Article(id=1320880799319175948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852123335, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852123335, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852123335, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852123335, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=575, endPage=586, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880799524696845, articleId=1320880799319175948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Active Components of Fermented Okara and Regulation of Human Health, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Okara (soybean residue), a byproduct of soybean processing, is rich in dietary fiber, proteins, phytohormones, and various vitamins. Microbial fermentation enhances the functional components of okara while improving its palatability and flavor. This review summarizes the functional components of okara, their physiological functions, and the effects of microbial fermentation on their compositions and concentrations. The mechanisms by which these functional components exert beneficial effects, including regulation of gut microbiota composition, promotion of short-chain fatty acid production, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and modulation of immune responses, are also discussed. The potential role of fermented okara in the prevention and management of obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other related disorders has also been explored. This review highlights the nutritional value of fermented okara, elucidates how its functional components interact with gut microbiota to promote host health, and provides a theoretical basis for the industrial development and application of fermented okara-based functional foods.

, authors=Jianing QI1, 2, Qiyu ZHANG1, 2, Zhaoyang FENG1, 2, Lingyun PENG1, 2, Hongrui A1, 2, Sijia CAO1, 2, Yuqi GAO1, 2, Xinran LI1, 2, Yuling XUE2, 3, 4, Baohua ZHAO1, 2, *, Liping PENG1, 2, 5, *, authorsList=Jianing QI, Qiyu ZHANG, Zhaoyang FENG, Lingyun PENG, Hongrui A, Sijia CAO, Yuqi GAO, Xinran LI, Yuling XUE, Baohua ZHAO, Liping PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baohua ZHAO, Liping PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880801890284306, articleId=1320880799319175948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=发酵豆渣活性成分及调节人体健康的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

豆渣(大豆残渣)是大豆加工过程中的副产物,富含膳食纤维、蛋白质、植物激素及多种维生素。微生物发酵不仅能够提高豆渣中活性成分的含量,还能改善其适口性与风味。本文综述了豆渣中活性成分的种类及生理功能,以及微生物发酵对豆渣活性成分组成与含量的影响。同时,探讨了发酵豆渣活性成分发挥有益作用的机制,包括调节肠道菌群组成、促进短链脂肪酸生成、增强肠道屏障功能以及调节免疫反应等。此外,本文还探讨了发酵豆渣在预防和管理肥胖、糖尿病、炎症性肠病及其他相关疾病中的潜在作用。本文强调了发酵豆渣的潜在营养价值,阐明了其活性成分与肠道菌群相互作用以促进宿主健康影响的机制,为发酵豆渣保健食品的产业化开发及相关应用提供理论基础。

, authors=齐嘉宁1, 2, 张齐钰1, 2, 冯召扬1, 2, 彭铃云1, 2, 阿鸿蕊1, 2, 曹思佳1, 2, 郜宇琦1, 2, 李焮燃1, 2, 薛玉玲2, 3, 4, 赵宝华1, 2, *, 彭丽萍1, 2, 5, *, authorsList=齐嘉宁, 张齐钰, 冯召扬, 彭铃云, 阿鸿蕊, 曹思佳, 郜宇琦, 李焮燃, 薛玉玲, 赵宝华, 彭丽萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵宝华, 彭丽萍, authorNote=

齐嘉宁(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农业废弃物资源化利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵宝华(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:微生物发酵与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
彭丽萍(1994−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:微生物菌株选育与发酵,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5USFfBgcNmVBkfZwqihgow==, magXml=xv38JjHLuZ3REeoP1apKwg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=y9tM7Ayqh8PHD6wzuSTMnw==, pdfFileSize=1879649, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KI4gZSrAuw9fRbS25r0g4g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FAr7cqGB7sakCy5ubb2l/g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881074402607339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880799319175948, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=568875374@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881074494882030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880799319175948, authorId=1320881074402607339, language=EN, stringName=Jianing QI, firstName=Jianing, middleName=null, lastName=QI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environment, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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European Journal of Pharmacology, 2018, 831: 52−59., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881087547556280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880799319175948, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=95, rfOrder=120, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU J W, FU Y X, DENG Z Y, et al. Polysaccharides from soybean residue fermented by Neurospora crassa alleviate DSS-induced gut barrier damage and microbiota disturbance in mice[J]. 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注:本图由Figdraw绘制。

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Main component content and composition of okara (dry basis)

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豆渣主要成分含量(%)组成参考文献
粗蛋白15.2~33.4由7S大豆球蛋白、11S大豆球蛋白组成[7]
粗脂肪4.9~21.5由不饱和脂肪酸组成,包括亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸和亚麻酸[8]
膳食纤维14.5~55.4包括可溶性膳食纤维、不可溶性膳食纤维[9]
大豆异黄酮0.02~0.12大豆异黄酮糖苷、大豆异黄酮苷元[10]
), ArticleFig(id=1320881078286532923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880799319175948, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

豆渣(干基)主要成分含量及组成

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豆渣主要成分含量(%)组成参考文献
粗蛋白15.2~33.4由7S大豆球蛋白、11S大豆球蛋白组成[7]
粗脂肪4.9~21.5由不饱和脂肪酸组成,包括亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸和亚麻酸[8]
膳食纤维14.5~55.4包括可溶性膳食纤维、不可溶性膳食纤维[9]
大豆异黄酮0.02~0.12大豆异黄酮糖苷、大豆异黄酮苷元[10]
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Soybean isoflavones and their efficacy

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大豆异黄酮种类特点异黄酮单体功效参考文献
大豆异黄酮糖苷(SIG)大豆异黄酮中含量占比最高大豆苷(Daidzin)本身抗氧化能力有限需转化为苷元形式发挥作用[27]
黄豆黄(Glycitin)
染料木苷(Genistin)
游离型大豆异黄酮苷元(SIA)大豆异黄酮中的活性形式大豆苷元(Daidzein)减轻炎症[28−29]
黄豆黄素(Glycitein)抗肿瘤[30]
染料木素(Genistein)减轻炎症[31]
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大豆异黄酮种类及功效

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大豆异黄酮种类特点异黄酮单体功效参考文献
大豆异黄酮糖苷(SIG)大豆异黄酮中含量占比最高大豆苷(Daidzin)本身抗氧化能力有限需转化为苷元形式发挥作用[27]
黄豆黄(Glycitin)
染料木苷(Genistin)
游离型大豆异黄酮苷元(SIA)大豆异黄酮中的活性形式大豆苷元(Daidzein)减轻炎症[28−29]
黄豆黄素(Glycitein)抗肿瘤[30]
染料木素(Genistein)减轻炎症[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1320881078529802558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880799319175948, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of microbial fermentation on the content of active ingredients

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发酵豆渣菌株活性成分效应参考文献
乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)
马克氏酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus C21)
SDF单菌株发酵和LAB和K. marxianus C21联合发酵的豆渣,SDF含量分别增加了16.9%、19.5%和21.6%[58]
枯草芽孢杆菌BSNK-5(Bacillus subtili)SDFSDF含量增加了7.51倍。微生物发酵改变了SDF晶体结构[59]
炭角菌L1(Xylaria sp. L1)SDFSDF含量显著增加413%[60]
枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtili)SDFSDF含量增加了187%。乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的浓度也分别高出44.4%、46.9%和51.8%[61]
黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)SDF在最佳条件下发酵36 h后,豆渣中SDF与总膳食纤维(Total dietary fiber,TDF)的比值比未发酵时提高了7.19倍[62]
毛霉属(Mucor sp.)SDF通过单因素实验、响应面分析等方法优化毛霉发酵豆渣培养基,豆渣SDF得率可达42.2%[63]
黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)与绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)SDFSDF含量比未发酵时提高了4.46倍[64]
粗壮脉纹孢菌(Neurospora crassa)大豆低聚糖发酵后豆渣粗低聚糖得率由2.98%±0.02%显著增加到10.81%±0.21%[65]
无接合孢子根霉FW3(Rhizopus. azygosporus)大豆异黄酮发酵后豆渣中苷元型异黄酮含量增加10.2倍[66]
地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)大豆肽固态发酵后,提高了5.51%的多肽含量[67]
蛹拟青霉(Paecilomyces militaris)大豆肽采用固态发酵方法,经过优化豆渣中大豆小肽含量达到15.35%[68]
枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtili)大豆肽枯草芽孢杆菌液态发酵豆渣,大豆多肽得率显著提高,达到88.12%,且发酵豆渣具有一定的抗氧化和抑菌活性[69]
), ArticleFig(id=1320881078601105727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880799319175948, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

微生物发酵对活性成分含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵豆渣菌株活性成分效应参考文献
乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)
马克氏酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus C21)
SDF单菌株发酵和LAB和K. marxianus C21联合发酵的豆渣,SDF含量分别增加了16.9%、19.5%和21.6%[58]
枯草芽孢杆菌BSNK-5(Bacillus subtili)SDFSDF含量增加了7.51倍。微生物发酵改变了SDF晶体结构[59]
炭角菌L1(Xylaria sp. L1)SDFSDF含量显著增加413%[60]
枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtili)SDFSDF含量增加了187%。乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的浓度也分别高出44.4%、46.9%和51.8%[61]
黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)SDF在最佳条件下发酵36 h后,豆渣中SDF与总膳食纤维(Total dietary fiber,TDF)的比值比未发酵时提高了7.19倍[62]
毛霉属(Mucor sp.)SDF通过单因素实验、响应面分析等方法优化毛霉发酵豆渣培养基,豆渣SDF得率可达42.2%[63]
黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)与绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)SDFSDF含量比未发酵时提高了4.46倍[64]
粗壮脉纹孢菌(Neurospora crassa)大豆低聚糖发酵后豆渣粗低聚糖得率由2.98%±0.02%显著增加到10.81%±0.21%[65]
无接合孢子根霉FW3(Rhizopus. azygosporus)大豆异黄酮发酵后豆渣中苷元型异黄酮含量增加10.2倍[66]
地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)大豆肽固态发酵后,提高了5.51%的多肽含量[67]
蛹拟青霉(Paecilomyces militaris)大豆肽采用固态发酵方法,经过优化豆渣中大豆小肽含量达到15.35%[68]
枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtili)大豆肽枯草芽孢杆菌液态发酵豆渣,大豆多肽得率显著提高,达到88.12%,且发酵豆渣具有一定的抗氧化和抑菌活性[69]
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发酵豆渣活性成分及调节人体健康的研究进展
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齐嘉宁 1, 2 , 张齐钰 1, 2 , 冯召扬 1, 2 , 彭铃云 1, 2 , 阿鸿蕊 1, 2 , 曹思佳 1, 2 , 郜宇琦 1, 2 , 李焮燃 1, 2 , 薛玉玲 2, 3, 4 , 赵宝华 1, 2, * , 彭丽萍 1, 2, 5, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(17): 575-586
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (17) : 575 -586
发酵豆渣活性成分及调节人体健康的研究进展
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齐嘉宁1, 2 , 张齐钰1, 2, 冯召扬1, 2, 彭铃云1, 2, 阿鸿蕊1, 2, 曹思佳1, 2, 郜宇琦1, 2, 李焮燃1, 2, 薛玉玲2, 3, 4, 赵宝华1, 2, * , 彭丽萍1, 2, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1河北省生态环境协同创新中心,河北石家庄 050024
  • 2河北师范大学生命科学学院,河北石家庄 050024
  • 3河北省乳业研发与安全控制重点实验室,河北石家庄 050024
  • 4君乐宝乳业集团股份有限公司,河北石家庄 050221
  • 5河北师范大学生态学博士后流动站,河北石家庄 050024
通讯作者:
赵宝华(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:微生物发酵与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
彭丽萍(1994−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:微生物菌株选育与发酵,E-mail:。
作者简介:

齐嘉宁(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农业废弃物资源化利用,E-mail:

Research Progress on Active Components of Fermented Okara and Regulation of Human Health
Jianing QI1, 2 , Qiyu ZHANG1, 2, Zhaoyang FENG1, 2, Lingyun PENG1, 2, Hongrui A1, 2, Sijia CAO1, 2, Yuqi GAO1, 2, Xinran LI1, 2, Yuling XUE2, 3, 4, Baohua ZHAO1, 2, * , Liping PENG1, 2, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environment, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
  • 2College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
  • 3Hebei Key Laboratory of Dairy R & D and Safety Control, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
  • 4Junlebao Dairy Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050221, China
  • 5Ecology Postdoctoral Research Station at Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080063
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豆渣(大豆残渣)是大豆加工过程中的副产物,富含膳食纤维、蛋白质、植物激素及多种维生素。微生物发酵不仅能够提高豆渣中活性成分的含量,还能改善其适口性与风味。本文综述了豆渣中活性成分的种类及生理功能,以及微生物发酵对豆渣活性成分组成与含量的影响。同时,探讨了发酵豆渣活性成分发挥有益作用的机制,包括调节肠道菌群组成、促进短链脂肪酸生成、增强肠道屏障功能以及调节免疫反应等。此外,本文还探讨了发酵豆渣在预防和管理肥胖、糖尿病、炎症性肠病及其他相关疾病中的潜在作用。本文强调了发酵豆渣的潜在营养价值,阐明了其活性成分与肠道菌群相互作用以促进宿主健康影响的机制,为发酵豆渣保健食品的产业化开发及相关应用提供理论基础。

发酵豆渣  /  肠道菌群  /  短链脂肪酸  /  人体健康

Okara (soybean residue), a byproduct of soybean processing, is rich in dietary fiber, proteins, phytohormones, and various vitamins. Microbial fermentation enhances the functional components of okara while improving its palatability and flavor. This review summarizes the functional components of okara, their physiological functions, and the effects of microbial fermentation on their compositions and concentrations. The mechanisms by which these functional components exert beneficial effects, including regulation of gut microbiota composition, promotion of short-chain fatty acid production, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and modulation of immune responses, are also discussed. The potential role of fermented okara in the prevention and management of obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other related disorders has also been explored. This review highlights the nutritional value of fermented okara, elucidates how its functional components interact with gut microbiota to promote host health, and provides a theoretical basis for the industrial development and application of fermented okara-based functional foods.

fermented okara  /  intestinal flora  /  short-chain fatty acid  /  human health
齐嘉宁, 张齐钰, 冯召扬, 彭铃云, 阿鸿蕊, 曹思佳, 郜宇琦, 李焮燃, 薛玉玲, 赵宝华, 彭丽萍. 发酵豆渣活性成分及调节人体健康的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 575 -586 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080063
Jianing QI, Qiyu ZHANG, Zhaoyang FENG, Lingyun PENG, Hongrui A, Sijia CAO, Yuqi GAO, Xinran LI, Yuling XUE, Baohua ZHAO, Liping PENG. Research Progress on Active Components of Fermented Okara and Regulation of Human Health[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 575 -586 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080063
豆渣(Okara)是在生产豆浆、豆腐等大豆制品时滤去浆汁后剩下的副产品,通常被当作廉价饲料或废弃物处理[1]。豆渣具有极高的营养价值,不仅含有大量的大豆蛋白,同时富含大豆异黄酮、膳食纤维等其他活性成分。这些活性成分赋予了豆渣通便[2]、降脂[3]、控制血糖[4]等多重保健功效。然而,豆渣中的胰蛋白酶抑制剂、植酸等抗营养因子使豆渣的利用受到了限制[5]。微生物发酵技术被证实能有效改善豆渣的营养价值和功能特性,发酵豆渣的相关研究也取得了显著进展。
豆渣活性成分主要包括可溶性膳食纤维、大豆肽、大豆异黄酮等物质,它们可以与肠道菌群相互作用,对机体健康产生积极影响。可溶性膳食纤维和大豆低聚肽是益生元,其在宿主体内不能被直接消化吸收,但可以作为肠道微生物的发酵底物,经发酵后产生如短链脂肪酸(Short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)的代谢产物,从而调节肠道微生态平衡,增强宿主的免疫功能和代谢能力[6]。研究表明,豆渣的活性成分可以与肠道菌群相互作用:肠道菌群通过发酵豆渣活性成分产生SCFAs等次级代谢产物,维持肠道环境、调节代谢和免疫反应;另一方面,豆渣活性成分可以促进肠道有益菌定植,调节肠道菌群结构。本文综述了发酵豆渣活性成分的种类和微生物发酵对其含量的影响,以及发酵豆渣对肠道健康、代谢疾病的潜在效益,从而为开发豆渣功能性产品提供方向。
豆渣主要成分如表1所示,这些成分是活性成分及功能性发酵产物生成的重要基础。豆渣中的活性成分主要包括可溶性膳食纤维、大豆低聚糖、大豆异黄酮和大豆肽等,经过肠道菌群发酵后可进一步转化,产生如短链脂肪酸和雌马酚(Equol)等功能性发酵产物。研究表明,豆渣活性成分及其功能性发酵产物具有降低炎症水平、调节糖脂代谢等多种生理功效。
膳食纤维(Dietary fiber,DF)是豆渣中含量最多的成分,其中可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)是一类既可溶于水、又具有良好吸水膨胀特性的膳食纤维,能够在结肠被肠道菌群发酵利用,并发挥多种生理功能,SDF主要包括菊粉、果胶等,广泛存在于谷物、豆类等天然来源中[11]。豆渣中的SDF作为益生元可促进肠道有益菌的增殖,从而调节肠道菌群结构。SDF在结肠被肠道菌群发酵产生SCFAs,这些代谢产物有助于刺激肠道蠕动和维持肠道pH平衡,改善肠道微生态环境[12]。同时,SDF已被证实有助于缓解便秘[13],降低血脂,还可以预防心血管疾病[14]、结肠癌[15]等疾病。
豆渣中的膳食纤维可以减少肠道炎症,同时提高抗氧化能力,起到预防结肠炎的效果。豆渣中高纯度不溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)可改善急性溃疡性结肠炎引起的结肠环境紊乱。摄入IDF会影响PWY-2941和AEROBACTINSYN-PWY通路,促进乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的增殖,提高SCFAs的合成,维持肠道健康[16]。豆渣的SDF可通过调节肠道菌群结构、增强肠道屏障来维持肠道微生态健康。经SDF干预后,小鼠肠道菌群中副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)和联合乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)有利于抵御有害菌的增殖;SDF通过调控ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1等紧密连接蛋白表达维持肠道屏障健康[17]。此外,SDF可显著降低血清总胆固醇、总甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量。SDF具有高粘度吸附特性,因此具有更高的胆固醇吸收能力。同时,SDF的致密海绵状结构增加了胆固醇与胆汁酸的接触面积,能促进肝汁中胆固醇向胆汁酸的转化,使肝脏吸收更多的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,降低血清脂质水平[18]。
大豆低聚糖(Soybean oligosaccharide,SBOSs)是大豆中可溶性寡糖的总称,曾被认为是一种抗营养因子,因为在摄入SBOSs后会引起胀气、腹泻等不良反应。随着研究的深入,发现SBOSs能够调节脂质代谢、预防龋齿,还可以调节肠道菌群结构,在维持肠道健康方面发挥重要作用。SBOSs中蔗糖占比最高,水苏糖次之,棉子糖占比最低[19−20]。蔗糖可被肠道直接吸收,不属于益生元的范畴,所以需将无生物活性蔗糖去除以获得高活性的SBOSs。如图1所示,蔗糖与水苏糖、棉子糖结构相似,所以无法使用物理方法分离纯化,故常用微生物发酵法去除蔗糖[21]。
由于人体缺乏β-半乳糖苷酶,因此SBOSs不能作为营养物质直接被消化吸收。但SBOSs作为一种益生元,可被结肠中的双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)等细菌选择性发酵,改变肠道菌群的组成,从而改善宿主的健康状况[22]。SBOSs可显著提高拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)丰度,有利于维持肠道稳态;SBOSs能降低志贺氏菌属(Shigella)和副萨特氏菌属(Parasutterella)丰度,进而抑制肠道致病菌的生长繁殖[23]。此外,SBOSs能促进巨噬细胞的吞噬活性,显著提高NK细胞活性,增加T淋巴细胞含量,表明SBOSs可改善宿主的特异性和非特异性免疫功能,提高肠道免疫功能[24]。
大豆异黄酮(Soy isoflavones,SIF)是一种大豆生长过程中产生的次级代谢产物,其分子结构与雌激素17-β-雌二醇类似,具有弱雌激素活性,因此SIF也被称为“植物雌激素”。如表2所示,SIF分为大豆异黄酮糖苷(Soybean isoflavone glycoside,SIG)和游离型大豆异黄酮苷元(Soybean isoflavone aglycones,SIA),SIG是SIF的主要存在形式,占比在97%以上。但SIG不能直接被人体吸收,需要经过肠道菌群产生的β-葡萄糖苷酶水解为活性苷元才能发挥作用。SIA则是发挥作用的主要形式,主要包括大豆苷元、黄豆黄素、染料木素三种。SIF已被证实有保护神经、缓解更年期综合征、预防癌症等功效。处于更年期的女性补充大豆异黄酮可增加激素水平,改善更年期综合征症状,SIF可作为临床更年期综合征相关治疗的一种辅助方式[25]。此外,SIF具有良好的抗氧化能力,能够显著提高机体肝脏中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT含量,降低MDA的含量。研究表明SIF调控小鼠肝脏中Nrf2和HO-1蛋白的表达水平,从而提高抗氧化酶活性,减少脂质过氧化产物的生成,减轻对肝细胞形态与结构的损伤[26]。
大豆肽(Soybean peptide,SP)是指大豆蛋白质经酶水解得到的小分子肽。以3~6个氨基酸组成的寡肽为主,由于其分子量低,相较于大豆蛋白更容易被机体吸收[32]。SP具备多种生理功能,包括抗氧化、降低血压和抗炎作用等。在抗氧化方面,SP能够清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子等多种自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤;在降血压方面,大鼠实验表明血管紧张素I转换酶SP通过抑制血管紧张素I转换酶活性,使血管紧张素I无法转换为血管紧张素II,起到了降低血压的作用;在抗炎方面,大豆肽可以抑制由Toll样受体(TLRs)激活所引起的NF-κB依赖性炎症反应,特别是对诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和某些炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6)的表达有显著抑制作用[33]。
短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)也称为挥发性脂肪酸,是肠道菌群在发酵膳食纤维、抗性淀粉等碳水化合物时产生的一类代谢产物[34]。SCFAs是由1~6个碳原子组成的饱和脂肪酸,主要包括乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,占SCFAs总量的90%左右[35]。SCFAs在结肠经肠道菌群发酵产生,通过自由扩散的方式被结肠上皮细胞吸收,还通过氢耦合的单羧酸转运蛋白-1(MCT-1)以及钠耦合的单羧酸转运蛋白-1(SMCT-1)被机体吸收[36]。MCT-1和SMCT-1在大脑[37]、肾脏[38]等多个器官表达,可见SCFAs对机体有着广泛的影响。SCFAs作为宿主与微生物相互作用的重要媒介,不仅能够维持肠道屏障,还在调节免疫反应和代谢方面发挥关键作用。
豆渣中的SP、SDF、SBOS经过肠道菌群发酵后会产生SCFAs,SCFAs已被报道在维持肠道健康、减轻炎症、缓解糖尿病和肥胖方面有积极作用。SCFAs能够促进肠道有益菌的定植,从而改善肠道菌群结构。此外,SCFAs能够减轻肠道炎症,维护肠道屏障健康。SCFAs主要通过激活G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)等受体和抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDACs)减轻炎症[39]。促进肽YY(PYY)和胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)的合成,并激活AMPK通路,从而调节血糖水平,改善胰岛素敏感性,最终缓解肥胖和糖尿病[40]。
雌马酚是一种由肠道菌群代谢大豆苷元所生成的代谢产物,具有较强的生物活性[41]。雌马酚的结构与哺乳动物雌激素(如17β-雌二醇)相似,这使其能够与雌激素受体结合并发挥类雌激素作用,从而调节体内激素平衡。豆渣富含大豆异黄酮,是良好的雌马酚来源,雌马酚可与雌激素受体β结合,发挥类雌激素作用进而缓解更年期综合征。目前S-雌马酚已在日本等国家作为保健品上市,用于改善女性更年期不适症状。雌马酚具有良好的抗氧化性能,可减轻氧化应激损伤。研究发现,服用雌马酚可以减少紫外线诱导的氧化损伤,促进皮肤成纤维细胞I型胶原蛋白的表达,使皮肤更有弹性[42]。此外,雌马酚可通过上调胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)的表达,提高胰岛β细胞中葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)的水平,从而促进胰岛素分泌,这提示雌马酚有望辅助治疗糖尿病[43](图2)。
如表3所示,微生物发酵可显著提升豆渣中多种活性成分的含量与生物活性。常用的发酵菌种主要包括细菌和真菌两类。细菌以芽孢杆菌属和乳酸菌属为主,芽孢杆菌常用于固态发酵,改善膳食纤维结构、风味与功能活性;乳酸菌更偏向于酸化、去豆腥并提升异黄酮活性。真菌以丝状真菌、酵母菌为主,丝状真菌具有齐全的胞外酶系和较强的分泌胞外酶的能力,其菌体能够深入基质中,便于固态发酵;酵母菌常用于辅助发酵豆渣,可以产生醇、酯类等香味化合物,显著改善豆渣风味。在发酵过程中,微生物分泌的多种酶在活性物质转化中起到关键作用。发酵技术可提高豆渣活性成分含量,将豆渣中的IDF转化为SDF,大豆蛋白水解生成大豆肽,大豆异黄酮糖苷转化为生物利用度更高的苷元形式,同时生成SCFAs等次级代谢产物,使发酵豆渣在SDF含量、低聚肽产率、异黄酮生物利用度及抗氧化和抗炎活性等方面均优于未发酵豆渣,具备更高的功能性食品开发价值。
此外,豆渣中存在抗营养因子,如蛋白酶抑制剂、凝集素、大豆抗原蛋白,会引起腹泻、胀气等不良反应。微生物发酵过程中分泌的蛋白酶可有效降解上述蛋白质类抗营养因子,并进一步提高大豆肽含量,改善豆渣的食用安全性和消化利用率[44]。本节将探讨不同微生物发酵豆渣对活性成分含量的影响及其作用机制。
豆渣中的膳食纤维主要以IDF形式存在,而SDF含量较低,在一定程度上限制了其营养价值和食用品质。微生物在发酵过程中能够分泌纤维素酶、半纤维素酶等水解酶,将豆渣中的纤维素、半纤维素等不溶性多糖水解为SDF。同时,发酵还能改善膳食纤维的理化性质,如提高持水力、膨胀力和溶胀性等,从而提升其加工特性和生理功能[45]。已有研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtili)可大量分泌胞外纤维素酶,将部分IDF水解为SDF[46]。而丝状真菌如米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、毛霉(Rhizopus spp.)、木霉(Trichoderma spp.)等也能够分泌丰富的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和果胶酶,有效地将豆渣中的IDF水解为大豆低聚糖和SDF,提高豆渣的营养价值和功能特性。此外,部分研究者将物理改性与微生物发酵相结合,进一步提高了豆渣中SDF含量。Lin等[47]将高压均质(High pressure homogenization,HPH)技术与微生物发酵结合,提高了豆渣中的SDF含量,联合处理有效减少了IDF的聚集,促进了IDF向SDF的转化。HPH处理主要作用于无定形区的半纤维素组分,而微生物发酵打破了纤维素结晶区羟基之间的氢键,促进了更多暴露的纤维素转化。因此,微生物发酵是改善豆渣膳食纤维组成的有效方法之一。
大豆异黄酮是大豆中一类重要的生物活性物质,具有多种生理功能,在大豆及豆渣中,异黄酮主要以糖苷结合形式存在,而游离苷元形式含量很低。苷元型异黄酮由于分子量小、脂溶性高,更容易被人体吸收,生物活性更强。因此,提高豆渣中异黄酮苷元的含量是提升其功能价值的关键。在发酵过程中提高异黄酮苷元含量的核心在于微生物能够分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶,而β-葡萄糖苷酶能将异黄酮转化为游离苷元形式。研究表明,非酿酒酵母(non-Saccharomyces)[48]、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtili)、丝状真菌如棘孢曲霉[49](Aspergillus aculeatus)等微生物能够分泌该水解酶。Orts等[50]提出了一种新的生物工艺流程,利用枯草杆菌蛋白酶(Serine-Endoprotease Subtilisin,EC 3.4.21.62)降解豆渣,发现能够提取总大豆异黄酮含量的62.5%,大豆异黄酮苷元含量增加了9.12倍,同时使豆渣中小分子肽含量提高至75.74%。Saadoun等[51]将嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus)、乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)联合固态发酵豆渣,发现发酵不仅改善了豆渣风味,还促进了葡萄糖苷异黄酮向苷元形式的转化,并且首次观察到吲哚-3-乳酸的增加,可见微生物联合发酵豆渣有望实现豆渣价值的最大化。
大豆肽是大豆蛋白经水解产生的分子量较小的肽类混合物,通常由2~20个氨基酸组成。豆渣中含有丰富的大豆蛋白,但由于其结构紧密且与纤维素等结合,直接消化吸收率不高。微生物发酵可以水解豆渣中大分子的蛋白质,将其转化为可溶性的多肽和游离氨基酸,提高大豆肽的含量和生物利用率,同时降低豆渣中抗营养因子的含量并改善豆渣风味[52−53]。此外,大豆蛋白经微生物产生的胞外蛋白酶水解后可释放出多种具有抗氧化[54]、降血压[55]等生物活性的小分子肽,提高豆渣食用价值。豆渣中含有大量大豆球蛋白(Glycinin)和β-大豆球蛋白(β-Conglycinin)等贮藏蛋白,是潜在的大豆生物活性肽前体[56]。然而目前豆渣的高值化利用不足,且上述蛋白属于常见的抗营养因子,会引起肠道过敏和腹泻。研究表明,芽孢杆菌属能产生大量中性和碱性蛋白酶,将大豆蛋白水解为可溶性多肽和氨基酸[57]。因此,微生物发酵减少抗营养因子并提高大豆肽含量是一种提高豆渣营养价值的途径。
随着生活方式和饮食结构的改变,以肥胖(Obesity)、II型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)为代表的代谢性疾病发病率急剧上升。脂肪组织是活跃的内分泌器官,肥胖会导致内脏脂肪过度堆积和功能失调,通过释放大量促炎细胞因子(如TNF-α、IL-6)和游离脂肪酸(Free fatty acids,FFA),诱发全身性的慢性低度炎症和脂毒性(Lipotoxicity)[70]。炎症性肠病(Inflammatory bowel diseases,IBD)与代谢性疾病密切相关。研究发现,IBD患者肥胖率显著上升,同时伴随血糖、血脂等代谢指标整体恶化,提示代谢异常风险增加[71]。代谢性疾病和肠道炎症具有相似的炎症机制,且肥胖及相关疾病中的炎症反应被证明与肠道菌群的失调有关[72]。
发酵豆渣中的膳食纤维、异黄酮和多肽等多种活性成分,可通过多途径调节代谢稳态与炎症反应缓解肥胖等代谢疾病的症状。一方面,发酵豆渣中的活性成分可调节肠道菌群结构,促进产SCFAs菌群的定植;另一方面,可通过激活PPARs信号通路、抑制NF-κB炎症通路,清除过量活性氧(ROS),系统性改善胰岛素抵抗、抑制炎症和氧化应激。本节将进一步阐明发酵豆渣活性成分在缓解肥胖、糖尿病及炎症性肠病的作用机制。
随着生活水平提高,全球肥胖人数随之不断增多。预计到2030年,全球将有近30亿成人(约占成年人口50%)受超重或肥胖影响[73]。作为代谢综合征的重要诱因,肥胖与T2DM、心血管疾病等多种慢性代谢性疾病存在显著病理关联[74]。发酵豆渣中的活性成分可以通过影响肠道菌群结构降低血脂,调节糖脂代谢,并产生SCFAs改善肠道健康。
Ichikawa等[75]使用米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)和酱油曲霉(Aspergillus sojae)固态发酵豆渣,将20%饲料替换为发酵豆渣干预高脂饮食饲养的小鼠。经微生物发酵处理后,豆渣中游离氨基酸含量显著提高,平均增幅可达24倍。同时,发酵豆渣的总酚含量(Total phenolic content,TPC)较未发酵豆渣提升约7倍。动物实验结果表明,采用发酵豆渣干预可有效减轻肥胖模型小鼠的体重,显著降低其血清总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)水平,并减少肝脏脂质的异常堆积。进一步研究发现,发酵豆渣中富含的氨基酸组分能够抑制脂质合成并促进能量代谢,对饮食诱导性肥胖具有一定的缓解作用。此外,TPC含量的增加可能通过减轻氧化应激反应、抑制脂质合成与堆积,从而改善肥胖相关代谢紊乱。分子机制显示,发酵豆渣能够下调与脂肪酸合成相关的Srebp1和Fasn基因的表达水平,同时上调与脂肪酸代谢相关的Pparα和Pparγ基因的表达,最终导致血清及肝脏中TG含量显著降低。
目前,关于发酵豆渣对肥胖的直接作用研究仍相对有限,但已有大量文献表明,豆渣中的活性成分在脂质代谢调控和肥胖预防中发挥重要作用。豆渣中的活性成分IDF,不仅可以通过促进肝线粒体中长链脂肪酸氧化预防肥胖,还可以通过调节肠道菌群结构,促进SCFAs的产生,进而减轻肥胖引起的炎症反应。Zhang等[76]将含有60%IDF的豆渣进行酶解处理,以制备高纯度豆渣来源的IDF,每日按照体重1000 mg/kg剂量灌胃,发现经豆渣提取的IDF干预后的肥胖C57BL/6J小鼠,体重增加得到有效抑制,脂肪堆积减少,血脂异常和肝脂肪变性得到缓解。进一步探究其作用机制发现IDF通过增加肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(CPT-1)和乙酰辅酶A合成酶(ACS)的含量,抑制酰基辅酶A氧化酶1(ACOX1)、丙二酰CoA和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)的合成,促进肝线粒体中长链脂肪酸的氧化,从而具有预防肥胖的作用。Wang等[77]从豆渣中提取了高纯度豆渣来源IDF(90.50%),每日按照体重1000 mg/kg的剂量灌胃,并与间歇性禁食(Intermittent fasting,IF)联合干预肥胖C57BL/6J小鼠,发现豆渣提取的高纯度IDF可有效缓解肥胖引起的体重增加、血脂异常、低度慢性炎症等症状。进一步探究发现,该IDF可调节肠道微生物厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(F/B)恢复至正常水平,增加了拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、梭菌属(Clostridium)以及嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌式菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)的丰度,有助于SCFAs的产生,起到控制体重和抗炎的效果,且经相关性分析后发现,上述菌属与高脂饮食引起的代谢紊乱呈负相关。豆渣提取高纯度IDF联合IF治疗可以增加与抗肥胖相关的肠道微生物的丰度,从而在调节脂质代谢中发挥重要作用。
此外,豆渣中的大豆异黄酮还可通过影响AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(Adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase,AMPK)的活性从而调节脂质代谢。Tan等[78]使用不同剂量大豆异黄酮(50~450 mg/kg)干预肥胖SD大鼠,发现其影响脂质代谢的关键靶点为AMPK。在大豆异黄酮补充后,内脏脂肪中AMPK的磷酸化增强,而SREBP-1被抑制,大豆异黄酮增加了AMPK活性并抑制了脂肪合成。进一步体外实验表明,大豆异黄酮中的染料木黄酮和大豆黄酮可增加成熟脂肪细胞中AMPK的活性,并减少地塞米松(DEX)、胰岛素和3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤(IBMX)诱导的脂质积累。
糖尿病是一种典型的代谢疾病,在我国糖尿病患者群体中,T2DM占据主体地位,占比超过90%[79]。糖尿病会引起多种并发症,如肾病[80]、抑郁症[81]、认知障碍[82]。肠道菌群失调可能会影响全身糖代谢,最终导致或加重糖尿病[83−84]。豆渣中的活性成分通过不同途径缓解糖尿病症状。一方面,豆渣中的SDF、SIF可以降低血糖并改善葡萄糖耐量,还可以调节肠道菌群结构,从而缓解糖尿病症状。研究发现,α-葡萄糖苷酶与血糖密切相关,该酶可催化食物转化为葡萄糖,导致血糖升高,而SDF能够抑制上述酶的活性,起到控制血糖升高的作用[58];另一方面,豆渣中的大豆异黄酮可通过激活雌激素受体β(ERβ),促进脂肪组织线粒体的氧化代谢,增加能量消耗,改善肥胖和胰岛素抵抗[85]。也可通过激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors,PPARs)等途径,改善胰岛素敏感性。PPARs是一类由配体激活的核转录因子,可被染料木素、大豆苷元激活,其中PPARγ受体的激活能促进脂肪组织分化,调节脂代谢和炎症反应,进而改善胰岛素敏感性[86]。研究表明,染料木素不仅可以保护胰岛β细胞并刺激胰岛素分泌,还可通过抑制NF-κB和ERK1/2通路减轻糖尿病引起的炎症,降低促炎因子对胰岛素合成与分泌的不利影响,这提示豆渣可能具有缓解糖尿病症状的潜力[87]。
Hariyanto等[88]使用少孢根霉(Rhizopus oligosporus)和产γ-氨基丁酸的植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)202联合发酵豆渣,可显著提高豆渣中大豆异黄酮和γ-氨基丁酸的含量。发酵豆渣能改善T2DM小鼠的肾小球滤过作用,提高葡萄糖耐受并降低血糖,可见发酵豆渣能够改善STZ诱导的高血糖小鼠的高血糖症状。Chan等[89]比较了四种食品来源微生物固态发酵豆渣对降糖功能的影响,发现经冠突散囊菌(Eurotium cristatum)发酵的豆渣有更好的降血糖能力。体外实验发现,由冠突散囊菌发酵的豆渣(Eurotium cristatum fermented okara,ECO)提取物表现出潜在的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,自250 μg/mL浓度起可观察到显著抑制效果,提示ECO可能有良好的降血糖能力。进一步探究发现,由于ECO中含有大黄素和大黄素甲醚两种蒽醌类化合物,使ECO具备抗糖尿病能力。小鼠模型验证发现,ECO干预可显著降低小鼠餐后血糖,并改善胰岛素敏感性,而未发酵豆渣并没有这种性能,同时餐后高血糖是T2DM患者的生理功能障碍及关键治疗靶点,说明发酵豆渣有望通过改善餐后血糖水平进而缓解糖尿病症状。此外,大豆肽也具有降低胰岛素敏感性的功能。Yi等[90]发现大豆肽中单一肽段SWGEDWGEIW(TSP)对炎症状态下脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗有改善作用。不同剂量的TSP(5、10、20 µg/mL)均可减轻炎症因子诱导的3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗,分别提高葡萄糖利用率34.2%±4.6%、74.5%±5.2%和86.7%±6.1%。进一步研究发现,炎症因子显著降低了脂肪细胞中葡萄糖代谢的两个关键蛋白质——Akt的磷酸化(p-Akt)水平,以及下游GLUT4蛋白的表达,导致葡萄糖利用受损,而TSP干预显著提高了这两种蛋白质的表达。同时,脂肪细胞葡萄糖吸收的显著减少和脂肪分解的增加表明,TSP通过特异性激活p-Akt/GLUT4信号通路,降低了3T3-L1脂肪细胞的胰岛素抵抗。因此,通过改善p-Akt/GLUT4通路,TSP有望预防由肥胖诱导的胰岛素抵抗,同时提高胰岛素敏感性、提高葡萄糖利用率。
炎症性肠病(IBD)主要包括溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病,近年来我国IBD发病率持续攀升,预计到2025年底我国IBD患者总数将突破150万[91]。IBD患者肠道菌群稳定性下降及生物多样性丧失,可能导致肠道生物屏障功能受损和免疫调节能力削弱。其特征表现为与脂肪酸、胆汁酸等代谢物调控密切相关的共生菌显著减少,而产毒素的致病菌群数量增加,菌群结构失衡。上述特征破坏了肠黏膜屏障的完整性,促进炎症反应发生,进一步加重IBD疾病进程[92]。而发酵豆渣中的膳食纤维能够促进肠道蠕动,并作为肠道有益菌的发酵底物促进其在肠道内增殖和定植,最终调节肠道微生态平衡。同时,发酵豆渣的其他活性成分能够调节肠道菌群产生SCFAs等次级代谢产物,进而缓解肠道炎症,维护肠道健康。
Hong等[93]使用米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)发酵豆渣3 d并将发酵产物命名为米曲霉发酵豆渣(Aspergillus oryzae fermented okara,FO)。FO中SDF与IDF的含量发生了变化,与未发酵豆渣(3.2%±0.2%)相比,FO的SDF含量(7.3%±0.4%)显著增加。将普通饲料与FO按85%:15%混合后饲喂,用以干预2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(Trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid,TNBS)诱导的溃疡性结肠炎大鼠。FO能够提高结肠炎大鼠肠道微生物的α和β多样性,降低罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)和异杆菌属(Allobaculum)等肠道微生物的相对丰度,提示FO可能通过调节这两类炎症相关菌群来缓解肠道炎症。SCFAs及其受体与肠道健康有着密切的联系,经FO干预后增加了产SCFAs的有益菌,如梭菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)等的相对丰度,并提高结肠内容物中丁酸、乙酸等SCFAs水平。SCFAs可与G蛋白偶联受体43(GPR43)结合,后者在通过MAPK和NF-κB相关信号通路调控炎症反应的消退过程中发挥关键作用[94]。FO促进GPR43的表达恢复,增强SCFAs的受体信号,有助于缓解肠道炎症,同时FO抑制组蛋白去乙酰酶3(HDAC3)的高表达,从而减少巨噬细胞活化和炎症因子的释放。综上FO通过抗炎以及调节肠道微生物群的作用,缓解了TNBS诱导的结肠炎,这一保护效应与上调SCFAs-GPR43信号及下调MAPK和NF-κB通路密切相关。此外,Yu等[95]使用粗壮脉纹孢菌(Neurospora crassa)发酵豆渣,豆渣中总多糖的含量为86%,含量最高的单糖为葡萄糖,占总量27.01%,其次是阿拉伯糖和半乳糖,分别占总量的19.93%和16.75%。以200 mg/kg/d剂量干预葡聚糖硫酸钠(Dextran sulfate sodium salt,DSS)造模的结肠炎BaLB/C小鼠。发酵豆渣通过改善肠道屏障功能(提高ZO-1、E-cadherin和claudin-1表达量)、降低TNF-α和IL-6的水平,从而有效缓解DSS诱导的IBD症状。从作用机制上来看,发酵豆渣降低了炎症相关细菌的丰度,如厚壁菌门(Tenericutes)、梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridia)的相对丰度,同时提高了抗炎性细胞因子IL-22的水平,从而维持肠道屏障的完整性并缓解结肠炎。以上研究结果为发酵豆渣作为靶向肠道菌群,治疗IBD的功能性食品成分提供了理论和实验依据。
本文围绕发酵豆渣所含活性成分与肠道菌群之间相互作用及其对健康的影响机制展开了综述。豆渣作为大豆加工的重要副产物,富含膳食纤维、大豆异黄酮等多种活性成分,而微生物发酵技术的应用可显著提高豆渣中活性成分的含量与生物利用度。随着生活方式的改变,代谢性疾病与炎症性肠病的患病率在逐年上升,且二者有着密切的联系,慢性炎症和肠道菌群失调在两类疾病的发生与发展过程中均发挥着重要作用。大量研究表明,发酵豆渣活性成分可通过调节肠道菌群结构、促进产SCFAs菌群定植、激活PPARs、AMPK等信号通路、抑制NF-κB炎症通路及清除ROS等多途径,改善机体代谢稳态,缓解胰岛素抵抗与炎症反应。这提示发酵豆渣有望辅助改善代谢性疾病,为农业废弃物的资源化与高值利用提供新的研究方向与实践路径。然而,发酵豆渣在生产和应用方面面临的挑战不容忽视。首先,在安全性方面,仍需进行更深入的安全性评估以确保其长期食用的安全性。此外,新鲜豆渣含水量高、易腐败,储存和运输稳定性差,制约了发酵豆渣的规模化应用。最后,虽然已有研究指出微生物发酵可以提高豆渣中生物活性成分的含量,但其对于老年人、儿童或患病人群的积极影响仍需进一步验证。目前多数研究局限于体外或动物实验,缺乏系统的人体临床试验支持其健康功效。
未来,发酵豆渣的研究可以聚焦于微生物发酵豆渣技术的优化和豆渣调节人体健康的功能验证。微生物发酵技术的应用为豆渣的高值化利用开辟了广阔前景,可以结合基因工程、代谢调控等现代生物技术进一步提高活性成分的含量和纯度。目前研究多集中于小鼠模型和体外实验,初步验证发酵豆渣对健康的促进作用,未来可深入研究活性成分调控人体代谢的机制,以及其在肥胖、糖尿病等慢性代谢性疾病干预中的临床应用潜力,为豆渣高值化利用及功能食品开发提供更多理论依据。
总之,合理利用豆渣并将其转化为促进人类健康的功能性食品,不仅具有经济和环保意义,也为疾病预防和营养干预提供了新的思路。随着研究的不断深入,豆渣和发酵豆渣有望在未来的营养保健和疾病防治领域发挥更加重要的作用。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080063
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-11
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    1河北省生态环境协同创新中心,河北石家庄 050024
    2河北师范大学生命科学学院,河北石家庄 050024
    3河北省乳业研发与安全控制重点实验室,河北石家庄 050024
    4君乐宝乳业集团股份有限公司,河北石家庄 050221
    5河北师范大学生态学博士后流动站,河北石家庄 050024

通讯作者:

赵宝华(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:微生物发酵与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
彭丽萍(1994−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:微生物菌株选育与发酵,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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