Article(id=1320880732352926163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090232, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758470400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852107370, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852107370, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852107370, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852107370, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=320, endPage=332, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880732541669844, articleId=1320880732352926163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Isolation and Identification of Antioxidant Peptides from Sesame Meal and Their in Vitro Antioxidant Activity, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To realize the high-value utilization of sesame meal, this experiment employed sesame meal as the raw material to investigate the optimal fermentation process for preparing sesame rough peptide (SRP) via liquid-state mixed fermentation with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis (1:1), as well as evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the amino acid composition and relative molecular weight of sesame meal before and after fermentation were analyzed. Ultrafiltration technology was adopted to fractionate SRP, and the in vitro antioxidant activity of different fractions was determined; the fraction with the optimal activity was selected for subsequent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. After predicting potential active peptide sequences through virtual screening, molecular docking technology was applied to perform simulation analysis on the screened peptides, thereby identifying potential antioxidant peptides, whose in vitro activity was further verified using artificially synthesized peptides. The results demonstrated that the optimal process parameters for SRP preparation were as follows: inoculum size of 9%, fermentation temperature of 41 °C, and fermentation duration of 35 h. Under these conditions, the actual yield of SRP reached 24.98%, with a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 79.1%. In terms of amino acid composition of post-fermentation SRP, the content of hydrophobic amino acids increased significantly from 71.295 mg/g to 156.117 mg/g. Moreover, most of the post-fermentation products were small-molecule oligopeptides composed of 4~6 amino acid residues. Ultrafiltration results indicated that the fraction with molecular weight (MW)<3 kDa exhibited the superior in vitro antioxidant activity. At a concentration of 5 mg/mL, its antioxidant activity was characterized by a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 90.63%, an ABTS+ radical scavenging rate of 73.17%, a total reducing capacity of 0.806, and a Fe2+ chelation rate of 77.83%. Four antioxidant peptide sequences (FRAFDAEL, FDGF, DLFR, and FLVR) were obtained via virtual screening. These peptides could exert antioxidant effects through binding via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of artificially synthesized peptides confirmed that all of them possessed high antioxidant activity. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of SRP-based antioxidant peptide products.

, authors=Miao YANG, Zihan XUE, Xuran YANG, Renbang ZHAO*, authorsList=Miao YANG, Zihan XUE, Xuran YANG, Renbang ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Renbang ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880735918084585, articleId=1320880732352926163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=芝麻粕抗氧化肽的分离鉴定及其体外抗氧化活性, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现芝麻粕的高附加值利用,本实验以芝麻粕为原料,探究枯草芽孢杆菌与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(1:1)混菌液态发酵制备芝麻粗肽(Sesame Rough Peptide,SRP)的最佳发酵工艺及体外抗氧化活性,同时分析芝麻粕发酵前后的氨基酸组成与分子量,采用超滤技术分离芝麻粗肽并测定不同组分的体外抗氧化活性,选取活性最优组分进行后续液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)检测;利用虚拟筛选预测具有活性的多肽序列后,通过分子对接技术对筛选肽段进行模拟分析,得出潜在抗氧化活性多肽,利用人工合成的肽段进行体外活性验证。结果表明:制备SRP的最优工艺参数为接种量9%、发酵温度41 ℃、发酵时间35 h,此条件下SRP得率实测值为24.98%,DPPH自由基清除率为79.1%;发酵后SRP的氨基酸组成中,疏水性氨基酸含量从71.295 mg/g提升至156.117 mg/g。发酵后多为4~6个氨基酸残基组成的寡肽小分子。超滤结果表明,分子量<3 kDa的组分体外抗氧化活性最优,在浓度为5 mg/mL时,测定其抗氧化活性表现为:DPPH自由基清除率90.63%、ABTS+自由基清除率73.17%、总还原能力0.806、Fe2+螯合率77.83%。通过虚拟筛选得到4条具有抗氧化活性的多肽序列,分别为FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR及FLVR,所选肽段可通过氢键与疏水相互作用实现结合,进而发挥抗氧化作用。人工合成肽段的体外抗氧化活性测定结果证实其均具有高抗氧化活性。本研究为SRP抗氧化肽产品的开发与利用提供了理论依据。

, authors=杨淼, 薛紫含, 杨旭冉, 赵仁邦*, authorsList=杨淼, 薛紫含, 杨旭冉, 赵仁邦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵仁邦, authorNote=

杨淼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵仁邦(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
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杨淼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

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杨淼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

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Medicinal Research Reviews, 2023, 43(1): 237−287., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880951442391405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AGRAWAL H, JOSHI R, GUPTA M. Isolation, purification and characterization of antioxidative peptide of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) protein hydrolysate[J]. Food Chemistry, 2016, 204: 365−372., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880936179319009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880936191901922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, companyId=1320880936179319009, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880936380645603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, companyId=1320880936179319009, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880940147130626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=SRP yield after fermentation of sesame meal by strains, figureFileSmall=lgoeesJkzsaHaSWYoitHAg==, figureFileBig=cJ1wrxL/5RRQ8VeHSM7isg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940247793923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌种发酵芝麻粕后SRP得率

注:图中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=lgoeesJkzsaHaSWYoitHAg==, figureFileBig=cJ1wrxL/5RRQ8VeHSM7isg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940344262916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Growth curves of strains G3 and G4, figureFileSmall=1J5amdMozHsJMk5yunPIlA==, figureFileBig=Q+5ib3zvptt0zXTz9XM8RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940423954693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株G3、G4生长曲线, figureFileSmall=1J5amdMozHsJMk5yunPIlA==, figureFileBig=Q+5ib3zvptt0zXTz9XM8RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940486869254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of fermentation factors on the extraction of sesame crude peptides, figureFileSmall=39SDjQyvE9+62hXclzSH4Q==, figureFileBig=tp7fw+IX5UD64XOnMabPlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940553978119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图3, caption=发酵因素对芝麻粗肽提取的影响

注:柱状图代表DPPH自由基清除率(小写英文字母),折线图代表粗肽得率(大写英文字母),不同字母表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=39SDjQyvE9+62hXclzSH4Q==, figureFileBig=tp7fw+IX5UD64XOnMabPlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940637864200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Response surface curves of SRP comprehensive value prepared by liquid fermentation, figureFileSmall=zsCJN+Upi9c9iXvIAfLhOA==, figureFileBig=CdVxeSGbgaq/FlRijM1Tdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940704973065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图4, caption=液态发酵制备SRP综合值响应面曲线图, figureFileSmall=zsCJN+Upi9c9iXvIAfLhOA==, figureFileBig=CdVxeSGbgaq/FlRijM1Tdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940772081930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Sesame crude peptide molecular weight distribution, figureFileSmall=McjH28yG62dyTP1xRCUAaQ==, figureFileBig=N+uS+L5GIDdE3M9+9TKatQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940855968011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图5, caption=芝麻粗肽分子量分布

注:不同大写字母表示发酵前组间差异显著;不同小写字母表示发酵后组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=McjH28yG62dyTP1xRCUAaQ==, figureFileBig=N+uS+L5GIDdE3M9+9TKatQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940918882572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Antioxidant activity of various components after ultrafiltration, figureFileSmall=8qtg7HZiss4SC/ogxJBEng==, figureFileBig=9yGSiz4i8J2SlBui359f9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880940981797133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图6, caption=超滤后各组分抗氧化活性, figureFileSmall=8qtg7HZiss4SC/ogxJBEng==, figureFileBig=9yGSiz4i8J2SlBui359f9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880941044711694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Total ion chromatogram of component 3, figureFileSmall=2/6QnjE+m9yALmthbQPigQ==, figureFileBig=jmvmA34y60qCf2ethyUhsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880941107626255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图7, caption=组分3总离子流色谱图

注:纵轴为归一化后的相对离子丰度,全时段最高总离子强度设定为100%进行换算展示。

, figureFileSmall=2/6QnjE+m9yALmthbQPigQ==, figureFileBig=jmvmA34y60qCf2ethyUhsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880941170540816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Distribution of peptide sequence lengths in component 3, figureFileSmall=qoebCmvuAKUVU/Ib2iJ7jQ==, figureFileBig=p9gwMaU/eqQ0fERYso9ifw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880941246038289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图8, caption=组分3肽段序列长度分布图, figureFileSmall=qoebCmvuAKUVU/Ib2iJ7jQ==, figureFileBig=p9gwMaU/eqQ0fERYso9ifw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880941321535762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Molecular docking model of peptide segment FRAFDAEL, FDGF, DLFR and FLVR interacting with Keap1, figureFileSmall=+Se4FAaN14FHRzuT8L+AGQ==, figureFileBig=eWGzf9GAELXO8zqOtFOWrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880941392838931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图9, caption=肽段 FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR和FLVR与 Keap1相互作用的分子对接模型

注:(A)复合物的 3D 结构;(B)复合物的详细结合模式;(C)多肽与Keap1活性位点相互作用的2D图;图B中黄色虚线及标注的数值代表肽段与蛋白残基间形成的氢键(数值为氢键键长);图C中红色扇形标识代表蛋白表面与肽段形成的疏水作用区域。

, figureFileSmall=+Se4FAaN14FHRzuT8L+AGQ==, figureFileBig=eWGzf9GAELXO8zqOtFOWrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880941476725012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=DPPH radical scavenging rate of synthetic peptides FRAFDAEL, FDGF, DLFR, and FLVR with concentration, figureFileSmall=gWvR7XkjHCONZj44e1nCmg==, figureFileBig=+WLyL3LgSJxHz05iJ+fuew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880941564805397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=图10, caption=合成肽段 FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR和FLVR的DPPH 自由基清除率, figureFileSmall=gWvR7XkjHCONZj44e1nCmg==, figureFileBig=+WLyL3LgSJxHz05iJ+fuew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880941657080086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Levels and factors of response surface test for SRP prepared by liquid fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A发酵时间(h)B发酵温度(℃)C接种量(%)
−124396
036419
1484312
), ArticleFig(id=1320880941732577559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

液态发酵制备SRP响应面试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A发酵时间(h)B发酵温度(℃)C接种量(%)
−124396
036419
1484312
), ArticleFig(id=1320880941803880728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mobile phase gradient elution procedures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0~50955
51~545050
55~600100
), ArticleFig(id=1320880941883572505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

流动相梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0~50955
51~545050
55~600100
), ArticleFig(id=1320880941959069978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experimental design and results of response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A(发酵时间)B(发酵温度)C(接种量)Y综合值(%)
1−1−102.67
21−106.70
3−11032.15
41100
5−10−135.72
610−129.93
7−10143.38
810123.90
90−1−12.81
100−1−118.68
110−119.19
1201120.96
1300098.38
1400098.38
1500096.69
1600096.16
1700096.24
), ArticleFig(id=1320880942034567451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A(发酵时间)B(发酵温度)C(接种量)Y综合值(%)
1−1−102.67
21−106.70
3−11032.15
41100
5−10−135.72
610−129.93
7−10143.38
810123.90
90−1−12.81
100−1−118.68
110−119.19
1201120.96
1300098.38
1400098.38
1500096.69
1600096.16
1700096.24
), ArticleFig(id=1320880942105870620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of response surface regression model and analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源离差评分和自由度均方和F值P值显著性
模型23976.4292664.05941.42<0.0001显著
A发酵时间356.341356.34164.28<0.0001**
B发酵温度317.731317.73146.48<0.0001**
C接种量13.23113.236.100.0428*
AB327.271327.27150.88<0.0001**
AC46.86146.8621.600.0023**
BC4.2214.221.950.2056−
A²4650.2714650.272143.82<0.0001**
B²12077.01112077.015567.63<0.0001**
C²3970.0513970.051830.23<0.0001**
残差15.1872.17
失拟项10.1433.382.680.1821不显著
误差项5.0441.26
总和23991.6116
R2=0.9994
R2adj=0.9986
), ArticleFig(id=1320880942177173789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

响应面回归模型及方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源离差评分和自由度均方和F值P值显著性
模型23976.4292664.05941.42<0.0001显著
A发酵时间356.341356.34164.28<0.0001**
B发酵温度317.731317.73146.48<0.0001**
C接种量13.23113.236.100.0428*
AB327.271327.27150.88<0.0001**
AC46.86146.8621.600.0023**
BC4.2214.221.950.2056−
A²4650.2714650.272143.82<0.0001**
B²12077.01112077.015567.63<0.0001**
C²3970.0513970.051830.23<0.0001**
残差15.1872.17
失拟项10.1433.382.680.1821不显著
误差项5.0441.26
总和23991.6116
R2=0.9994
R2adj=0.9986
), ArticleFig(id=1320880942252671262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of amino acid composition of sesame peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸发酵前含量
(mg/g)
占总氨基酸
比例(%)
发酵后含量
(mg/g)
占总氨基酸
比例(%)
天冬氨酸(Asp)18.23±0.03b6.7843.90±0.09a8.44
苏氨酸(Thr)W#6.34±0.02b2.3616.04±0.01a3.08
丝氨酸(Ser)9.17±0.04b3.4119.58±0.01a3.76
谷氨酸(Glu)81.48±0.01b30.33127.47±0.03a24.49
甘氨酸(Gly)*12.77±0.06b4.7529.86±0.13a5.74
丙氨酸(Ala)*9.08±0.02b3.3821.31±0.08a4.09
胱氨酸(Cys)12.64±0.04a4.7012.04±0.04s2.31
缬氨酸(Val)W*8.91±0.02b3.3220.89±0.01a4.01
蛋氨酸(Met)W*#5.51±0.09b2.0514.02±0.05a2.69
异亮氨酸(Ile)W*8.36±0.12b3.1116.49±0.09a3.17
亮氨酸(Leu)W*13.49±0.04b5.0230.49±0.13a5.86
酪氨酸(Tyr)11.11±0.10b4.1322.05±0.04a4.24
苯丙氨酸(Phe)W11.32±0.19b4.2126.62±0.17a5.12
组氨酸(His)X5.16±0.04b1.9212.88±0.04a2.48
赖氨酸(Lys)W#X3.24±0.07b1.218.31±0.04a1.60
精氨酸(Arg)X38.71±0.06b14.4175.48±0.01a14.50
脯氨酸(Pro)*13.16±0.05b4.9023.07±0.03a4.43
必需氨基酸57.18±0.36b21.28132.85±0.09a25.53
疏水性氨基酸71.30±0.13b26.53156.12±0.21a30.00
限制性氨基酸15.09±0.15b5.6238.36±0.07a7.37
碱性氨基酸47.11±0.16b17.5396.67±0.01a18.57
总氨基酸(TAA)268.69±0.47b520.46±0.33a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880942332363039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

芝麻粗肽的氨基酸组成分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸发酵前含量
(mg/g)
占总氨基酸
比例(%)
发酵后含量
(mg/g)
占总氨基酸
比例(%)
天冬氨酸(Asp)18.23±0.03b6.7843.90±0.09a8.44
苏氨酸(Thr)W#6.34±0.02b2.3616.04±0.01a3.08
丝氨酸(Ser)9.17±0.04b3.4119.58±0.01a3.76
谷氨酸(Glu)81.48±0.01b30.33127.47±0.03a24.49
甘氨酸(Gly)*12.77±0.06b4.7529.86±0.13a5.74
丙氨酸(Ala)*9.08±0.02b3.3821.31±0.08a4.09
胱氨酸(Cys)12.64±0.04a4.7012.04±0.04s2.31
缬氨酸(Val)W*8.91±0.02b3.3220.89±0.01a4.01
蛋氨酸(Met)W*#5.51±0.09b2.0514.02±0.05a2.69
异亮氨酸(Ile)W*8.36±0.12b3.1116.49±0.09a3.17
亮氨酸(Leu)W*13.49±0.04b5.0230.49±0.13a5.86
酪氨酸(Tyr)11.11±0.10b4.1322.05±0.04a4.24
苯丙氨酸(Phe)W11.32±0.19b4.2126.62±0.17a5.12
组氨酸(His)X5.16±0.04b1.9212.88±0.04a2.48
赖氨酸(Lys)W#X3.24±0.07b1.218.31±0.04a1.60
精氨酸(Arg)X38.71±0.06b14.4175.48±0.01a14.50
脯氨酸(Pro)*13.16±0.05b4.9023.07±0.03a4.43
必需氨基酸57.18±0.36b21.28132.85±0.09a25.53
疏水性氨基酸71.30±0.13b26.53156.12±0.21a30.00
限制性氨基酸15.09±0.15b5.6238.36±0.07a7.37
碱性氨基酸47.11±0.16b17.5396.67±0.01a18.57
总氨基酸(TAA)268.69±0.47b520.46±0.33a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880942403666208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Virtual screening results of peptide sequences in fraction 3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列分子量(Da)活性评分结合能(kcal/mol)毒性预测疏水性氨基酸占比(%)抗氧化活性预测HIABBB
PESFFKSF987.470.82−9.8无500.9786−−
PFSLDLWD991.470.80−10.1无62.50.9990−+
SPGGRTGGY850.390.50−9.3无22.20.9998−−
LDQNPRSF975.4890.57−9.8无37.50.9964−−
FDGR493.230.84−9.1无250.9963−+
PQLLR625.390.55−9.9无600.9999−+
FRAFDAEL967.480.54−10.0无62.50.9999++
FDGF484.200.98−9.0无500.9867++
DLFR549.290.79−9.9无500.9993++
FLVR533.330.59−10.3无750.9984++
), ArticleFig(id=1320880942479163681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880732352926163, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

组分3肽序列的虚拟筛选结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列分子量(Da)活性评分结合能(kcal/mol)毒性预测疏水性氨基酸占比(%)抗氧化活性预测HIABBB
PESFFKSF987.470.82−9.8无500.9786−−
PFSLDLWD991.470.80−10.1无62.50.9990−+
SPGGRTGGY850.390.50−9.3无22.20.9998−−
LDQNPRSF975.4890.57−9.8无37.50.9964−−
FDGR493.230.84−9.1无250.9963−+
PQLLR625.390.55−9.9无600.9999−+
FRAFDAEL967.480.54−10.0无62.50.9999++
FDGF484.200.98−9.0无500.9867++
DLFR549.290.79−9.9无500.9993++
FLVR533.330.59−10.3无750.9984++
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芝麻粕抗氧化肽的分离鉴定及其体外抗氧化活性
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杨淼 , 薛紫含 , 杨旭冉 , 赵仁邦 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(17): 320-332
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (17) : 320 -332
芝麻粕抗氧化肽的分离鉴定及其体外抗氧化活性
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杨淼 , 薛紫含, 杨旭冉, 赵仁邦*
作者信息
  • 河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071001
通讯作者:
赵仁邦(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨淼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

Isolation and Identification of Antioxidant Peptides from Sesame Meal and Their in Vitro Antioxidant Activity
Miao YANG , Zihan XUE, Xuran YANG, Renbang ZHAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090232
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为实现芝麻粕的高附加值利用,本实验以芝麻粕为原料,探究枯草芽孢杆菌与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(1:1)混菌液态发酵制备芝麻粗肽(Sesame Rough Peptide,SRP)的最佳发酵工艺及体外抗氧化活性,同时分析芝麻粕发酵前后的氨基酸组成与分子量,采用超滤技术分离芝麻粗肽并测定不同组分的体外抗氧化活性,选取活性最优组分进行后续液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)检测;利用虚拟筛选预测具有活性的多肽序列后,通过分子对接技术对筛选肽段进行模拟分析,得出潜在抗氧化活性多肽,利用人工合成的肽段进行体外活性验证。结果表明:制备SRP的最优工艺参数为接种量9%、发酵温度41 ℃、发酵时间35 h,此条件下SRP得率实测值为24.98%,DPPH自由基清除率为79.1%;发酵后SRP的氨基酸组成中,疏水性氨基酸含量从71.295 mg/g提升至156.117 mg/g。发酵后多为4~6个氨基酸残基组成的寡肽小分子。超滤结果表明,分子量<3 kDa的组分体外抗氧化活性最优,在浓度为5 mg/mL时,测定其抗氧化活性表现为:DPPH自由基清除率90.63%、ABTS+自由基清除率73.17%、总还原能力0.806、Fe2+螯合率77.83%。通过虚拟筛选得到4条具有抗氧化活性的多肽序列,分别为FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR及FLVR,所选肽段可通过氢键与疏水相互作用实现结合,进而发挥抗氧化作用。人工合成肽段的体外抗氧化活性测定结果证实其均具有高抗氧化活性。本研究为SRP抗氧化肽产品的开发与利用提供了理论依据。

芝麻粕  /  混菌发酵  /  芝麻肽  /  超滤  /  抗氧化活性

To realize the high-value utilization of sesame meal, this experiment employed sesame meal as the raw material to investigate the optimal fermentation process for preparing sesame rough peptide (SRP) via liquid-state mixed fermentation with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis (1:1), as well as evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the amino acid composition and relative molecular weight of sesame meal before and after fermentation were analyzed. Ultrafiltration technology was adopted to fractionate SRP, and the in vitro antioxidant activity of different fractions was determined; the fraction with the optimal activity was selected for subsequent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. After predicting potential active peptide sequences through virtual screening, molecular docking technology was applied to perform simulation analysis on the screened peptides, thereby identifying potential antioxidant peptides, whose in vitro activity was further verified using artificially synthesized peptides. The results demonstrated that the optimal process parameters for SRP preparation were as follows: inoculum size of 9%, fermentation temperature of 41 °C, and fermentation duration of 35 h. Under these conditions, the actual yield of SRP reached 24.98%, with a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 79.1%. In terms of amino acid composition of post-fermentation SRP, the content of hydrophobic amino acids increased significantly from 71.295 mg/g to 156.117 mg/g. Moreover, most of the post-fermentation products were small-molecule oligopeptides composed of 4~6 amino acid residues. Ultrafiltration results indicated that the fraction with molecular weight (MW)<3 kDa exhibited the superior in vitro antioxidant activity. At a concentration of 5 mg/mL, its antioxidant activity was characterized by a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 90.63%, an ABTS+ radical scavenging rate of 73.17%, a total reducing capacity of 0.806, and a Fe2+ chelation rate of 77.83%. Four antioxidant peptide sequences (FRAFDAEL, FDGF, DLFR, and FLVR) were obtained via virtual screening. These peptides could exert antioxidant effects through binding via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of artificially synthesized peptides confirmed that all of them possessed high antioxidant activity. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of SRP-based antioxidant peptide products.

sesame meal  /  mixed bacterial fermentation  /  sesame peptides  /  ultrafiltration  /  antioxidant activity
杨淼, 薛紫含, 杨旭冉, 赵仁邦. 芝麻粕抗氧化肽的分离鉴定及其体外抗氧化活性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 320 -332 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090232
Miao YANG, Zihan XUE, Xuran YANG, Renbang ZHAO. Isolation and Identification of Antioxidant Peptides from Sesame Meal and Their in Vitro Antioxidant Activity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 320 -332 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090232
芝麻(Sesamum indicum L.)作为世界主要油料作物之一,含有丰富的脂质(42%~54%)、蛋白质(22%~25%)、维生素E和钙、磷等矿物质[1]。全球约70%的芝麻用于生产芝麻油,其芝麻榨油副产物——脱脂芝麻粕或芝麻粉年产量可达100万吨[1]。作为芝麻榨油的主要副产物,芝麻饼粕同样含有丰富的芝麻蛋白,是制备生物活性肽的理想原料。但目前其利用率较低,多被用作动物饲料或直接丢弃,不仅附加价值低,还造成了蛋白资源的浪费。相较于其他油料作物副产物(如豆粕、花生粕),当前国内外针对芝麻粕资源化利用的研究仍较为有限,尤其在微生物发酵法制备芝麻粗肽领域的相关报道更为稀缺[2]。
生物发酵法在活性肽制备中优势独特,其核心是拥有丰富蛋白酶体系及多元酶切位点[3]。该方法耦合微生物酶解与蛋白质降解,实现活性肽的高效制备,能简化流程、降低成本,还可以提高蛋白原料利用率与营养价值[4]。其产物多肽具有低分子量、高生物活性的优势,为食品、生物医药等领域产业化应用奠定基础,发展前景广阔[5]。微生物发酵法广泛用于生物活性肽制备,但固态发酵存在规模化难、占地大、产能受限及产物提取复杂、成本高的问题;选用液态发酵芝麻粕提取芝麻抗氧化肽,不仅生产周期短、占地小、流程简便、条件易控,还能通过机械化连续生产实现规模化[6]。李钰洋等[7]通过液态发酵制备藜麦肽,得到了更高活性的抗氧化肽;沈圆圆等[8]通过纳豆菌液态发酵制备蚕蛹肽,多肽得率为14.58%。前人研究结果表明,液态发酵法可以显著提高多肽的产量和抗氧化活性。
氧化应激是机体氧化与抗氧化作用失衡的生理状态,正常时自由基可被抗氧化系统清除,维持动态平衡;当平衡被打破,氧化作用占据主导,便形成氧化应激[9]。氧化应激与许多慢性疾病的发病机制密切相关,比如衰老、癌症、心血管疾病及神经退行性疾病。自由基通过攻击生物大分子(如DNA、蛋白质和脂质),导致细胞功能紊乱甚至凋亡。因此,开发高效、安全的抗氧化剂以缓解氧化损伤已成为现代医学与食品科学的研究热点。抗氧化肽作为一种新型的抗氧化剂,因其安全性高和易于吸收等特点,受到了广泛的关注和研究[10]。食物来源的抗氧化肽是成本低廉、活性高、分子量低和易于吸收的健康抗氧化剂,具有结构简单、稳定、无害等优点,可以激活人体的抗氧化防御系统并减少氧化应激损伤[11],在食品、医药等领域具有应用前景。已有学者围绕发酵菌种选育、发酵工艺优化及产物分离纯化等方向开展系统研究,成功开发出大豆肽[12]、花生肽[13]、紫苏肽[14]等多种植物源生物活性肽。此类植物蛋白来源的天然抗氧化肽具有结构多样性、生物安全性高等特点,在功能性食品研发及生物医药领域具有巨大的开发潜力。
目前,虽然有研究报道了芝麻肽在降血压[15]、抗菌[16]等方面的生物活性及其作用机理,但有关采用混菌液态发酵法制备芝麻粗肽及其抗氧化活性和分子构效研究甚少。本研究以芝麻粕为原料,通过混菌液态发酵芝麻粕制备芝麻抗氧化肽,并优化制备抗氧化芝麻肽的工艺参数,获得高得率和高抗氧化活性的芝麻粗肽(Sesame Rough Peptide,SRP)。测定最佳工艺条件下SRP的氨基酸组成及分子量分布。通过超滤技术对SRP进行分级分离纯化,并测定各组分的体外抗氧化能力,系统评估其抗氧化活性。利用LC-MS/MS质谱鉴定其肽段序列结合虚拟筛选和分子对接技术进行评估肽段的潜在抗氧化活性,最后利用多肽固相合成技术,进行体外验证,所得肽段的抗氧化活性。本研究旨在为芝麻粕的深度加工利用及芝麻抗氧化肽的挖掘提供理论支撑,同时为植物源抗氧化肽的制备技术创新提供参考。
芝麻粕 市售榨油后产物;枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) 河北农业大学食品科技学院实验室保存菌种;LB营养琼脂、LB肉汤、酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖琼脂培养基(YPD)、YPD液体培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)、柠檬酸钠缓冲液、过硫酸钾、菲啰嗪 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;牛血清蛋白(BSA) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;三氯乙酸、双缩脲试剂(AB液)、葡萄糖、盐酸 国产分析纯试剂。
LC-SPX-70BE生化培养箱 广州科大恒新技术有限公司;THZ-82A恒温摇床 上海量壹科学仪器有限公司;YXQ-LS-75II立式压力蒸汽灭菌锅 上海博讯仪器公司;3-18R型低温(0~4 ℃)高速离心机 湖南恒诺仪器有限公司;SW-CJ-1F超净工作台 苏净安泰有限公司;FD-304冷冻干燥机 山东骏德技术开发有限公司;LP600微生物全自动生长曲线仪 美国安捷伦公司;SYNEREGY-2酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;WFZUV-2802H分光光度计 尤尼柯(香港)仪器有限公司;L8900氨基酸分析仪 日立科学仪器有限公司。
在甘油中保存的枯草芽孢杆菌,接种在LB液体培养基中进行活化,190 r/min的条件下振荡培养24 h,划线于固体培养基,于37 ℃培养24 h,选取单菌落转接到LB的液体培养基中170 r/min培养24 h作为种子液。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌种子培养:从保存的菌种挑取活化,置于YPD液体培养基中,37 ℃、200 r/min振荡培养12 h,作为种子液。
将各菌株的种子液活化处理后,选取单株菌种进行发酵,以及混合菌株进行1:1发酵,分别测定其发酵液中的芝麻粗肽得率,选择粗肽得率最高的菌株为发酵菌株。
将纯化好的菌株分别接种于LB液体培养基中,160 r/min摇床中37 ℃振荡培养24 h,以1:10的比例接种到LB液体培养基中,放置在微生物全自动生长曲线仪,设置测定参数为:温度37 ℃、时间48 h、间隔2 h,测定OD600,利用Origin 2021软件绘制生长曲线。
发酵后芝麻粗肽制备工艺:把经过干燥后的芝麻粕→加蒸馏水以1:10的比例以及1 g葡萄糖作为发酵的碳源(100 mL装入250 mL的锥形瓶)→灭菌(121 ℃,20 min)→冷却→接种10%的菌种种子液(枯草芽孢杆菌和贝莱斯芽孢杆菌=1:1)→进行37 ℃,160 r/min 培养发酵48 h后→收集发酵后的上清液→进行离心除沉淀8000 r/min,10 min→经过0.45 μm以及0.22 μm滤膜进行超滤,除去小的沉淀以及灭菌→收集发酵液进行真空冷冻干燥→芝麻粗肽冻干粉→4 ℃保藏;发酵前芝麻粗肽制备工艺:其操作步骤与“发酵后芝麻粗肽制备工艺”一致,仅省略接种菌株发酵这一步骤。
将所得筛选的菌株接到LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min条件下培养8 h,得到发酵母液。单因素实验条件为:发酵时间固定为24 h;发酵温度为37 ℃;接种量为5%;菌种接种比例1:1(枯草芽孢杆菌:贝莱斯芽孢杆菌),按序改变发酵条件中的时间、温度、接种量,以粗肽得率为指标进行研究分析。各因素研究的水平设置如下:发酵时间:12、24、36、48、60 h;温度:37、39、41、43、45 ℃;接种量:3%、6%、9%、12%、15%。
在单因素实验的结果上,以综合值Y为响应值,优化复合菌种发酵工艺参数。选择发酵时间(A)、发酵温度(B)以及接种量(C)设计三因素三水平试验。响应面设计因素水平见表1。
参考张立娟等[17]采用双缩脲法进行样品测定:发酵液经离心分离后,取5 mL上清液,加入5 mL质量分数10%的三氯乙酸,充分混匀后,静置10 min,8000 r/min离心10 min,去除大分子蛋白,1 mL样品溶液加入4 mL双缩脲试剂;1 mL样品溶液和4 mL双缩脲试剂做空白置零,室温反应 30 min,540 nm处测其吸光值,根据标准曲线(公式为y=0.0472x+0.0094,决定系数R2=0.9978),得到发酵液粗肽浓度。按以下公式计算SRP的得率。
$\rm 多肽得率(\text{%})=\frac{\text{c}(\text{mg/mL)}\times V_{总}(\mathrm{m}\text{L})}{{m(mg)}}\times 100 $
式中:c:溶液中多肽浓度(mg/mL);V总:提取后待测溶液总体积(mL);m:提取原料总质量(mg)。
参考Bhinder等[18]的方法稍加修改,取DPPH以无水乙醇定容,得到0.1 mmol/L的DPPH溶液。将150 µL不同浓度的样品液和150 µL的DPPH溶液混合均匀,置于避光的环境中反应30 min后,在517 nm处测定吸光值,DPPH自由基清除率计算如公式(2)所示。
$\rm \text{DPPH}自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A_1-A_2}}{{A_0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1:样品与显色剂吸光度;A2:对照为样品溶液吸光度;A0:不加样品吸光度。
首先对芝麻粗肽得率及DPPH自由基清除率进行标准化处理,使二者均转化为0~1区间的归一化值;其次设定两项指标的权重均为50%,其归一化值(OD)的具体计算方式参照公式(3),综合值计算方式参照公式(4)。
$\rm \text{NV}=\frac{{A-A_{min}}}{{A_{max}-A_{min}}} $
式中:A:实验值;Amin:实验数值中最小值;Amax:实验数值中最大值。
$\rm \text{Y}综合值={NV_1}\times 50\text{%}+{NV_2}\times 50\text{%} $
式中:NV1:芝麻粗肽得率归一值;NV2:DPPH自由基清除率归一值。
使用氨基酸分析仪对发酵后的样品进行氨基酸含量经检测。取样品50 mg,加入盐酸(约6 mol/L)10 mL,吹氮气30 s,110 ℃水解22~24 h。水解后用0.45 μm膜过滤。吸样品2 mL,进行于热脱酸两次,加入1 mL柠檬酸钠缓冲液,用0.22 μm膜过滤上机分析。紫外检测波长570、440 nm;柱温:55-65-77 ℃程序升温,升温速度控制在10~15 min,反应槽温度138 ℃,进样量20 μL。
参考刘问[19]的方法利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法(LC-MS/MS)对发酵后芝麻肽含量最多的多肽进行分子量分布分析。
样品配制为1 mg/mL,4000×g离心5 min,去除上层油脂和沉淀,收集中间层上清,10 kDa超滤管超滤,经C18除盐柱进行除盐。将除盐后的肽段溶于0.1%甲酸水溶液,作为待测样品,放由LC-MS/MS分析。
色谱柱(0.15 mm×150 mm,RP-C18,Colμmn Technology Inc.);柱温为50 ℃;液相中A液:0.1%甲酸水溶液,B液:0.1%甲酸乙腈水溶液;柱流量:300 nL/min。流动相洗脱程序见表2。
酶解产物经毛细管高效液相色谱分离后用Q Exactive HF-X质谱仪(Thermo Fisher)进行质谱分析,分析时长60 min。质谱仪用DDA PASEF模式,质谱参数设置:10次PASEF扫描,时间为100 ms;target value设为10000;扫描范围从100~1700 m/z;离子迁移率(1/K0):0.6~1.6;扫描电荷数:0~5,动态排除时间:0.4 min。检测方式:正离子。多肽和多肽的碎片的质量电荷比按照下列方法采集:每次全扫描(full scan)后采集10个碎片图谱(MS2 scan)[20]。
数据库检索:质谱测试原始文件用软件MaxQuant1.5.5.1检索相应的数据库,采用PEAKS Studio version 10.6 (Bioinformatics Solutions Inc.,Waterloo, Canada)对质谱数据进行分析。数据库为uniprot,酶切为非酶切。碎片离子质量容许误差:0.02 Da,母离子质量容许误差:7 ppm,蛋白卡值为1%FDR,且至少含1 unique peptide;肽段卡值为1%FDR,最后得到芝麻多肽鉴定及定量分析结果。
发酵液经过8000 r/min离心15 min后,取上清液放入超滤管进行超滤,选择截留分子质量3、5、10 kDa的超滤管对小分子多肽组分进行粗分离,得到分子量5~10 kDa(组分1)、3~5 kDa(组分2)、<3 kDa(组分3)的肽段,进行冷冻干燥得到不同分子量冻干粉,测定其抗氧化活性。
参考He等[21]的方法进行测定多肽发酵液样品的还原力,配制样品5 mg/mL取1 mL样品,依次加入2.5 mL磷酸盐缓冲液(0.2 mol/L,pH6.6)、2.5 mL铁氰化钾溶液混合均匀后放入60 ℃水浴锅进行反应20 min,加入10%TCA(三氯乙酸)2.5 mL用来结束反应,静置10 min,取上清液2.5 mL放入试管,加入2.5 mL蒸馏水、0.5 mL三氯化铁进行显色反应,最后测定700 nm吸光度,测定所得吸光度为还原力。
测定发酵液清除ABTS阳离子自由基的能力。参考Wang等[22]的方法稍加修改,将ABTS溶液与过硫酸钾溶液等体积混合,避光保存12~16 h,将其用PBS缓冲溶液稀释,使其在734 nm处吸光度达到0.7±0.02,得ABTS自由基溶液。将20 µL不同浓度的样品液与180 µL的ABTS自由基溶液混合均匀,于室温下静置10 min,于734 nm处测吸光度,计算公式如公式(5)所示。
$ \text{ABTS}^+\text{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{A}_1-\text{A}_2}{\mathrm{A}_0}\right)\times100 $
式中:A1:样品与显色剂吸光度;A2:对照为样品溶液吸光度;A0:不加样品吸光度。
采用 Ramesh等[23]的方法稍作修改,样品5 mg/mL,取50 µL样品加入20 µL的2 mmol/L FeSO4和40 µL的5 mmol/L菲啰嗪溶液,反应10 min,562 nm处测定溶液的吸光度,计算公式如公式(6)所示。
$\rm \text{亚铁离子螯合能力}(\text{%}) =\left(1-\frac{A_1-\text{A}_2}{A_0}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1:样品与显色剂吸光度;A2:对照为样品溶液吸光度;A0:不加样品吸光度。
本实验的条件与参数,与上述测定分子量时所用的条件及参数保持一致。
选用在线网站PetideRanker[24](http://distilldeep.ucd.ie/PeptideRanker/)对通过LC-MS/MS鉴定得肽段进行生物活性预测,活性评分高于0.5被标记为具有生物活性。将活性评分大于0.5的肽段导入ToxinPred[25]网站中分别预测其毒性。采用AnOxPP数据库(http://www.cqudfbp.net/AI-Tools/AnOxPP/index.jsp)预测肽段的抗氧化活性得分。使用ADMETLab3.0(http://admet.scbdd.com),分析肽的结构来预测人类肠道吸收(HIA)和血脑屏障穿透(BBB)[26]。将筛选的肽段序列进行后续的分子对接模拟。
采用ChemDraw软件构建筛选所得肽段的3D模型,从蛋白质数据库(PDB数据库,网址:http://www.rcsb.org)下载人类氧化应激受体蛋白Keap1的晶体结构(PDB ID:2FLU)。采用Autodock-vina软件进行分子对接实验,后续用PyMOL软件拟合受体与配体的分子间相互作用进行可视化分析。
通过固相合成法合成与人类氧化应激受体蛋白Keap1结合亲和力最强的FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR和FLVR这4条肽段,目标化合物的合成工作由南京杰肽生物科技有限公司完成,合成产物经高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测,纯度为98%,本部分抗氧化活性实验测定步骤同1.2.8。
每组实验重复三次,单因素数据的显著性和统计学分析采用软件IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0,单因素和响应面试验采用Design-Expert.13软件进行设计,用Excel 2021软件进行基础数据整理与描述性统计,P<0.05表示达到显著性差异水平,图形使用Origin 2024计算均值、标准方差以及作图。实验平行测定三次,取平均值,实验结果以平均值±标准方差表示。
2株芽孢杆菌对芝麻粕的降解能力测定如图1所示。通过比较不同菌株发酵后降解产物的粗肽得率,经单因素方差分析比较可知:枯草芽孢杆菌(G3)与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(G4)(1:1)混合菌发酵后的粗肽得率达到21.01%,显著高于单菌株发酵后的粗肽得率(P<0.05),证实混菌发酵可提升芝麻粕粗肽得率。这一结果主要源于两株芽孢杆菌的协同作用[27]:一方面,枯草芽孢杆菌与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌可分泌不同类型的蛋白酶,形成酶系互补,可全面水解芝麻粕中的芝麻清蛋白、芝麻球蛋白等大分子蛋白质,解决单菌降解不彻底问题;另一方面,两株菌在发酵过程中可通过代谢产物互助,促进彼此生长及产酶能力,加速蛋白质向粗肽的转化,最终提升粗肽得率。
筛选获得的枯草芽孢杆菌(G3)与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(G4)生长曲线如图2所示。测定二者生长曲线的目的是掌握单菌生长规律,为混菌发酵的接种时间与发酵周期优化提供依据。其特征为:G3的对数生长期为4~24 h,于24 h达到生长峰值,之后进入衰亡期;G4的对数生长期为4~14 h,14~34 h期间菌体增殖与死亡动态平衡,处于稳定期,34 h后进入衰亡期。研究选用两株菌对数生长期8 h时接种发酵,因为对数生长期的菌株具有快速适应环境并高效增殖的特性;通过生长曲线明确两株菌的对数生长期重叠区间(4~14 h),选择8 h这一共同对数生长期节点接种,可避免因单菌生长周期差异导致的接种后一方停滞、一方过快增殖的问题,更利于发挥混菌协同作用。实验亦证实两菌能快速适应发酵体系并增殖。
芽孢杆菌在生长繁殖过程中能够分泌多种酶类,随着菌体代谢活动增强,酶活性持续提升。这些酶一方面可以促进芝麻粕中蛋白质等大分子物质分解为小分子物质,从而推动粗肽得率上升;另一方面,酶活性的增强及芝麻粗肽的积累,共同促进抗氧化活性的提升[27]。由图3A可知,发酵初期(12 h)粗肽得率和DPPH自由基清除率较低;随着发酵进行至36 h时,粗肽得率和DPPH自由基清除率达到峰值,为21.82%±0.21%和74.46%±0.47%;此后继续延长发酵时间,粗肽得率则出现大幅下降。可能持续发酵会引发多肽向游离氨基酸的转化,最终既降低了粗肽得率,也削弱了其抗氧化活性。综合粗肽得率与其抗氧化活性,选择36 h进行后续实验。
如图3B所示,在37~45 ℃范围内,芝麻粕粗肽得率和DPPH自由基清除率呈现出先升后降趋势,于41 ℃时达到最高,为20.89%±0.28%和75.24%±0.36%;可能由于温度会影响微生物代谢活动以及产酶量,进而影响芝麻粕蛋白的分解程度。据此,选定41 ℃进行后续实验。
接种量会直接影响菌种在芝麻粕培养基中的繁殖速度。理论上,较大的接种量能够使菌株快速在培养基中生长达到高峰。实验数据表明,接种量与粗肽得率呈现显著相关性:由图3C可看出,当接种量浓度升高至9%时,粗肽得率和DPPH自由基清除率达到最大值,为21.65%±0.23%和75.73%±0.36%;此后,随着接种量的增加,粗肽得率和DPPH自由基清除率显著降低,可能是由于微生物过度繁殖,将芝麻粕中的营养物质消耗,导致芝麻粕蛋白无法进行充分水解,粗肽得率降低和抗氧化活性降低。综合考虑,选择接种量为9%进行后续实验。
基于单因素实验结果,选取对芝麻粗肽得率和抗氧化活性影响显著的三个关键因素——发酵时间(A)、发酵温度(B)及接种量(C),采用Box-Behnken模型进行响应面优化分析。参照试验设计表3,共开展17组混菌液态发酵芝麻粕试验,通过对实验数据的回归拟合,得到综合值与三因素的二次多项式回归方程:Y综合值=97.17−6.67A+6.30B+1.29C−9.05AB−3.42AC−1.03BC−33.23A2−53.56B2−30.71C2。
从表4数据可知,对于综合值来说,模型F值为941.42,且P<0.0001,表明该回归模型极显著,能有效反映发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量与芝麻粗肽得率和DPPH自由基清除率之间的关系。同时,失拟项P=0.1821>0.05,说明模型拟合好,失拟项不显著。模型的决定系数R2=0.9994,表明试验值与模型拟合值的相关性极强;校正决定系数R2adj=0.9986,意味着该模型可解释99.86%的试验数据响应值变化,进一步验证了模型的可靠性,可用于后续工艺参数的优化分析。由表4可知,在各因素交互作用中,除B(发酵温度)C(接种量)其余均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),说明发酵温度与发酵时间、发酵时间与接种量的组合变化对指标影响更关键。根据F值大小可判断各因素对芝麻粗肽得率影响的顺序为:A>B>C(发酵时间>发酵温度>接种量),这为后续优先调控关键因素以提高粗肽得率提供了明确方向。该响应面模型通过显著的回归效果、良好的拟合度及明确的因素影响规律,为芝麻粗肽提取工艺的优化奠定了坚实基础。
发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量对芝麻粗肽得率和DPPH自由基清除率的影响响应图如图4所示。响应值随着自变量的变化呈整体先增加后下降的趋势,响应面曲线图中存在最大值,AB、AC两因素等高线图近似呈椭圆形,说明两因素之间存在显著交互作用,B发酵温度和C接种量之间响应面图弧度较为平缓,交互作用都不显著。此结果与回归模型显著性检验及方差分析结果一致。
通过Design Expert13软件对构建的模型进行优化,确定芝麻粗肽制备的最佳工艺条件为:发酵时间34.669 h、发酵温度41.135 ℃、接种量9.076%,在此条件下,综合值预测值为97.773%,DPPH自由基清除率预测值为78.6%,粗肽得率为24.89%;调整条件为:发酵时间35 h、发酵温度41 ℃、接种量9%。根据上述条件进行实验,得到DPPH自由基清除率为79.1%、粗肽含量为24.98%,与预测值相接近。上述验证实验结果表明依据该模型优化的工艺具有较高的可行性与实用性,具备向工业化生产转化的潜力,可为后续芝麻粗肽的规模化制备提供坚实的理论依据与技术支撑。
氨基酸作为生物活性肽的基本构成单元,其组成及含量在抗氧化活性的调控中扮演关键角色[28]。本研究对发酵前后芝麻粗肽的氨基酸组成进行分析,结果显示共检出17种氨基酸(因采用酸水解法,色氨酸未被检测),其中包含7种必需氨基酸,具体数据见表5。与发酵前相比,发酵后芝麻粗肽的氨基酸总量显著提升,约提高2倍,表明发酵工艺可有效改善芝麻粕的营养特性,并重塑氨基酸比例。在发酵后的芝麻粗肽中,天冬氨酸(Asp)和谷氨酸(Glu)含量尤为突出,分别达到43.90 mg/g和127.47 mg/g,为含量最高的两种氨基酸,与发酵前相比分别增加140.81%和56.44%,发酵后的必需氨基酸总量从57.18 mg/g提升至132.85 mg/g,占比从21.28%提升至25.53%。从氨基酸分布来看,发酵后芝麻粗肽的碱性氨基酸总含量为96.67 mg/g,与发酵前相比增加105.20%,这类氨基酸有助于肽分子在体内的运输与吸收[29]。甘氨酸因其侧链上的单个氢原子可作为质子供体来中和活性自由基,有助于提高多肽的抗氧化活性[30]。发酵后的疏水性氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的30%,与发酵前相比增加了3.47%,疏水性氨基酸可通过其疏水侧链促进抗氧化肽的靶向富集,从而增强自由基清除效率,是提升活性肽抗氧化能力的重要因素[31],疏水性氨基酸可作为芳香残基侧链自由基过氧化反应的供氢体,通过提供氢原子提升多肽抗氧化活性[32],疏水性氨基酸比例的提升可使活性肽具有更高的抗氧化活性。综合来看,发酵芝麻粗肽(SRP)中疏水性氨基酸含量的增加,可能是使其具有较高抗氧化活性的原因之一。
通过LC-MS/MS对发酵前后的芝麻粗肽进行检测[33],检测肽段长度为3~30肽,发酵前共鉴定出450条肽段,发酵后共鉴定出951条肽段。样品鉴定出所有肽段的长度及对应数量分布如图5所示,综合来看发酵前的肽段分子量主要集中在1000~2000 Da范围,根据多肽的定义(通常指分子量小于10 kDa的肽段),该区间虽符合多肽范畴,但结合其分子量特征,推测发酵前的组分多为未充分水解的芝麻蛋白片段。发酵后,肽段分子量分布呈现明显的双峰特征,首先集中在0~500 Da,对应4~6个氨基酸残基组成的寡肽(四肽~六肽);其次集中在1000~1500 Da,对应8~15个氨基酸残基的肽段(以9~13肽为主),说明发酵后得到的芝麻粗肽大部分为小分子多肽。研究表明,多肽的抗氧化活性与其分子量分布有关,低分子量的多肽能更有效地清除与氧化相关的自由基[34]。李思涵等[35]的研究也表明,分子量小于3 kDa的纳豆肽组分抗氧化能力最强。据此推测,发酵可促进芝麻蛋白大分子进一步裂解为短链肽,进而赋予芝麻粗肽良好的抗氧化活性。
分子量是影响生物活性肽特性的关键因素,通常分子量越小活性越高[36]。本研究以芝麻粗肽冻干粉为对象,采用基于分子量的压力驱动超滤技术[37]对其进行分离,随后测定各超滤组分的抗氧化活性。将芝麻粗肽(SRP)按分子量分为组分1(5~10 kDa)、组分2(3~5 kDa)、组分3(<3 kDa)3个组分,以5 mg/mL浓度测定各组分抗氧化活性。结果如图6所示,3个组分均有抗氧化活性,且分子量与抗氧化活性显著相关;组分3抗氧化能力显著更高(P<0.05),其DPPH自由基清除率达90.63%、ABTS+自由基清除率73.17%、总还原力0.806、Fe2+螯合率77.83%。该结果与朱巧楠等[38]研究一致,他们发现油茶饼粕抗氧化肽经超滤后,分子量小于3 kDa的组分抗氧化活性最强。由于小分子量肽含更多活性基团,可与自由基反应使其稳定,进而提升自由基清除能力[39]。组分3具有更好的抗氧化活性,可能由于肽段分子量越小,其氨基酸长度越短,疏水性氨基酸的含量相对较多,而疏水性氨基酸的占比是影响抗氧化活性的一个主要因素,其次小分子肽因其小的分子量更容易被人体吸收利用[40]。综上,本实验明确了芝麻粗肽中分子量较小的组分3为抗氧化活性最优组分,为芝麻粗肽的高值化开发及抗氧化功能产品的研发提供了关键实验依据。
通过LC-MS/MS对组分3的氨基酸序列进行检测,组分3的一级质谱图如图7所示。共鉴定出3132条肽段,肽序列长度位于3~8的有2602条,占比71.41%。肽段长度鉴定结果如图8显示,所有肽段的长度分布范围为六肽~三十肽,且大部分集中在三肽~二十五肽区间。已有研究得到,多肽的抗氧化活性与其分子量和氨基酸序列有关[41]。其中,肽段中大量的甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸等疏水性氨基酸的存在,使其具有良好的抗氧化活性。
为筛选具有潜在应用价值的生物活性肽,将鉴定得到的3132条肽段序列上传至Peptide Ranker网站进行生物活性潜力评估,结果显示共有320条肽段的评分>0.5,预示这些肽段具备成为生物活性肽的较高潜能。进一步采用AutoDock软件进行初步筛选,结合能小于−9 kcal/mol的肽段进行毒性和抗氧化活性预测后,筛选出10条候选多肽序列,10条多肽的性质由表6可见。最后对其进行ADMET(吸收、分布、代谢、排泄及毒性)性质分析,结果如表6所示。其中:HIA(人体肠道吸收率),反映寡肽在人体内的吸收利用程度,<30%标记为“−”,>30%标记为“+”。数据显示,仅FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR和FLVR4条肽的HIA>30%,提示其在肠道中具有较好的吸收潜力;BBB(血脑屏障)渗透性表征寡肽穿透血脑屏障的能力,渗透性良好标记为 “+”,较差则标记为 “−”。结果显示,部分肽段(如PESFFKSF、SPGGRTGGY、LDQNPRSF)的BBB渗透性较差。人体的血脑屏障是一个动态结构,能够保护大脑不受有害的血源性、内源性和外源性物质的影响,并维持平衡的微环境,作为功能性的营养物质,寡肽需要具有良好的血脑屏障渗透性才能更好地发挥作用[42]。在分析生物活性肽理化性质的同时,还需考虑其ADMET性质,不能仅以活性作为单一考察因素,需要采取可落地的改性措施,提高这些生物活性肽的吸收利用度和血脑屏障渗透性[43]。因此选择FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR和FLVR这4条肽段进行后续的分子对接试验,肽段分别来源于11S globulin seed storage protein 2、Midasin、Midasin和Sacsin。葛珍等[44]研究蜂王浆抗氧化肽的构效关系,发现在肽序列的C-末端含有Lys残基或Arg残基的肽序列Phe-Lys、Phe-Pro-Arg表现出较强的抗氧化活性,本试验从芝麻粗肽中筛选的肽序列对应的氨基酸为FRAFDAEL(Phe-Arg-Ala-Phe-Asp-Ala-Glu-Leu)、FDGF(Phe-Asp-Gly-Phe)、DLFR(Asp-Leu-Phe-Arg)和FLVR(Phe-Leu-Val-Arg),所筛选的肽段序列中均有Lys残基或Arg残基,由此可推测这些残基可能是肽段发挥抗氧化活性的关键氨基酸位点。
为从分子水平阐明FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR及FLVR的抗氧化机制,本研究开展其与Keap1蛋白的分子对接分析。Keap1蛋白分子组成的空腔紧密包裹肽FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR和FLVR,使其处于Keap1蛋白分子的活性中心,为二者相互作用提供结构基础。PyMol可视化3D与2D分子相互作用(图9):DLFR可与Keap1活性位点的Val465、Thr560、Gly367等8个氨基酸残基形成氢键,与Ala366、Val369等12个残基形成疏水作用;FDGF能与Leu365、Ile559等6个残基形成氢键,还可与Val606、Gly367等15个残基形成疏水作用;FLVR可与Val463、Ala510等9个残基形成氢键,与Gly417、Cys513等12个残基形成疏水作用;FRAFDAEL能与Asn517、Thr560等7个残基形成氢键,与His562、Val369等16个残基形成疏水作用。
Keap1-核因子-红细胞2相关因子2(Nrf2)通路是机体应对内外源性因素诱导氧化应激时,启动细胞保护反应的核心调控通路。已有研究证实,小分子肽若能与Keap1的Kelch结构域结合并占据其与Nrf2的天然结合位点,即可阻断Keap1与Nrf2的相互作用,进而激活人体抗氧化防御通路[45]。结合本研究分子对接结果可知,FRAFDAEL疏水作用位点最多,显著增强与Keap1的结合力,稳定结合Keap1的Kelch结构域并竞争性占据Keap1-Nrf2的相互作用位点,从而抑制二者结合并促使Nrf2释放;释放的Nrf2可激活Keap1-Nrf2通路,显著提高机体中Nrf2的表达水平[46];FDGF虽氢键数量较少,但丰富的疏水作用可增强肽-蛋白结合亲和力,维持复合物构象稳定,通过干扰Keap1功能激活抗氧化防御系统;DLFR和FLVR则通过氢键与疏水作用的协同效应,推动稳定复合物形成,为阻断Keap1对下游抗氧化因子(如Nrf2)的抑制提供结构支撑。综上,FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR及FLVR均能通过氢键与疏水作用的协同效应,与Keap1蛋白形成稳定复合物。这种稳定结合可干扰Keap1的正常功能,解除其对下游抗氧化通路的抑制,进而促进抗氧化因子的表达与活性提升,最终增强机体清除自由基、抵御氧化损伤的能力。其中,FRAFDAEL 疏水位点占优,FLVR与DLFR氢键更具优势,推测其抗氧化活性更优,为后续体外验证提供了分子层面依据。
尽管分子对接结果初步证实本研究筛选的4条肽段具有潜在抗氧化活性,但仍需通过体外实验进一步验证。为此,本研究对筛选出的FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR和FLVR四条芝麻肽段进行体外合成,其纯度均达98%。将合成肽段配制成5 mg/mL 溶液后,对其DPPH自由基清除能力开展体外抗氧化活性测定。图10结果表明,FLVR和FRAFDAEL展现出较高的抗氧化活性,其DPPH自由基清除率IC50值分别为1.231 mg/mL和1.460 mg/mL,具有在抗氧化功能食品中的应用潜力。已有研究报道,蜂王浆来源肽段FDRIW和YPDWSW的DPPH自由基清除率IC50值分别为3.63 mg/mL和3.59 mg/mL[44],本研究中芝麻肽段的活性显著优于上述蜂王浆肽段。
本研究以芝麻粕为原料,通过单因素实验结合响应面试验优化混菌液态发酵工艺,确定了高得率及强抗氧化活性芝麻粗肽(SRP)最佳制备条件。氨基酸组成及分子量结果显示,SRP分子量主要集中在3 kDa以下,经超滤分级后,分子量<3 kDa的组分3表现出最优抗氧化活性:DPPH自由基清除率90.63%,ABTS+自由基清除率73.17%、总还原能力为0.806、Fe2+的螯合率为77.83%。通过进行LC-MS/MS质谱分析结合虚拟筛选,本研究筛选出4条潜在的抗氧化肽,分别为FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR和FLVR。分子对接模拟结果表明,四条肽段均能与Keap1蛋白发生结合,其主要通过氢键与疏水作用在Keap1蛋白活性位点形成稳定复合物,进而破坏Keap1-Nrf2的相互作用,最终发挥抗氧化活性。为验证上述预测结果,本研究对FRAFDAEL、FDGF、DLFR和FLVR四条芝麻源抗氧化肽进行化学合成,并开展体外抗氧化活性测定,实验结果证实这四条肽段均具备较强的抗氧化能力。综上,本研究通过混菌液态发酵得到芝麻多肽,验证了其抗氧化活性,本研究不仅实现了芝麻粕高值化产品的开发利用,还可为天然抗氧化肽的研发提供技术参考。不过目前研究仅涉及SRP的制备、活性肽的筛选及体外抗氧化活性分析,未来可通过细胞和动物实验进一步验证这4条多肽的体内生物学功能,为其作为功能性食品原料应用于人体健康改善领域提供更坚实的科学依据。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090232
  • 接收时间:2025-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-22
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    河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071001

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赵仁邦(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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