Article(id=1320880870572016355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060341, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852140323, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852140323, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852140323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852140323, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=539, endPage=547, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880870773342948, articleId=1320880870572016355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Progress in Research on Machine Learning in the Field of Food Detection Based on Flavour Analysis, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With improvements in living standards, the influence of food flavour on food quality and consumer decision-making has become increasingly important. While traditional detection methods are subject to limitations (e.g., strong subjectivity and poor repeatability), machine learning (ML) technology has demonstrated unique advantages in this field. This review focuses on common ML algorithms used in the field of flavour analysis-based food detection, including traditional ML (e.g., support vector machine and random forest) and deep learning (e.g., convolutional neural network and recurrent neural network) algorithms. Moreover, it explores ML applications in flavour analysis-based food quality prediction and food type recognition. ML has reportedly achieved good results in the field of flavour analysis-based food detection, effectively constructing prediction models and improving the efficiency of food classification and authenticity identification. Nevertheless, ML application in the field of flavour analysis-based food detection could still be improved. Further ML development could be promoted by optimizing algorithms, integrating technologies, establishing standard systems, and building high-quality databases, which could strongly support innovation and quality improvement in the food industry.

, authors=Liangji CHEN1, Qingchun WEN1, Jing SHANG1, 2, Fang ZHOU1, Wanying WANG1, Qinglong MENG1, 2, *, authorsList=Liangji CHEN, Qingchun WEN, Jing SHANG, Fang ZHOU, Wanying WANG, Qinglong MENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qinglong MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880873076015849, articleId=1320880870572016355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=机器学习在基于风味分析的食品检测领域的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着人们生活水平的提高,食品风味对食品品质及消费决策的影响愈发显著。基于风味分析的食品检测传统方法存在主观性强、重复性差等局限,而机器学习(Machine Learning,ML)技术在该领域展现出独特优势。本文综述了基于风味分析的食品检测中常用的ML算法,包括传统ML算法如支持向量机、随机森林等,以及卷积神经网络、循环神经网络等深度学习算法。同时探讨了ML在基于风味分析的食品品质预测、食品种类识别等方面的应用。研究表明,ML在基于风味分析的食品检测领域应用效果良好,能有效构建预测模型、提升食品分类和真伪鉴别效率。尽管如此,ML在基于风味分析的食品检测领域仍有改进空间,未来可通过优化算法、融合技术等推动其进一步发展,为食品行业的创新与质量提升提供有力支持。

, authors=陈亮吉1, 温青纯1, 尚静1, 2, 周芳1, 王万颖1, 孟庆龙1, 2, *, authorsList=陈亮吉, 温青纯, 尚静, 周芳, 王万颖, 孟庆龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孟庆龙, authorNote=

陈亮吉(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品无损检测,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孟庆龙(1989−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品无损检测,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DK0cYhfCz1+h3ONlDBDVFg==, magXml=23zq8wLYTAWb/nB4iDaiDQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0nyuvSg3aDnSA/PQ0Im4Uw==, pdfFileSize=2503531, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+5KEHbC9p9UWRu4LKHKQCw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=A9ZHKUCKRQhZLYSN7ziq4g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881002893922869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880870572016355, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=13693483159@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881002973614647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880870572016355, authorId=1320881002893922869, language=EN, stringName=Liangji CHEN, firstName=Liangji, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320881003040723512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880870572016355, authorId=1320881002893922869, language=CN, stringName=陈亮吉, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005, bio={"content":"

陈亮吉(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品无损检测,E-mail:

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陈亮吉(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品无损检测,E-mail:

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注:(a)SVM[9],(b)RF[15],(c)PCA[18],(d)K-NN[21], (e)CNN[23],(f)RNN[28],(g)BPNN[31]。

, figureFileSmall=GCaksrdHMhroheNdS/F01A==, figureFileBig=s43PLnCzJkWpbQuKKgRfag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881007214056036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880870572016355, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Examples of application of ML model in the field of flavour analysis-based food detection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究目的输入数据来源ML算法模型参考文献
预测咖啡风味NIRSSVM、RF、DCNN[41]
评估食醋品质和风味GC电子鼻ANN[42]
预测对番荔枝的喜爱度代谢组学、感官评估PCA、SVM、RF[43]
检测普洱茶的存放时间电子舌DCNN、ELM、SVM、BPNN[44]
养殖鲑鱼的异味预测近红外光谱成像PLS、SVM、ELM、CNN[45]
检测荔枝采后品质电子鼻LDA、KNN和PLSR[47]
对8种果酒分类HS-SPME-GC-TOF/MS和HS-GC-IMSPCA、KNN和RF等[49]
对草莓成熟阶段和品种分类GC-IMSPCA、NN、SVM[50]
不同肉类及其部位的分类电子舌MLP、KNN和SVM[51]
鉴别熊胆粉及其常见掺伪品电子鼻、电子舌和GC-MSRF、BPNN、KNN、SVM[52]
检测山茶油掺假FTIR光谱、电子鼻、GC-MSPCA、BPNN[53]
检测蜂蜜掺假超快速气相色谱RF、SVR[54]
), ArticleFig(id=1320881007289553509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880870572016355, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ML模型在基于风味分析的食品检测领域中的应用举例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究目的输入数据来源ML算法模型参考文献
预测咖啡风味NIRSSVM、RF、DCNN[41]
评估食醋品质和风味GC电子鼻ANN[42]
预测对番荔枝的喜爱度代谢组学、感官评估PCA、SVM、RF[43]
检测普洱茶的存放时间电子舌DCNN、ELM、SVM、BPNN[44]
养殖鲑鱼的异味预测近红外光谱成像PLS、SVM、ELM、CNN[45]
检测荔枝采后品质电子鼻LDA、KNN和PLSR[47]
对8种果酒分类HS-SPME-GC-TOF/MS和HS-GC-IMSPCA、KNN和RF等[49]
对草莓成熟阶段和品种分类GC-IMSPCA、NN、SVM[50]
不同肉类及其部位的分类电子舌MLP、KNN和SVM[51]
鉴别熊胆粉及其常见掺伪品电子鼻、电子舌和GC-MSRF、BPNN、KNN、SVM[52]
检测山茶油掺假FTIR光谱、电子鼻、GC-MSPCA、BPNN[53]
检测蜂蜜掺假超快速气相色谱RF、SVR[54]
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机器学习在基于风味分析的食品检测领域的研究进展
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陈亮吉 1 , 温青纯 1 , 尚静 1, 2 , 周芳 1 , 王万颖 1 , 孟庆龙 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(17): 539-547
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (17) : 539 -547
机器学习在基于风味分析的食品检测领域的研究进展
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陈亮吉(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品无损检测,E-mail:

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陈亮吉(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品无损检测,E-mail:

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陈亮吉1 , 温青纯1, 尚静1, 2, 周芳1, 王万颖1, 孟庆龙1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005
  • 2贵州省农产品无损检测工程研究中心,贵州贵阳 550005
通讯作者:
孟庆龙(1989−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品无损检测,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈亮吉(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品无损检测,E-mail:

Progress in Research on Machine Learning in the Field of Food Detection Based on Flavour Analysis
Liangji CHEN1 , Qingchun WEN1, Jing SHANG1, 2, Fang ZHOU1, Wanying WANG1, Qinglong MENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
  • 2Research Center of Nondestructive Testing for Agricultural Products of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550005, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060341
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随着人们生活水平的提高,食品风味对食品品质及消费决策的影响愈发显著。基于风味分析的食品检测传统方法存在主观性强、重复性差等局限,而机器学习(Machine Learning,ML)技术在该领域展现出独特优势。本文综述了基于风味分析的食品检测中常用的ML算法,包括传统ML算法如支持向量机、随机森林等,以及卷积神经网络、循环神经网络等深度学习算法。同时探讨了ML在基于风味分析的食品品质预测、食品种类识别等方面的应用。研究表明,ML在基于风味分析的食品检测领域应用效果良好,能有效构建预测模型、提升食品分类和真伪鉴别效率。尽管如此,ML在基于风味分析的食品检测领域仍有改进空间,未来可通过优化算法、融合技术等推动其进一步发展,为食品行业的创新与质量提升提供有力支持。

机器学习  /  食品风味  /  算法应用  /  品质检测  /  食品分类  /  数据融合

With improvements in living standards, the influence of food flavour on food quality and consumer decision-making has become increasingly important. While traditional detection methods are subject to limitations (e.g., strong subjectivity and poor repeatability), machine learning (ML) technology has demonstrated unique advantages in this field. This review focuses on common ML algorithms used in the field of flavour analysis-based food detection, including traditional ML (e.g., support vector machine and random forest) and deep learning (e.g., convolutional neural network and recurrent neural network) algorithms. Moreover, it explores ML applications in flavour analysis-based food quality prediction and food type recognition. ML has reportedly achieved good results in the field of flavour analysis-based food detection, effectively constructing prediction models and improving the efficiency of food classification and authenticity identification. Nevertheless, ML application in the field of flavour analysis-based food detection could still be improved. Further ML development could be promoted by optimizing algorithms, integrating technologies, establishing standard systems, and building high-quality databases, which could strongly support innovation and quality improvement in the food industry.

machine learning  /  food flavor  /  algorithm application  /  quality detection  /  food classification  /  data fusion
陈亮吉, 温青纯, 尚静, 周芳, 王万颖, 孟庆龙. 机器学习在基于风味分析的食品检测领域的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 539 -547 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060341
Liangji CHEN, Qingchun WEN, Jing SHANG, Fang ZHOU, Wanying WANG, Qinglong MENG. Progress in Research on Machine Learning in the Field of Food Detection Based on Flavour Analysis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 539 -547 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060341
随着人们生活水平的不断提高,对食品的要求也越来越高。食品风味作为影响食品品质的重要因素,受到了广泛关注。食品风味是指人以口腔为主的感觉器官对食品产生的综合感觉,它不仅影响着食品新产品的开发,还对消费者的偏好以及购买欲起着重要的作用[1]。从味觉角度上来看,其包括酸、甜、苦、咸等基本味觉,以及鲜味等复杂味觉[2]。当然,嗅觉以及食品的质地口感等也是影响食品风味的因素。这些因素相互交织,形成了独特的食品风味,使消费者在食用过程中产生愉悦或特殊的体验,并且这种风味也是区别不同食品种类的关键特征之一,是食品品质的重要体现[3]。
正是因为食品风味对食品以及消费者有如此大的影响,所以能够准确测定食品风味,对改善风味质量以及提升食品生产质量十分重要[4]。传统检测方法主要是通过感官分析以及借助电子鼻、电子舌一类设备或二者结合来测定,但是这些方法都具有一定的局限性。例如,在感官分析中,经过训练的感官小组成员会使用统一的“参考对象”标准来对风味进行分析,大多会以描述性感官评价为主的静态感官分析,但是却忽略了食物中香气物质和滋味物质在口腔中经过咀嚼、唾液作用等过程而呈现的风味属性变化[5]。电子鼻用于气味检测时存在检测效果参差不齐、仪器体积大且价格昂贵、模型通用性和普及性不足等问题[6]。随着计算技术的快速发展,以及食品风味数据库的积累,基于机器学习(Machine Learning,ML)所进行的风味分析技术,逐渐走进人们的视野[7]。与传统方法相比,ML具有更独特的优势,例如可靠性高、客观性强、准确性佳、成本效益良好且耗时更短等[8]。
ML是基于计算机且属于人工智能的一项分支,旨在模拟或者实现人类学习行为,从而使其能够获取新的知识或技能,重新组织已有的知识结构,进而不断改善自身的性能。ML算法通过大量已知数据的模型训练,完成数据本质规律的挖掘,并利用学习到的规律实现未知数据的自动处理与分析,从而实现对未知数据进行归纳与分类[9]。ML主要分为四大类:监督学习、无监督学习、半监督学习及强化学习。监督学习的核心在于,在开始计算前,已对输入与输出数据进行了标注或预分类。通过持续优化目标函数,监督学习算法能够掌握一种函数,该函数可预测与新的输入相对应的输出。而无监督学习则采用未标注的数据集,其算法的目标在于探索数据内部隐含或未被明确指出的模式[10]。近年来,ML模型在基于风味分析的食品检测研究领域的应用呈现出蓬勃发展且逐年递增的良好态势,为该领域带来了前所未有的创新活力与发展机遇[11]。
本文对近年来食品领域常用的ML模型进行了综述,并重点探讨了ML在基于风味分析的食品检测领域中的应用,以此说明ML在该领域的重要性,为ML在食品检测领域的应用提供一定的理论参考和新思路。
近年来,在食品科学领域中,人工智能因具备强大的数据分析与建模能力,其应用占比逐渐增加,同时使传统方法的能力得到显著提升。在风味分析这一关键领域,ML能够在大量的食品风味数据中提取出一些有效的数据,让研究者了解到导致食品产生特定风味的物质或原因[12]。图1是从Web of Science中检索生成的,以“ML和风味”为主题,时间范围设定为2021~2025年,共检索到372篇参考文献。该图通过将这些文献的标题和摘要进行叠加可视化,并筛选出部分所需关键词后生成,相同的颜色代表相关性较强(结果由荷兰莱顿大学VOS viewer 1.6.20版本生成)。研究结果表明,近年来(2021年至今),ML在基于食品风味分析的食品检测领域中常用的传统算法模型主要有支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)以及K-最近邻(K-Nearest Neighbors,KNN);而具有更强学习能力的深度学习主要是卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)、循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Network,RNN)以及反向传播神经网络(Back-Propagation Neural Network,BPNN),并且逐渐成为基于风味分析的食品检测领域的关键信息处理工具,其具体算法示意图见图2。
SVM是在统计理论和数学基础上发展起来的一种传统ML算法。它应用范围广,稳定性高,多用于处理分类和回归任务[13]。它通过将样本映射到一个高维特征空间中,在这个空间中构造最优分类超平面,从而使得后续样本进入时,SVM能够分辨出样本属于超平面的哪一边(图2a)。SVM在食品领域已经在质量检测与分类、安全检测,以及食品包装检测等方面均有应用[14−16]。HU等[17]利用荧光高光谱技术快速无损检测铁观音茶叶掺假研究。实验制备不同掺假情况的288个样本,基于SVM构建判别模型。研究表明,二类判别模型中,7点SG平滑预处理结合竞争性自适应重加权算法(Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling,CARS)特征选择的SVM模型效果最佳,准确率达100%;六类判别模型里,标准正态变量变换(Standard Normal Variate Transformation,SNV)预处理结合RF特征选择的SVM模型最优,总体准确率94.27%,但对40%掺假率茶叶检测准确率较低。综合来看,荧光高光谱成像技术结合SVM可有效识别不同掺假程度的铁观音茶叶,二类判别模型效果更优。
RF是一种基于决策树(Decision Tree,DT)的集成学习算法。它由多个决策树组成,这些DT的输出(例如分类任务中的类别预测,回归任务中的数值预测)是通过某种方式组合起来的,最终形成预测结果(图2b)[18]。刘艳群等[19]致力于实现小麦粉灰分含量的快速准确测定,该研究运用RF回归模型,选取磨粉时间以及电导率作为特征变量,经算术平均法得出最终小麦粉灰分含量。在后续重复测量实验中,结果差异小于0.01 g/100 g,因此该实验方法准确度较高,并且实验平均测定时间仅需24 min,显著提高了测定效率。此外,RF模型的一大优势在于其对异常值和缺失数据具有良好的容忍性,同时能有效处理大量特征,防止过拟合现象的发生,从而进一步提升预测准确性[20]。
PCA作为一项常用的ML技术,主要用于降维操作和提取数据特征。其核心原理是通过正交变换将相关指标转化为方差递减的主成分。而PCA的根本目标,在于降低数据维度的同时,尽可能完整地保留数据里蕴含的关键特征信息。基于这一特性,PCA在数据可视化、ML预处理等多个关键环节中发挥着至关重要的作用[21]。WANG等[22]利用PCA分析不同烘焙程度大米挥发性风味化合物的信号强度,旨在突出样本间差异。结果显示,第一主成分(PC1)贡献率达66%,第二主成分(PC2)为28%,累积贡献率高达94%,表明PCA能捕捉到样本挥发性成分的绝大部分信息。而通过PCA,不同烘焙阶段的大米样本能够被准确区分,且各样本间的结果呈现良好的重复性,与风味指纹图谱的结果相契合,有力地证明了PCA在鉴定食品风味物质方面的有效性和可靠性。
KNN是一种监督学习算法,可以使用邻居的数目(K)来执行分类任务,是基于监督学习的最简单的ML算法,主要用于解决分类问题(图2d)[23]。QIN等[24]利用猕猴桃的硬度以及成熟度之间的关系,研究开发基于柔性触觉传感的智能柔性机械臂系统用于猕猴桃成熟度分类,通过柔性传感器采集40个分4级样本的抓取压力数据,经PCA降维至2维后用KNN和SVM建模,其中KNN最优K值7-9、准确率97.5%(优于SVM的96.25%),训练耗时0.12 s、单样本测试0.08 s;系统通过柔性机械爪无损检测,理论产能100个/min,目标损耗<5%,对损伤样本误判率约5%。但是,作为最简单的ML算法,KNN的主要局限性在于其存储需求和计算成本较高,且在运用时,还需要与其他深度学习算法结合使用[25]。
深度学习(Deep Learning,DL)是隶属于神经网络中的特殊类别,其具备多个隐藏层的深层神经网络架构,而正是这些隐藏层架构的存在,赋予了它强大的功能特性,能够在数据应用中精准捕捉到极为复杂的数据特征与模式[26]。作为ML的一个分支,DL的核心在于运用神经网络,从海量数据集中自主学习规律与知识。而在对大量数据的处理过程中,DL会不断优化网络内部的参数,从而实现对数据的高效解析和利用[27]。
CNN是一种广泛用于图像和序列数据处理的DL算法,在特征提取和模式识别方面表现出色,可用于分析风味分子的结构和相互作用。这种网络在许多任务都有极高的效率[28],比如异物检测、食材变质检测以及食材分类等[29−31]。CNN是一种经典而广泛应用的网络结构。它通过卷积层(Convolutional Layer)、池化层(Pooling Layer)和全连接层(Fully-Connected Layer)等组件自动提取数据中的特征(图2e)。LIU等[32]利用高光谱成像技术采集4个成熟阶段共600个库尔勒香梨样本的光谱数据,经乘法散射校正(Multiplicative Scatter Correction,MSC)、SNV预处理,结合1~4阶段的糖含量特征参数(8.06%~13.615%),通过SPA筛选出8个关键波长(糖含量预测RMSE=1.22954)。实验中构建的CNN-S模型成熟度分类测试集准确率达92%,优于AlexNet、ResNet及BPNN等传统方法。结果表明该技术可高效无损检测香梨成熟度,为智慧农业提供支撑,但未来需扩大样本量及多环境验证。
RNN是用于处理序列数据的一种人工神经网络,其中层的节点之间的连接形成沿着变量序列的有向图,它是按照时间序列或者序列顺序逐个处理数据(图2f)[33]。LEE等[34]开发了一种基于RNN的创新技术,用于自动识别感染区域并提取相关特征以进行疾病分类。研究表明,相较于传统的CNN方法,这种RNN方法展现出更强的泛化能力,尤其在处理未见过的疾病样本时表现突出。该研究指出,将RNN方法融入深度学习框架,不仅能够显著提升分类准确性,还为理解植物疾病提供了新的视角,有助于解答一些未知的问题。RNN具有处理序列数据能力强、模型参数共享以及能够处理长度各异的序列等优点,但是由于其梯度消失和梯度爆炸以及长期记忆问题等局限性问题,长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)和门控循环单元(Gated Recurrent Unit,GRU)等改进的RNN架构应运而生[35]。
BPNN是一种广泛应用于模式识别和分类问题的人工神经网络。它通过模拟人脑神经元的连接方式,利用多层感知器(Multilayer Perceptron,MLP)结构来处理输入数据,主要包括两个阶段:前向传播和反向传播(图2g)。这种算法的优点在于其强大的分类能力和较高的准确性,尤其在处理复杂的非线性问题时表现出色[36]。LIU等[37]选取相似无损的香梨,经冲击损伤系统制造不同损伤样本,室温储存并定期测失重率。采用广义回归神经网络(Generalized Regression Neural Network,GRNN)、SVR、偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR)和BPNN四种模型,以损伤面积和储存天数为输入、失重率为输出构建预测模型,用决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE)评估。结果显示,BPNN模型预测香梨失重率精度最高,其R2=0.9929、RMSE=0.2138。实际验证中,其预测香梨失重率为R2=0.9377、RMSE=0.7138。研究表明,BPNN模型是预测受损香梨失重率的最优模型,且受损香梨失重率随储存时间延长、损伤程度增加而增大。
在基于风味分析的食品检测领域中,ML技术还可以与电子鼻[38]、电子舌[39]以及近红外光谱(Near-Infrared Spectroscopy,NIRS)[40]等分析手段相结合,从而对食品风味成分的结构数据进行深度解析,实现对食品风味特点和品质水平的精准预测。并且ML技术通过对这些数据的深入挖掘与分析,在获得相应数据库的同时,也会建立对应的预测模型,从而有效地预测或判断食品的风味特点、新鲜度和质量等级等,为食品行业的生产环节、品质控制等提供有力的支撑。
通过精准检测食品中蕴含的特有化学物质,ML能够对食品风味进行有效预测。这种方法突破了传统食品风味检测手段的局限性,为该领域开辟了一条全新且高效的道路。CHANG等[41]的研究表明,NIRS结合ML对咖啡进行风味预测,采用径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)核的集成SVM模型及采用ResNet101结构的深度卷积神经网络(Deep Convolutional Neural Network,DCNN)模型,能够达到70%的准确率和召回率,这项研究提出一种新的、客观的通过ML预测食品风味的方法,不仅可用于预测咖啡中的复杂风味,还广泛适用于食品和饮料科学或工业中的其他风味预测。
其次,由于原料和加工工艺的不同,食品的品质和风味也有很大的差异,因此,LI等[42]根据理化参数和闪速气相色谱的电子鼻分析结果,建立了人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network,ANN)分析模型。因快速GC电子鼻能更好地反映食醋样品的风味特征,具有较好的拟合、预测和判别能力,经快速GC电子鼻训练的神经网络模型的训练正确率和预测正确率分别为98.6%和96.7%。研究表明,使用闪速GC电子鼻训练的ANN分类模型有效且易于实现,具有低计算成本和高准确度。两种评价体系适用于不同的食醋质量评估,结合使用能更全面反映其质量特征。
在预测风味的过程中,还能将ML与代谢组学相结合,以此筛选出影响食品感官特征的代谢物因素。SUN等[43]综合运用代谢组学、感官评估和ML技术,分析不同产地番荔枝的风味化合物。建立14种模型,大多数模型能较准确预测番荔枝甜度和喜好度,其中基于RBF(含σ参数调优)的SVM模型——Radial Sigma SVM模型综合表现最佳。并且借助贝叶斯A模型和神经网络模型确定27种关键代谢物,结果表明,酒泉产的番荔枝更受消费者喜爱。而在预测消费者偏好上,Radial Sigma SVM模型最优,筛选出的咖啡酸等代谢物能够显著影响番荔枝的甜度、酸度、风味强度以及喜好度等感官特征,并且还能区分不同产地的番荔枝。
茶是一种具有独特韵味和鲜明特色的饮品,其风味会受到多种因素影响,而存放时间便是其中极为关键的一项。在茶叶的储藏过程中,随着时间的流逝,茶叶内部会发生一系列复杂且微妙的化学反应。YANG等[44]基于电子舌建立了一维卷积神经网络(1-D CNN)模型,用以区分普洱茶的储藏时间来分析普洱茶的品质水平。实验结果显示,该模型的性能优于传统ML方法,如BPNN、SVM和极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM),测试集准确率达到98.80%,精密度为98.2%,召回率为98%,F1评分达到了0.98。研究表明,将DL与迁移学习结合,能够显著提升电子舌的识别性能,同时也为其他传感和检测领域提供新思路,具有良好的应用前景。
鱼类食品脱离适宜低温环境时,其富含的营养物质会促使微生物大量繁殖,最终导致食品变质并且会伴随着令人不悦的异味。SUN等[45]将近红外高光谱成像系统与ML相结合,以嗅觉和味觉两个角度分析鲑鱼肌肉样品产生异味的可能性,从而精准预测鲑鱼异味。研究中提取了与异味相关的光谱信息,结合DCNN建立了一维神经网络模型,准确度达到了91.11%。随后,利用RF预测与鲑鱼异味最相关的化学物质,结果达到预期效果。该研究展示了ML在食品异味研究中的潜力,对生产者和研究者具有重要意义,但仍需建立相应的数据库和稳健模型以应对年份和季节等特定条件对检测的影响。
目前,水果品质评价仍需要更便捷有效的方法[46]。XU等[47]将电子鼻与ML技术相结合,构建线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA)、KNN和PLSR模型来检测荔枝采后品质。实验表明:机械损伤会加速荔枝果皮褐变:重度组褐变指数(Browning Index,BI)增速最快,且风味流失明显,表现为可溶性固形物(Total Soluble Solids,TSS)和可滴定酸含量(Titratable Acid,TA)下降,而冷藏组BI缓慢上升但TSS/TA稳定。研究结果表明:LDA能有效区分损伤后1~4 d的样本(第4 d区分效果最佳),并通过综合特征提取来区分冷藏时间(准确率为91.43%);KNN算法通过k值寻优(k=5时验证集准确率最高),其10折交叉验证准确率达89.7%;PLSR在褐变预测方面具有较高的准确性(R2>0.8),但对于TSS/TA的预测效果差(R2<0.4)。研究证实,ML与电子鼻技术融合可作为荔枝流通期间品质监管的高效工具,其核心优势是通过算法优化解析复杂感官数据。同时指出,针对不同品种及检测目标,需动态调整传感器筛选与特征工程方法,以最大化模型检测效能。
综上所述,将ML技术与多种风味分析仪器联用,应用于食品风味与品质预测具备可行性。凭借ML强大的计算能力,能够构建多种高效、准确的数据预测模型,进而为食品风味调控以及新产品创新提供坚实的理论支撑。表1举例了近年来ML在基于风味分析仪器和分子的化学结构预测食品风味的应用研究。
食物品种品质直接关联着人体健康[48]。高品质的食物品种通常意味着其营养成分更为丰富且均衡。但是如果依靠传统方法对食品进行分类,不仅耗时耗力,准确性也无法保障。
ZHOU等[49]结合多种技术与ML算法分析8种果酒挥发性成分以实现果酒分类。运用HS-SPME-GC-TOF/MS和HS-GC-IMS技术,鉴定出281种挥发性香气化合物,其中以酯类和醇类成分为主,且不同果酒之间的化合物种类及含量呈现出显著差异。在ML方面,通过PCA和PLS-DA等算法对数据进行处理,可筛选出能够有效区分果酒类型的关键差异化合物。研究使用了神经网络(Neural Network,NN)、RF、SVM、KNN、逻辑回归(Logistic Regression,LR)等多种ML模型以筛选出关键特征。这些关键特征的应用显著提升了模型的预测精度,如LR和KNN模型采用TOF/MS关键特征时,样本识别率可达到100%。智能感官评估结果显示,挥发性化合物在果酒风味区分过程中占据核心地位,但电子鼻易受乙醇挥发的影响。总体而言,该研究为果酒行业的质量控制、产品创新以及产地认证提供了有力支持,有效地推动了行业的规范化发展进程。
HUANG等[50]利用GC-IMS检测草莓挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),结合ML技术对其成熟阶段和品种分类。草莓的VOCs在成熟阶段和品种间差异显著,如(E)-2-己烯醛成熟时含量下降。PCA降维可视化发现,前三个主成分解释57.3%方差,成熟阶段可分但品种间分离不佳。因此构建5种模型进行评估,其中NN模型经5折交叉验证优化。实验表明,NN在双分类中准确率为96.67%,单成熟度与SVM均为96.67%,单品种与Xgboost均为98.33%,性能最优且为检测手段选择提供参考。
SABILLA等[51]将ML算法与肉类风味物质分析相结合,通过电子鼻系统实现了对牛肉、鸡肉、猪肉及其不同部位的分类检测,同时利用GC-MS对实验结果加以验证。研究对比了MLP、KNN和SVM等多种分类方法,结果显示,SVM表现最优,准确率达到90.36%,但所有算法的误差率均超过±10%。而在深度神经网络(Deep Neural Network,DNN)的应用中,未经优化的基本DNN模型在六分类任务中准确率为96.02%;而通过PCA进行降维处理并优化模型参数后,三分类任务的准确率提升至98.88%,较先前研究提高了2.68个百分点;六分类任务的准确率亦达到96.90%。
随着食品市场的日益繁荣,各类食品琳琅满目,但与此同时,食品造假现象也屡见不鲜。因此,食品在真假方面的辨别也是一个人们十分关注的问题,LEI等[52]结合电子鼻、电子舌和GC-MS技术,运用RF、BPNN等ML算法,对熊胆粉及其掺伪品进行定性定量评估。结果表明:RF在模型中表现最优,定性分类准确率100%,定量预测牛磺熊去氧胆酸(Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid,TUDCA)时R2和RMSE良好;BPNN定性分类在训练集和验证集的准确率100%,测试集准确率为92.3%,定量预测测试子集R2为0.77;KNN表现差,分类错误率高,回归任务R2低、RMSE高;SVM分类训练子集好,但测试和验证错误率分别为15.4%和12.5%,回归测试子集表现最差。实验数据显示,GC-MS鉴定出87种挥发性化合物,熊胆粉有54种及31种独特成分,部分成分含量与掺伪品差异显著(P<0.05)。该研究为熊胆粉鉴定和质量控制提供了有效支持。
WANG等[53]通过构建TES框架,融合了Transformer编码器与SVM回归器,前者提取并降维电子鼻数据特征,后者用RBF核函数预测,并结合傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)技术进行辅助分析,为模型性能评估提供了有力支持。经实验验证,SVM处理高维数据欠佳,Transformer编码器处理序列数据有优势但单独使用不足,TES结合二者优势,在各数据集上MAE、RMSE低且R2达到0.9019以上。检测实验中,TES模型表现最优,准确率与运行时间平衡良好,运行时间约4 s。实验数据显示,对电子鼻数据进行了PCA,虽然PC1和PC2累计方差超85%,但样本重叠无法定量分析;FTIR显示不同掺假物及纯油光谱存在差异;气相色谱表明山茶油富含油酸,其脂肪酸组成差异影响FTIR,利于食用油分类和掺假检测,为山茶油掺假检测提供有效支持。
PUNTA-SÁNCHEZ等[54]提出将超快速气相色谱(UF-GC)与ML结合检测蜂蜜掺假的新方法。UF-GC可快速分析蜂蜜挥发性化合物,研究借助RStudio及多个R包处理数据、构建模型,用R2、RMSE和RPD评估回归模型,以准确率评估分类模型。经Boruta特征选择,6种回归模型表现良好,SVR综合最佳但与最小绝对收缩和选择算子(Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator,LASSO)、PLS差异不显著。PCA显示PC1和PC2能区分橙花蜜(Orange Blossom Honey,OB)和向日葵蜜(Sunflower Honey,SF)蜂蜜,基于Boruta特征,SVM和RF对蜂蜜植物来源分类准确率达100%。单独处理OB和SF蜂蜜样本,回归模型性能提升,R2达到0.95。研究表明,SVR和LASSO等模型可有效检测蜂蜜掺假,单独处理样本能提高性能,LASSO单独预测潜力大,该方法适用于实验室和食品安全部门筛查。
综上所述,将ML技术与GC-MS等风味分析手段相结合,应用于食品分类以及真伪鉴别的领域中是切实可行的。不仅能够显著提升分辨食品种类的效率,快速且精准地对食品进行分类,极大地节约人力与时间成本,还能通过对食品风味的深入分析和精准把控,帮助食品在生产环节及时发现问题,从而有效优化产品质量,为消费者提供更高品质的食品。
本文通过列举近几年ML在基于风味分析的食品检测领域的应用实例,表明ML在基于风味分析的食品检测领域实现了多方面的突破。食品的风味不仅会影响新产品的研发,还会直接影响到消费者的购买决策。传统检测方法如感官评价和电子鼻、电子舌技术等,均会受到人为主观性以及设备局限性的影响,相比之下,ML可以通过对风味数据的挖掘与建模,更快、更准确地了解食品的风味特点,大大提升对食品品质检测的效率以及准确性。从算法体系来看,传统ML与DL形成多层次技术矩阵。传统ML算法如SVM、RF可以在分类与回归任务中展现出稳健性,可通过构建高维特征空间的最优超平面或集成决策树提升预测精度;PCA等降维技术则能有效压缩数据维度,保留关键风味信息。DL算法如CNN、RNN则凭借多层非线性架构,自动捕获风味数据中的时空特征与复杂模式,尤其是在处理图像、光谱及序列数据时表现出更强的特征表达能力。在技术融合层面,ML与电子鼻、电子舌和红外光谱等检测手段的结合使用将成为主要发展方向,并且通过整合多源数据(如挥发性化合物信号、光谱特征等),可构建相对应的风味分析模型,实现对食品新鲜度、品质等级及掺伪程度的精准预测。
目前,ML在基于风味分析的食品检测领域取得了阶段性进展。传统ML算法(如SVM和KNN)能够对小规模食品风味数据进行初步分类。DL的基础神经网络架构在果酒、草莓等食品品类识别方面已初显成效。此外,将ML与GC-MS、电子鼻等风味分析技术相结合,已实现对部分食品品类和真伪的识别。然而,该领域仍面临诸多困难。在算法层面,传统的SVM和KNN效率较低,处理大规模、高维数据时易陷入局部最优。DL算法泛化能力不足,且依赖大量高成本的标注数据。在技术集成层面,ML与光谱、色谱数据之间的特征融合方法尚不成熟,难以挖掘数据中的潜在关联。此外,食品风味分析缺乏统一的标准体系。不同研究采用不同的数据收集和处理方法,高质量的风味数据库稀缺。数据完整性和准确性不足,导致模型对数据的依赖性较高。为解决这些问题,应从四个方面着手。一是优化算法,将并行计算和增量学习引入传统算法,并改进核函数。对于DL算法,优化网络架构(如添加针对食品风味数据的注意力模块),并结合迁移学习以降低对数据的依赖。二是深化技术集成,结合化学和生物学知识设计,高效的数据融合算法,探索数据与感官特性之间的深层次联系。三是建立统一的标准体系,与行业合作,制定风味分析和数据处理规范。四是构建高质量数据库,通过数据清洗等手段确保数据质量,最终推动ML在基于风味分析的食品检测领域取得更大突破。总之,ML在基于风味分析的食品品质预测、食品分类领域、食品造假方面以及食品品质评估等食品检测研究领域中占据着重要地位。可以预见的是,未来ML会持续为食品行业带来新的发展动力,在保障食品安全、提升食品品质等方面发挥关键作用,推动整个食品行业不断向前发展。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060341
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
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    1贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005
    2贵州省农产品无损检测工程研究中心,贵州贵阳 550005

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孟庆龙(1989−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品无损检测,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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