Article(id=1320880826175312145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852129738, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852129738, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852129738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852129738, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=485, endPage=493, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880826355667218, articleId=1320880826175312145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation Optimization of Goat Milk Casein-derived Bioactive Peptides and Their Hepatorenal Protective against Lead Exposed in Mice, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of goat milk casein-derived bioactive peptides on the liver and kidneys of lead-exposed mice. Methods: Goat milk casein-derived bioactive peptides were prepared via enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis process was optimized using single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology, with lead ion chelation rate as the evaluation index. Ultraviolet (UV) scanning and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to analyze the chelation characteristics between lead and the bioactive peptides. A lead-exposed animal model was established using four-week-old male ICR mice. The protective effects of the bioactive peptides on the liver and kidneys were evaluated by observing hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of liver and kidney sections, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results: The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were determined as follows: Enzyme dosage 3000 U/g, time 2.0 h, substrate concentration 43.97 g/L, temperature 47.60 ℃, and pH7.48, achieving a lead chelation rate of 49.60%±0.51%. UV scanning revealed that the binding of lead to the bioactive peptides increased the absorption peak at 237 nm. FTIR analysis indicated that lead reacted with free amino and carboxyl groups in the peptides. The bioactive peptides significantly reduce the liver index in lead-exposed mice (P<0.05), demonstrating protective effects on normal development. They also markedly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P<0.01) and glutathione (GSH) levels (P<0.01), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P< 0.01), and improved overall antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the peptides significantly decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the liver and kidneys (P<0.01), indicating reduced inflammation. Conclusion: Goat milk casein-derived bioactive peptides exhibit protective effects on the liver and kidneys of lead-exposed mice. This study provides evidence for their potential as natural lead-chelating agents and offers technical support for developing novel lead-eliminating products.

, authors=Piaocai JIA, Xiangchen LU, Yumei GAO, Hailin ZHANG, Xiaowei HOU, Lili ZHAO*, authorsList=Piaocai JIA, Xiangchen LU, Yumei GAO, Hailin ZHANG, Xiaowei HOU, Lili ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lili ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880830126346537, articleId=1320880826175312145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽制备工艺优化及其对铅暴露小鼠肝肾的保护作用, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探究山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽对铅暴露小鼠肝肾的保护作用。方法:通过酶解法制备山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽,以铅离子螯合率为指标通过单因素实验结合响应面试验优化酶解工艺,通过紫外扫描、傅里叶变换光谱分析铅与活性肽的螯合特点。使用四周龄ICR雄性小鼠建立铅暴露动物模型,观察肝肾苏木精伊红染色切片、以氧化应激和炎症因子白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)为指标评价活性肽对铅暴露小鼠肝肾的保护作用。结果:最优酶解条件为加酶量3000 U/g、酶解时间2.0 h、底物浓度43.97 g/L、温度47.60 ℃、酶解pH为7.48,铅螯合率为49.60%±0.51%。紫外扫描发现活性肽与铅结合,使其在237 nm吸收峰增大,傅里叶变换光谱得出铅与活性肽中游离的氨基、羧基发生反应。活性肽可以降低铅暴露小鼠的肝脏指数(P<0.05),对小鼠的正常发育具有保护作用,显著提高超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性(P<0.01)和谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)的含量(P<0.01),降低丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量(P<0.01),提高机体的抗氧化能力。同时活性肽降低肝肾炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α的含量(P<0.01),有降低肝肾炎症水平的作用。结论:山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽对铅暴露小鼠肝肾具有一定的保护作用,为其作为天然排铅物质提供依据,制备的活性肽也为排铅新产品开发提供一定技术支撑。

, authors=贾飘彩, 陆相辰, 高郁美, 张海琳, 侯晓威, 赵丽丽*, authorsList=贾飘彩, 陆相辰, 高郁美, 张海琳, 侯晓威, 赵丽丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵丽丽, authorNote=

贾飘彩(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品加工技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵丽丽(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:乳品加工与营养,E-mail:。
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贾飘彩(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品加工技术,E-mail:

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贾飘彩(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品加工技术,E-mail:

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注:小写字母不同表示均值之间具有显著差异(P<0.05);图3同。

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注:与正常组对比,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01;与模型组对比,#表示P<0.05,##表示P<0.01;图10、图11同。

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Factor level for response surface methodology

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水平试验因素
A 底物浓度(g/L)B 酶解温度(℃)C pH
−130456.5
040507.0
+150557.5
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响应面试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平试验因素
A 底物浓度(g/L)B 酶解温度(℃)C pH
−130456.5
040507.0
+150557.5
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Response surface experiment results

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试验号A 底物浓度B 温度C pHY 铅螯合率(%)
10−1−139.99
2−10141.60
310150.40
401−136.80
500051.20
600045.91
7−1−1030.00
810−140.81
91−1045.60
10−10−124.04
1111048.80
1201148.00
1300050.00
14−11030.00
150−1149.20
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响应面试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A 底物浓度B 温度C pHY 铅螯合率(%)
10−1−139.99
2−10141.60
310150.40
401−136.80
500051.20
600045.91
7−1−1030.00
810−140.81
91−1045.60
10−10−124.04
1111048.80
1201148.00
1300050.00
14−11030.00
150−1149.20
), ArticleFig(id=1320881097374810644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880826175312145, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANOVA of response surface experiment results

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变异来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
模型986.379109.6014.420.0045**
A449.551449.5559.140.0006**
B0.17710.1770.02330.8847
C282.741282.7437.190.0017**
AB2.5612.560.33680.5869
AC15.88115.882.090.208
BC0.9910.990.13020.7329
A2200.061200.0626.320.0037**
B234.93134.934.600.0849
C222.40122.402.950.1467
残差38.0157.60
失拟项22.6337.540.98050.5407
纯误差15.3827.69
总变异1024.3814
), ArticleFig(id=1320881097437725205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880826175312145, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验结果方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
模型986.379109.6014.420.0045**
A449.551449.5559.140.0006**
B0.17710.1770.02330.8847
C282.741282.7437.190.0017**
AB2.5612.560.33680.5869
AC15.88115.882.090.208
BC0.9910.990.13020.7329
A2200.061200.0626.320.0037**
B234.93134.934.600.0849
C222.40122.402.950.1467
残差38.0157.60
失拟项22.6337.540.98050.5407
纯误差15.3827.69
总变异1024.3814
), ArticleFig(id=1320881097517416982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880826175312145, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Organ coefficient of heart, spleen, liver, and kidney in mice

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组别肝脏指数(%)心脏指数(%)脾脏指数(%)肾脏指数(%)
正常组4.07±0.230.60±0.050.29±0.071.60±0.17
模型组5.02±0.32**0.50±0.07**0.30±0.061.74±0.13
阳性组4.84±0.52**0.50±0.06**0.26±0.061.63±0.24
活性肽组4.41±0.33##0.55±0.060.29±0.061.66±0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1320881097580331543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880826175312145, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

小鼠心脏、脾脏、肝脏和肾脏的脏器系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别肝脏指数(%)心脏指数(%)脾脏指数(%)肾脏指数(%)
正常组4.07±0.230.60±0.050.29±0.071.60±0.17
模型组5.02±0.32**0.50±0.07**0.30±0.061.74±0.13
阳性组4.84±0.52**0.50±0.06**0.26±0.061.63±0.24
活性肽组4.41±0.33##0.55±0.060.29±0.061.66±0.15
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山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽制备工艺优化及其对铅暴露小鼠肝肾的保护作用
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贾飘彩 , 陆相辰 , 高郁美 , 张海琳 , 侯晓威 , 赵丽丽 *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(17): 485-493
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (17) : 485 -493
山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽制备工艺优化及其对铅暴露小鼠肝肾的保护作用
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贾飘彩 , 陆相辰, 高郁美, 张海琳, 侯晓威, 赵丽丽*
作者信息
  • 西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
赵丽丽(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:乳品加工与营养,E-mail:。
作者简介:

贾飘彩(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品加工技术,E-mail:

Preparation Optimization of Goat Milk Casein-derived Bioactive Peptides and Their Hepatorenal Protective against Lead Exposed in Mice
Piaocai JIA , Xiangchen LU, Yumei GAO, Hailin ZHANG, Xiaowei HOU, Lili ZHAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030022
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目的:探究山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽对铅暴露小鼠肝肾的保护作用。方法:通过酶解法制备山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽,以铅离子螯合率为指标通过单因素实验结合响应面试验优化酶解工艺,通过紫外扫描、傅里叶变换光谱分析铅与活性肽的螯合特点。使用四周龄ICR雄性小鼠建立铅暴露动物模型,观察肝肾苏木精伊红染色切片、以氧化应激和炎症因子白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)为指标评价活性肽对铅暴露小鼠肝肾的保护作用。结果:最优酶解条件为加酶量3000 U/g、酶解时间2.0 h、底物浓度43.97 g/L、温度47.60 ℃、酶解pH为7.48,铅螯合率为49.60%±0.51%。紫外扫描发现活性肽与铅结合,使其在237 nm吸收峰增大,傅里叶变换光谱得出铅与活性肽中游离的氨基、羧基发生反应。活性肽可以降低铅暴露小鼠的肝脏指数(P<0.05),对小鼠的正常发育具有保护作用,显著提高超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性(P<0.01)和谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)的含量(P<0.01),降低丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量(P<0.01),提高机体的抗氧化能力。同时活性肽降低肝肾炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α的含量(P<0.01),有降低肝肾炎症水平的作用。结论:山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽对铅暴露小鼠肝肾具有一定的保护作用,为其作为天然排铅物质提供依据,制备的活性肽也为排铅新产品开发提供一定技术支撑。

山羊乳  /  活性肽  /  铅暴露  /  氧化应激  /  肝、肾保护

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of goat milk casein-derived bioactive peptides on the liver and kidneys of lead-exposed mice. Methods: Goat milk casein-derived bioactive peptides were prepared via enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis process was optimized using single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology, with lead ion chelation rate as the evaluation index. Ultraviolet (UV) scanning and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to analyze the chelation characteristics between lead and the bioactive peptides. A lead-exposed animal model was established using four-week-old male ICR mice. The protective effects of the bioactive peptides on the liver and kidneys were evaluated by observing hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of liver and kidney sections, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results: The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were determined as follows: Enzyme dosage 3000 U/g, time 2.0 h, substrate concentration 43.97 g/L, temperature 47.60 ℃, and pH7.48, achieving a lead chelation rate of 49.60%±0.51%. UV scanning revealed that the binding of lead to the bioactive peptides increased the absorption peak at 237 nm. FTIR analysis indicated that lead reacted with free amino and carboxyl groups in the peptides. The bioactive peptides significantly reduce the liver index in lead-exposed mice (P<0.05), demonstrating protective effects on normal development. They also markedly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P<0.01) and glutathione (GSH) levels (P<0.01), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P< 0.01), and improved overall antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the peptides significantly decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the liver and kidneys (P<0.01), indicating reduced inflammation. Conclusion: Goat milk casein-derived bioactive peptides exhibit protective effects on the liver and kidneys of lead-exposed mice. This study provides evidence for their potential as natural lead-chelating agents and offers technical support for developing novel lead-eliminating products.

goat milk  /  active peptide  /  lead exposure  /  oxidative stress  /  liver and kidney protection
贾飘彩, 陆相辰, 高郁美, 张海琳, 侯晓威, 赵丽丽. 山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽制备工艺优化及其对铅暴露小鼠肝肾的保护作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 485 -493 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030022
Piaocai JIA, Xiangchen LU, Yumei GAO, Hailin ZHANG, Xiaowei HOU, Lili ZHAO. Preparation Optimization of Goat Milk Casein-derived Bioactive Peptides and Their Hepatorenal Protective against Lead Exposed in Mice[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 485 -493 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030022
铅是一种有毒且不可生物降解的重金属元素,因其在不同行业的广泛应用成为影响环境和人类健康的主要威胁之一。铅通过消化道、呼吸道及皮肤接触等途径进入人体,主要分布于肝脏、肾脏等器官以及皮肤、骨骼肌等软组织中,导致多器官系统的功能损伤,引发一系列与铅中毒相关的临床症状[1]。肾脏有调节水盐平衡的功能,也是个体接触铅后影响的关键器官。铅的过量接触会引起肾小管、肾小球等损伤,造成不可逆的肾脏疾病[2]。肝脏组织是新陈代谢的重要器官,也是人体内最大的解毒器官[3],铅暴露影响的肝脏组织细胞核会显著减少,导致肝脏损伤及生理功能失调[4]。
改善与治疗铅中毒对人体的危害一直是食品、营养保健和医药学界关注的热点问题之一。铅中毒治疗药物虽有排铅作用,但是其副作用较为显著,可能导致患者出现不同程度的毒副作用,包括全身疲乏、食欲减退、发热和过敏性皮疹等[5],因此亟需开发天然且安全的铅中毒治疗药物替代品。乳源活性肽主要来源于酪蛋白和乳清蛋白,可以通过蛋白或肽水解制剂、微生物发酵及在胃肠道中消化等途径产生活性[6],目前已证实乳源活性肽具有抗炎[7]、抗高血压[8]和抗氧化[9]等活性。研究证明活性肽对铅中毒引发的机体氧化损伤有明显的改善和治疗效果,大豆蛋白活性肽(400 mg/kg·bw)可以减轻小鼠肝脏组织病理和氧化应激损伤[10],亚麻籽活性肽(70、140 mg/kg·bw)可减轻由铅中毒引起的肝肾功能衰退,实现对小鼠肝肾的保护作用[11]。山羊乳源活性肽具有安全性高、特异性强等特点[12−13],目前未见关于山羊乳源活性肽对铅暴露小鼠肝肾保护效果的研究报道。
因此,本研究制备山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽,通过建立铅暴露动物模型,探究山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽对铅暴露小鼠肝肾的保护作用,为促进铅中毒的治疗提供科学思路和理论依据。
40只SPF级4周龄雄性ICR小鼠,体重为(18±1.5)g 成都达硕实验动物有限公司提供,许可证号为:SYXK(陕)20220-003,实验操作均符合西北农林科技大学实验动物伦理委员会要求(IACUC:2024-1019);新鲜山羊乳 杨凌本地羊场;中性蛋白酶 5000 U/g,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;肌酐测定试剂盒、尿素氮测定试剂盒 南京建成有限公司;谷草转氨酶活性测定试剂盒、谷丙转氨酶活性测定试剂盒 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;二巯基丁二酸 上海新亚药业闵行有限公司;醋酸铅、无水乙醇、硝酸、高氯酸等 均为国产分析纯。
TECAN酶标仪 上海勒菲机械贸易有限公司;M20膜过滤系统 丹麦Alsa Laval公司;HH-6数显恒温水浴锅 常州国华电器有限公司;SB-500超声波清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;H1650离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;UV-2600i紫外分光光度计 岛津仪器苏州有限公司;HJ-4AB恒温磁力搅拌器 拓赫机电科技有限公司;PHS-3E pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;FD5-2.5冷冻干燥机 金西盟科技有限公司。
参考李志成等[14]的方法:新鲜羊乳过滤除杂,4 ℃、5000 r/min离心20 min,去除脂肪。用盐酸(2 mol/L)将其pH调至4.2,静置30 min,随后5000 r/min离心5 min,除去上清液。用醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液(pH4.2)洗涤沉淀2次,5000 r/min离心5 min,所得到的沉淀为酪蛋白,冻干备用。取适量酪蛋白于100 mL离心管中,用NaOH(2 mol/L)调节pH至7.0,按3000 U/g加入中性蛋白酶,于50 ℃酶解2 h,90 ℃灭酶10 min,离心取上清液即为山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽。
参考周桂成等[15]的方法:将5 mL 0.05 mol/L醋酸铅溶液与5 mL山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽混合,用0.5 mol/L的盐酸调节pH为5.0,在47 ℃水浴反应80 min。反应后加入5倍体积的无水乙醇混匀,在4000 r/min离心20 min去除游离铅,将所得沉淀用50 mL无水乙醇混匀,在4000 r/min的条件下离心20 min洗清。沉淀在55 ℃烘箱干燥至恒重即为肽铅复合物。
称量1.2.2制备的肽铅复合物,加入10 mL氨水-氯化铵缓冲溶液(pH为10.0),滴入2滴铬黑T指示剂,用0.01 mol/L的乙二胺四乙酸二钠滴定,观察溶液从紫色变成淡蓝色,且30 s不变色为终点。记录消耗乙二胺四乙酸二钠的体积,按公式(1)(2)计算铅的螯合率:
$\rm X(\text{%})=\frac{\text{M×C×V}}{\text{m}}\times 100 $
式中,X为肽铅复合物含铅量,%;M为铅的摩尔质量,g/mol;C为乙二胺四乙酸二钠的浓度,mol/L;V为消耗乙二胺四乙酸二钠的体积,L;m为称取肽铅复合物的质量,g。
$ \mathrm{Y}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{m}\times \mathrm{X}}{{\mathrm{m}}\text{'}}\times 100 $
式中,Y为铅的螯合率,%;m为肽铅复合物的质量,g;X为肽铅复合物含铅量,%;m'为铅的投入量,g。
酶解条件影响活性肽的结构和功能,从而影响其对铅离子的螯合能力,铅螯合率可以反映活性肽与铅离子的特异性结合能力[10]。以铅螯合率为指标,优化山羊乳酪蛋白酶解条件,以期得到体外铅螯合能力较强的活性肽。
按1000、2000、3000、4000、5000 U/g底物蛋白加入中性蛋白酶。在底物质量浓度30 g/L,pH7.0,酶解温度50 ℃的条件下酶解2 h,灭酶、离心、测定上清液铅螯合率。
在适宜的加酶量,底物质量浓度30 g/L,pH7.0,酶解温度50 ℃的条件下分别酶解1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 h,灭酶、离心、测定上清液铅螯合率。
在适宜的加酶量,底物质量浓度分别为10、20、30、40、50 g/L,pH7.0,酶解温度50 ℃的条件下酶解适宜时间,灭酶、离心、测定上清液铅螯合率。
在适宜的加酶量,适宜的底物质量浓度,pH7.0,酶解温度分别为40、45、50、55、60 ℃的条件下酶解适宜时间,灭酶、离心、测定上清液铅螯合率。
在适宜的加酶量,适宜的底物质量浓度,pH分别为5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5,适宜的酶解温度下酶解适宜时间,灭酶、离心、测定上清液铅螯合率。
选取底物浓度、酶解温度和pH为变量建立Box-Behnken模型,以铅螯合率为响应值构建二次回归方程,试验因素水平表见表1。
根据响应面试验结果确定的最优酶解条件制备活性肽,选用膜孔径为3000 Da的聚醚砜螺旋缠绕有机滤膜对活性肽超滤纯化,收集截留液和渗透液,分别得到分子质量>3000 Da和<3000 Da的2个活性肽组分,测定各组分活性肽的铅螯合能力,选出螯合能力强的组分冻干备用。
按照王家栩[16]的方法测定多肽浓度:取3 mL还原型谷胱甘肽溶液(0.0、0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6和2.0 mg/mL),分别加入2 mL双缩脲试剂,混匀后室温放置10 min,于540 nm处分别测定其吸光值。还原型谷胱甘肽浓度为横坐标x(mg/mL),OD值为纵坐标y,得到标准曲线为:y=0.0951x+0.0192(R2=0.9984)。取3 mL活性肽,加入3 mL 10%三氯乙酸,静置30 min,4000 r/min离心20 min,取3 mL上清液,加入2 mL双缩脲试剂,静置30 min,测定540 nm处紫外吸光度,代入标曲计算多肽浓度。
取1.2.6的活性肽并制备肽铅复合物,分别配制成浓度为10 g/L的溶液。将配制的肽铅复合物稀释十倍和五倍得到肽铅复合物1、2。用紫外分光光度计在200~400 nm进行全波长扫描,分析活性肽与铅螯合前后吸光度的变化[17]。
取1.2.6的活性肽并制备肽铅复合物,各取2 mg和200 mg光谱级溴化钾混合研磨均匀,压片后参照刘卫震等[18]的方法在400~4000 cm−1测定其红外吸收光谱。
40只小鼠随机分成四组:正常组、模型组、阳性组和活性肽组,适应性喂养7 d后,参照《保健食品功能检验与评价方法(2023年版)》建立预防性高铅动物模型:受试期间小鼠自由饮用200 mg/mL醋酸铅水。各组灌胃具体如下:阳性组灌胃阳性药物二巯基丁二酸,剂量为100 mg/kg·bw;活性肽组灌胃活性肽,根据实验室前期研究成果剂量选用60 mg/kg·bw;正常组、模型组灌胃生理盐水。灌胃体积为0.2 mL/20 g。每5 d记录一次小鼠体重,灌胃饲养持续30 d后,各组小鼠禁食不禁水12 h,异氟烷气体麻醉,摘眼球取血,离心收集血清并于−80 ℃保存。随后立即颈椎脱臼处死,取心、脾、肝、肾组织称重记录并把肝、肾组织存于4%多聚甲醛固定液中或−80 ℃冰箱中。
固定在多聚甲醛固定液中的肝脏、肾脏样本送于北京伊诺凯科技有限公司制作HE病理切片,在光学显微镜下观察肝脏、肾脏病理变化。
采用试剂盒方法取血清测定谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)及尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)的水平,测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量;取肝肾组织测定TNF-α、IL-6含量。
所有实验重复3次,使用SPSS 22.0对数据进行单因素方差分析,使用GraphPad Prism 9进行作图。
图1A显示加酶量对铅螯合率的影响。加酶量由1000 U/g提高到3000 U/g时铅螯合率显著增大(P<0.05),可能是随着酪蛋白酶解,生成了具有铅螯合能力的活性肽。加酶量3000 U/g时铅螯合率最大,表明此条件下制备的活性肽铅结合位点最多。加酶量由3000 U/g提高到5000 U/g时螯合率显著减小(P<0.05),可能是过量的酶使水解程度加深,肽序列发生改变,导致铅结合位点减少[19]。初步选择加酶量为3000 U/g进行后续优化。
图1B显示酶解时间对铅螯合率的影响。随着酶解时间的延长铅螯合率呈先增大再减小的趋势,从1.0 h延长至2.0 h铅螯合率显著增大(P<0.05),从2.0 h延长到3.0 h显著下降(P<0.05),这可能是随着酶解时间加长,中性蛋白酶已与酪蛋白充分反应,酶切作用位点基本饱和,并且游离氨基酸与小肽的增加,也抑制了酶解反应[20]。初步选择酶解反应时间2.0 h进行后续优化。
图1C显示底物浓度对铅螯合率的影响。底物浓度在10~50 g/L范围,铅螯合率逐渐升高,在底物浓度由30 g/L升至40 g/L铅螯合率显著增大(P<0.05),由40 g/L升至50 g/L铅螯合率变化不显著(P>0.05),说明在这个浓度范围,随着酪蛋白浓度增加,酶解反应体系的流动性变差,导致中性蛋白酶与酪蛋白接触不充分[21]。初步选择底物浓度40 g/L进行后续优化。
图1D显示酶解温度对铅螯合率的影响,当温度由40 ℃升至50 ℃,铅螯合率显著增大(P<0.05),由50 ℃升至60 ℃,铅螯合率显著减小(P<0.05),可能是继续升高温度导致中性蛋白酶部分变性,活性降低,螯合率也降低。初步选择酶解温度50 ℃进行后续优化。
图1E显示pH对铅螯合率的影响。pH由5.5升至7.0时,螯合率显著增大(P<0.05),在pH由7.0升至7.5时螯合率显著减小(P<0.05),说明已经超过螯合反应的最适pH,酶活受到影响,不利于酶解反应的进行。初步选择pH7.0进行后续优化。
根据单因素实验结果,以铅螯合率为响应值,选择底物浓度、温度和pH为试验因素,建立响应面的回归模型,响应面试验结果如表2所示。对表2中的数据进行回归处理,得到二次多项回归方程为:Y=49.04+7.50A−0.1488B+5.94C+0.8AB−1.99AC+0.4975BC−7.36A2−3.08B2−2.46C2。
方差分析结果如表3所示,该模型影响极显著(P<0.01),失拟项不显著(P>0.05),因此试验结果可靠。模型的复合相关系数R2=0.9629,说明模型相关性良好。校正系数R2Adj=0.8961,表明该模型的预测结果与真实值吻合良好,可以解释89.61%试验数据的变异性,实验误差较小。一次项因素A(底物浓度)和C(pH)对响应变量铅螯合率的影响极显著(P<0.01),二次项A2的影响极显著(P<0.01),其余各项均不显著(P>0.05)。
各因素间交互作用如图2所示。从图中可知,各因素等高线近似为圆形,说明各因素之间的交互作用不显著,这与表3方差分析中的结果一致。根据分析结果得到最优酶解条件为底物浓度43.97 g/L、温度47.60 ℃、pH为7.48,预测值为52.50%。经过验证实验,最优条件下测得铅螯合率为49.60%±0.51%,与预测值相符,表明工艺参数可靠。
膜过滤得到不同组分的活性肽,测定其铅螯合率。由图3A可知分子质量<3000 Da、>3000 Da组分的活性肽铅螯合率为54.52%±1.20%、39.05%±1.17%。分子量<3000 Da的活性肽铅螯合效果更好,这可能是由于分子量较小的活性肽暴露的铅螯合位点更多,因此选择<3000 Da组分活性肽进行后续实验。由图3B可知:在膜过滤之前对活性肽测定活性肽浓度为3.11±0.01 mg/mL,膜过滤之后测定小于3000 Da组分活性肽浓度为2.66±0.01 mg/mL。
图4为山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽、肽铅复合物的紫外光谱图。在200~300 nm处,山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽最高峰在螯合铅后发生了蓝移,导致这一现象的原因可能是铅离子与羰基(C=O)络合,影响了羰基n→$ {\delta }^{*} $的电子跃迁[22],故而发生蓝移。此外,肽铅复合物2在237 nm处的吸收峰增强,且波长减小,吸收逐渐稳定,区别于活性肽,说明有活性肽与铅离子螯合反应的现象。
傅里叶红外光谱吸收峰的特征变化可用于表征大分子中官能团的振动和蛋白质的二级结构,波数变化可以显示分子结构的变化,信号强度可代表相关官能团的浓度[23]。通过比较活性肽与肽铅复合物特征基团吸收峰的位移变化,可推断出铅的螯合位点。图5为活性肽和肽铅复合物在400~4000 cm−1波数处的红外光谱。活性肽与铅离子螯合后,部分吸收峰的位置和强度发生改变。
参考上海有机化学研究所数据库(https://organchem.csdb.cn)检索官能团的特征吸收波数。从图中可以看出:3296.99 cm−1附近,活性肽出现宽吸收峰,在C=O(酸酐)伸缩振动1900~1650 cm−1附近也存在吸收峰,说明在活性肽中存在-COOH结构。肽铅复合物3295.32 cm−1附近吸收峰变窄,1743.96 cm−1吸收峰减弱,说明裸露的-COOH结构变少,这与Wang等[24]的研究结果相似。胺的N-H伸缩振动出现在3100 cm−1附近,活性肽在3072.41 cm−1出现吸收峰,而肽铅复合物吸收峰在3074.21 cm−1,这表明N端氨基和侧链中的氨基参与了肽铅螯合,导致N-H键的振动频率发生变化[25]。肽铅复合物在1082.43 cm−1处出现C-N强吸收峰,可能是氮原子的共用电子对铅作用导致C-N偶极性增强[26−27]。综上所述,铅离子与活性肽中游离的氨基和羧基发生反应形成了肽铅螯合物。
图6显示了饲养期间小鼠体重的变化,饲养30 d时间内,各组小鼠体重均逐步增加。与正常组相比,阳性组小鼠的体重较低,这与卜丁东[10]使用阳性药物二巯基丁二酸治疗后小鼠体重下降结果相同。活性肽对铅暴露小鼠治疗不会引起小鼠的体重下降,表明了活性肽的天然安全性。
小鼠脏器指数见表4,模型组肝脏指数比正常组增加了23.34%(P<0.01),表示铅暴露造成了肝脏组织的肿胀,灌胃治疗后,阳性组、活性肽组比模型组肝脏指数降低了3.58%、12.15%(P<0.01),活性肽组的小鼠肝脏指数与正常组无显著差异(P>0.05)。模型组、阳性组和活性肽组小鼠的心脏指数分别比正常组降低了16.67%(P<0.01)、16.67%(P<0.01)、8.33%,说明铅暴露可能会影响心脏的正常发育。小鼠的脾脏和肾脏指数各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
铅暴露小鼠肝脏HE染色病理学结果如图7所示。正常组小鼠肝脏组织学结构正常,肝细胞排列整齐,整体胶质空隙少,肝索清晰;模型组小鼠肝脏组织出现一定程度的退行性改变、肝索紊乱、整体胶质空隙变大;给予阳性药物二巯基丁二酸后出现肝细胞核肿大的现象,表明长期使用阳性药物对小鼠造成的肝损伤;活性肽组肝脏组织未出现肝索紊乱的现象,活性肽有效地缓解了铅暴露小鼠肝脏的组织损伤。
铅暴露小鼠肾脏的HE染色病理学结果如图8所示。正常组小鼠显示了正常的肾组织学结构,未见病理学损伤;而模型组小鼠的肾脏组织出现了肾小管肿胀、充血和边缘模糊以及肾小球萎缩等组织学损伤;阳性药物和活性肽治疗可改善铅暴露小鼠肾脏的组织学损伤,使肾脏组织呈现了正常的肾小球结构,并减轻了肾小管的肿胀和充血。
血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性测定可以用来评估小鼠肝功能状态,当肝细胞坏死,血清中ALT、AST的活性会显著升高[10−11]。如图9所示,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠血清中AST活性显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,阳性组和活性肽组AST活性有所下降但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。模型组ALT活性显著高于正常组(P<0.05),阳性组小鼠ALT活性显著高于模型组(P<0.05),可能是由于铅暴露引起肝功能受损,而肝功能受损不再适合使用阳性药物二巯基丁二酸[28],长时间使用会对肝功能造成影响。
血清中尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)浓度升高多见于肾功能损伤,可用于确定肾功能状态[10−11]。模型组的BUN、Cr含量与正常组相比极显著升高(P<0.01),表明铅暴露引起小鼠肾脏组织损伤。与模型组相比,活性肽组的BUN含量有所下降,且Cr含量极显著下降(P<0.01),说明活性肽可以有效地保护铅暴露小鼠的肾脏组织,降低铅对肾脏的损伤。
铅暴露引起的机体靶器官损伤与氧化应激水平升高有关,MDA是在机体内氧自由基代谢过程中生成的脂质过氧化产物,能够反映机体脂质过氧化自由基的存在及反应程度,内源抗氧化物GSH水平和SOD的活性也可以反映体内氧化应激水平[29−31]。铅暴露会导致活性氧的异常产生,加大抗氧化防御系统负担,引起机体的氧化应激[32]。由图10可知,模型组小鼠体内GSH含量和SOD活性极显著低于正常组(P<0.01),活性肽组GSH含量和SOD活性极显著高于模型组(P<0.01),表明灌胃活性肽可以提高小鼠抗氧化水平;模型组小鼠体内MDA含量极显著高于正常组(P<0.01),活性肽组MDA含量极显著低于模型组(P<0.01),表明活性肽可以有效抑制MDA的过量生成。
铅暴露对机体造成的炎症会使机体更容易被微生物入侵[33],Nrf2和NF-κB信号通路失调与铅诱导的神经毒性发病机制有关[34]。有研究发现铅暴露小鼠TNF-α和IL-6水平的变化可能是由于铅诱导Nrf2和NF-κB信号通路功能障碍[35]。促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α是典型的炎症介质,它们在免疫细胞激活和炎症细胞浸润的过程中发挥着关键作用,可以用来评判机体的炎症水平[36]。由图11可知,模型组的肝、肾炎症因子均极显著高于正常组(P<0.01),说明铅暴露小鼠肝、肾存在炎症现象;阳性、活性肽组肝、肾炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α均极显著低于模型组(P<0.01),表明阳性药物和活性肽具有改善铅暴露小鼠体内炎症现象的作用。
本实验以体外铅螯合率为指标对山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽的制备工艺进行优化,对最优条件下的活性肽分离纯化得到小于3000 Da的活性肽,体外铅螯合率为54.52%±1.20%。紫外扫描分析观察到铅离子与羰基结合,发生了蓝移,从红外吸收峰的波数偏移分析发现游离-NH2、-COOH结合了铅离子。对铅暴露小鼠的生长发育评估,铅暴露会造成小鼠心脏指数降低,肝脏组织肿胀。模型组肝肾组织有明显损伤,活性肽在一定程度上缓解了铅暴露引起的损伤。铅暴露小鼠体内GSH含量、SOD活性降低,MDA含量升高,表明机体出现氧化损伤,灌胃活性肽可以有效降低铅暴露带来的氧化损伤。活性肽可以下调炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6,减轻机体肝肾损伤。综上所述,山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽对铅暴露小鼠肝肾具有保护作用,可以减轻铅暴露对机体造成的氧化应激,提高机体免疫力,为山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽对铅中毒的预防与治疗提供理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030022
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-05
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    西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100

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赵丽丽(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:乳品加工与营养,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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