Article(id=1320880759670419799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757001600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852113883, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852113883, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852113883, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852113883, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=506, endPage=514, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880761385890136, articleId=1320880759670419799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Protective Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum XT016-fermented Camel Milk on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of camel milk (CM) fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) XT016 on DSS-induced colitis, which provided new theoretical basis for the fermented CM application in Xinjiang. The DSS-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model was established. ICR male mice were randomly divided into five groups over a 14-day experimental period: The control group, the model group, the camel milk group, L. plantarum XT016 fermented camel milk group, and Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota (LcS) fermented camel milk group. The H&E staining was used to observe the morphology of the mouse colon, and ELISA was used to detect inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β). 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze changes in the intestinal microbiota of mice. The results showed that compared with the model group, XT016 fermented camel milk improved the severity of DSS-induced colitis, including alleviating body weight loss and reducing colon tissue damage, effectively decreasing pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10, TGF-β), enhancing the levels of short-chain fatty acids (acetic, valeric, propionic, butyric, and isobutyric acids). After intervention with XT016 fermented camel milk, the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the mouse gut microbiota regulated, while the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Ruminococcaceae increased, and the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and Helicobacter decreased. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum XT016 fermented camel milk has a potential role in alleviating ulcerative colitis in mice and can regulate the gut microbiota balance in mice with ulcerative colitis.

, authors=Lin CHEN1, *, Lu HUANG1, Shuang LI1, Hua SU2, authorsList=Lin CHEN, Lu HUANG, Shuang LI, Hua SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880763218801001, articleId=1320880759670419799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼奶对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导结肠炎的保护作用, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探讨植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼奶对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的小鼠结肠炎的缓解作用,为新疆发酵驼奶的功能性应用提供理论依据。建立DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠模型,将ICR雄性小鼠随机分为5组,实验周期14 d,分别为空白组、模型组、驼乳组、植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼乳组、干酪乳酪杆菌LcS发酵驼乳组(益生菌对照组)。H&E染色观察小鼠结肠形态,ELISA检测炎症因子(IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、TGF-β),采用16S rRNA高测序技术分析小鼠肠道菌群的变化,研究驼乳及植物乳植杆菌发酵驼乳对小鼠结肠炎的影响。结果表明:与模型组相比,植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼乳可改善DSS诱导结肠炎的疾病严重程度,包括缓解小鼠体重下降、减少小鼠结肠组织受损程度等,有效降低促炎因子(IL-6、TNF-α)并增加抗炎因子(IL-10、TGF-β)水平,提高短链脂肪酸(乙酸、戊酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸)含量,经XT016发酵驼乳干预后,小鼠肠道菌群厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门比率升高,肠道中有益菌Lactobaciullus、Ruminococcaceae相对丰度增加,Prevotellaceae、Helicobacter相对丰度减少。植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼乳具有缓解小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的潜在作用,可调节溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的肠道菌群平衡。

, authors=陈琳1, *, 黄璐1, 李爽1, 苏华2, authorsList=陈琳, 黄璐, 李爽, 苏华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈琳, authorNote=

陈琳(1985−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈琳(1985−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:。
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陈琳(1985−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:

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注:*:P<0.05,**:P<0.01,***:P<0.001,****:P<0.0001;图2、图3、图5同。

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注:A:NC组,B:DSS组,C:CM组,D:LcS组,E:XT016组。

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注:A:NC组,B:DSS组,C:CM组,D:LcS组,E:XT016组,图5~图7同。

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注:*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01。

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DAI score

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分体重下降率(%)粪便性状大便隐血/便血
00正常阴性
11~5稀软弱阳性
26~10分散阳性
311~15不成形强阳性
4>15腹泻肉眼便血
), ArticleFig(id=1320880906294907785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880759670419799, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DAI评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分体重下降率(%)粪便性状大便隐血/便血
00正常阴性
11~5稀软弱阳性
26~10分散阳性
311~15不成形强阳性
4>15腹泻肉眼便血
), ArticleFig(id=1320880906362016650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880759670419799, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of SCFAs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SCFAs
(μg/mL)
NCDSSCMLcSXT016
乙酸21.45±0.21c10.88±0.11a15.34±0.16b11.45±0.34a15.34±0.12b
丙酸100.56±3.12c55.34±1.46a76.87±1.24b78.87±3.54b76.78±2.07b
异丁酸9.12±0.09d1.45±0.22a3.36±0.23b4.45±0.33c4.84±0.21c
丁酸124.12±2.11d85.45±2.89a105.34±5.12b106.34±1.28b110.23±1.98c
戊酸18.52±0.14d7.23±1.89a9.48±0.16b9. 65±0.15b13.23±0.97c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880906441708427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880759670419799, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

短链脂肪酸分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SCFAs
(μg/mL)
NCDSSCMLcSXT016
乙酸21.45±0.21c10.88±0.11a15.34±0.16b11.45±0.34a15.34±0.12b
丙酸100.56±3.12c55.34±1.46a76.87±1.24b78.87±3.54b76.78±2.07b
异丁酸9.12±0.09d1.45±0.22a3.36±0.23b4.45±0.33c4.84±0.21c
丁酸124.12±2.11d85.45±2.89a105.34±5.12b106.34±1.28b110.23±1.98c
戊酸18.52±0.14d7.23±1.89a9.48±0.16b9. 65±0.15b13.23±0.97c
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植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼奶对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导结肠炎的保护作用
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陈琳 1, * , 黄璐 1 , 李爽 1 , 苏华 2
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(17): 506-514
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (17) : 506 -514
植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼奶对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导结肠炎的保护作用
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陈琳1, * , 黄璐1, 李爽1, 苏华2
作者信息
  • 1浙江商业职业技术学院,浙江杭州 310000
  • 2新疆新驼乳业有限公司,新疆阿克苏 843600
通讯作者:
陈琳(1985−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈琳(1985−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:

Protective Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum XT016-fermented Camel Milk on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis
Lin CHEN1, * , Lu HUANG1, Shuang LI1, Hua SU2
Affiliations
  • 1Zhejiang Business College, Hangzhou 310000, China
  • 2Xinjiang Xintuo Dairy Co., Ltd., Aksu 843600, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090048
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探讨植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼奶对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的小鼠结肠炎的缓解作用,为新疆发酵驼奶的功能性应用提供理论依据。建立DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠模型,将ICR雄性小鼠随机分为5组,实验周期14 d,分别为空白组、模型组、驼乳组、植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼乳组、干酪乳酪杆菌LcS发酵驼乳组(益生菌对照组)。H&E染色观察小鼠结肠形态,ELISA检测炎症因子(IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、TGF-β),采用16S rRNA高测序技术分析小鼠肠道菌群的变化,研究驼乳及植物乳植杆菌发酵驼乳对小鼠结肠炎的影响。结果表明:与模型组相比,植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼乳可改善DSS诱导结肠炎的疾病严重程度,包括缓解小鼠体重下降、减少小鼠结肠组织受损程度等,有效降低促炎因子(IL-6、TNF-α)并增加抗炎因子(IL-10、TGF-β)水平,提高短链脂肪酸(乙酸、戊酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸)含量,经XT016发酵驼乳干预后,小鼠肠道菌群厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门比率升高,肠道中有益菌Lactobaciullus、Ruminococcaceae相对丰度增加,Prevotellaceae、Helicobacter相对丰度减少。植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼乳具有缓解小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的潜在作用,可调节溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的肠道菌群平衡。

植物乳植杆菌XT016  /  发酵驼乳  /  结肠炎  /  肠道菌群

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of camel milk (CM) fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) XT016 on DSS-induced colitis, which provided new theoretical basis for the fermented CM application in Xinjiang. The DSS-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model was established. ICR male mice were randomly divided into five groups over a 14-day experimental period: The control group, the model group, the camel milk group, L. plantarum XT016 fermented camel milk group, and Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota (LcS) fermented camel milk group. The H&E staining was used to observe the morphology of the mouse colon, and ELISA was used to detect inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β). 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze changes in the intestinal microbiota of mice. The results showed that compared with the model group, XT016 fermented camel milk improved the severity of DSS-induced colitis, including alleviating body weight loss and reducing colon tissue damage, effectively decreasing pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10, TGF-β), enhancing the levels of short-chain fatty acids (acetic, valeric, propionic, butyric, and isobutyric acids). After intervention with XT016 fermented camel milk, the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the mouse gut microbiota regulated, while the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Ruminococcaceae increased, and the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and Helicobacter decreased. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum XT016 fermented camel milk has a potential role in alleviating ulcerative colitis in mice and can regulate the gut microbiota balance in mice with ulcerative colitis.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum XT016  /  fermented camel milk  /  colitis  /  intestinal microflora
陈琳, 黄璐, 李爽, 苏华. 植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼奶对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导结肠炎的保护作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 506 -514 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090048
Lin CHEN, Lu HUANG, Shuang LI, Hua SU. Protective Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum XT016-fermented Camel Milk on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 506 -514 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090048
炎症性肠病(Inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一种非特异性的肠道疾病,其中包括两大类分别是溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease)[1−2],其中UC发病率较高,常表现为腹痛、腹泻,甚至会引发下腹绞痛和便血等症状[3−5]。近年来,流行病学报告显示IBD的发病率呈上升趋势,约有10%~20%的人群因结肠炎影响生活质量,IBD已成为世界上最常见的疾病之一[6]。IBD的常规药物治疗包括抗生素[7]、氨基水杨酸盐[8]、糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂[9],但这些药物易引起头痛、呕吐和恶心等副作用[10],因此,寻找高效且无副作用治疗结肠炎的方法具有重要意义。
骆驼乳(Camel milk,CM)被称为“沙漠白金”,营养物质丰富,驼乳中总蛋白质含量在2.15%~4.90%,脂肪含量为1.2%~4.5%[11],不饱和脂肪酸比例较高,矿物质含量明显高于牛乳,其中钙、钾、钠和铁含量远高于人乳和牛乳[12],富含独特的重链免疫球蛋白和乳铁蛋白,可抗炎[13]、增强免疫力,降血糖[14]、预防肿瘤及抗癌等[15]。驼乳具有改善糖尿病小鼠过度氧化应激作用,可控制小鼠空腹血糖升高从而辅助治疗糖尿病[16]。慢性肝炎患者长期饮用骆驼乳后,其肝功能损伤得到缓解,其布勒等研究发现驼乳可降低小鼠肝脏组织AST、ALT的酶活力和血清细胞中的活性因子IL-6、IL-1β水平有效预防小鼠急性酒精肝损伤[17]。近年来,驼乳的功能性研究主要为抗炎免疫、护肝、降血糖等方向,其在调节胃肠道方向的应用较少,尤其是IBD保护作用研究有限。郭坤杰等[18]发现骆驼乳可调节小鼠肠道通透性及紧密连接蛋白表达对DSS诱导小鼠肠黏膜屏障具有保护作用,然而在预防IBD中的作用机制尚不明确。
益生菌具有调节肠道菌群、抑制肠道内病原菌定植、抗炎提高免疫力、促进短链脂肪酸产生等功效,补充益生菌已被广泛应用于缓解治疗结肠炎。植物乳植杆菌作为益生菌的一种,具有维持肠道菌群平衡、改善肠道菌群结构等益生特性可促进肠道健康[19−20]。植物乳植杆菌P16干预后,小鼠炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6水平显著改变,调节了厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门中Akkermansia等丰度值,有效调节肠道菌群平衡[21]。植物乳植杆菌1201可以抑制炎症因子mRNA水平的上调,增加α-生育酚和L-岩藻糖血清水平,具有缓解结肠炎的潜在能力[22]。
发酵驼乳经益生菌发酵后富含高抗氧化成分和生物活性肽,具有较高营养价值。植物乳植杆菌KGL3A发酵的驼乳可有效降血压和抗糖尿病[23]。植物乳植杆菌KX881772、KX881779发酵的驼乳抗氧化活性较高,可抑制Caco-2、MCF-7和HELA细胞的增殖[24]。植物乳植杆菌XT016分离于新疆牧区奶疙瘩,前期研究表明,XT016具有较高的胃肠道耐受性和抗炎能力。目前,缓解小鼠结肠炎的研究聚焦于驼乳、益生菌的独立应用,发酵驼乳治疗结肠炎的研究较少,益生菌发酵产品因富含多种活性物质备受关注。因此,将分离于新疆牧区的植物乳植杆菌XT016制备发酵驼乳,探索发酵驼乳在缓解结肠炎应用的协同效应,并对比独立的驼乳与益生菌改善结肠炎效果,解析XT016发酵驼乳对DSS 诱导的小鼠结肠炎保护及其调节肠道菌机制,为发酵驼乳缓解结肠炎的应用开发提供理论依据。
新鲜驼乳 新疆新驼乳业有限公司;葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS) 分析纯,美国Sigma公司;植物乳植杆菌XT016菌株 保存于中国典型培养物保藏中心;干酪乳酪杆菌Shirota(Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota,LcS) 购买于广东微生物保藏中心;酶联免疫ELISA试剂盒 南京建成生物工程有限公司;MolPure试剂盒 翌圣生物科技股份有限公司;乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、戊酸标准品 美国Sigma公司;动物粪便隐血检测试剂盒 上海酶联生物科技有限公司;SPF级ICR小鼠(体重18±2 g) 浙江中医药大学动物实验中心,实验动物使用许可证:SCXK(浙)2019-0010,实验动物伦理审查批准文号:202210166;福尔马林组织固定液 上海雅吉生物科技有限公司。
KB400生化培养箱 上海亿倍实业有限公司;SG403A-HE-IN超净工作台 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;Allegra V-15R冷冻型高速台式离心机 贝克曼集团有限公司;SJ830立式压力蒸汽灭菌锅 日本雅马拓有限公司;TM4000电子显微镜 日本日立公司。
将保存在−80 ℃的植物乳植杆菌XT016、干酪乳酪杆菌LcS活化培养传代后以1%的接种量接种至MRS培养基中,37 ℃培养20 h后,4 ℃条件下8000×g离心10 min去上清收集菌体,用无菌生理盐水清洗3次后制备菌悬液。新鲜驼乳加入1.0%葡萄糖后,95 ℃杀菌10 min,冷却后以2%接种量接种XT016,39 ℃发酵18 h后放置4 ℃,后熟24 h,发酵驼乳中活菌数为5.0×109 CFU/mL。LcS菌悬液,发酵驼奶分别制备菌数为3×109 CFU/mL备用。
采用远交系ICR雄性小鼠50只,动物饲养在清净级动物房,环境温度为25±5 ℃,湿度保持在40%~70%,光照12 h,小鼠随机分为5组,每组10只,即对照组(NC)、结肠炎模型组(DSS)、驼乳组(CM)、植物乳植杆菌发酵驼乳组(XT016)、干酪乳酪杆菌发酵驼乳组(LcS)。实验周期共为14 d,每天记录饮水体积、进食量及小鼠体重。对照组在实验期内小鼠均正常饮水,模型组、驼乳组、发酵驼乳组在1~7 d小鼠正常饮水,8~14 d饮水中加入2.5%DSS溶液。对照组和模型组小鼠每天灌胃0.2 mL无菌水,驼乳组、XT016、LcS每天按小鼠体重10 mL/kg灌胃驼乳。14 d灌胃后,小鼠禁食12 h脱颈处死,取小肠、结肠、盲肠等内容物于无菌离心管中,−80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
每天记录小鼠体重、排泄粪便状态及是否出现隐血问题,计算体重下降变化率,参考并改进Wang等[25]的评分,DAI评分=(体重下降率+粪便性状+大便隐血/肉眼血便)/3,细则如表1。
取出小鼠结肠肠段(肛门至盲肠末端),刻度尺测量小鼠结肠长度。收集0.4 cm结肠组织,置于10%甲醛溶液固定过夜后进行H&E染色,检测结肠组织炎症情况[26]。
称取2 g小鼠结肠组织,加入至入8 mL无菌1×PBS溶液中,研磨匀浆后,冷冻离心机2000×g离心15 min,收集上清液,ELISA试剂盒检测IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、TGF-β炎症因子。
称取50 mg粪便样品于离心管中,添加1.0 mL的1.0%磷酸溶液,冷冻离心机10000×g离心15 min取上清液,加入1.0 mL的乙酸乙酯,10000×g离心10 min,上清液用0.22 μm滤膜过滤。采用GC-MS测定短链脂肪酸,氦气为载气,流速为1 mL/min,进样体积为0.5 mL,选择离子监测模式,扫描质荷比范围为50~250 m/z,外标法绘制标准曲线,计算SCFAs的含量。
MolPure试剂盒提取小鼠粪便样品中的DNA,使用特异性引物515F(5'-GTGCC AGC MGC CGC GGTAA-3')和806R(5'-GGACT ACH VGG GTW TCTAAT-3')对细菌16S rRNA的V4变异区进行聚合酶链式反应PCR扩增。Illumina HiSeq 2500平台上对PCR纯化产物进行测序,将相似度为97%的序列聚类成为OTUs进行物种注释,采用主坐标分析(PCoA)来分析组间多样性,QIIME计算α多样性分析微生物群落,R软件用于确定β多样性比较各处理组之间的差异[27−28]。
每个实验重复三次,数值以平均值±标准偏差方式表示。采用GraphPad10.1软件进行数据分析,方差分析法(AVOVA)检验组间显著性差异。
各实验组造模期小鼠的体重变化和DAI评分如图1所示。DAI评分是评价动物肠道是否健康的一个重要衡量指标[29]。除NC组外,其它组的小鼠体重均出现显著下降的趋势,在11~14 d时,DSS、CM、LcS及XT016组小鼠的体重均大幅降低,造模期结束时,NC组的体重增加了3.58%,DSS组体重极显著低于其它各组(P<0.01)。同时,随着造模时间的增加,DSS组的DAI指数极显著高于其它各组(P<0.001),CM、LcS、XT016的DAI评分均出现了缓慢上升的趋势,实验结束时,驼奶组中,CM的DAI评分最高,XT016和LcS的DAI指数相近,实验结果表明DSS诱导小鼠结肠炎影响小鼠体重、粪便状态及隐血等,驼乳及发酵驼乳干预可缓解症状。
结肠的长度与组织切片状态可反应动物肠道的健康程度,小鼠的结肠长度及结肠组织如图2所示。DSS组的结肠长度显著低于NC及各驼奶组(P<0.05),动物实验结束时,DSS组的结肠长度仅为5.3 cm,CM、LcS、XT016的结肠长度分别为6.4、7.3、7.5 cm,驼乳及发酵驼乳干预在一定程度上缓解小鼠结肠缩短。NC组中结肠组织结构紧密、隐窝清晰、细胞饱满;DSS组中炎症反应明显、绒毛和隐窝结构消失、腺体分散无规则;CM组中可看到出现了隐窝及绒毛,但结构无规则;LcS组结肠隐窝部分形成,绒毛排列整齐,杯状细胞有分散;XT016组隐窝排列规则、结肠结构完整,杯状细胞饱满。驼乳干预可改善小鼠结肠组织受损程度,XT016组的结肠状态优于LcS和CM组,XT016发酵驼乳可缓解结肠炎小鼠的结肠组织受损。已有研究结果表明,部分植物乳植杆菌发酵食品具有缓解小鼠结肠炎的潜在作用,植物乳植杆菌ZKLp100发酵的甘草提取液可有效缓解结肠炎[30],植物乳植杆菌69-2通过减少氧化应激和调节免疫紊乱来减轻结肠炎症的不良影响[31]。
进一步评估发酵驼乳对DSS诱导小鼠结肠炎的保护作用,肠道中典型的促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6以及抗炎细胞因子IL-10、TGF-β在结肠组织中的变化如图3。与NC组相比,DSS组的TNF-α、IL-6极显著升高(P<0.01),CM、LcS、XT016组的TNF-α、IL-6均显著低于模型组(P<0.05),IL-6水平中LcS的值最低为81.3 pg/mL,TNF-α水平中XT016组值最低为62.0 pg/mL。与模型组相比,NC、CM、LcS、XT016组的IL-10、TGF-β水平均显著高于DSS组(P<0.05),CM、LcS、XT016组的IL-10、TGF-β水平均低于NC组,CM、LcS、XT016组的TGF-β水平接近,IL-10水平中,CM、LcS、XT016三个处理组中XT016组的值最高为156.3 pg/mL。IL-10作为调节因子,可抑制炎症因子增加减少结肠炎症反应,LcS在诱导的免疫应答中发挥重要作用,可促进抗炎因子生成并抑制促炎因子。XT016组的抗炎因子IL-10水平高于LcS组,促炎因子TNF-α的水平最低,表明XT016发酵驼乳干预能够抑制结肠炎小鼠结肠组织的促炎因子并促进抗炎因子生成。
短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)是一种由肠道微生物产生的非直接营养物质,发挥着维持电解质、调节肠道微生态平衡、提高免疫功能等作用[32]。发酵驼奶与各组中五种SCFAs的含量结果见表2。DSS组的乙酸、戊酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸的含量显著低于NC组(P<0.05),CM、LcS、XT016组的戊酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸含量显著高于DSS组(P<0.05),LcS的乙酸含量与DSS组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。其中,治疗组中XT016的异丁酸、丁酸、戊酸含量最高。乙酸、丁酸和丙酸是最丰富的对肠道健康有益的SCFA,具有很强的免疫调节作用。发酵驼奶XT016可促进DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠结肠中短链脂肪酸的产生,调节代谢紊乱现象。
肠道菌群的Alpha多样性分析中ACE、Chao1指数反映群落丰富度,Shannon指数及Simpson指数体现群落多样性[26],各组的多样性分析见图4。DSS组的ACE、Chao1、Shannon 指数均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。CM、LcS、XT016组与DSS组相比,ACE和Shannon指数均显著升高(P<0.05),CM与LcS组的Chao1指数与DSS组无显著差异。与NC相比,DSS组的Simpson指数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。LcS、XT016组的Simpson指数显著低于DSS组(P<0.05),CM与DSS组无显著差异(P>0.05),Shannon指数和Simpson指数除了表示丰富度,还表达了群落的均匀度,研究表明当优势菌种占比适中时即物种均匀分布时,Simpson指数高反映较高多样性,而当优势菌种过度集中时,则表现为多样性降低。LcS、XT016组的Simpson指数低于DSS组可能与群落优势菌密集程度有关[33],XT016组的各指数与DSS组相比均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。DSS造模后小鼠肠道紊乱丰度降低,XT016组干预后可提高肠道菌群的多样性。
各处理组在门水平上的相对丰度如图5所示,主要菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria)等,其中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门共占约90%相对丰度。DSS组与NC组相比,厚壁菌门相对丰度显著降低,拟杆菌门相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05)。与DSS造模组相比,治疗组CM、LcS、XT016组的厚壁菌门相对丰度显著增加,拟杆菌门相对丰度显著下降(P<0.05),各组的变形菌门相对丰度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
图6显示的是各组在属水平上的分布,肠道菌群中所占比例依次为普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus)、螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)、疣微菌属(Ruminococcus)、穆里巴库伦菌属(Muribaculum)、毛螺旋菌属(Lachnospira)、伯克氏菌属(Tannerella)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroide)等。DSS与NC组相比,普雷沃氏菌及螺杆菌的相对丰度显著增高,乳酸菌与疣微菌的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。CM、LcS、XT016组的普雷沃氏菌及螺杆菌的相对丰度值显著低于DSS组,乳酸菌与疣微菌的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),其中LcS、XT016组的普雷沃氏菌、螺杆菌、乳酸菌与疣微菌相对丰度与DSS组有极显著差异(P<0.01)。XT016组的乳酸菌的相对丰度最高为0.42。普雷沃氏菌可与其他菌群相互作用,通过促进碳水化合物发酵,诱发内脏超敏反应加剧肠应激症状[34]。疣微菌属于厚壁菌门,能促进肠道内SCFAs乙酸和丁酸的生成,具有肠道内抗炎作用[35]。
LEfse(LDA Effect Size)依据分类学组成分析群落的显著性差异[36],各组的差异物种分析见图7。NC组显著差异的菌群为属水平的瘤胃梭菌(Ruminiclostridium)、肠杆菌(Entertibacter);DSS组显著差异的菌群为属水平的拟杆菌(Bacteroides);CM组显著差异的为属水平多枝梭菌(Erysipelatoclostridium)、科水平上的莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)、目水平上的假单胞菌(Pseudomonadales);LcS组显著差异的菌群为属水平的乳球菌(Lactococcus)、科水平的疣微菌(Ruminococcaceae);XT016组显著差异的菌群为属水平的乳酸菌(Lactobacillus)、粪异杆菌(Allobaculum)、聚乙酸菌(Acetitomaculum)。将属水平上相对丰度排名前20的物种与各处理组做相关性分析,生成了Spearman 相关性热图见图8。NC组与肠杆菌,DSS组与拟杆菌,CM组与多枝梭菌,LcS组与疣微菌,XT016组与乳酸菌呈正相关,CM组与真杆菌,LcS组与变形杆菌,XT016组与螺杆菌属呈负相关。XT016发酵驼乳干预可通过增加乳酸菌及乳球菌等益生菌的丰度调节肠道菌群。
综上结果表明,DSS 诱导小鼠结肠炎影响了肠道菌群的丰度及多样性导致肠道功能紊乱,XT016和LcS发酵驼乳干预后可显著增加乳球菌及乳酸菌等益生菌丰度,抑制病原菌的生长,调节肠道菌群稳定体系。
Alpha和LEfse分析结果表明DSS造模组小鼠肠道菌群紊乱,群落的丰度值及多样性发生改变。驼奶自身含有乳铁蛋白和免疫球蛋白等活性成分,经益生菌发酵后,协同增效可代谢产生多种代谢产物,本实验发现经XT016发酵驼乳干预后,小鼠肠道菌群厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门比率升高,肠道中有益菌丰度增加,降低了有害菌的丰度值。Firmicutes作为健康肠道中的优势菌门,具有促进碳水化合物的代谢的功能,XT016发酵驼乳组属水平上的乳酸菌和疣微菌丰度显著增加,乳酸菌可以通过调节肠道微生物平衡、抑制有害菌生长和增强肠道屏障功能等方式,辅助调理肠道菌群,疣微菌属能够产生醋酸盐,进而被用来生产丁酸盐。丁酸盐不仅是肠上皮细胞的主要能量来源,还可以抑制促炎细胞因子的信号通路[36−37]。穆里巴库伦菌属对沙门氏菌等致病菌引起的结肠炎有预防作用,从而降低IBD发生率[38]。硫弧菌属与INF-γ水平呈正相关,可抑制丁酸盐产生自由基,最终导致慢性低度炎症和促炎细胞因子的分泌[39]。SCFA通过调节Treg细胞分化、抑制促炎因子表达等方式参与肠道免疫稳态维护,乙酸和丙酸通过影响G蛋白偶联受体信号通路,调节宿主脂质代谢和炎症反应。本文与其它研究结果基本一致,发酵驼乳干预通过增加乳酸菌属等有益菌群的丰度,提高SCFA含量,增加抗炎活性发挥抗炎作用。乳酸菌属与结肠长度、IL-10、紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、E-cadherin、Occludin基因相对表达量以及免疫组化评分呈正相关。肠道菌群通过不同的机制调节宿主的健康,其物种组成和代谢状态的失调会影响炎症因子和紧密连接蛋白表达的失调,破坏肠道屏障导致炎症反应发生和发展[40]。
本研究建立DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠模型,以干酪乳酪杆菌LcS作为益生菌阳性对照,分析驼奶及植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼奶对小鼠结肠炎的影响,探究其对小鼠肠道菌群的调节机制及缓解结肠炎作用。驼奶及植物乳植杆菌XT016干预DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠后,小鼠的体重变化、结肠长度、DAI评分等表观体征均得到有效调节,并且与DSS组相比,驼奶及发酵驼奶均可促进抗炎因子IL-10及TGF-β的水平,降低促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α水平,提高短链脂肪酸的含量。与驼奶组比较,植物乳植杆菌XT016发酵驼奶干预显著增加了Lactobacullus、Ruminococcaceae等有益菌的多样性,缓解结肠炎小鼠的肠道菌群失调症状。本研究为我国新疆地区开发功能性发酵驼乳提供了候选菌株,同时为驼乳及发酵驼乳在结肠炎的应用提供基础数据,但对结肠炎小鼠中发酵驼奶的炎症调节具体机制尚不清楚,在肠道微生态的改善作用研究机理方面还需进一步研究。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090048
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
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    1浙江商业职业技术学院,浙江杭州 310000
    2新疆新驼乳业有限公司,新疆阿克苏 843600

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陈琳(1985−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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