab25.87±6.57Ba−−
木糖醇28.34±0.92Ba34.22±1.02Cb26.48±2.56Ca870.61±27.45Aa−−
山梨糖醇25.40±1.45Bb35.50±1.43Ca26.84±0.61Ca53.93±8.41Ba417.62±0.79b−
麦芽糖醇1.99±0.11Ca89.14±1.04Ab30.23±0.71Bb17.49±2.62Ba−264.08±10.25b
55 ℃蔗糖109.67±0.57Ab74.20±1.48Aa133.89±3.38Aa34.07±4.39Ca−−
木糖醇28.84±1.74Ca32.59±1.17Bb25.02±0.97Ba794.80±20.58Ab−−
山梨糖醇31.98±0.10Ba31.53±0.06Bb25.41±0.64Ba69.63±9.26Ba379.04±5.78c−
麦芽糖醇2.02±0.11Da76.23±2.13Ac24.14±1.99Bc32.68±9.37Ca−231.66±2.19c
), ArticleFig(id=1320881520915632760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同处理方式柠檬蜜饯的可溶性糖含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
渗透剂类型蔗糖(mg/g dw)葡萄糖(mg/g dw)果糖(mg/g dw)木糖醇(mg/g dw)山梨糖醇(mg/g dw)麦芽糖醇(mg/g dw)
45 ℃蔗糖123.94±3.35Aa76.64±1.80Ba109.47±3.15Ac26.33±0.31Ca−−
木糖醇22.69±0.16Bb37.14±1.20Ca28.02±2.04Ca867.79±4.37Aa−−
山梨糖醇19.92±0.95Bc36.58±0.31Ca28.03±2.86Ca58.05±6.56Ba434.83±13.19a−
麦芽糖醇1.66±0.08Cb95.71±1.28Aa39.11±4.84Ba26.87±5.44Ca−284.79±7.68a
50 ℃蔗糖114.44±2.61Ab63.87±6.48Bb116.29±0.99Ab25.87±6.57Ba−−
木糖醇28.34±0.92Ba34.22±1.02Cb26.48±2.56Ca870.61±27.45Aa−−
山梨糖醇25.40±1.45Bb35.50±1.43Ca26.84±0.61Ca53.93±8.41Ba417.62±0.79b−
麦芽糖醇1.99±0.11Ca89.14±1.04Ab30.23±0.71Bb17.49±2.62Ba−264.08±10.25b
55 ℃蔗糖109.67±0.57Ab74.20±1.48Aa133.89±3.38Aa34.07±4.39Ca−−
木糖醇28.84±1.74Ca32.59±1.17Bb25.02±0.97Ba794.80±20.58Ab−−
山梨糖醇31.98±0.10Ba31.53±0.06Bb25.41±0.64Ba69.63±9.26Ba379.04±5.78c−
麦芽糖醇2.02±0.11Da76.23±2.13Ac24.14±1.99Bc32.68±9.37Ca−231.66±2.19c
), ArticleFig(id=1320881521003713145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Organic acid content of lemon preserves under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
渗透剂类型总维生素C
(µg/g dw)
抗坏血酸
(µg/g dw)
脱氢抗坏血酸
(µg/g dw)
苹果酸
(µg/g dw)
酒石酸
(µg/g dw)
草酸
(µg/g dw)
柠檬酸
(µg/g dw)
甘油酸
(µg/g dw)
有机酸总量
(µg/g dw)
45 ℃蔗糖70.47±2.91Aa27.68±1.90Aa42.79±3.18ABa643.14±174.24Aa2425.51±187.66Aa2285.27±198.95Aa24970.74±4276.33Aa601.96±355.77Aa30997.08±4790.06Aa
木糖醇58.78±1.83Ca20.32±1.37Ba38.46±1.82Ba501.38±210.73Aa1884.65±219.61Aa1612.78±99.02Ba22055.57±2522.53Aa734.16±458.00Aa26845.94±2530.26Aa
山梨糖醇59.86±1.16Ca20.99±2.64Ba38.87±1.71Ba682.55±100.10Aa1709.55±287.53Aa1583.48±65.18Ba23070.83±2607.99Aa641.73±425.16Aa27747.98±3213.06Aa
麦芽糖醇64.49±2.40Ba19.08±2.06Ba45.41±3.35Aa735.20±23.89Aa2574.25±1593.53Aa1838.93±227.90Ba27279.20±1093.90Aa671.79±419.23Aa33163.86±924.68Aa
50 ℃蔗糖65.55±4.62Aa18.34±1.54Ab47.22±3.09Aa622.10±94.16Aa1145.21±79.94Ab1207.05±15.88Ab23005.06±4085.60Aa546.99±373.78Aa26591.97±3775.01Aa
木糖醇56.94±1.96Ba14.74±1.03Bb42.20±2.95Aa389.76±316.97Aa1426.86±638.65Aab1120.83±110.39ABb18947.94±879.82Aab721.39±117.52Aa22663.72±720.75Ab
山梨糖醇51.49±2.06Cb15.19±1.12Bb36.30±2.76Ba662.73±117.13Aa2184.42±1909.11Aa1120.40±46.57ABb18664.18±6210.53Aa578.81±387.30Aa23262.02±4410.94Aa
麦芽糖醇50.49±1.58Cb15.32±0.44Bb35.17±1.68Bb681.54±78.92Aa1198.22±88.83Aa1051.13±53.75Bb23057.00±2330.16Aa477.91±386.94Aa26516.29±2826.69Ab
55 ℃蔗糖48.16±1.60Ab13.61±1.41Ac34.55±0.19Ab597.09±15.44Aa958.60±25.16Ab880.07±12.86Ac23024.74±902.13Aa878.02±790.41Aa26386.69±263.80Aa
木糖醇40.48±2.67Bb9.87±0.82Bc30.61±3.28ABb384.15±275.19Aa915.48±59.00Ab667.62±63.64Bc17131.12±2019.54Bb738.27±503.12Aa19877.13±2065.05Bb
山梨糖醇39.13±1.34BCc9.81±0.98Bc29.31±2.08Bb460.43±64.98Ab1104.26±228.22Aa702.80±46.41Bc18476.53±1891.21Ba673.70±840.33Aa21456.85±1352.39Ba
麦芽糖醇36.22±1.46Cc9.00±1.02Bc27.22±2.03Bc507.17±63.90Ab930.03±9.77Aa651.01±7.85Bc17072.04±2713.52Bb687.21±272.64Aa21267.36±153.53Bc
), ArticleFig(id=1320881521091793530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881079502877603, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同处理方式柠檬蜜饯的有机酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
渗透剂类型总维生素C
(µg/g dw)
抗坏血酸
(µg/g dw)
脱氢抗坏血酸
(µg/g dw)
苹果酸
(µg/g dw)
酒石酸
(µg/g dw)
草酸
(µg/g dw)
柠檬酸
(µg/g dw)
甘油酸
(µg/g dw)
有机酸总量
(µg/g dw)
45 ℃蔗糖70.47±2.91Aa27.68±1.90Aa42.79±3.18ABa643.14±174.24Aa2425.51±187.66Aa2285.27±198.95Aa24970.74±4276.33Aa601.96±355.77Aa30997.08±4790.06Aa
木糖醇58.78±1.83Ca20.32±1.37Ba38.46±1.82Ba501.38±210.73Aa1884.65±219.61Aa1612.78±99.02Ba22055.57±2522.53Aa734.16±458.00Aa26845.94±2530.26Aa
山梨糖醇59.86±1.16Ca20.99±2.64Ba38.87±1.71Ba682.55±100.10Aa1709.55±287.53Aa1583.48±65.18Ba23070.83±2607.99Aa641.73±425.16Aa27747.98±3213.06Aa
麦芽糖醇64.49±2.40Ba19.08±2.06Ba45.41±3.35Aa735.20±23.89Aa2574.25±1593.53Aa1838.93±227.90Ba27279.20±1093.90Aa671.79±419.23Aa33163.86±924.68Aa
50 ℃蔗糖65.55±4.62Aa18.34±1.54Ab47.22±3.09Aa622.10±94.16Aa1145.21±79.94Ab1207.05±15.88Ab23005.06±4085.60Aa546.99±373.78Aa26591.97±3775.01Aa
木糖醇56.94±1.96Ba14.74±1.03Bb42.20±2.95Aa389.76±316.97Aa1426.86±638.65Aab1120.83±110.39ABb18947.94±879.82Aab721.39±117.52Aa22663.72±720.75Ab
山梨糖醇51.49±2.06Cb15.19±1.12Bb36.30±2.76Ba662.73±117.13Aa2184.42±1909.11Aa1120.40±46.57ABb18664.18±6210.53Aa578.81±387.30Aa23262.02±4410.94Aa
麦芽糖醇50.49±1.58Cb15.32±0.44Bb35.17±1.68Bb681.54±78.92Aa1198.22±88.83Aa1051.13±53.75Bb23057.00±2330.16Aa477.91±386.94Aa26516.29±2826.69Ab
55 ℃蔗糖48.16±1.60Ab13.61±1.41Ac34.55±0.19Ab597.09±15.44Aa958.60±25.16Ab880.07±12.86Ac23024.74±902.13Aa878.02±790.41Aa26386.69±263.80Aa
木糖醇40.48±2.67Bb9.87±0.82Bc30.61±3.28ABb384.15±275.19Aa915.48±59.00Ab667.62±63.64Bc17131.12±2019.54Bb738.27±503.12Aa19877.13±2065.05Bb
山梨糖醇39.13±1.34BCc9.81±0.98Bc29.31±2.08Bb460.43±64.98Ab1104.26±228.22Aa702.80±46.41Bc18476.53±1891.21Ba673.70±840.33Aa21456.85±1352.39Ba
麦芽糖醇36.22±1.46Cc9.00±1.02Bc27.22±2.03Bc507.17±63.90Ab930.03±9.77Aa651.01±7.85Bc17072.04±2713.52Bb687.21±272.64Aa21267.36±153.53Bc
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不同渗透剂和干燥条件对柠檬蜜饯品质的影响
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吕欣依 1, 2, 3, 4 , 朱李想 1, 2, 3, 4 , 姚瑶 1, 2, 3, 4 , 周林燕 1, 2, 3, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—果蔬基料制造:基础理论、新型加工、质量控制与智能制造(客座主编:徐贞贞、王永涛、李涛;产业顾问:李仁杰) 2026,47(17): 51-62
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—果蔬基料制造:基础理论、新型加工、质量控制与智能制造(客座主编:徐贞贞、王永涛、李涛;产业顾问:李仁杰) 2026 , 47 (17) : 51 -62
不同渗透剂和干燥条件对柠檬蜜饯品质的影响
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3云南省高原特色食品预制化重点实验室,云南昆明 650500
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吕欣依1, 2, 3, 4 , 朱李想1, 2, 3, 4, 姚瑶1, 2, 3, 4, 周林燕1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1昆明理工大学食品科学与工程学院,云南昆明 650500
  • 2云南省特色果蔬健康产品工程研究中心,云南昆明 650500
  • 3云南省高原特色食品预制化重点实验室,云南昆明 650500
  • 4昆明市绿色食品加工国际科技研发中心,云南昆明 650500
通讯作者:
周林燕(1984−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吕欣依(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

Effect of Different Osmotic Agents and Drying Conditions on the Quality of Lemon Preserves
Xinyi LÜ1, 2, 3, 4 , Lixiang ZHU1, 2, 3, 4, Yao YAO1, 2, 3, 4, Linyan ZHOU1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
  • 2Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Products, Kunming 650500, China
  • 3Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Food Advanced Manufacturing, Kunming 650500, China
  • 4International Green Food Processing Research and Development Center of Kunming City, Kunming 650500, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110092
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本研究旨在探究糖醇类代糖(木糖醇、山梨糖醇、麦芽糖醇)作为渗透剂,替代传统蔗糖用于柠檬渗透脱水的可行性,并进一步采用45、50、55 ℃三个温度分别干燥处理得到柠檬蜜饯产品,从渗透效率、水分、质构特性、颜色、电子鼻、总酚、总黄酮、抗氧化活性、可溶性糖含量及有机酸含量等指标分析渗透剂类型和干燥温度对柠檬蜜饯品质的影响规律,最终结合理化指标和感官评价筛选出最优的渗透剂与干燥温度。结果表明,在质构方面,45 ℃干燥条件下的山梨糖醇组与麦芽糖醇组产品的硬度与咀嚼度较低,而蔗糖组与木糖醇组则较高。在营养品质方面,蔗糖组与麦芽糖醇组在45 ℃干燥处理后总酚和总黄酮含量最高,山梨糖醇组次之,木糖醇组最低。在风味品质方面,45 ℃干燥条件下蔗糖组的挥发性物质含量最高,山梨糖醇组和麦芽糖醇组次之,木糖醇组的高渗透率则导致较多的挥发性物质流失。感官评价结果显示,45 ℃干燥下蔗糖组综合评分最高,而山梨糖醇组与木糖醇组的得分次之。基于理化指标与感官评价的结果,可以发现以山梨糖醇替代蔗糖、结合45 ℃干燥温度可用于低糖柠檬蜜饯的开发。

渗透脱水  /  糖醇  /  蔗糖  /  柠檬  /  营养与风味  /  感官评价

This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using sugar alcohols (xylitol, sorbitol, and maltitol) as osmotic agents to replace traditional sucrose in the osmotic dehydration of lemon. Lemon preserves were subsequently obtained by drying at 45, 50, and 55 ℃. The effects of osmotic agent type and drying temperature on product quality were systematically evaluated in terms of osmotic efficiency, moisture content, textural properties, color, electronic nose responses, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, soluble sugar content, and organic acid composition. Based on a comprehensive assessment integrating physicochemical indices and sensory evaluation, the optimal osmotic agent and drying temperature were determined. The results showed that, in terms of texture, sorbitol- and maltitol-treated samples dried at 45 ℃ exhibited lower hardness and chewiness, whereas sucrose- and xylitol-treated samples showed higher values. Regarding nutritional quality, sucrose- and maltitol-treated samples dried at 45 ℃ exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, followed by sorbitol-treated samples, with xylitol-treated samples showing the lowest levels. In terms of flavor quality, sucrose-treated samples dried at 45 ℃ contained the highest levels of volatile compounds, followed by sorbitol- and maltitol-treated samples, while the high osmotic efficiency of xylitol resulted in greater losses of volatile compounds. Sensory evaluation indicated that sucrose-treated samples dried at 45 ℃ achieved the highest overall acceptability, followed by sorbitol- and xylitol-treated samples. Overall, based on a comprehensive assessment of physicochemical properties with sensory evaluation, it can be concluded that substituting sucrose with sorbitol in combination with a drying temperature of 45 ℃ is suitable for the development of low-sugar candied lemon products.

osmotic dehydration  /  sugar alcohols  /  sucrose  /  lemon  /  nutritional and flavor  /  sensory evaluation
吕欣依, 朱李想, 姚瑶, 周林燕. 不同渗透剂和干燥条件对柠檬蜜饯品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 51 -62 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110092
Xinyi LÜ, Lixiang ZHU, Yao YAO, Linyan ZHOU. Effect of Different Osmotic Agents and Drying Conditions on the Quality of Lemon Preserves[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 51 -62 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110092
柑橘类水果的总产值在全球主要农作物中位列前十[1-2],橙类约占柑橘总产量的47.6%,其次为柑类(24.3%)、柠檬和酸橙(13.5%)、葡萄柚(5.9%)及其他柑橘类水果(8.7%)[1],而柠檬因其浓郁而清新的香气尤为突出。柠檬具有多种生物活性,包括酚类化合物(以黄酮类为主)、抗坏血酸、果胶、膳食纤维和类胡萝卜素等成分。长期规律性摄入柠檬,因多种生物活性成分的协同作用,可产生抗氧化、抗癌、抗炎及免疫调节等多重健康效益[3]。目前,尤力克柠檬(Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck)是国内种植最广泛的柠檬品种之一,尤其在云南、四川、重庆和海南等地区形成了规模化种植,成为当地重要的区域性支柱产业[4]。
由于柠檬果肉酸涩且果皮带有苦味,新鲜果实通常不宜直接食用,盐渍[5]或糖渍[6]加工是改善柠檬适口性的传统方法。该方法可通过渗透脱水方式降低水分活度,从而延长产品的贮藏期[7]。在渗透脱水过程中,渗透压驱动水分及水溶性化合物从食品组织中析出,同时促使渗透剂向细胞间隙扩散,直至细胞膜两侧达到渗透平衡[8]。细胞膜渗透性越高,渗透脱水速率越快;而完整的植物细胞膜会形成渗透屏障,导致该过程较为缓慢[9]。因此,通常需要通过烫漂[10]、真空浸渍[11]、欧姆加热[12]、超声[13]、微波[14]、脉冲电场[15]等预处理方法破坏部分细胞膜,加速传质过程并提高加工效率[16]。
用于渗透处理的渗透剂需满足高渗透率、符合安全标准、保持适口性,且在溶剂中具备高溶解度以形成高浓度溶液的要求[17]。蔗糖因其易得性和良好的风味特性,成为目前广泛使用的传统渗透剂[18]。然而,在肥胖症与糖尿病患病率持续升高的公共卫生背景下,针对膳食糖分摄入的健康关注日益凸显,促使食品工业对低热量及无糖替代型渗透剂的需求显著增长[19]。因此,赤藓糖醇、麦芽糖醇、木糖醇及山梨糖醇等糖醇类物质(多元醇)在食品工业中获得广泛应用。这类化合物兼具甜味特性与缓释吸收优势,使其在作为蔗糖替代品时,既能呈现较低的血糖生成指数和热量值,又可有效调控产品的感官与理化性质[20]。通常认为渗透剂种类和浓度、浸泡时间与处理温度等是影响渗透效果的关键因素[21]。与蔗糖相比,糖醇类物质的渗透效率因其分子量不同而呈现变化,渗透特性的差异最终会导致产品(尤其在感官属性方面)品质出现差异[22]。例如,与蔗糖(342 Da)和麦芽糖醇(344 Da)相比,赤藓糖醇(122 Da)、木糖醇(152 Da)及山梨糖醇(182 Da)具有更低的分子量,使其具有更高的渗透效率[22]。先前研究已证实,糖醇作为渗透剂已应用于多种水果的脱水处理,包括苹果[22-23]、椰仁[24]、菠萝[25]、橙子[2]、草莓[6]、猕猴桃[26]、雪莲果[27]、芒果[28]、黄桃[29]等。研究表明,山梨糖醇与木糖醇应用于雪莲果渗透在降低水分活度与提升增固率方面,效果优于异麦芽酮糖醇、麦芽糖醇、赤藓糖醇和蔗糖[27]。在橙片渗透处理中,木糖醇与山梨糖醇组的硬度较低,而蔗糖与麦芽糖醇组的维生素C保留更佳[2]。此外,针对柑橘类水果的研究也证实,采用塔格糖等复合甜味剂或高浓度蔗糖溶液均可实现柠檬[30]和箭叶橙[21]的有效脱水。
以上研究证实了渗透脱水处理在柑橘类水果加工方面的潜力。然而,将糖醇作为渗透剂应用于柠檬加工的相关研究却鲜有报道。本研究以尤力克柠檬为原料,采用蔗糖、木糖醇、山梨糖醇及麦芽糖醇作为渗透剂,依次通过烫漂、渗透脱水与真空干燥相结合的工艺,制备糖渍柠檬蜜饯,并进一步结合感官评价与理化分析系统研究工艺条件对产品品质的影响。在感官评价方面,构建涵盖色泽、香气、基本味觉(酸、甜、苦)及质地特性(涩味、硬度、咀嚼度)的指标体系;在理化指标分析方面,测定其色度、气味、质构等品质特性,以及pH、有机酸、可溶性糖等影响风味的关键成分。最终,通过关联感官评价与理化数据,以期全面、客观地揭示其品质差异,为开发健康的柠檬产品提供数据支撑。
尤力克柠檬 购自京东;食品级白砂糖 广州福正东海食品有限公司;食品级木糖醇、山梨糖醇、麦芽糖醇 山东天力药业有限公司;饮用水 昆明珍茗食品有限责任公司;戊二醛、甲醇、氢氧化钠、盐酸、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)均为国产分析纯 阿拉丁试剂公司;偏磷酸、碳酸钠、亚硝酸钠、三氯化铝、氯化钠均为国产分析纯 国药试剂有限公司;蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、甘油酸、抗坏血酸、奎诺二甲基丙烯酸酯(Trolox)标准品 购自上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司。
1139AL型加长果蔬切片机 广州刚古金属制品有限公司;TD-45型全自动手持折光仪 北京金科利达电子科技有限公司;DZF-6213型真空干燥箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;HD-5型水分活度仪 中国无锡华科仪器仪表有限公司;TA-XT.Plus型质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;Sigma 360场发射扫描电子显微镜 德国卡尔蔡司股份公司;CR-400型色差计 日本柯尼卡美能达传感公司;FSJ-A03D1型粉碎机 广东小熊电器有限公司;cNose型便携式通用电子鼻 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;Multifuge×1R型离心机 赛默飞世尔科技公司;T9CS型双光束紫外-可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;SpectraMax M5型酶标仪 美国Millipore公司;Dionex ICS-6000型离子色谱 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;Agilent 1260型高效液相色谱 安捷伦科技有限公司。
新鲜柠檬→清洗→去皮→切片→烫漂→渗透脱水→真空干燥→成品。
原料处理:挑选平均质量为270±5 g、直径为10.0±0.5 cm的新鲜柠檬,手工去除柠檬外皮后,用高速切片机将其切成厚度为7.0±0.5 mm的薄片。
渗透剂制备:将蔗糖、木糖醇、山梨糖醇、麦芽糖醇四种食品级渗透剂分别溶于饮用水中至完全溶解,使用校准的全自动手持折光仪将所得溶液浓度调整至40°Bx±0.5°Bx。
烫漂预处理:将柠檬片以1:4(m/v)的料液比在95±1 ℃的四种渗透溶液中热烫5 min,随后将样品冷却至环境温度[9]。
渗透脱水:渗透脱水实验在室温下进行。将预处理后的柠檬片以1:4(m/v)的料液比浸入渗透溶液中,浸泡180 min。为促进渗透交换均匀,浸泡过程中每隔1 h对柠檬片进行一次翻面[6]。
真空干燥:渗透处理后,将柠檬片置于真空干燥箱中,在60 kPa的真空度下,分别在45、50、55 ℃条件下干燥5 h,得到最终的柠檬蜜饯产品[31]。
在渗透脱水过程中,每隔30 min测定失水率和增固率,计算公式如下[6]:
$\rm 失水率(\text{%})=\frac{({\mathrm{M}}_{0}-{\mathrm{m}}_{0})-({\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}}-{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{t}})}{{\mathrm{M}}_{0}}\times 100 $
$ 增固率(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}}-{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:M0为样品初始重量,g;Mt为样品经渗透处理t时间(min)后的重量,g;m0为样品干物质初始重量,g;mt为样品经渗透处理t时间(min)后的干物质重量,g。
水分含量参照GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》中的真空干燥法进行测定。将各组柠檬蜜饯产品在60±5 ℃、40~53 kPa的真空条件下干燥至恒重。水分含量(%)按以下公式通过重量法计算:
$ 水分含量(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{W}}_{0}-{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\mathrm{W}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:W0为样品初始质量,g;Wt为样品干燥至恒重后的质量,g。
测定前,仪器需在开机状态下与环境平衡30 min,以确保样品室状态稳定后再进行测量。将柠檬蜜饯产品在室温下置于水分活度仪的样品室中,平衡5 min后进行读数。
首先将柠檬蜜饯样品切成0.1×1×1 cm3的小块,于4 ℃下在2.5%戊二醛溶液中固定24 h,随后用梯度浓度乙醇(35%、50%、70%、90%、95%、100%)进行脱水。样品经临界点干燥后,进行喷金处理(镀覆10 nm厚Au/Pd层),后分别在3.0 kV加速电压、500倍与1000倍放大倍数下观察样品[32]。
采用质构仪(配备P/70圆柱形探头)测定柠檬蜜饯产品的质构特性(TPA)。将产品放置测试台的中央,测试探头距离测试台10 cm高度。测定参数设定如下:测试前速度10 mm/s,测试速度1 mm/s(压缩形变为30%),测试后速度5 mm/s,触发力为5 g[33]。
采用色差计配备D65光源测定色泽参数。测定前,使用仪器配套的白色标准校准板进行零点与白板校准。沿柠檬蜜饯产品直径方向(中轴线)均匀选取5个等距测量点,依次测定记录其亮度值(L*)、红绿值(a*)和黄蓝值(b*)[32]。根据以下公式计算总色差(ΔE)以比较糖醇组与蔗糖组柠檬蜜饯的颜色总体差异:
$ \Delta {E}=\sqrt{{(\Delta {{L}}^{\text{*} })}^{2}+{(\Delta {{a}}^{\text{*} })}^{2}+{(\Delta {{b}}^{\text{*} })}^{2}} $
式中:ΔL*、Δa*、Δb*分别为糖醇组与蔗糖组在相应维度上的差值。
将柠檬蜜饯产品在液氮中速冻后,用粉碎机将其精细研磨成果浆用于后续指标测定。
称取上述所得果浆3 g置于30 mL顶空进样瓶中,加入3 mL饱和氯化钠溶液,涡旋振荡混匀后于40 ℃水浴中平衡5 min。随后于室温下进行电子鼻分析,设置电子鼻分析参数如下:载气流速0.30 L/min,采样时间120 s,进样延迟15 s,样品间系统清洗300 s[32]。
精确称取上述研磨后的柠檬蜜饯果浆1 g,加入5 mL 80%甲醇,于25 ℃下超声提取(40 kHz、360 W)30 min,离心(10000×g,10 min,4 ℃)后取上清液为甲醇提取液。此甲醇提取液用于后续抗氧化成分及活性分析。
总酚含量采用福林酚比色法测定[34]。取50 μL甲醇提取液,与500 μL 10%福林酚试剂及450 μL 7.5% Na2CO3溶液混合。于室温下避光反应90 min后,在765 nm波长下测定其吸光度。以没食子酸标准品建立浓度-吸光度标准曲线,根据回归方程y=2.5293x+0.0622(R2=0.9936)计算柠檬蜜饯产品中总酚含量,结果以每克干重样品中所含的微克数(μg/g dw)表示。
总黄酮含量采用氯化铝比色法测定[34]。具体步骤为:取100 μL上述甲醇提取液,依次加入15 μL 5% NaNO2溶液,涡旋混匀后反应5 min;再加入15 μL 5% AlCl3溶液,涡旋混匀后反应6 min;最后加入100 μL 1 mol/L NaOH溶液并混匀。将最终混合液于25 ℃下避光反应30 min,随后在510 nm波长处测定吸光度。以芦丁为标准品建立浓度-吸光度标准曲线,根据回归方程y=2.6371x+0.0167(R2=0.9992)计算柠檬蜜饯产品中总黄酮含量,结果以每克干重样品中所含的微克数(μg/g dw)表示。
DPPH自由基清除活力测定:取0.5 mL上述甲醇提取液,加入2 mL 0.1 mmol/L的DPPH溶液,涡旋振荡15 s混匀,随后于25 ℃下避光反应30 min,最后在517 nm波长处测定吸光度A1,将DPPH溶液替换为等量甲醇测得空白组吸光度A0,将上清液替换为等量甲醇测得对照组吸光度A2[34]。以Trolox标准品建立浓度-吸光度标准曲线,根据回归方程y=−0.1724x+2.0673(R2=0.9925)计算柠檬蜜饯DPPH自由基清除活力,测定结果以每克干重样品中所含的微摩尔数(µmol/g dw)表示。
$ \mathrm{DPPH}自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}\right)\times 100 $
ABTS+自由基清除活力测定:取0.5 mL甲醇提取液,加入4 mL预先制备的ABTS溶液,涡旋混匀后于30 ℃下避光反应6 min,随后在734 nm波长处测定吸光度A1,将ABTS溶液替换为等量甲醇测得空白组吸光度A0,将上清液替换为等量甲醇测得对照组吸光度A2[34]。以Trolox标准品建立浓度-吸光度标准曲线,根据回归方程y=−1.0819x+2.5602(R2=0.9946)计算柠檬蜜饯ABTS+自由基清除活力,测定结果以每克干重样品中所含的微摩尔数(µmol/g dw)表示。
$ \mathrm{ABTS}^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}\right)\times 100 $
将研磨所得的柠檬蜜饯果浆用超纯水溶解并稀释8000倍,经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后进样。采用配置CarboPac PA-20分析柱(150 mm×3 mm)及保护柱的离子色谱-电化学检测法分析可溶性糖。以100 mmol/L NaOH溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱。色谱柱温度为30 ℃,检测器温度为35 ℃,进样体积为25 μL。梯度洗脱程序为:0~10 min内NaOH浓度为10 mmol/L;10~20 min内NaOH浓度为10~50 mmol/L;20~25 min内NaOH浓度恢复为10 mmol/L。使用蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、木糖醇、山梨糖醇和麦芽糖醇标准品溶液绘制外标曲线进行定量分析,外标回归方程依次为:y=1.0532x+0.6713,R2=0.9976;y=0.9214x+1.8888,R2=0.9948;y=0.2226x−0.0681,R2=0.9996;y=0.3795x+0.6122,R2=0.9988;y=7882x+1.5279,R2=0.9978;y=1.1278x+1.4472,R2=0.9982,计算结果以每克干重样品中所含的毫克数(mg/g dw)表示[32]。
称取研磨后的柠檬蜜饯果浆1 g,加入4 mL缓冲溶液(含10 g/L偏磷酸与5 g/L草酸,用0.1 mol/L NaOH调节至pH2.0),经超声处理(30 min,25 ℃)后离心(10000×g,10 min,4 ℃),取上清液分别用于总维生素C和抗坏血酸含量的测定。脱氢抗坏血酸含量按总维生素C与抗坏血酸的差值计算[31]。
总维生素C测定时,取上清液以1:2(V/V)的比例加入含2.5 mmol/L TCEP的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5),将脱氢抗坏血酸还原为抗坏血酸后进行测定;抗坏血酸测定时:另取等量上清液,以1:2(V/V)的比例与不含TCEP的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)混合直接测定。两份溶液均经离心(10000×g,15 min,4 ℃)和微孔滤膜(0.45 μm)过滤进样后,采用TC-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)进行HPLC分析。HPLC分析条件为:检测波长245 nm,流动相为含1 mmol/L Na2EDTA的10 mmol/L CH3COONH4溶液(pH3.0),等度洗脱,流速0.8 mL/min。使用抗坏血酸标准品溶液绘制外标曲线进行定量分析,外标回归方程为:y=1953.9598x−0.2064(R2=0.9998),计算结果以每克干重样品中所含的微克数(μg/g dw)表示。
将研磨所得柠檬蜜饯果浆用超纯水溶解并稀释1000倍,经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后进样。采用配置IonPac AS11-HC色谱柱(250 mm×4 mm)的离子色谱(ICS-6000系统)分析有机酸。以KOH溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样体积25 μL,柱温与检测器温度分别为30 ℃与35 ℃。梯度洗脱程序为:0~8 min内KOH浓度为1 mmol/L;8~18 min内KOH浓度为1~15 mmol/L;18~28 min内KOH浓度为15~30 mmol/L;28~38 min内KOH浓度为30~60 mmol/L,38~45 min内KOH浓度恢复为1 mmol/L[35]。使用苹果酸、酒石酸、草酸、柠檬酸和甘油酸标准品溶液绘制外标曲线进行定量分析,外标回归方程依次为:y=0.095x+0.002,R2=0.9989;y=0.1118x+0.039,R2=0.9925;y=1866x+0.0431,R2=0.9973;y=0.074x−0.01,R2=0.9991;y=0.075x+0.016,R2=0.9943;计算结果以每克干重样品中所含的微克数(μg/g dw)表示。
招募15名(年龄20~30岁)健康状况良好,并且经常食用蜜饯的评价员组成评价小组。在测试前,向评价员明确相关规则与流程,并要求其在每次测试前至少30 min内禁食、禁嚼口香糖及禁止吸烟[36]。
感官评价涵盖十项蜜饯关键的感官属性,分别为:外观、色泽、香气强度、酸味、甜味、苦味、涩味、硬度、咀嚼度与整体接受度。评审小组建立的描述性感官剖面图如表1所示。
所有感官属性均由经过培训的评审小组(n=15)使用九点喜好标度进行评价,其中:1分表示“非常不喜欢”;5分表示“喜好程度一般”;9分表示“非常喜欢”,中间数值表征喜好的连续梯度[37]。
数据以平均值±标准差表示(n≥3)。采用SPSS 26.0软件(IBM,美国)进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),并通过Duncan检验进行组间差异显著性比较(P<0.05)。图表使用Origin 2022软件(OriginLab,美国)绘制。
柠檬蜜饯的渗透脱水效率通过失水率与增固率进行表征,如图1所示,烫漂处理(95 ℃、5 min)有效破坏了柠檬植物细胞的渗透屏障,使经蔗糖、木糖醇、山梨糖醇和麦芽糖醇四种渗透液处理后的柠檬切片在渗透初期就呈现出较高的渗透效率。在0~180 min的常温渗透阶段,各处理组的失水率与增固率呈上升趋势,归因于渗透初期样品与溶液间较大的渗透压差,而浓度梯度是溶质传递的主要驱动力[38]。随着渗透脱水的进行,水分迁出与溶质渗入速率逐渐减缓,因此失水率和增固率的变化变得缓慢。最终当渗透系统趋近平衡状态时,失水率和增固率不再变化。其他水果和蔬菜的渗透过程也存在类似的效果,如木瓜[39]、杏[40]、姜[38]等。根据渗透效果,在节约成本与提高效率的原则下,后续研究选择渗透时间180 min制备柠檬蜜饯。
在四种渗透剂中,木糖醇溶液处理组的渗透效果最显著,相同渗透时间下其失水率最高、增固率最低;当渗透时间达到180 min后,失水率达到最大值为56.85%。根据范特霍夫定律,在相同质量浓度条件下,理论渗透压与渗透剂的分子量呈负相关关系。相应的,在四种渗透剂中木糖醇的分子量最低(152 Da),较小的分子量使其能够更快速地通过植物细胞壁屏障,从而增强渗透效果[2]。达到渗透终点后,蔗糖(342 Da)、山梨糖醇(182 Da)和麦芽糖醇(344 Da)的失水率分别为47.01%、50.35%、50.10%,且三者间无显著差异(P>0.05)。虽然山梨糖醇的分子量与木糖醇相近,但相较于在溶液中更易形成直线构象的五碳糖醇木糖醇,山梨糖醇是一种六碳糖醇,更长的碳链使其在溶液中存在更多种可能的环状或弯曲构象。多样的空间构象使其在通过同样大小的孔道时,需进行更多的构象调整,从而降低了跨膜运输的速率[41]。蔗糖与麦芽糖醇作为二糖及其衍生物,具有相近的分子量与扩散特性,在植物组织中的渗透动力学行为较为接近[32]。
图2A和图2B分别是四种渗透剂渗透脱水后经不同温度真空干燥后的柠檬蜜饯水分含量和水分活度的变化规律。相同干燥条件下,不同渗透剂处理的柠檬蜜饯的水分含量与渗透脱水阶段的失水率呈负相关,即木糖醇组的水分含量最低为55.61%~61.51%。这是因为分子量越小的渗透剂形成渗透液的渗透压越高,导致样品在渗透阶段脱除的水分越多,因此经相同干燥条件后其最终产品的水分含量更低[6]。另外,在45 ℃真空干燥条件下,由渗透剂类型引起的水分含量的差异较为显著(P<0.05);而随着干燥温度升高,剧烈的热力作用导致不同渗透剂类型引起的水分含量的差异逐渐减小[42]。Zhang等[43]在卤豆干的真空烘制中也发现,真空烘制温度和时间对卤豆干水分含量和质构特性的影响显著,高温强化了热力作用,并且削弱渗透剂等其他因素带来的差异。同时,随着真空干燥温度的提高,强化了水分子动能,从而加速了水分由体系内部向真空环境的逸散过程,因此同一渗透剂处理样品的水分含量随着干燥温度升高逐渐降低[44]。食品的稳定性和安全性并非直接由总含水量决定,而是取决于水在食品中的存在状态与可利用性,即水分活度。水分活度通过控制微生物生长和影响化学反应速率,共同决定了食品的保质期限[45]。如图2B所示,所有样品的水分活度数值在0.88至0.91之间,已低于绝大多数致病菌生长所需的最低阈值,因此本研究采用的渗透脱水结合真空干燥工艺,能有效将产品水分活度降至安全水平,从而显著抑制致病菌的生长。但该水分活度水平仍不足以完全抑制所有腐败微生物,特别是某些霉菌和耐渗透压酵母。因此,为实现更长的货架期,后续仍需结合巴氏杀菌或添加防腐剂等辅助措施保障货架期安全[46]。
如图3所示,经不同渗透剂及干燥处理后柠檬蜜饯样品均出现不同程度的组织塌陷与孔隙结构。在孔隙结构方面,木糖醇组细胞间形成连续且较大的间隙,这与其较低分子量所对应的高渗透压密切相关[38]。也就是说,较强的脱水驱动力促使细胞发生显著收缩,从而在组织结构层面印证了其较高的失水率。在1000×放大倍数下对细胞孔径进行统计测量,结果显示木糖醇组孔径最大,蔗糖与麦芽糖醇组次之,而山梨糖醇组孔径最小且形态极不规则。这可能是由于山梨糖醇碳链相对较长,且每个碳原子上连有一个亲水性的羟基,渗透时容易与柠檬细胞壁上的极性基团形成氢键,引起细胞结构局部扭曲与孔隙闭合[32]。
柠檬蜜饯的口感是消费者关注的主要品质因素之一,主要取决于其硬度和韧性。另外,在咀嚼过程中质构特征还会影响风味物质的释放,从而影响消费者对其风味的感知[47]。如图4所示,在干燥温度为45 ℃时,山梨糖醇组和麦芽糖醇组柠檬蜜饯的硬度与咀嚼度显著低于蔗糖组和木糖醇组(P<0.05),这主要归因于山梨糖醇和麦芽糖醇在渗透脱水过程中效率较低,导致水分迁出不足,未能引发显著的细胞收缩和致密化,使得蜜饯的微观结构未能充分紧实,从而直接表现为较低的硬度和咀嚼度。在较低的干燥温度下,热力作用相对温和,渗透剂对产品微观结构的塑造起到了主导作用[48]。随着干燥温度的升高,热力效应成为主导,山梨糖醇和麦芽糖醇组的硬度和咀嚼度随之升高,不同处理组之间的差异不再显著。Kotwaliwale等[49]发现在热风干燥过程中,较高的温度导致平菇样品具有更大的硬度和咀嚼度。
颜色是决定蜜饯产品外观品质与消费者接受度的关键视觉属性之一。如图5可以看出,所有柠檬蜜饯基本保持了良好的整体外观形态,并且呈现较为完整的黄色调。从颜色参数分析可知(表2),不同渗透剂和真空干燥温度处理对柠檬蜜饯的L*和b*值的整体影响较小,说明处理过程中样品的基本色泽和明度较为稳定。干燥温度对红绿色度值a*具有一定的影响,升高温度会导致a*值绝对值降低,可能是由于高温引起美拉德反应,其产物掩盖了柠檬原本的绿色,从而使a*值绝对值降低[50]。与蔗糖组相比,所有糖醇组样品的总色差(ΔE)均低于2,表明使用糖醇替代蔗糖,并未使柠檬蜜饯的最终色泽产生显著变化(P>0.05)。这可能也是由于糖醇具有较强的水合和氢键形成能力,使其能够在色素周围形成有效的保护层,从而对色素的稳定起着重要的作用[51]。因此,总体来看,渗透脱水结合糖醇处理能较好地保持柠檬蜜饯的色泽稳定性。熊婧等[51]也报道过糖醇对甘薯浓浆中的类胡萝卜素的热稳定性起着重要的作用,可提高甘薯的色泽稳定性。
电子鼻可以根据其18个传感器分析的芳香化合物对不同样品进行比较[52]。图6为电子鼻传感器响应图谱,传感器S3与S10的响应信号较微弱,表明柠檬蜜饯在加工过程中未产生或仅含微量含氢类挥发性物质;而传感器S2与S15则呈现较高响应值,这与以蔗糖及糖醇类物质为渗透剂所制备的蜜饯中主要挥发性成分为含碳化合物与醇类物质的组成特征相符。
从整体传感器响应强度来看,干燥温度对香气保留具有显著影响(P<0.05),即低温干燥更有利于柠檬蜜饯产品挥发性风味物质的保留,较高的干燥温度会加速风味物质的挥发和逸散[53]。Abouelenein等[53]研究发现,采用45 ℃干燥的草莓片其关键呈香物质(如呋喃酮和酯类)的含量要高于60 ℃干燥样品近一倍,同样证明了温和干燥对于保护热敏性香气物质的重要性。在相同干燥温度下,蔗糖处理组的总响应强度高于三种糖醇处理组,反映出蔗糖作为渗透剂在香气形成与保留方面具有一定优势。另外,由于高效渗透效率会加速渗透体系中柠檬香气物质的置换与逸散,从而导致木糖醇组样品的香气响应值最低。Huang等[2]在研究不同糖醇与蔗糖对橙片渗透脱水效果时也发现,木糖醇处理组的电子鼻响应值最低,与本研究结果一致。
柠檬富含酚类和类黄酮等抗氧化物质,渗透脱水与真空干燥可能会影响果蔬中的总酚、总黄酮含量及其活性[34]。如图7A和图7B所示,随着干燥温度升高,柠檬蜜饯中的总酚与总黄酮含量总体呈现下降趋势(P<0.05)。干燥温度为45 ℃时,柠檬蜜饯的总酚含量为1955.49~2156.25 μg/g dw,总黄酮含量为1355.39~1425.46 μg/g dw;干燥温度提高到55 ℃后柠檬蜜饯中总酚和总黄酮含量分别降低了19.11%~29.64%和18.95%~29.37%。这主要因为酚类和黄酮类物质属于热敏性化合物,高温会引发其热降解[54]。同时,DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除率也随温度升高而显著降低(P<0.05),反映了热处理对样品抗氧化活性的负面影响(图7C、图7D)。在45 ℃真空干燥处理后,木糖醇组中总酚与总黄酮含量最低,麦芽糖醇组最高,可能是由于小分子量的木糖醇带来的高渗透效率,在脱除水分的同时,导致更多水溶性活性成分(如酚类和黄酮类物质)流失。李卓豪等[55]研究草莓渗透时也发现,与低聚异麦芽糖和低聚果糖相比,葡萄糖、水苏糖以及山梨糖醇形成的高渗环境下强烈的传质作用会促使草莓组织中的花青素、类黄酮等酚类物质更快流失,导致经渗透处理后真空冻干的草莓总酚含量与抗氧化能力均处于较低水平。同时,不同干燥温度和渗透剂处理后柠檬蜜饯DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除率的变化也得到类似结果。这也进一步证实了酚类与黄酮类物质是柠檬抗氧化活性的主要贡献者,与Song等[56]的报道一致。
如表3所示,各处理组柠檬蜜饯的可溶性糖组成以自身渗透剂为主要成分。进一步对比发现,其糖醇含量也遵循了木糖醇>山梨糖醇>麦芽糖醇的规律。该顺序与三者的分子量大小呈负相关,表明分子量更小的糖醇在渗透脱水过程中具有更快的扩散速率。各糖醇处理组蜜饯中的果糖含量均低于葡萄糖,一方面是由于在酸性和加热的条件下,果糖比葡萄糖更易发生分解反应[57]。另一方面,果糖因化学性质更活泼,更易作为底物参与美拉德反应,从而导致柠檬蜜饯中果糖含量低于葡萄糖。55 ℃干燥温度下,各组蜜饯中的主要可溶性糖含量均显著下降(P<0.05),这主要归因于高温促使可溶性糖随水分迁移而加速流失,另外蔗糖则会因为柠檬固有的酸性环境与干燥环节的热力共同作用诱导发生酸热水解而降低。从表3可以得出,通过使用糖醇类作为渗透剂,可获得糖含量和能量较低的蜜饯,为开发满足糖尿病患者等特定消费群体需求的健康产品提供了技术路径[58]。
对各处理组柠檬蜜饯中有机酸组分的分析(表4)表明,柠檬酸是柠檬蜜饯中最主要的有机酸,占总有机酸含量的80.23%~87.26%,此外还有少量的酒石酸、草酸、苹果酸、甘油酸等,与前人研究一致[59]。木糖醇组与麦芽糖醇组柠檬蜜饯的有机酸含量随干燥温度变化最大,干燥温度提高到55 ℃后分别降低了25.96%和35.87%。这种现象一方面是由于有机酸类物质普遍存在的热不稳定性,即在较高的干燥温度下,部分有机酸会发生热分解,另一方面美拉德反应也会消耗体系中的有机酸等羧酸类物质[54]。木糖醇组的有机酸含量最低,也表明了高效渗透效率会导致更多风味物质的流失。而在55 ℃干燥温度下,蔗糖组的有机酸含量普遍高于其他渗透剂组(P<0.05),这也进一步证实了蔗糖作为渗透剂对柠檬蜜饯中风味保留具有显著优势。
柠檬蜜饯的感官评价结果如图8所示。蔗糖处理组的整体感官评分最高为8~8.7分,表明蔗糖作为传统渗透剂制备的柠檬蜜饯在消费者偏好方面仍保持优势。具体而言,蔗糖组在甜度、酸度、苦味及涩味等风味维度上的评分均较高(7.3~8.3分),也反映出本研究采用的渗透脱水处理工艺有效提升了柠檬的适口性。蔗糖组柠檬蜜饯的香气特征亦获得消费者较高评价,与电子鼻分析所揭示的该组样品香气物质强度高于其他糖醇组的结果正向关联。但蔗糖组样品在咀嚼性的感官评分相对较低,同样在质构分析中其硬度和咀嚼度数值较高,表明其质地偏硬在一定程度上影响了口感体验。
在糖醇处理组中,木糖醇组(7.7~8.0分)与山梨糖醇组(7.6~8.4分)的综合表现最佳,其风味维度评分仅次于蔗糖组。其中,山梨糖醇组的总分最接近蔗糖组,在45℃干燥条件下,其硬度评分最高(8分),硬度实测值较低,表明蜜饯较软的质地在口感上更受欢迎。相比之下,麦芽糖醇组甜度与酸度协调性较差,消费者接受度最低(7.05~7.3分)。在可溶性糖方面,麦芽糖醇组的蔗糖含量与糖醇含量均最低(表3),导致产品的风味维度评分指标得分较低。这是因为麦芽糖醇较大的分子量导致渗透效果不佳,进而影响产品的适口性与最终风味。另外,除麦芽糖醇组外,其他渗透剂组在45 ℃干燥温度下获得柠檬蜜饯的整体感官评分最高,尤其是在此干燥条件下硬度得分显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)。
本研究系统比较了传统渗透剂蔗糖与糖醇类代糖(木糖醇、山梨糖醇、麦芽糖醇)对柠檬蜜饯的渗透效果和品质影响,主要结论如下:采用蔗糖作为渗透剂处理的柠檬蜜饯,在保持可溶性糖、有机酸、挥发性成分等风味物质和总酚、总黄酮、抗氧化活性等营养品质,以及消费者接受度方面仍具有明显优势。在三种糖醇中,木糖醇和山梨糖醇组的感官评价分数较高,尤其是酸甜度方面。但木糖醇的高渗透率也伴随着总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性等显著降低。在三个干燥温度中,45 ℃干燥温度下蔗糖组与山梨糖醇组在营养物质保留和消费者喜爱度上均表现最佳。因此,山梨糖醇可作为蔗糖的甜味替代剂应用于柠檬蜜饯的开发。
综上所述,本研究证实了木糖醇、山梨糖醇等糖醇替代蔗糖用于开发低糖柠檬蜜饯的可行性,为其产业化生产提供了理论依据与实践参考。为进一步优化工艺和产品品质,后期可探索真空渗透脱水代替常压渗透脱水的方式提升生产效率,并系统研究高分子量糖醇对柠檬品质的影响,为柠檬的精深加工提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110092
  • 接收时间:2025-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-10
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    1昆明理工大学食品科学与工程学院,云南昆明 650500
    2云南省特色果蔬健康产品工程研究中心,云南昆明 650500
    3云南省高原特色食品预制化重点实验室,云南昆明 650500
    4昆明市绿色食品加工国际科技研发中心,云南昆明 650500

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周林燕(1984−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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