Article(id=1320880792469885889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757433600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852121703, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852121703, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852121703, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852121703, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=414, endPage=425, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880792662823874, articleId=1320880792469885889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Construction and Application of Flavor Wheel for Dried Sweet Potato, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study focused on dried sweet potatoes to develop a suitable sensory flavor evaluation method, where a sensory panel performed quantitative descriptive analysis on 41 commercial samples. The descriptive words were selected and summarized, a dried sweet potatoes gratin flavor wheel was constructed, and sensory evaluation tools were designed. A total of 67 descriptor words were obtained, and constructed a flavor wheel covering taste, odor, texture, and appearance. Using the geometric mean method combined with cluster analysis and principal component analysis, 29 characteristic descriptors were screened, including 5 for appearance, 6 for odor, 9 for taste and 9 for texture. The analytic hierarchy process determined the sensory indicator weight ratio as taste:texture:odor:appearance=40:35:10:15. Subsequently, two methods were established, including a suitability-based one for ordinary consumers and a quantitative descriptive one for professional evaluators. This study could provide a reference for the quality evaluation and product development of dried sweet potatoes.

, authors=Xuefei WANG1, Qiaoyan WANG1, Xianglan FENG1, Xiantao ZHANG2, Hongfang JI1, Lingwen ZHANG1, *, Xiaona ZHANG3, authorsList=Xuefei WANG, Qiaoyan WANG, Xianglan FENG, Xiantao ZHANG, Hongfang JI, Lingwen ZHANG, Xiaona ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lingwen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880794281825233, articleId=1320880792469885889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=甘薯干风味轮的构建与应用, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以甘薯干为研究对象,构建适用于甘薯干的感官风味评价方法。由感官评价小组对41种市售甘薯干进行感官描述分析,对收集到的描述词进行筛选整理归类,构建甘薯干风味轮并设计感官评价工具。通过感官描述获得了67个描述词,构建了以味觉、嗅觉、触觉和视觉四类感官指标为主的甘薯干风味轮。采用几何平均值法结合聚类分析、主成分分析,筛选出29个能够表征甘薯干感官特点的词汇,其中外观描述词5个、气味描述词6个、味道描述词9个和口感描述词9个。通过层次分析法确定甘薯干感官指标评价权重比为:味道:口感:气味:外观=40:35:10:15。在此基础上,构建了一套适用于普通消费者的选择适合项感官评价方法和适用于感官评价员的定量描述感官评价法。本研究结果可为甘薯干品质控制与产品开发提供一定参考。

, authors=王雪菲1, 王巧言1, 冯香岚1, 张显涛2, 计红芳1, 张令文1, *, 张晓娜3, authorsList=王雪菲, 王巧言, 冯香岚, 张显涛, 计红芳, 张令文, 张晓娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张令文, authorNote=

王雪菲(1994−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:食品加工与品质控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张令文(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:传统食品加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
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王雪菲(1994−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:食品加工与品质控制,E-mail:

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王雪菲(1994−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:食品加工与品质控制,E-mail:

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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=图1, caption=甘薯干样本感官描述词语云, figureFileSmall=GPtb89p/TE5t+X6TwYd0Pw==, figureFileBig=3CGaYxYDGWSrwFNwaT3kdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880987538567411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flavor wheel of DSP, figureFileSmall=LT0dAjDTRs3KAk9Rw+7drA==, figureFileBig=N/Tv8PRHswuMWfNKJFzFyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880989170151668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=图2, caption=甘薯干风味轮, figureFileSmall=LT0dAjDTRs3KAk9Rw+7drA==, figureFileBig=N/Tv8PRHswuMWfNKJFzFyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880989258232053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cluster analysis (a) and principal component analysis macadam (b) of taste descriptors of DSP, figureFileSmall=kWSMgrcQLO5ZAztDCJjdsg==, figureFileBig=ucybfklyeqGouSue/xxqrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880989354701046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=图3, caption=甘薯干味觉描述语聚类分析(a)和主成分分析碎石图(b), figureFileSmall=kWSMgrcQLO5ZAztDCJjdsg==, figureFileBig=ucybfklyeqGouSue/xxqrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880989421809911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cluster analysis (a) and principal component analysis macadam (b) of olfactory descriptors of DSP, figureFileSmall=CS3qpQ5Fw9izDt1XyuOkpQ==, figureFileBig=b4ZkZsoTnF1wHZFnN3fd4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880989497307384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=图4, caption=甘薯干嗅觉描述语聚类分析(a)和主成分分析碎石图(b), 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of DSP, figureFileSmall=LVDNygIDjfQauKOkHNePhw==, figureFileBig=fF0qh72GMvwnux+z54r8nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880989778325756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=图6, caption=甘薯干视觉描述语聚类分析(a)和主成分分析碎石图(b), figureFileSmall=LVDNygIDjfQauKOkHNePhw==, figureFileBig=fF0qh72GMvwnux+z54r8nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880989853823229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Evaluation model of DSP, figureFileSmall=zp1/oqLTtYr9tzIr6gTVpA==, figureFileBig=cH/s3rfc2HRPxyk68ntnFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880989920932094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=图7, caption=甘薯干感官评价模型, figureFileSmall=zp1/oqLTtYr9tzIr6gTVpA==, figureFileBig=cH/s3rfc2HRPxyk68ntnFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880990000623871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Samples used in the sensory descriptors of dried sweet potatoes (DSP)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号编号产品名称产品类别配料包装
1DSP1黄金地瓜干−红薯真空包装
2DSP2原蒸红薯干切分型甘薯干(烘烤类)鲜红薯真空包装
3DSP3鲜蒸红薯干薯类罐头红薯真空包装
4DSP4精制地瓜棒果脯类红薯真空包装
5DSP5倒蒸带皮小香薯烘烤型甘薯干地瓜真空包装
6DSP6原味倒蒸地瓜干烘烤型甘薯干地瓜真空包装
7DSP7红薯干−红薯真空包装
8DSP8倒蒸红薯干果脯类小香薯真空包装
9DSP9烤地瓜烘烤型甘薯干红薯盒装
10DSP10溏心红薯干干制薯类红薯真空包装
11DSP11倒蒸红薯干果脯类红薯真空包装
12DSP12小香薯干(带皮)薯类食品新鲜小香薯真空包装
13DSP13倒蒸红薯干烘烤型甘薯干鲜红薯真空包装
14DSP14倒蒸红薯果脯类鲜地瓜真空包装
15DSP15自然倒蒸甘薯条−甘薯真空包装
16DSP16香薯干果脯类番薯盒装
17DSP17烤地瓜果脯类红薯盒装
18DSP18倒蒸地瓜干−甘薯真空包装
19DSP19黄金地瓜条−甘薯真空包装
20DSP200脂肪香烤红薯干红薯干甘薯真空包装
21DSP21甘薯棒薯类制品(甘薯棒)甘薯自立式软包装
22DSP22甘薯棒薯类制品(甘薯棒)甘薯自立式软包装
23DSP23烤红薯干制薯类红薯真空包装
24DSP24香薯肉肉薯类制品红薯真空包装
25DSP25倒蒸地瓜条甘薯条红薯真空包装
26DSP26真空带皮蒸薯仔(劲道)分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
27DSP27真空农家蒸薯条(软糯)分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
28DSP28地瓜干薯类食品新鲜红薯真空包装
29DSP29鲜蒸红薯罐头红薯真空包装
30DSP30小红薯(地瓜干)烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
31DSP31红薯干(甘薯干)−红薯真空包装
32DSP32红薯干甘薯软包装罐头甘薯自立式软包装
33DSP33红薯干(甘薯干)−红薯充氮包装
34DSP34锁香小鲜薯分切烘烤型鲜红薯真空包装
35DSP35带皮小香薯(真空)分切烘烤型地瓜干鲜地瓜真空包装
36DSP36倒蒸红薯干分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
37DSP37真空红薯干分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
38DSP38每日鲜薯分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
39DSP39倒蒸红薯干分切烘烤型地瓜干鲜地瓜真空包装
40DSP40香薯干烘烤型甘薯干鲜红薯真空包装
41DSP41软糯小香薯果脯类红薯真空包装
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990088704256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

甘薯干感官描述词所使用的样品

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号编号产品名称产品类别配料包装
1DSP1黄金地瓜干−红薯真空包装
2DSP2原蒸红薯干切分型甘薯干(烘烤类)鲜红薯真空包装
3DSP3鲜蒸红薯干薯类罐头红薯真空包装
4DSP4精制地瓜棒果脯类红薯真空包装
5DSP5倒蒸带皮小香薯烘烤型甘薯干地瓜真空包装
6DSP6原味倒蒸地瓜干烘烤型甘薯干地瓜真空包装
7DSP7红薯干−红薯真空包装
8DSP8倒蒸红薯干果脯类小香薯真空包装
9DSP9烤地瓜烘烤型甘薯干红薯盒装
10DSP10溏心红薯干干制薯类红薯真空包装
11DSP11倒蒸红薯干果脯类红薯真空包装
12DSP12小香薯干(带皮)薯类食品新鲜小香薯真空包装
13DSP13倒蒸红薯干烘烤型甘薯干鲜红薯真空包装
14DSP14倒蒸红薯果脯类鲜地瓜真空包装
15DSP15自然倒蒸甘薯条−甘薯真空包装
16DSP16香薯干果脯类番薯盒装
17DSP17烤地瓜果脯类红薯盒装
18DSP18倒蒸地瓜干−甘薯真空包装
19DSP19黄金地瓜条−甘薯真空包装
20DSP200脂肪香烤红薯干红薯干甘薯真空包装
21DSP21甘薯棒薯类制品(甘薯棒)甘薯自立式软包装
22DSP22甘薯棒薯类制品(甘薯棒)甘薯自立式软包装
23DSP23烤红薯干制薯类红薯真空包装
24DSP24香薯肉肉薯类制品红薯真空包装
25DSP25倒蒸地瓜条甘薯条红薯真空包装
26DSP26真空带皮蒸薯仔(劲道)分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
27DSP27真空农家蒸薯条(软糯)分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
28DSP28地瓜干薯类食品新鲜红薯真空包装
29DSP29鲜蒸红薯罐头红薯真空包装
30DSP30小红薯(地瓜干)烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
31DSP31红薯干(甘薯干)−红薯真空包装
32DSP32红薯干甘薯软包装罐头甘薯自立式软包装
33DSP33红薯干(甘薯干)−红薯充氮包装
34DSP34锁香小鲜薯分切烘烤型鲜红薯真空包装
35DSP35带皮小香薯(真空)分切烘烤型地瓜干鲜地瓜真空包装
36DSP36倒蒸红薯干分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
37DSP37真空红薯干分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
38DSP38每日鲜薯分切烘烤型地瓜干红薯真空包装
39DSP39倒蒸红薯干分切烘烤型地瓜干鲜地瓜真空包装
40DSP40香薯干烘烤型甘薯干鲜红薯真空包装
41DSP41软糯小香薯果脯类红薯真空包装
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990172590337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

M value and variance of sensory flavor profile descriptor of DSP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
属性描述语M值方差
味觉基本味酸味0.10180.0217
甜味0.42980.0783
回味短暂0.09640.0173
口味板栗味0.14930.0295
南瓜味0.15490.0317
水果味0.22580.0386
苹果味0.07460.0099
回甘0.20590.0381
回酸0.06560.0111
嗅觉气味清香0.14640.0218
果香0.05490.0069
焦香0.07850.0134
苹果香0.05020.0066
栗子香0.02320.0012
浓香0.08620.0157
触觉口感清爽0.08410.0156
黏糯0.10580.0169
软糯0.22290.0370
Q弹0.16150.0271
柔软0.19550.0285
紧实0.11710.0156
干硬0.10630.0193
胶质感0.28430.0633
黏腻0.06900.0121
视觉色泽暗淡0.11180.0217
明亮0.13890.0207
莹润0.06140.0096
颜色金黄色0.05570.0078
琥珀色0.07840.0129
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990256476418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

甘薯干感官描述词M值及方差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
属性描述语M值方差
味觉基本味酸味0.10180.0217
甜味0.42980.0783
回味短暂0.09640.0173
口味板栗味0.14930.0295
南瓜味0.15490.0317
水果味0.22580.0386
苹果味0.07460.0099
回甘0.20590.0381
回酸0.06560.0111
嗅觉气味清香0.14640.0218
果香0.05490.0069
焦香0.07850.0134
苹果香0.05020.0066
栗子香0.02320.0012
浓香0.08620.0157
触觉口感清爽0.08410.0156
黏糯0.10580.0169
软糯0.22290.0370
Q弹0.16150.0271
柔软0.19550.0285
紧实0.11710.0156
干硬0.10630.0193
胶质感0.28430.0633
黏腻0.06900.0121
视觉色泽暗淡0.11180.0217
明亮0.13890.0207
莹润0.06140.0096
颜色金黄色0.05570.0078
琥珀色0.07840.0129
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990336168195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

KMO value and Bartlett test results of principal components of DSP descriptive words

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验统计量指标味觉嗅觉触觉视觉
KMO检验取样适切性量数0.6650.6580.6250.638
Bartlett的球形度检验的显著性0000
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990394888452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

甘薯干描述词主成分KMO值和Bartlett球形度检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验统计量指标味觉嗅觉触觉视觉
KMO检验取样适切性量数0.6650.6580.6250.638
Bartlett的球形度检验的显著性0000
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990466191621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Characteristic values and variance contribution rates of taste descriptors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始特征值PC1PC2PC3PC4
总计3.0841.6641.1480.943
方差贡献率(%)34.2618.4912.7610.47
累计方差贡献率(%)34.2652.7565.5175.98
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990529106182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

味觉描述语成分特征值及方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始特征值PC1PC2PC3PC4
总计3.0841.6641.1480.943
方差贡献率(%)34.2618.4912.7610.47
累计方差贡献率(%)34.2652.7565.5175.98
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990659129607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Principal component coefficient load matrix of taste descriptors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述语PC1PC2PC3PC4
酸味0.814−0.178−0.0830.010
甜味−0.2120.796−0.0700.210
短暂−0.233−0.0580.8610.227
板栗味−0.1810.2170.0550.893
南瓜味0.1260.7510.2380.303
水果味0.0950.3740.800−0.163
苹果味0.8320.008−0.087−0.254
回甘−0.3810.7070.229−0.217
回酸0.782−0.1100.010−0.044
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990734627080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

味觉描述语主成分系数载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述语PC1PC2PC3PC4
酸味0.814−0.178−0.0830.010
甜味−0.2120.796−0.0700.210
短暂−0.233−0.0580.8610.227
板栗味−0.1810.2170.0550.893
南瓜味0.1260.7510.2380.303
水果味0.0950.3740.800−0.163
苹果味0.8320.008−0.087−0.254
回甘−0.3810.7070.229−0.217
回酸0.782−0.1100.010−0.044
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990847873289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Characteristic values and variance contribution rates of olfactory descriptors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始特征值PC1PC2
总计2.7491.402
方差贡献率(%)45.8223.37
累计方差贡献率(%)45.8269.19
), ArticleFig(id=1320880990919176458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

嗅觉描述语成分特征值及方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始特征值PC1PC2
总计2.7491.402
方差贡献率(%)45.8223.37
累计方差贡献率(%)45.8269.19
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991019839755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Principal component coefficient load matrix of olfactory descriptors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述语PC1PC2
清香0.7130.455
果香0.5530.601
焦香0.729−0.255
苹果香0.2040.773
栗子香−0.1350.877
浓香−0.842−0.193
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991082754316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

嗅觉描述语主成分系数载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述语PC1PC2
清香0.7130.455
果香0.5530.601
焦香0.729−0.255
苹果香0.2040.773
栗子香−0.1350.877
浓香−0.842−0.193
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991170834701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Characteristic values and variance contribution rates of tactile descriptors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始特征值PC1PC2PC3PC4
总计2.8541.9081.0410.839
方差贡献率(%)31.7121.2011.569.32
累计方差贡献率(%)31.7152.9164.4773.79
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991254720782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

触觉描述语成分特征值及方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始特征值PC1PC2PC3PC4
总计2.8541.9081.0410.839
方差贡献率(%)31.7121.2011.569.32
累计方差贡献率(%)31.7152.9164.4773.79
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991359578383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Principal component coefficient load matrix of tactile descriptors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述语PC1PC2PC3PC4
清爽−0.300−0.665−0.060−0.174
黏糯−0.1160.8290.1210.039
软糯0.8060.025−0.119−0.295
Q弹−0.1480.0620.9380.067
柔软0.8410.003−0.019−0.203
紧实−0.252−0.0180.0560.873
干硬−0.719−0.0720.405−0.004
胶质感0.6000.4560.2870.271
黏腻0.0340.763−0.15−0.323
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991435075856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

触觉描述语主成分系数载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述语PC1PC2PC3PC4
清爽−0.300−0.665−0.060−0.174
黏糯−0.1160.8290.1210.039
软糯0.8060.025−0.119−0.295
Q弹−0.1480.0620.9380.067
柔软0.8410.003−0.019−0.203
紧实−0.252−0.0180.0560.873
干硬−0.719−0.0720.405−0.004
胶质感0.6000.4560.2870.271
黏腻0.0340.763−0.15−0.323
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991493796113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Characteristic values and variance contribution rates of visual descriptors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始特征值PC1PC2PC3
总计2.2061.0360.842
方差贡献率(%)44.1120.7216.83
累计方差贡献率(%)44.1164.8381.66
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991577682194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

视觉描述语成分特征值及方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始特征值PC1PC2PC3
总计2.2061.0360.842
方差贡献率(%)44.1120.7216.83
累计方差贡献率(%)44.1164.8381.66
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991657373971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Principal component coefficient load matrix of visual descriptors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述语PC1PC2PC3
暗淡−0.7850.140−0.108
明亮0.810−0.346−0.079
莹润0.124−0.1490.965
金黄色0.8020.2160.258
琥珀色−0.1030.946−0.155
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991732871444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

视觉描述语主成分系数载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述语PC1PC2PC3
暗淡−0.7850.140−0.108
明亮0.810−0.346−0.079
莹润0.124−0.1490.965
金黄色0.8020.2160.258
琥珀色−0.1030.946−0.155
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991808368917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Judgment matrix of the scheme layer with respect to the goal layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案层味道口感气味外观
味道1.001.004.003.00
口感1.001.004.002.00
气味0.250.251.000.50
外观0.330.502.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991896449302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

方案层关于目标层的判断矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案层味道口感气味外观
味道1.001.004.003.00
口感1.001.004.002.00
气味0.250.251.000.50
外观0.330.502.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320880991992918295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 13, caption=

Hierarchy analysis of sensory evaluation items

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案层特征向量权重系数(%)调整权重系数(%)
味道1.575939.4040
口感1.422135.5535
气味0.35558.8910
外观0.646516.1615
), ArticleFig(id=1320880992068415768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

感官评价项层次分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案层特征向量权重系数(%)调整权重系数(%)
味道1.575939.4040
口感1.422135.5535
气味0.35558.8910
外观0.646516.1615
), ArticleFig(id=1320880993704194329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 14, caption=

Select suitable sensory evaluation system for DSP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查项目描述词
对该样品的喜好程度(单选)1=极弱~9=极强
从描述词中选取适宜的描述词汇
(多选)
甜味、酸味、短暂、绵延、板栗味、南瓜味、水果味、焦糖味、番茄味、胡萝卜味、苹果味、炭烤味、回甘、回酸、清香、坚果香、果香、焦香、苹果香、栗子香、浓香、奶香、涩、清爽、粉糯、黏糯、软糯、Q弹、软烂、颗粒感、柔软、紧实、干硬、胶质感、黏腻、暗淡、明亮、莹润、金黄色、深黄色、紫红色、琥珀色、橘黄色、淡黄色
), ArticleFig(id=1320880993788080410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表14, caption=

甘薯干选择适合项感官评价体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查项目描述词
对该样品的喜好程度(单选)1=极弱~9=极强
从描述词中选取适宜的描述词汇
(多选)
甜味、酸味、短暂、绵延、板栗味、南瓜味、水果味、焦糖味、番茄味、胡萝卜味、苹果味、炭烤味、回甘、回酸、清香、坚果香、果香、焦香、苹果香、栗子香、浓香、奶香、涩、清爽、粉糯、黏糯、软糯、Q弹、软烂、颗粒感、柔软、紧实、干硬、胶质感、黏腻、暗淡、明亮、莹润、金黄色、深黄色、紫红色、琥珀色、橘黄色、淡黄色
), ArticleFig(id=1320880993871966492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 15, caption=

Quantitative description of sensory characteristics of DSP: Definition, description, and score

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标二级指标定义具体感官特征描述及其分值
味道
(40分)
甜味(15分)食用后舌头感知到的甜味
程度
入口清甜,甜度自然醇厚,13~15分
甜度适中,无杂味,10~12分
甜味混杂,较淡或较甜,6~9分
无甜味或过甜发腻,0~5分
滋味、风味
(15分)
咀嚼过程中感知的挥发性香气特征、非挥发性味觉特征的类型及强度风味浓郁自然,如板栗味/焦糖味突出,南瓜味/水果味清晰,无杂味,回味悠长,13~15分
风味不够突出,如轻微炭烤香或苹果香,或微弱的胡萝卜味或番茄味,回味略短,10~12分
风味混杂,不够自然,如焦糊味或发酵酸味,6~9分
无明显风味或异味明显,0~5分
回味(10分)食用后口腔和咽喉中持续的风味感知回甘为主,甜味持久,无回酸或回苦,8~10分
回味略短,回甜明显,轻微回酸,5~7分
回味极短或回酸、回苦明显,0~4分
口感
(35分)
糯性(15分)咀嚼过程中感受到的黏弹性软糯十足,咀嚼Q弹不粘牙,12~15分
软糯适中,轻微粘牙或弹性稍弱,8~11分
糯性不足,弹性一般,黏牙,4~7分
糯性差,过于黏软,无嚼劲,0~3分
软硬度(10分)咀嚼过程中感受到的软硬度柔软适中,外柔内韧,表面微润,芯部适度湿润,8~10分
偏软易变形或偏硬需用力咀嚼,外干内润,轻微硬度梯度,4~7分
塌软无支撑感或干硬难咬,易碎,0~3分
滑爽度(10分)咀嚼过程中与舌面的摩擦感入口顺滑,咀嚼后轻微感知黏腻,8~10分
明显但可接受的黏腻感,轻微附着感,5~7分
明显黏腻,咀嚼后附着感较强,0~4分
气味
(10分)
强度、辨识度、愉悦度(10分)嗅闻过程中感受到甘薯干香味的强度、愉悦度及辨识度具有令人愉悦的甘薯干特有的香气,如清香、焦香,风味浓郁,8~10分
正常甘薯干香气,风味不够突出,5~7分
无甘薯干香气,或有明显负面气味,0~4分
外观
(15分)
色泽亮度、类型
(15分)
甘薯干的光泽度及颜色色泽均匀,较透明,有光泽(油亮),13~15分
色泽较均匀,稍透明,稍有光泽(自然光泽),9~12分
色泽不均匀,透明度差,略有光泽(暗淡),5~8分
色泽严重不均匀(无光泽),深褐色或灰白色,不透明,0~4分
), ArticleFig(id=1320880994022961437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表15, caption=

甘薯干定量描述感官特征定义、描述及其分值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标二级指标定义具体感官特征描述及其分值
味道
(40分)
甜味(15分)食用后舌头感知到的甜味
程度
入口清甜,甜度自然醇厚,13~15分
甜度适中,无杂味,10~12分
甜味混杂,较淡或较甜,6~9分
无甜味或过甜发腻,0~5分
滋味、风味
(15分)
咀嚼过程中感知的挥发性香气特征、非挥发性味觉特征的类型及强度风味浓郁自然,如板栗味/焦糖味突出,南瓜味/水果味清晰,无杂味,回味悠长,13~15分
风味不够突出,如轻微炭烤香或苹果香,或微弱的胡萝卜味或番茄味,回味略短,10~12分
风味混杂,不够自然,如焦糊味或发酵酸味,6~9分
无明显风味或异味明显,0~5分
回味(10分)食用后口腔和咽喉中持续的风味感知回甘为主,甜味持久,无回酸或回苦,8~10分
回味略短,回甜明显,轻微回酸,5~7分
回味极短或回酸、回苦明显,0~4分
口感
(35分)
糯性(15分)咀嚼过程中感受到的黏弹性软糯十足,咀嚼Q弹不粘牙,12~15分
软糯适中,轻微粘牙或弹性稍弱,8~11分
糯性不足,弹性一般,黏牙,4~7分
糯性差,过于黏软,无嚼劲,0~3分
软硬度(10分)咀嚼过程中感受到的软硬度柔软适中,外柔内韧,表面微润,芯部适度湿润,8~10分
偏软易变形或偏硬需用力咀嚼,外干内润,轻微硬度梯度,4~7分
塌软无支撑感或干硬难咬,易碎,0~3分
滑爽度(10分)咀嚼过程中与舌面的摩擦感入口顺滑,咀嚼后轻微感知黏腻,8~10分
明显但可接受的黏腻感,轻微附着感,5~7分
明显黏腻,咀嚼后附着感较强,0~4分
气味
(10分)
强度、辨识度、愉悦度(10分)嗅闻过程中感受到甘薯干香味的强度、愉悦度及辨识度具有令人愉悦的甘薯干特有的香气,如清香、焦香,风味浓郁,8~10分
正常甘薯干香气,风味不够突出,5~7分
无甘薯干香气,或有明显负面气味,0~4分
外观
(15分)
色泽亮度、类型
(15分)
甘薯干的光泽度及颜色色泽均匀,较透明,有光泽(油亮),13~15分
色泽较均匀,稍透明,稍有光泽(自然光泽),9~12分
色泽不均匀,透明度差,略有光泽(暗淡),5~8分
色泽严重不均匀(无光泽),深褐色或灰白色,不透明,0~4分
), ArticleFig(id=1320880994102653214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=EN, label=Table 16, caption=

Scores and ranking of principal component

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品牌名称编号味觉得分触觉得分嗅觉得分视觉得分综合得分排序
DSP10.158−0.0260.1910.0550.08119
DSP21.0040.898−0.348−0.0230.6782
DSP30.4460.052−1.167−0.0360.07520
DSP4−0.538−1.1630.765−0.237−0.58139
DSP5−0.049−0.180−1.194−0.454−0.27032
DSP6−0.4110.2200.723−0.543−0.09726
DSP70.054−0.3910.157−0.730−0.20929
DSP80.533−0.3680.7250.3320.20712
DSP9−0.380−0.381−0.265−0.326−0.36135
DSP10−0.396−0.3140.395−0.394−0.28833
DSP11−0.4681.028−0.337−0.4720.06821
DSP12−0.4320.3401.6620.1310.13216
DSP13−0.2750.5301.1910.4840.26710
DSP14−0.367−0.5020.5630.530−0.18728
DSP15−0.229−0.252−0.1691.236−0.01124
DSP16−0.145−0.079−0.296−0.389−0.17427
DSP17−0.542−0.3311.322−0.352−0.25331
DSP18−0.955−1.5910.969−0.751−0.95541
DSP19−0.713−0.549−1.015−0.869−0.70940
DSP20−0.205−0.249−1.229−0.614−0.38437
DSP210.2140.1031.113−0.3730.17713
DSP220.8051.3800.3690.5370.9221
DSP230.4170.2321.5600.1670.4293
DSP240.245−0.0750.6100.0770.14415
DSP25−0.142−0.4710.7841.3230.05522
DSP260.2780.769−0.4720.5990.4234
DSP271.3060.437−1.504−0.7420.4145
DSP28−0.188−1.2411.2000.282−0.34734
DSP290.399−0.0530.3020.8210.2949
DSP300.2200.218−0.7890.1220.10417
DSP31−0.2960.5470.061−0.783−0.03825
DSP320.268−0.3040.899−0.4290.02623
DSP33−0.0720.923−1.411−0.4210.09018
DSP340.1080.0600.1281.0130.22911
DSP350.2710.583−1.5041.6560.4106
DSP36−0.312−0.585−1.542−0.562−0.56838
DSP370.0690.8040.249−0.0100.3327
DSP38−0.3980.126−0.548−0.356−0.22330
DSP39−0.105−0.516−0.408−0.719−0.37136
DSP400.5230.202−0.2900.4690.3218
DSP410.3020.167−1.4530.7490.14614
), ArticleFig(id=1320880994190733599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880792469885889, language=CN, label=表16, caption=

综合成分得分及排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品牌名称编号味觉得分触觉得分嗅觉得分视觉得分综合得分排序
DSP10.158−0.0260.1910.0550.08119
DSP21.0040.898−0.348−0.0230.6782
DSP30.4460.052−1.167−0.0360.07520
DSP4−0.538−1.1630.765−0.237−0.58139
DSP5−0.049−0.180−1.194−0.454−0.27032
DSP6−0.4110.2200.723−0.543−0.09726
DSP70.054−0.3910.157−0.730−0.20929
DSP80.533−0.3680.7250.3320.20712
DSP9−0.380−0.381−0.265−0.326−0.36135
DSP10−0.396−0.3140.395−0.394−0.28833
DSP11−0.4681.028−0.337−0.4720.06821
DSP12−0.4320.3401.6620.1310.13216
DSP13−0.2750.5301.1910.4840.26710
DSP14−0.367−0.5020.5630.530−0.18728
DSP15−0.229−0.252−0.1691.236−0.01124
DSP16−0.145−0.079−0.296−0.389−0.17427
DSP17−0.542−0.3311.322−0.352−0.25331
DSP18−0.955−1.5910.969−0.751−0.95541
DSP19−0.713−0.549−1.015−0.869−0.70940
DSP20−0.205−0.249−1.229−0.614−0.38437
DSP210.2140.1031.113−0.3730.17713
DSP220.8051.3800.3690.5370.9221
DSP230.4170.2321.5600.1670.4293
DSP240.245−0.0750.6100.0770.14415
DSP25−0.142−0.4710.7841.3230.05522
DSP260.2780.769−0.4720.5990.4234
DSP271.3060.437−1.504−0.7420.4145
DSP28−0.188−1.2411.2000.282−0.34734
DSP290.399−0.0530.3020.8210.2949
DSP300.2200.218−0.7890.1220.10417
DSP31−0.2960.5470.061−0.783−0.03825
DSP320.268−0.3040.899−0.4290.02623
DSP33−0.0720.923−1.411−0.4210.09018
DSP340.1080.0600.1281.0130.22911
DSP350.2710.583−1.5041.6560.4106
DSP36−0.312−0.585−1.542−0.562−0.56838
DSP370.0690.8040.249−0.0100.3327
DSP38−0.3980.126−0.548−0.356−0.22330
DSP39−0.105−0.516−0.408−0.719−0.37136
DSP400.5230.202−0.2900.4690.3218
DSP410.3020.167−1.4530.7490.14614
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甘薯干风味轮的构建与应用
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王雪菲 1 , 王巧言 1 , 冯香岚 1 , 张显涛 2 , 计红芳 1 , 张令文 1, * , 张晓娜 3
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(17): 414-425
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (17) : 414 -425
甘薯干风味轮的构建与应用
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王雪菲1 , 王巧言1, 冯香岚1, 张显涛2, 计红芳1, 张令文1, * , 张晓娜3
作者信息
  • 1河南科技学院食品学院,河南新乡 453003
  • 2山东欧乐食品有限公司,山东枣庄 277200
  • 3河南省食品绿色加工与安全控制工程技术研究中心,河南新乡 453700
通讯作者:
张令文(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:传统食品加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王雪菲(1994−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:食品加工与品质控制,E-mail:

Construction and Application of Flavor Wheel for Dried Sweet Potato
Xuefei WANG1 , Qiaoyan WANG1, Xianglan FENG1, Xiantao ZHANG2, Hongfang JI1, Lingwen ZHANG1, * , Xiaona ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
  • 2Shandong Oler Food Co., Ltd., Zaozhuang 277200, China
  • 3Henan Engineering Research Center for Green Processing and Safety Control of Food, Xinxiang 453700, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090105
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以甘薯干为研究对象,构建适用于甘薯干的感官风味评价方法。由感官评价小组对41种市售甘薯干进行感官描述分析,对收集到的描述词进行筛选整理归类,构建甘薯干风味轮并设计感官评价工具。通过感官描述获得了67个描述词,构建了以味觉、嗅觉、触觉和视觉四类感官指标为主的甘薯干风味轮。采用几何平均值法结合聚类分析、主成分分析,筛选出29个能够表征甘薯干感官特点的词汇,其中外观描述词5个、气味描述词6个、味道描述词9个和口感描述词9个。通过层次分析法确定甘薯干感官指标评价权重比为:味道:口感:气味:外观=40:35:10:15。在此基础上,构建了一套适用于普通消费者的选择适合项感官评价方法和适用于感官评价员的定量描述感官评价法。本研究结果可为甘薯干品质控制与产品开发提供一定参考。

甘薯干  /  风味轮  /  感官评价  /  感官描述词

This study focused on dried sweet potatoes to develop a suitable sensory flavor evaluation method, where a sensory panel performed quantitative descriptive analysis on 41 commercial samples. The descriptive words were selected and summarized, a dried sweet potatoes gratin flavor wheel was constructed, and sensory evaluation tools were designed. A total of 67 descriptor words were obtained, and constructed a flavor wheel covering taste, odor, texture, and appearance. Using the geometric mean method combined with cluster analysis and principal component analysis, 29 characteristic descriptors were screened, including 5 for appearance, 6 for odor, 9 for taste and 9 for texture. The analytic hierarchy process determined the sensory indicator weight ratio as taste:texture:odor:appearance=40:35:10:15. Subsequently, two methods were established, including a suitability-based one for ordinary consumers and a quantitative descriptive one for professional evaluators. This study could provide a reference for the quality evaluation and product development of dried sweet potatoes.

dried sweet potato  /  flavor wheel  /  sensory evaluation  /  sensory descriptors
王雪菲, 王巧言, 冯香岚, 张显涛, 计红芳, 张令文, 张晓娜. 甘薯干风味轮的构建与应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 414 -425 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090105
Xuefei WANG, Qiaoyan WANG, Xianglan FENG, Xiantao ZHANG, Hongfang JI, Lingwen ZHANG, Xiaona ZHANG. Construction and Application of Flavor Wheel for Dried Sweet Potato[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 414 -425 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090105
根据联合国粮农组织(FAO)的统计数据,按产量计算,甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)是世界第七大粮食作物[1]。甘薯原产于南美洲,于明朝末年引种到中国,具有高产、稳产、适应性强等特点,在解决人们温饱问题上发挥了重要作用[2−4]。我国是世界上最大的甘薯生产国。当下甘薯已从传统的粮食作物转变为重要的经济作物和健康食品原料,在保障粮食安全和促进农林增收中发挥着重要的作用[5−7]。甘薯干在我国已有悠久的加工历史,传统的烘、晒薯干因其天然甜味、丰富膳食纤维和独特口感受到大众的喜爱,在日本、韩国等东亚国家也备受青睐,被联合国誉为最健康的食品[5,8−11]。但目前大多数研究关注甘薯干的生产工艺、改善食用品质、延长保质期等方面[12−14],对于甘薯干的风味感官品质关注较少。
风味是决定食品品质和消费者接受度的关键因素。风味轮是食品领域定量描述性分析标准化的重要手段之一,很大程度上使得感官特性的评定、感官评价更为准确客观和规范化,也是生产者及消费者进行感官分析和交流的较为可靠的依据。风味轮在食品领域应用广泛,如葡萄酒[15]、大闸蟹[16]、“阳光玫瑰”葡萄[17]等。在甘薯风味研究领域,徐锡明等[18]构建了烤制甘薯风味轮,确定了外观、气味、味道和口感的权重比为10:15:50:25。张蜜等[19]构建了芝士焗甘薯风味轮,研究指出口感(权重60%)是该产品的核心感官指标。Tsai等[20]研究发现,烤制时间对甘薯中挥发性化合物变化影响显著,赋予烤红薯果香、甜味和焦糖风味,为其增添独特风味。目前大多数食品都有较为完善的风味轮体系,但甘薯干风味感官评价的研究鲜见报道。现有感官评价方法包括定量描述分析法以及适合项勾选法等,但其各有利弊,其中定量描述分析法(QDA)结果准确但成本高;而适合项勾选法(CATA)效率高但强度信息缺失。张毅等[21]在冰烤薯研究中尝试将两种方法结合构建了风味轮,这为甘薯干风味评价提供了新思路。
基于现有文献资料,本文通过对收集的甘薯干的感官描述词进行归类筛选,拟构建涵盖外观、气味、味道和口感等多维度的甘薯干风味轮。随后,结合层次分析法和多元统计方法确定产品风味轮廓的主要描述词,确定各感官指标的权重,建立相应的感官评价方法。本研究结果将为甘薯干的感官特性描述提供科学、系统的描述框架,为甘薯干产品质量控制、工艺优化和消费者偏好研究提供一定的理论支持,同时也可为薯类传统食品的感官评价方法提供一定的借鉴。
来自山东、福建、浙江等我国甘薯干主要加工区域以及河北、湖北、陕西、四川、广西、安徽等区域的41个热销产品,其中来自福建的样品18个、山东的样品11个、浙江的样品6个,主要原料均为红薯,生产日期相近。参与甘薯干风味轮测试样品共计41个(品牌编号为DSP1~DSP41),具体见表1。
按照GB/T16291.1-2012[22]中的要求,从河南科技学院食品类专业学生中招募、筛选出50名人员,对上述参与人员进行味道、气味识别培训,标度使用培训、开发和使用描述词的培训,培训后对感官能力检验、感官灵敏度检验、描述和表达感受能力检验(气味描述和质地描述)进行考核;通过基本味觉识别测试(酸、甜、苦、咸)及甘薯干特定感官属性识别(回甘、回酸、软糯、黏糯等),优选出20名评价员组成甘薯干感官评价小组,其中男性8人、女性12人,年龄19~22岁,无抽烟、喝酒等不良嗜好。
先将甘薯干样品去掉头尾部分,取中间部分,切成边长为1 cm的立方体。样品均置于室温下品尝,样品随机提供给评价员(分14轮),每组3个样品。为保证感觉的恢复及避免间隔时间过长失去辨别能力,要注意两次样品之间进行漱口、间隔时间要充足[23],每轮评价时间在15 min以内,每轮品尝时间间隔30 min。
参考张蜜等[19]、张毅等[21]、徐锡明等[18]研究方法,分别从视觉(色泽、颜色)、嗅觉(气味)、味觉(回味、基本味、口味)、触觉(口感)方面对甘薯干样品进行感官描述分析。将收集到的描述词进行初步筛选、进一步归类后绘制甘薯干风味轮。
参考GB/T 16861-1997[24]中所述方法,利用甘薯干风味轮所得到的感官描述词,每位评价员根据自身感受到的描述词的强度进行评分(1~5级,0表示没有感觉,1表示最低强度,3表示中等,5表示最高强度)。通过感官评价小组对甘薯干的强度评分,按照公式计算几何平均值。
$\rm M=\sqrt{{\mathrm{F}}\times {\mathrm{I}}} $
式中:M—几何平均值;F—描述词实际被述及的次数占该描述词所有能被述及总次数的百分率;I—评价小组实际给出的一个描述词的强度和占该描述词最大可能所得强度的百分率。
根据M值对描述词语进行筛选,并对筛选出的描述词进行主成分分析及聚类分析,保留具有典型差异性的主要感官描述语。M值越大的描述词对样品感官特征的贡献率越大,越能表明其对风味品质重要的程度[25]。
参考徐锡明等[18]、王江民等[26]的方法,采用层次分析法将感官指标通过感官评价来确定甘薯干感官指标的重要程度,采用1~9标度法构建n阶判断矩阵,得到最终的权重。首先确定甘薯干感官品质为优先等级,即为目标层;其次是根据目标层等级赋予相应的优先因子,即为准则层,包括味觉、嗅觉、触觉、视觉;然后根据收集到的感官数据按照方案层指标分类进行两两比较(例如味道和外观,味道和气味等),对同等级赋予加权系数,确定出各指标的评价权值。
收集甘薯干的感官评价语,采用Excel 2021进行初步归类筛选,采用Apache ECharts平台绘制感官轮,评价数据分别利用IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0、Origin 2024进行统计分析。
经感官品评小组的多轮次品评,记录汇总后共得到236个描述语,其中包括35个嗅觉描述语、89个味觉描述语、61个触觉描述语、51个视觉描述语。对收集到的描述语初步整理筛选,合并部分意义相近的词,删除部分描述不恰当的词汇(主要是主观意识较强的术语及出现频次较低的词语),最终整理得到11个嗅觉描述语、32个味觉描述语、15个触觉描述语、9个视觉描述语,通过“词云”图对感官描述语进行可视化呈现(图1)。词汇规模的大小与该词出现频率有关,词汇规模越大表示该词出现频率越高,反之则较低[16]。由图1可知,出现频率较高的感官描述语有甜味、胶质感、水果味、软糯、回甘、柔软、暗淡、干硬、Q弹、南瓜味、板栗味、清香、明亮、酸味、紧实等,这些风味可能是甘薯干的主体风味特征并以此作为风味轮构建的基础。
风味轮作为描述食品感官风味特征的可视化图形表达,大多采用两到三层同心圆结构呈现食品的风味信息[27]。参考郫县豆瓣[28]、芝士焗甘薯[19]、四川晒露酱油[29]等风味轮构建方法,将2.1部分中筛选得到的描述词进行归类分级,最终确定甘薯干风味轮的层级关系,并绘制甘薯干的感官风味轮图。如图2所示,该风味轮的第一层分为味觉、嗅觉、触觉和视觉四大类,第二层是味觉、嗅觉、触觉和视觉的具体分类,分别为:回味、基本味、口味,气味,口感,色泽、颜色。第三层是甘薯干感官描述语,包含11个嗅觉描述语,32个味觉描述语、15个触觉描述语、9个视觉描述语。其中莹润、琥珀色等描述词反映了甘薯干的外观特征,而清香则体现甘薯干的气味特点,这些描述词分别从外观、气味等方面体现甘薯干的视觉与嗅觉特征。味觉和触觉特征通过回味、基本味、口味和口感等维度的描述词反映,如板栗味、南瓜味、水果味和回甘反映甘薯干的味型特点,而粉糯、软糯、Q弹、黏糯、紧实、胶质感等清晰展示了甘薯干核心风味特征,能够较好反映出甘薯干的质地特点。
为进一步筛选有效描述词,针对41个样品,对67个感官描述词进行强度评价,并计算每个描述词的M值,结果见表2。M值表示描述词被提及的次数或感知认可程度[29]。如表2所示,筛选出味觉、触觉、视觉中M值大于0.05的23个描述词,筛选嗅觉中M值大于0.02的6个描述词。其中,视觉的描述词包括明亮、莹润、琥珀色等5个;嗅觉描述词包括清香、苹果香、焦香等6个;味觉描述词包括甜味、板栗味、南瓜味、水果味、苹果味等9个;触觉描述词包括软糯、紧实、Q弹等9个。通常M值较大的描述词方差也较大,方差越大,表明不同样品对该描述词所描述的属性差异越明显[28]。方差越小,表示描述词表现的感官特征在不同的样品中趋于一致,无法有效地对样品进行区分。甘薯干感官描述词方差数值差异较大,说明视觉、味觉、触觉、嗅觉的描述词能很好反映出甘薯干的风味特征,可以作为代表甘薯干感官特点的风味描述语,保留上述所有风味感官描述词用于后续进一步分析。
在此基础上,参照孙鹏等[30]的方法,分别对甘薯干的味觉、嗅觉、触觉和视觉等风味描述词进行主成分分析,并结合聚类分析进一步对描述词进行复选。采用KMO检验和Bartlett球形检验来检验各因素之间的关联程度,一般情况下KMO统计量大于0.6,Bartlett球形检验的显著性P<0.05,表明各变量之间存在的相关性,适宜做因子分析,可以进行主成分分析[31]。如表3所示,甘薯干的味觉、嗅觉、触觉、视觉描述词的KMO值和Bartlett球形检验的显著性都符合要求,可以进行主成分分析。
对表2中根据M值初筛的味觉描述语进行聚类分析及主成分分析,由于第四个主成分的特征根接近1,且其贡献率与第三主成分相近,因此结合特征根曲线的拐点及特征值,从侧面说明取4个主成分为宜[32]。为了更清晰地揭示各指标与主成分因子之间的关系,得到因子载荷矩阵[33],载荷值为正值表示该指标对主成分的影响是正向的,为负值则为负向的影响,载荷值绝对值越大表明对该主成分的影响越深[34]。由表4和表5可知,PC1的方差贡献率为34.26%,酸味、苹果味、回酸在第一主成分上具有较高的正载荷,分别是0.814、0.832、0.782。PC2的方差贡献率为18.49%,甜味、南瓜味、回甘在第二主成分有较高的正载荷,分别是0.796、0.751、0.707。PC3的方差贡献率为12.76%,短暂、水果味在第三主成分有较高的正载荷,分别是0.861、0.800。PC4的方差贡献率为10.47%,第四主成分中板栗味的载荷(0.893)较大。PC1、PC2、PC3和PC4累计贡献率达到了75.98%(表4),包含了原始数据绝大多数的信息量,表明这9个味觉描述语可以反映出甘薯干大部分的味觉特征。通过进一步的聚类分析表明,苹果味和回酸、板栗味和南瓜味可以分别聚为一类(图3)。结合M值大小以及主成分分析结果,板栗味和南瓜味相关性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),虽然其M值较相近,但其方差较大,故不作合并;苹果味和回酸相关性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其M值较大,且苹果味和回酸表现的是不同维度的口感特征,板栗味、南瓜味、苹果味是一种整体的风味印象,回酸特指吞咽后品尝到的持续性酸感。经品评小组讨论,不做合并。因此,最终确定酸味、甜味、短暂、板栗味、南瓜味、水果味、苹果味、回甘、回酸作为甘薯干风味轮廓的味觉描述语。
对表2中根据M值初筛的嗅觉描述语进行聚类分析及主成分分析。由表6和表7可知,PC1的方差贡献率为45.82%,清香、果香、焦香在第一主成分上具有较高的正载荷,分别是0.713、0.553、0.729,浓香则具有较高的负载荷(−0.842)。PC2的方差贡献率为23.37%,果香、苹果香、栗子香在第二主成分有较高的正载荷,分别是0.601、0.773、0.877。PC1和PC2累计贡献率达到了69.19%(表6),包含了原始数据绝大多数的信息量,表明这6个嗅觉描述语可以反映出甘薯干大部分的嗅觉特征。通过进一步的聚类分析表明,果香、苹果香、栗子香可以聚为一类(图4)。结合M值大小以及主成分分析结果,果香、苹果香、栗子香的相关性较高,果香和苹果香虽然M值较相近,但其方差较大,栗子香与果香和苹果香相比,其香气特征相差较远,果香是广义的香气属性,而苹果香和栗子香是具体的、特征性的香气属性。经品评小组讨论,不做合并。因此,最终确定清香、果香、焦香、苹果香、栗子香、浓香作为甘薯干风味轮廓的嗅觉描述语。
对表2中根据M值初筛的触觉描述语进行聚类分析及主成分分析。由于第四个主成分的特征根接近1,且其贡献率与第三主成分相近,因此结合特征根曲线的拐点及特征值,从侧面说明取4个主成分为宜[32]。由表8和表9可知,PC1的方差贡献率为31.71%,软糯、柔软、胶质感在第一主成分上具有较高的正载荷,分别是0.806、0.841、0.600,干硬则具有较高的负载荷(−0.719)。PC2的方差贡献率为21.20%,黏糯和黏腻在第二主成分有较高的正载荷,分别是0.829和0.763,清爽则具有较高的负载荷(−0.665)。PC3的方差贡献率为11.56%,Q弹在第三主成分中有较高正载荷(0.938),说明第3成分主要反映了Q弹这一触觉。PC4的方差贡献率为9.32%,第四主成分中紧实的载荷(0.873)较大。PC1、PC2、PC3、和PC4累计贡献率达到了73.79%(表8),包含了原始数据绝大多数的信息量,表明这9个触觉描述语可以反映出甘薯干大部分的触觉特征。通过进一步的聚类分析表明,软糯和柔软、清爽和紧实可以分别聚为一类(图5)。结合M值大小以及主成分分析结果,第一主成分中软糯和柔软的相关性较高,但其M值较大,且软糯和柔软表现的是不同维度的口感特征,柔软指的是咀嚼时感受到的硬度,软糯强调的是咀嚼过程中的综合感受,故不作合并。清爽和紧实虽然在聚类图中较近,但其口感特征相差较远,均为甘薯干重要的触觉指标,清爽特指甘薯干入口时干净的触觉感受,紧实强调的是咀嚼时对牙齿压迫时的抵抗程度。经品评小组讨论,软糯和柔软、清爽和紧实分属独立的触觉指标,均予以保留。因此,最终确定清爽、黏糯、软糯、Q弹、柔软、紧实、干硬、胶质感、黏腻作为甘薯干风味轮廓的触觉描述语。
对表2中根据M值初筛的触觉描述语进行聚类分析及主成分分析。由于第三个主成分的特征根接近1,且其贡献率与第二主成分相近,因此结合特征根曲线的拐点及特征值,从侧面说明取3个主成分为宜[32]。由表10和表11可知,PC1的方差贡献率为44.11%,明亮、金黄色在第一主成分上具有较高的正载荷,分别是0.810、0.802,暗淡则具有较高的负载荷(−0.785)。PC2的方差贡献率为20.72%,琥珀色在第二主成分中有较高正载荷(0.946),说明第二成分主要反映了琥珀色这一视觉。PC3的方差贡献率为16.83%,第三主成分主要反映了莹润这一视觉。PC1、PC2和PC3累计贡献率达到了81.66%(表10),包含了原始数据绝大多数的信息量,表明这5个视觉描述语可以反映出甘薯干大部分的视觉特征。通过进一步的聚类分析表明,莹润和金黄色可以聚为一类(图6)。结合M值大小以及主成分分析结果,金黄色在主成分1中具有较高的正载荷,莹润在主成分3中具有较高的正载荷,代表了不同的感官维度,莹润和金黄色虽然在聚类图中较近,但其视觉特征相差较远,均为甘薯干重要的视觉指标,品评小组讨论后认为莹润表示的是甘薯干的光泽度,金黄色表示的是甘薯干的颜色,分属不同的感官体验,均予以保留。因此,最终确定暗淡、明亮、莹润、金黄色、琥珀色作为甘薯干风味轮廓的视觉描述语。
由图7可知,采用层次分析法将甘薯干感官评价指标按性质、级别和隶属关系分为3层,分别是目标层(第一层)、准则层(第二层)、方案层(第三层)。其中,目标层为甘薯干感官评价;准则层为味觉、嗅觉、触觉、视觉;味觉的方案层为味道,包括回味、基本味、口味,嗅觉的方案层为气味,触觉的方案层为口感,视觉的方案层为外观,包括色泽和颜色。
参考徐锡明等[18]方法,基于甘薯干感官品质评价模型构建判断矩阵,对于目标层甘薯干感官品质评价,整理收集到的感官评价词语,分别对方案层中的指标(味道、气味、口感、外观)进行两两比较,味道:口感为1:1,味道:气味为4:1,味道:外观为3:1,口感:气味为4:1,口感:外观为2:1,外观:气味为2:1。将统计结果映射到1~9标度中,得到方案层关于目标层的判断矩阵(表12)。甘薯干感官评价指标权重和一致性检验结果为:CI(一致性指标)=0.0069,RI(随机一致性指标)=0.89,CR(一致性比例)=0.0077,CR<0.1,表示判断矩阵的一致性可接受。由计算结果可知,一致性检验合格,表明构建的判断矩阵是可接受的,因此对应的权重指标可作为甘薯干感官评价指标的权重系数。由表13可知,味道的权重为39.40%、口感为35.55%、气味为8.89%、外观为16.16%,该权重也表明了在消费者观念中甘薯感官指标的重要程度的排序为:味道>口感>外观>气味。在此基础上进行调整,最终设置味道:口感:气味:外观的权重比为40:35:10:15。
根据已构建风味轮中的感官描述词,建立适合甘薯干感官评价的选择适合项感官评价方法(又称检查所有适用法,Check-all-that-apply method,CATA),对样品的喜好程度参考周剑琴等[35]的方法采用9分强度值,具体如表14所示。通过对大量普通消费者勾选适合甘薯干样品的描述词汇的频率进行统计,简单有效地区分甘薯干样品的感官特征。此种方法可利用消费者替代专业感官评价员,不需进行专业培训,可节约成本和时间。
基于层次分析法确定的各维度权重(表13),通过直接乘以总分100分,将其转换为百分制的感官评价表(表15),建立适合甘薯干的百分评分方法。如表15所示,味道为主要参数,赋值40分,其次是口感,赋值35分,最后是气味和外观,分别赋值10分、15分。结合M值、主成分分析、聚类分析结果,通过对评价人员回访和讨论,确定味道和口感二级指标的优先级,进行赋值。味道分为3个二级指标,第一部分是甜味,即风味轮中最主要的基本味,占15分;第二部分是滋味、风味,即风味轮中的口味,占15分;第三部分是回味,占10分;口感分为3个二级指标,其中糯性占比最高,为15分;其次为软硬度和滑爽度各占10分。
为了消除各数据之间量纲对结果产生的影响,需要对原始数据进行Z-score标准化处理[36]。利用主成分载荷矩阵和每个主成分所对应的特征值计算主成分中各指标对应的特征向量,再由主成分特征向量乘以标准化之后的变量,可得各主成分函数表达式;最后以各主成分的贡献率为权重,由对应的主成分得分和权重加权求和得到味觉、嗅觉、触觉和视觉得分。
构建的味觉综合评价模型为Z味觉=0.3426y1+0.1849y2+0.1276y3+0.1047y4;构建的触觉综合评价模型为Z触觉=0.3171y1+0.2120y2+0.1156y3+0.0932y4;构建的嗅觉综合评价模型为Z嗅觉=0.4582y1+0.2337y2;构建的视觉综合评价模型为Z视觉=0.4411y1+0.2072y2+0.1683y3。
结合表13中甘薯干感官指标权重(味道占40%,口感占35%,气味占10%,外观占15%),计算出41个试验甘薯干的感官品质综合得分和排序结果(表16),综合评分越高说明该试样在测定的多个指标中综合品质越佳。由表16可知,41个试验样品中,DSP22、DSP2的综合得分较高,分别为0.922、0.678,其次排序3至排序23综合得分均为正值,说明这23种甘薯干的综合品质较好;排序从24开始综合分值较低,均为负值,表示这18种甘薯干在测量的多个指标中感官综合品质较差。
本研究通过系统分析甘薯干的感官特征,构建了甘薯干风味轮,并为其感官评价体系的建立提供了科学依据。采用层次分析法,确定了甘薯干感官评价指标的权重:味道(40%)、口感(35%)、气味(10%)和外观(15%)。通过聚类分析及主成分分析等方法进行筛选确定了9个味道描述词、6个气味描述词、5个外观描述词和9个口感描述词作为甘薯干风味轮的核心描述语,并基于CATA和QDA方法制定了甘薯干的感官评价标准。研究结果可将甘薯干感官描述性指标转变为数量值,将抽象的“好吃”转化为可被理解和感知的具体风味语言,为甘薯干生产者和消费者之间的感官沟通提供基础,对甘薯干品质评价和工艺改良提供一定的指导意义。由于商业信息的限制,本文未对甘薯干感官差异进行鲜薯品种、甘薯干加工工艺进行归因,未来研究可将感官评价、仪器分析与消费者偏好深度融合,以本研究确立的核心描述词(如“甜味”“胶质感”“软糯”“清香”“Q弹”“焦香”“黏糯”等)等作为考核指标,解析甘薯原料品种、核心加工工艺(蒸制/烤制温度、时间等)与甘薯干食用品质的关联及其可能机制,为高品质甘薯干的甘薯品种筛选和工艺改良提供依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090105
  • 接收时间:2025-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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    1河南科技学院食品学院,河南新乡 453003
    2山东欧乐食品有限公司,山东枣庄 277200
    3河南省食品绿色加工与安全控制工程技术研究中心,河南新乡 453700

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张令文(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:传统食品加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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