Article(id=1320881052281844372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757001600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852183646, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852183646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852183646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852183646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=176, endPage=183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881052474782357, articleId=1320881052281844372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Plasma Activated Water on Bread Quality of Germinated Wheat, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Germination endows wheat with enhanced nutritional value and functional properties, but its physicochemical properties also change as a result, which is not conducive to processing operations. This study investigated the effects of plasma-activated water (PAW) prepared under different treatment durations on the fermentation properties, rheological properties, and amylase activity of germinated wheat dough, as well as the quality of germinated wheat bread. The results showed that compared with kneading dough with deionized water, the gas retention capacity of the germinated wheat dough made by PAW with a production time of 30 minutes increased by 3.5%; The rheological properties of G' and G" both returned to levels close to those before germination; The output of reducing sugar was reduced during the dough-making process; The appearance of the bread was significantly improved, with the specific volume of the bread increasing by 0.24 mL/g and the sensory score increasing by 11.71; The hardness and chewiness of the bread was reduced; The staling rate of germinated wheat bread was reduced from 122.02 gf/d to 105.79 gf/d. In conclusion, PAW can effectively improve the quality of bread, providing a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of PAW as water for kneading dough and for germinating wheat.

, authors=Chaoyang ZHANG1, Jiping WEN1, 2, *, Yuxiang SHEN1, Tianfang AO1, authorsList=Chaoyang ZHANG, Jiping WEN, Yuxiang SHEN, Tianfang AO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiping WEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881053389140636, articleId=1320881052281844372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=等离子体活化水对发芽小麦面包品质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

发芽会赋予小麦更高的营养价值与功能特性,但理化性质也因此发生改变,不利于加工操作。本研究探讨了不同制作时间的等离子体活化水(Plasma-activated water,PAW)对发芽小麦面团的发酵特性、流变学特性、淀粉酶活性及发芽小麦面包品质的影响。结果表明,与纯净水制作面团相比,制作时间为30 min的PAW制作的发芽小麦面团,气体保留率提高了3.5%;流变学特性中的G'、G"均恢复至接近未发芽时的水平;减少了面团制作过程中还原糖的产量;对面包外观改善明显,其中:面包比容增加0.24 mL/g,感官评分增加11.71;面包的硬度和咀嚼性有所降低;将发芽小麦面包的老化率从122.02 gf/d降低至105.79 gf/d。综上,PAW能有效改善面包的品质,为PAW作为和面用水、发芽小麦的合理利用提供理论基础。

, authors=张朝阳1, 温纪平1, 2, *, 申玉翔1, 敖天芳1, authorsList=张朝阳, 温纪平, 申玉翔, 敖天芳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=温纪平, authorNote=

张朝阳(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:谷物科学与工程技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
温纪平(1968−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
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Study on starch retrogradation and its control[D]. 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注:A'和B'表示小麦粉和发芽小麦粉制成面团后立即进行酶促灭活处理的组,分别为A、B的对照组。

, figureFileSmall=JOv1i9CWS99wWd2UBImV4w==, figureFileBig=dFclrvcXYDzG+inP3EKZRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881638528102473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Appearance and internal texture structure of bread, figureFileSmall=lIHMqpdawRW+J2GV8PKpLA==, figureFileBig=fWpQ0Q7DQ/k+U2ifN0Nuww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881638611988554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=CN, label=图3, caption=面包的外观及内部纹理结构, figureFileSmall=lIHMqpdawRW+J2GV8PKpLA==, figureFileBig=fWpQ0Q7DQ/k+U2ifN0Nuww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881638674903115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physical and chemical indexes of wheat flour and germinated wheat flour

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品灰分(%)粉白度粗蛋白(%)湿面筋(%)面筋指数(%)降落数值(s)脂肪(%)
WF0.55±0.03a76.35±0.07b11.56±0.11a32.10±0.14a86.30±3.90a458.50±10.6a0.86±0.11a
GF0.45±0.02b79.98±0.01a11.39±0.02b32.20±0.57a64.92±1.58b167.00±7.0b0.72±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881638758789196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小麦粉及发芽小麦粉的基本理化指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品灰分(%)粉白度粗蛋白(%)湿面筋(%)面筋指数(%)降落数值(s)脂肪(%)
WF0.55±0.03a76.35±0.07b11.56±0.11a32.10±0.14a86.30±3.90a458.50±10.6a0.86±0.11a
GF0.45±0.02b79.98±0.01a11.39±0.02b32.20±0.57a64.92±1.58b167.00±7.0b0.72±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881638830092365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of PAW on the rheological properties of germinated wheat during fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Hm(mm)H(mm)(Hm-H)/Hm(%)Vt(mL)Vr(min)R(%)
A50.8±1.8c49.4±0.1c1.7±1.8c1713.0±16.8d1242.5±12.0b72.5±0.0a
B63.2±1.3a49.2±0.2c20.5±3.8ab1976.5±16.3a1276.0±4.2a64.6±0.8c
C62.7±0.4a53.1±0.1a16.1±0.9b1819.5±19.1c1246.0±4.2b68.5±0.5b
D61.4±0.6a50.5±0.1b18.3±0.2ab1849.5±13.4bc1243.5±4.9b67.3±0.2b
E61.0±1.2a49.2±0.4c19.4±2.2ab1869.5±7.8b1272.5±6.4a68.1±0.6b
F58.0±0.6b43.9±0.6d23.4±1.3a1727.5±33.2d1234.0±12.7b71.5±0.6a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881638934949966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PAW对发芽小麦发酵流变特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Hm(mm)H(mm)(Hm-H)/Hm(%)Vt(mL)Vr(min)R(%)
A50.8±1.8c49.4±0.1c1.7±1.8c1713.0±16.8d1242.5±12.0b72.5±0.0a
B63.2±1.3a49.2±0.2c20.5±3.8ab1976.5±16.3a1276.0±4.2a64.6±0.8c
C62.7±0.4a53.1±0.1a16.1±0.9b1819.5±19.1c1246.0±4.2b68.5±0.5b
D61.4±0.6a50.5±0.1b18.3±0.2ab1849.5±13.4bc1243.5±4.9b67.3±0.2b
E61.0±1.2a49.2±0.4c19.4±2.2ab1869.5±7.8b1272.5±6.4a68.1±0.6b
F58.0±0.6b43.9±0.6d23.4±1.3a1727.5±33.2d1234.0±12.7b71.5±0.6a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881639027224655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of PAW on specific volume and baking loss of bread

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样品烘焙损失(%)比容(mL/g)感官评分
A10.13±0.75a3.78±0.04c65.13±1.94a
B9.47±0.90a3.90±0.08bc55.00±0.82c
C10.49±0.19a3.91±0.06bc60.09±1.29b
D9.91±0.66a4.02±0.16ab63.75±1.06a
E10.11±0.40a4.14±0.05a66.71±0.53a
F10.94±0.25a4.08±0.01ab64.96±2.42a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881639102722128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PAW对面包比容和烘焙损失率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品烘焙损失(%)比容(mL/g)感官评分
A10.13±0.75a3.78±0.04c65.13±1.94a
B9.47±0.90a3.90±0.08bc55.00±0.82c
C10.49±0.19a3.91±0.06bc60.09±1.29b
D9.91±0.66a4.02±0.16ab63.75±1.06a
E10.11±0.40a4.14±0.05a66.71±0.53a
F10.94±0.25a4.08±0.01ab64.96±2.42a
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Effect of PAW on bread texture

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样品硬度(gf)弹性(mm)内聚性胶黏性咀嚼性(gf)回复性(mm)
A451.93±42.58a0.98±0.01a0.81±0.01a360.73±37.54a352.83±30.91a0.47±0.01a
B243.02±8.61b0.95±0.01b0.77±0.01c169.36±12.19b176.56±5.35b0.33±0.01c
C235.97±22.37b0.94±0.01b0.79±0.01b153.31±8.42b178.76±16.66b0.31±0.02bc
D238.54±38.29b0.93±0.00c0.76±0.02c170.16±3.30b167.86±26.03bc0.32±0.01bc
E193.88±14.90c0.92±0.01c0.77±0.02bc156.62±6.30b141.34±12.34d0.33±0.02bc
F208.35±9.46bc0.94±0.02bc0.77±0.01bc171.23±6.43b151.08±6.00cd0.35±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881639241134162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PAW对面包质构的影响

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样品硬度(gf)弹性(mm)内聚性胶黏性咀嚼性(gf)回复性(mm)
A451.93±42.58a0.98±0.01a0.81±0.01a360.73±37.54a352.83±30.91a0.47±0.01a
B243.02±8.61b0.95±0.01b0.77±0.01c169.36±12.19b176.56±5.35b0.33±0.01c
C235.97±22.37b0.94±0.01b0.79±0.01b153.31±8.42b178.76±16.66b0.31±0.02bc
D238.54±38.29b0.93±0.00c0.76±0.02c170.16±3.30b167.86±26.03bc0.32±0.01bc
E193.88±14.90c0.92±0.01c0.77±0.02bc156.62±6.30b141.34±12.34d0.33±0.02bc
F208.35±9.46bc0.94±0.02bc0.77±0.01bc171.23±6.43b151.08±6.00cd0.35±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881639316631635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of PAW on the aging rate of bread during storage

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样品0 d-硬度(gf)7 d-硬度(gf)面包老化率(gf/d)
A451.93±42.58a1467.71±94.01a145.11
B243.02±8.61b1097.16±75.57b122.02
C235.97±22.37b963.05±34.21c103.87
D238.54±38.29b977.84±85.43c105.61
E193.88±14.90c934.41±32.48cd105.79
F208.35±9.46bc861.29±45.37d93.42
), ArticleFig(id=1320881639383740500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881052281844372, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

PAW对面包储藏过程中老化率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品0 d-硬度(gf)7 d-硬度(gf)面包老化率(gf/d)
A451.93±42.58a1467.71±94.01a145.11
B243.02±8.61b1097.16±75.57b122.02
C235.97±22.37b963.05±34.21c103.87
D238.54±38.29b977.84±85.43c105.61
E193.88±14.90c934.41±32.48cd105.79
F208.35±9.46bc861.29±45.37d93.42
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等离子体活化水对发芽小麦面包品质的影响
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张朝阳 1 , 温纪平 1, 2, * , 申玉翔 1 , 敖天芳 1
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(17): 176-183
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (17) : 176 -183
等离子体活化水对发芽小麦面包品质的影响
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张朝阳1 , 温纪平1, 2, * , 申玉翔1, 敖天芳1
作者信息
  • 1河南工业大学粮油食品学院,河南郑州 450001
  • 2小麦和玉米深加工国家工程研究中心,河南郑州 450001
通讯作者:
温纪平(1968−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张朝阳(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:谷物科学与工程技术,E-mail:

Effect of Plasma Activated Water on Bread Quality of Germinated Wheat
Chaoyang ZHANG1 , Jiping WEN1, 2, * , Yuxiang SHEN1, Tianfang AO1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090028
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发芽会赋予小麦更高的营养价值与功能特性,但理化性质也因此发生改变,不利于加工操作。本研究探讨了不同制作时间的等离子体活化水(Plasma-activated water,PAW)对发芽小麦面团的发酵特性、流变学特性、淀粉酶活性及发芽小麦面包品质的影响。结果表明,与纯净水制作面团相比,制作时间为30 min的PAW制作的发芽小麦面团,气体保留率提高了3.5%;流变学特性中的G'、G"均恢复至接近未发芽时的水平;减少了面团制作过程中还原糖的产量;对面包外观改善明显,其中:面包比容增加0.24 mL/g,感官评分增加11.71;面包的硬度和咀嚼性有所降低;将发芽小麦面包的老化率从122.02 gf/d降低至105.79 gf/d。综上,PAW能有效改善面包的品质,为PAW作为和面用水、发芽小麦的合理利用提供理论基础。

发芽小麦  /  等离子体活化水  /  和面用水  /  面团  /  面包

Germination endows wheat with enhanced nutritional value and functional properties, but its physicochemical properties also change as a result, which is not conducive to processing operations. This study investigated the effects of plasma-activated water (PAW) prepared under different treatment durations on the fermentation properties, rheological properties, and amylase activity of germinated wheat dough, as well as the quality of germinated wheat bread. The results showed that compared with kneading dough with deionized water, the gas retention capacity of the germinated wheat dough made by PAW with a production time of 30 minutes increased by 3.5%; The rheological properties of G' and G" both returned to levels close to those before germination; The output of reducing sugar was reduced during the dough-making process; The appearance of the bread was significantly improved, with the specific volume of the bread increasing by 0.24 mL/g and the sensory score increasing by 11.71; The hardness and chewiness of the bread was reduced; The staling rate of germinated wheat bread was reduced from 122.02 gf/d to 105.79 gf/d. In conclusion, PAW can effectively improve the quality of bread, providing a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of PAW as water for kneading dough and for germinating wheat.

germinated wheat  /  plasma activated water  /  dough-making water  /  dough  /  bread
张朝阳, 温纪平, 申玉翔, 敖天芳. 等离子体活化水对发芽小麦面包品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 176 -183 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090028
Chaoyang ZHANG, Jiping WEN, Yuxiang SHEN, Tianfang AO. Effect of Plasma Activated Water on Bread Quality of Germinated Wheat[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 176 -183 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090028
小麦是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,每年在收获季节因天气潮湿或储存不当,会有大量的发芽小麦产生。发芽会表现出更高的功能特性和营养特性,如:降血压、维护心血管健康、预防糖尿病等[1]。这些功能特性的增强被归因于发芽过程中的酚类物质增多、γ-氨基丁酸含量增加、可溶性膳食纤维增加[2]等。但是发芽给小麦带来的品质改变,会损害面粉的加工品质最终影响产品的质量,发芽使小麦中酶活性的升高,导致淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪降解[3],反映在面粉质量方面是粉质特性和糊化特性的劣变、面筋网络结构松散、脂肪酸值增加等[4],这些性质的改变使发芽小麦粉在用于制作馒头时发黏[5];制作面条时易断条,蒸煮损失大;制作面包时体积小,气孔大且外壳颜色深[6]。这些面粉品质的改变极大限制了发芽小麦的应用,众多学者也对发芽小麦进行了针对性研究,有学者从发芽小麦中被激活的酶着手,采用微波辐照、湿热处理等办法钝化这些酶,但会造成其他成分的损失或改变[7]。而有学者尝试分离出质地较好的小麦或小麦粉,如:气流分级[8]、剥皮制粉和密度分离[9]等。但这些方法操作繁琐,成本较高,分离后的剩余部分更加难以利用。也有学者将发芽小麦粉视为一种很好的酶源,适量添加于其他面粉中,能够改善面包的感官特性[10]、改善馒头的内部组织[11],这种方法在于发挥发芽小麦的优势,也是最常用的应用发芽小麦的方法,但其添加量往往要控制在15%以内,对发芽小麦的利用率不高。
近年来,一种新兴的非热处理技术——冷等离子体,因其具有降菌保鲜、改善食品原料加工品质、延长食品货架期和绿色安全等优点[12],受到广泛关注。冷等离子体通过在给定电压下电离空气或介质产生,该过程会产生活性氧、自由基和带电离子等活性物质[13],近年来已被应用于食品保鲜、谷物降菌、水果灭酶等多个方面。将等离子体通入水中可以制成等离子体活化水,等离子体活化水也具有等离子体的多种特性,用于处理冰鲜鸡时,能有效延长其货架期至8 d[14];用于小麦润麦时,16%的润麦水分对小麦中菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌和酵母菌、耐热芽孢总数均有显著(P<0.05)削减;在用于和面时,对生湿面条的感官评价有显著(P<0.05)改善以及对保质期有最高41.7%的延长[15]。目前,已有学者对等离子体活化水的食用安全性进行了探究,用等离子体活化水及其制作的面包喂养小鼠,在将测试物质引入小鼠日粮的90 d内,对照组和实验组的体重变化无明显差异,宏观形态参数以及胃、肝脏、肾脏和股骨作为潜在靶器官的组织学研究结果表明,这些器官没有营养不良退行性变化,为等离子体活化水和用它制成的小麦面包的食品安全性提供了理论依据[16]。目前,还未有等离子体活化水用作发芽小麦制品品质改善的研究。本文将等离子体活化水用作和面用水,分析其对发芽小麦面团发酵流变特性、动态流变特性及还原糖含量的影响,探究其对发芽小麦面包品质的影响,为PAW作为和面用水、发芽小麦的合理利用提供理论基础。
郑麦9188 南秋乐种业股份有限公司;DNS试剂 飞净生物科技有限公司;酵母 安琪酵母股份有限公司;食盐 中盐河南盐业物流配送有限公司;白砂糖 开封市祥符区粒之源食品有限公司;脱脂奶粉 杜尔伯特伊利乳业有限责任公司;黄油 新加坡商永紐股份有限公司;PAW  实验室自制;所用试剂均为分析纯 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司。
DHG-9140A型电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;HWS-500型恒温恒湿培养箱 宁波东南仪器有限公司;F3发酵流变仪 德国哈克公司;MARS60型哈克流变仪 Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;JHMZ-200型针式和面机 北京东孚久恒仪器技术有限公司;SEC-Y2型远红外线食品烘焙炉 广州三麦机械设备有限公司;TX-XT Plus型质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;MLU-202型布勒磨 布勒机械制造有限公司;等离子体活化水生成装置 厂家定制,郑州邦达电气有限公司。
将清理除杂后的小麦室温浸泡6 h,控干水分,放入铺有双层纱布的透气框内,铺平,表面覆盖双层纱布,放入恒温恒湿培养箱中,设定温度28 ℃,湿度90%,发芽24 h,发芽结束后放入鼓风干燥箱中,40 ℃干燥至水分14%以下,制得发芽小麦。
将发芽小麦在室温下润麦16 h,调至水分16%。采用实验磨粉机磨粉,收集各路系统粉,混匀,过90目筛,制得发芽小麦粉。
使用等离子体生成装置,以蒸馏水进行等离子体活化,将等离子体源头浸入液面3 mm处,设置功率800 W,分别电解活化10、20、30和40 min,制得PAW,密封备用。
以蒸馏水和面,制得未发芽小麦面团和发芽小麦面团,分别记为A、B,以处理时间为10、20、30和40 min的PAW和面,制得的发芽小麦面团,分别记为C、D、E、F。
灰分:GB 5009.4-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》;粉白度:GB/T 22427.6-2008《淀粉白度测定》;粗蛋白:GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》;湿面筋:GB/T 5506.2-2008《小麦和小麦粉 面筋含量 第二部分:仪器法测定湿面筋》;面筋指数:LS/T 6102-1995《小麦粉湿面筋质量测定法面筋指数法》;降落数值:GB/T 10361-2008《小麦、黑麦及其面粉,杜伦麦及其粗粒粉 降落数值的测定 Hagberg-Perten法》;粗脂肪:GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》。
采用F3发酵流变仪进行测定。称取200 g小麦粉于针式和面机中,按照吸水率的90%加水,加1%的高活性酵母,和面2 min,称取和好的面团300 g放入F3发酵仪中测定,温度设定35 ℃,压力2 kg,时间3 h。
称取50 g面粉于针式和面机中,按照吸水率的90%加水,和面2 min,用保鲜膜包裹,25 ℃静置20 min。静置后面团中心取样,平铺于流变仪载物台,选用PP35圆形探头。进行应力扫描,确定线性粘弹性区域,选择合适应力,扫描范围0.0001%~10%,温度25 ℃,频率1 Hz。设置间隙1 mm,温度恒定25 ℃,应力0.1%,扫描频率0.1~10 Hz,进行频率扫描,结果以角频率表示(角频率=2π×频率)。
称取50 g面粉于针式和面机中,按照吸水率的90%加水,和面2 min,然后称取1.6 g面团,于50 mL离心管中,50 ℃保温20 min后加入1 mol/L的盐酸2 mL进行酶促灭处理(同时取以蒸馏水和面制作的面团A和B作为对照组,记为A'和B',对照组取样后先加入1 mol/L的盐酸2 mL进行酶促灭处理,再50 ℃保温20 min),保温结束后加入20 mL蒸馏水,磁力搅拌10 min使面团充分溶解,3000 r/min 离心10 min,取上清液于50 mL容量瓶中加水定容,取1 mL上清液,加1 mL蒸馏水、1.5 mL DNS试剂,混匀后沸水浴5 min,冷却至室温,加水定容至25 mL,混匀,静置10 min后在540 nm测定吸光度,通过标准曲线计算样品中还原糖含量。还原糖标准曲线方程:y=0.4891x+0.0071,R2=0.9953。
面包制作和比容的测定参照GB/T 14611-2008《粮油检验 小麦粉面包烘焙品质试验 直接发酵法》。和面按照吸水率的90%加水,将和好的面团均分成170 g两份,制成面包胚,发酵完成后在烤箱中上火185 ℃,下火190 ℃焙烤20 min。烘焙损失率按照公式计算:
$\rm L(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{m}_{2}}{{m}_{1}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:L—烘焙损失率,%;m1—面团质量,g;m2—烘焙冷却后面包质量,g。
将面包固定于同一位置,固定相机的拍摄距离对面包进行拍摄,然后将面包切成10 mm厚的片。面包感官评分参照GB/T 14611-2008《粮油检验 小麦粉面包烘焙品质试验 直接发酵法》中的标准评分。
使用1.2.8中切的面包片,测定面包芯的质构特性。质构仪参数设定:P/36R探头,TPA模式,触发模式为Auto,触发力5 g,应变50%,测前、测中、测后速度均为1 mm/s,两次压缩时间间隔5 s。
参考展小彬[17]的方法,将制作好的面包装入自封袋中,4 ℃冰箱存放7 d,依照1.2.9的方法测定面包硬度。面包老化率计算公式如下:
$\rm H=\frac{{H}_{T}-{H}_{0}}{T} $
式中:H—老化率,gf/d;HT—储藏T d后面包的硬度,gf;H0—新鲜面包的硬度,gf;T—储藏时间,d。
所有数据进行3次平行测定,以平均值±标准差表示结果,使用Origin 2022统计数据与绘图,SPSS 20软件对数据进行统计学意义分析(显著水平为P<0.05)。
由表1可知,小麦在发芽后灰分含量为0.45%,显著(P<0.05)低于未发芽,可能与浸泡过程中矿物质的流失有关[18]。发芽小麦面粉白度增加至79.98,张佳灵[19]指出小麦粉中含有β-胡萝卜素,为浅黄色,对小麦面粉、面团色泽都有影响,而发芽时酶活的增强会氧化破坏类胡萝卜素的共轭双键,使面粉白度有所增加。小麦发芽会分解营养物质提供营养,这一过程会造成小麦中粗蛋白和脂肪含量的减少[20]。发芽后湿面筋含量没有明显变化,造成这一现象的原因可能是发芽过程中碳水化合物等其他营养物质同样被消耗,但小麦粉面筋指数下降了21.38%,这可以用麦谷蛋白在发芽过程中的变化解释,麦谷蛋白对蛋白酶的敏感性高于麦醇溶蛋白,在发芽过程中更容易被降解,改变麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白的比例,因此面筋蛋白依旧遭到破坏,小麦粉面筋指数降低[21−22]。降落数值能侧面反映小麦中α-淀粉酶的活性,与之呈负相关[23],降落数值急剧下降至167 s,表明小麦中α-淀粉酶活性急剧升高。
发酵流变能反映面团的发酵能力以及产气、持气能力,直观地反映出面团质量的好坏。表2为不同和面用水的发芽小麦面团发酵流变的结果。相比未发芽小麦面团,发芽小麦面团B的膨胀高度(Hm)和产气体积(Vt)分别增加了24.4%和15.4%,这与酵母在发酵过程中产气直接相关,发芽小麦中淀粉酶活性升高,分解淀粉产生了更多还原糖,尤其是麦芽糖、和葡萄糖[24] ,这些还原糖更容易被酵母利用,导致酵母产气量升高。这并不是完全有益的,对于面包来说,过高的产气量会破坏发芽小麦面团的较弱面筋网络结构[25],使面包胚发酵体积过大,还未进入烤箱时就出现涨裂,在面包烘焙后胀裂现象更为明显,表现为过量产气现象。表2中可以看出,小麦发芽后,其发酵稳定性((Hm-H)/Hm(%))急剧降低,使用处理时间为10和20 min的PAW作为和面用水对发芽小麦面团的发酵稳定性有一定的改善作用。被破坏的面筋网络结构,也削弱了面团的持气能力,从面团的持气能力看,发芽对小麦面团的气体保留体积(Vr)有一定影响,面团的气体保留率(R)减少了7.9%。使用PAW作为和面用水会略微降低发芽小麦面团的膨胀高度,是由于PAW具有高氧化还原电位(Oxidation-Reduction Potential,ORP)以及较低的pH[26],两者协同对淀粉酶以及酵母有一定抑制作用,从而控制了面团的产气,但依旧比未发芽小麦面团A高出14.2%~23.4%,且仅在样品F处出现明显降低,尽管PAW降低了发芽小麦面团的产气体积,但样品C、D、E的产气体积依旧高于样品A的6%以上,而PAW因为降低了发芽小麦的总产气量,也因此导致发芽小麦面团的气体保留率显著(P<0.05)提升。
如图1所示,发芽会导致面团的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G")明显降低,表明面团的类弹性固体性质变差,抵抗变形的能力减弱,变得更加稀软且粘黏,这是因为发芽小麦中高活性的蛋白酶破坏了面筋蛋白,损伤了面团的面筋网络结构,使面团的稳定性变差[27]。样品C~F的G'和G"依次升高至接近正常小麦面团的水平,表明PAW有助于发芽小麦面团结构稳定性的恢复。发芽使面团的损耗因子tanδ(G"/G')变大,表明面团的黏性增强,在生产加工中更易出现粘连现象,不利于生产加工操作,样品C~F的tanδ随着PAW处理时间的增加而减小,面团粘性有所下降,以PAW作为和面用水有益于增加面团的固体样品行为。
如图2所示,未发芽小麦面团的对照组A'和发芽小麦面团的对照组B'的还原糖含量无明显差别,表明未发芽小麦面粉和发芽小麦面粉在制成面团之前,其还原糖含量接近,在加水制作面团的过程中,淀粉酶遇水活化,开始分解淀粉产生糖类物质,因此未发芽小麦面团A和发芽小麦面团B的还原糖含量都有显著(P<0.05)增高,分别增加63.37%和232.96%,相比于未发芽小麦面团A,发芽小麦面团B的还原糖含量的增加量多出169.59%,这也表明发芽小麦粉具有更高的淀粉酶活性,因此在制作面团的过程中能更多地水解淀粉产生还原糖。相比于蒸馏水,以PAW作为和面用水的发芽小麦面团测得的还原糖含量有明显降低,产生这一现象的原因可能是PAW增加了小麦淀粉的相对结晶度、短程有序性和糊化焓值,减少了淀粉酶的作用位点[28],另一方面,PAW对食品中的内源酶有灭活效果[12],因此减少了面团制作过程中还原糖的产量。
如图3所示,未发芽小麦面包表面光洁,无破皮、涨裂现象,整体外观良好,而发芽小麦面包体积有所增大,在正面和侧面都出现了涨裂现象,以PAW作为和面用水的面包其侧面涨裂现象消失,正面的裂口也逐渐减小。从面包的切片来看,未发芽小麦面包的面包芯气孔细密均匀,大气孔很少,呈现海绵状,发芽小麦面包的面包芯气孔不均匀,有较多大的气孔,相较于B组,以PAW作为和面用水的面包其面包芯气孔变得较为均匀,大气孔数量明显减少。
由表3可知,发芽对面包的烘焙损失率无明显影响,PAW对发芽小麦的烘焙损失率也无明显影响。面包比容是反映面包质量的一个重要指标,发芽会导致面包的比容明显增加,这一结果与面团发酵流变中的气体保留率变化相矛盾,可能是因为用于发酵流变的面团仅添加了酵母,而用于制作面包的面团添加的还有盐和脱脂奶粉等成分,这些成分中,盐的添加(尤其是1.5%的添加量)有助于面筋网络中氢键和二硫键的形成,促进热变性小麦面筋蛋白形成更具凝聚力的网络结构,增强面筋网络的稳定性[29],而脱脂奶粉本身含有大量蛋白质,能增加面团的吸水,增强面筋的韧性,对面筋网络有一定的增强作用;尽管发芽损伤了面团的面筋网络结构,面团的气体保留率有所降低,但在一定程度内,发芽小麦面团增加的产气量[30],使气体保留量也增加,依旧足以支撑面包的体积,因此,三者协同作用造成了面包比容的增加。但发芽小麦面包的孔隙结构会变得不均匀,甚至产生大气孔,这是由于过量的产气以及损伤后的面筋网络无法有效限制气体的扩散和聚集,在面团中形成气室,烘烤时进一步膨胀形成的。在使用PAW作为和面用水之后,面包的比容最高可达到4.14 mL/g,这是PAW促进了蛋白质中游离巯基形成二硫键[31−32],提高了蛋白质分子交联度,使面筋网络结构变得均匀,进而能够更好地保留气体;同时,PAW对小麦中内源酶的抑制作用,也能减少面包制作过程中蛋白酶对面筋蛋白的影响。最后,相较于B组面包,C~F组面包的感官评分显著(P<0.05)增加,其中面包比容的增加和纹理结构的改善贡献了大部分感官评分,这些贡献使D~F组发芽小麦面包的感官评分恢复至接近A组的未发芽小麦面包的水平。
质构可以全面地反映面包的品质,可以理解为承受外部压力的能力,其中硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性与面包品质呈负相关,弹性、内聚性和回复性与面包品质呈正相关[33],这些性质的改变可以用面筋蛋白和淀粉的改变解释,面筋蛋白可以形成连续的网状骨架,淀粉颗粒作为面团的主要成分,是网状骨架的填充基质,两者共支撑成面包的结构[34]。在未发芽小麦中,淀粉颗粒以完整形式存在,吸水鼓胀,烘烤后形成凝胶网络支撑面包结构,冷却后缓慢老化,保持面包的结构稳定,发芽后部分淀粉颗粒被水解为小分子的糖,淀粉的完整性被破坏,不能形成稳定的凝胶网络;另一方面,未发芽小麦中的面筋蛋白在面团中可以形成完整的面筋网络结构,淀粉颗粒均匀分散其中,包裹酵母发酵时产生的二氧化碳,形成均匀的孔隙,烘烤后面筋网络固化成为面包的结构支撑,而发芽小麦中部分面筋蛋白被破坏,难以交联形成面筋网络。发芽小麦淀粉与面筋蛋白的共同改变,使面包承受外部压力的能力减弱,因此,相较于样品A,样品B质构特性整体减小(表4)。当以PAW作为和面用水时,相较于样品B,发芽小麦面包的硬度(243.02 gf)和咀嚼性(176.56 gf)在此基础上进一步降低,Nieves等[35]指出PAW较低的pH和增加的氧化还原电位,能够促进淀粉颗粒表面的氧化和降解,并且影响淀粉的长程和短程结构,因此面包的硬度和咀嚼性下降。处理时间为40 min的PAW使发芽小麦面包的回复性有一定程度提高,则是PAW中的活性成分促进了蛋白质交联[36],面筋网络变得稳定,增强了承受外部压力后回复的能力。
贮藏期间面包硬度的改变可以很好地反映面包的老化程度,面包的老化与贮藏过程中水分的迁移和淀粉的重结晶有关[37]。由表5可知,发芽使面包第7 d的老化率降低到122.02 gf/d,降低了15.9%,而PAW使面包第7 d的老化率在此基础上进一步降低,随着处理时间的延长,面包的老化率最低降至93.42 gf/d。发芽导致面包老化率的降低可能是因为淀粉酶能促进淀粉水解为较短的链和小分子的糖类[38],这些物质含有更多的羟基基团,能够与水形成氢键,从而吸附和保持水分[39],同时也抑制淀粉的重结晶;PAW将老化率进一步降低的原因可能是其提供的酸性环境能干扰淀粉的重结晶[40],从而够抑制淀粉的老化,保持面包屑的柔软。
小麦发芽24 h,其面粉的基本理化指标、面团的发酵流变以及面团流变学特性均产生了不同程度的劣变,制成的面包品质也有所下降。本研究以不同处理时间的PAW作为和面用水,改善了发芽小麦面团的发酵稳定性,处理40 min的PAW可将面团的气体保留率提高至71.5%,与未发芽小麦面团达到同一水平;面团的弹性模量和粘性模量恢复至正常水平附近,相比于蒸馏水和面,以PAW作为和面用水的tanδ有所下降,能一定程度上降低面团黏性,其中,处理时间为40 min的PAW对面团黏性的改善效果最好;面团中还原糖的增量有所降低,表明PAW对淀粉酶有一定抑制作用。以处理30 min的PAW制成的面包比容(4.14 mL/g)最大,感官评分(66.71)最高;PAW使面包硬度和咀嚼性降低,回复性升高,降低了面包的老化率。该结果可为PAW代替传统和面用水提供依据,为发芽小麦的改善措施提供新的选择。最后,本文并未对PAW在面团中的作用机理进行探究,PAW对面团的多尺度影响也值得进一步探究。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090028
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
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    1河南工业大学粮油食品学院,河南郑州 450001
    2小麦和玉米深加工国家工程研究中心,河南郑州 450001

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温纪平(1968−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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