Article(id=1320880691701731460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852097678, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852097678, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852097678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852097678, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=286, endPage=296, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880691882086533, articleId=1320880691701731460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Process Optimization, Structural Characterization, and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides Extracted by Dynamic High-pressure Microfluidization, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the extraction efficiency of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TP) and to investigate their structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity, dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) was employed as an auxiliary extraction technique, and the extraction parameters were optimized using single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken response surface methodology. TP was structurally characterized by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), ion chromatography (IC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation model. Results showed that a regression model with microfluidization pressure, solid-liquid ratio, and extraction time as independent variables exhibited good fitness. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be a microfluidization pressure of 140 MPa, a solid-liquid ratio of 1:40 (g/mL), and an extraction time of 90 min, under which the TP yield reached 36.01%. Chemical composition analysis revealed that TP contained 86.12% total sugars and 33.11% uronic acids, with no detectable free proteins or monosaccharides, indicating that TP was a highly purified acidic polysaccharide. Structural analyses further showed that TP had an average molecular weight of 568385 Da and was composed of xylose, fucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose, and glucose, in which the relatively high proportion of glucuronic acid confirmed its acidic characteristics. FT-IR spectra demonstrated that TP was mainly composed of β-pyranose-linked polysaccharide chains. In vitro experiments indicated that TP exhibited no cytotoxicity within the concentration range of 100~200 μg/mL and significantly reduced the LPS-induced secretion of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β, while increasing the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (P<0.05), demonstrating its notable anti-inflammatory potential. In conclusion, TP prepared by DHPM exhibits clear structural features, high purity, and remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, highlighting its potential as a natural functional ingredient for inflammation-related applications.

, authors=Pengguang LIANG1, Xiaolin MENG2, Yuxin DU3, Xinyi LI3, Ke MA2, Zhen WEI2, Yayuan TANG2, Lina YA2, Xuemei HE2, *, authorsList=Pengguang LIANG, Xiaolin MENG, Yuxin DU, Xinyi LI, Ke MA, Zhen WEI, Yayuan TANG, Lina YA, Xuemei HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuemei HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880695237529750, articleId=1320880691701731460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=动态超高压微射流辅助提取银耳多糖的工艺优化、结构特性及抗炎作用, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高银耳多糖的提取效率并探究其结构特性及抗炎活性,本文采用动态超高压微射流(DHPM)技术辅助提取银耳多糖(TP),并通过单因素实验及Box-Behnken响应面法优化提取工艺参数。运用高效凝胶渗透色谱法(HPGPC)、离子色谱(IC)及傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对TP进行结构表征,并建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症模型评价其抗炎活性。结果显示,在单因素实验基础上,以微射流压力、料液比和提取时间为自变量建立的回归模型拟合良好,得到的最佳提取条件为:微射流压力140 MPa、料液比1:40 g/mL、提取时间90 min,在该条件下TP得率为36.01%。化学成分分析显示,TP总糖含量为86.12%,糖醛酸含量达33.11%,未检测到游离蛋白质和游离单糖,表明该样品为高纯度酸性多糖。结构分析结果显示,TP分子量为568385 Da,单糖组成由木糖、岩藻糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖及葡萄糖构成,其中较高比例的葡萄糖醛酸进一步证实了其酸性多糖特性;FT-IR分析表明TP为典型的β-吡喃型糖苷键连接的多糖结构。在细胞实验中,TP在100~200 μg/mL浓度范围内未见细胞毒性,且显著降低LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中NO、TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌水平,并上调抗炎因子IL-10的表达(P<0.05),表现出良好的抗炎潜力。综上,通过DHPM技术可高效制备结构明确、纯度较高的银耳多糖,其表现出的显著抗炎活性表明其具有作为天然抗炎功能性成分的开发价值。

, authors=梁朋光1, 蒙晓琳2, 杜昱忻3, 李欣怡3, 马珂2, 韦珍2, 唐雅园2, 牙丽娜2, 何雪梅2, *, authorsList=梁朋光, 蒙晓琳, 杜昱忻, 李欣怡, 马珂, 韦珍, 唐雅园, 牙丽娜, 何雪梅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何雪梅, authorNote=

梁朋光(1979−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工、教学管理,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
何雪梅(1981−),女,硕士,研究员,研究方向:天然产物化学,E-mail:。
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Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, 87(2): 1206−1210., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880868810412654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NOVAK M, VETVICKA V. β-Glucans, history, and the present: Immunomodulatory aspects and mechanisms of action[J]. Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2008, 5(1): 47−57., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880868869132911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Wenjuan, TANG Xiaofang, SHUAI Xiaoxue, et al. Mannose receptor mediates the immune response to Ganoderma atrum polysaccharides in macrophages[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017, 65(2): 348−357., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880868936241776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG Jun, HE Zihan, ZHANG Baohui, et al. Structural properties, bioactivities, structure-activity relationships and bio-applications of polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula: A review[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 280: 135941., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880848874885564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880848883274173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, companyId=1320880848874885564, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Shandong City Service Technician College, Yantai 264670, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880848891662782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, companyId=1320880848874885564, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东城市服务职业学院,山东烟台 264670)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880848954577343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880848962965952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, companyId=1320880848954577343, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880848971354561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, companyId=1320880848954577343, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2广西壮族自治区农业科学院,广西果蔬贮藏与加工新技术重点实验室,广西南宁 530007)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880850632298946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880850640687555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, companyId=1320880850632298946, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Biological and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880850649076164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, companyId=1320880850632298946, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3西南林业大学生物与食品工程学院,云南昆明 650224)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880855262810620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different extraction factors on the yields of polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=40wNx69OkgaNdKewX+H00g==, figureFileBig=0Vr1Ivgqk7xFVIvpXsevxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880855334113789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同提取因素对多糖得率的影响

注:A-微射流压力;B-微射流处理次数;C-料液比;D-提取温度;E-提取时间;不同字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),图6~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=40wNx69OkgaNdKewX+H00g==, figureFileBig=0Vr1Ivgqk7xFVIvpXsevxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880855426388478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface plots of interaction between two factors, figureFileSmall=5SBSRTAae6RS6WLLUFVsVA==, figureFileBig=rsHMJebWaRVN0tBcQukgOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880855497691647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两因素间交互作用响应面图

注:A-微射流压力与料液比;B -微射流压力与提取时间;C-料液比与提取时间。

, figureFileSmall=5SBSRTAae6RS6WLLUFVsVA==, figureFileBig=rsHMJebWaRVN0tBcQukgOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880855573189120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Molecular weight map of TP, figureFileSmall=uMqs8oJRBYdJ1f7q1B/QwQ==, figureFileBig=7hhCAYudMo9RqiH42eTdcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880855661269505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TP的分子量图谱, figureFileSmall=uMqs8oJRBYdJ1f7q1B/QwQ==, figureFileBig=7hhCAYudMo9RqiH42eTdcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880855736766978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=IC chromatograms of monosaccharide standards and TP, figureFileSmall=EqmSVixTRdioMMg1LS8efQ==, figureFileBig=UcBufJuxjk6QA4uIJpRRpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880855812264451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=图4, caption=混合单糖标准品和TP的离子色谱图

注:Fuc-岩藻糖、GalN-盐酸氨基半乳糖、Rha-鼠李糖、Ara-阿拉伯糖、GlcN-盐酸氨基葡萄糖、Gal-半乳糖、Glc-葡萄糖、GlcNAc-N-乙酰-D氨基葡萄糖、Xyl-木糖、Man-甘露糖、Fru-果糖、Rib-核糖、GalA-半乳糖醛酸、GulA-古罗糖醛酸、GlcA-葡萄糖醛酸、ManA-甘露糖醛酸。

, figureFileSmall=EqmSVixTRdioMMg1LS8efQ==, figureFileBig=UcBufJuxjk6QA4uIJpRRpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880855896150532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Infrared spectrogram of TP, figureFileSmall=FBZbfxNF2beflkvB1jDFoQ==, figureFileBig=XS4K0OK+v6OdYwSFJZJuJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880855984230917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TP的红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=FBZbfxNF2beflkvB1jDFoQ==, figureFileBig=XS4K0OK+v6OdYwSFJZJuJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880856038756870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of TP on the survival rate of RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=LT3b1KGuEp/+YEBdtPU1Qw==, figureFileBig=m7CVtj6ov82uQ6xQpaGD9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880856114254343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=图6, caption=TP对RAW264.7细胞存活率的影响

注:C为空白对照组,TP为银耳多糖处理组,HA为透明质酸参比对照组。

, figureFileSmall=LT3b1KGuEp/+YEBdtPU1Qw==, figureFileBig=m7CVtj6ov82uQ6xQpaGD9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880856185557512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of TP on NO secretion levels of RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=+U9WEG4rgdkm8nfJBt9FJw==, figureFileBig=rGT37zYgxd3ST0qB2e1+wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880856244277769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=图7, caption=TP对RAW264.7细胞NO分泌水平的影响

注:C为空白对照组,M为模型组(LPS模型组),TP为银耳多糖处理组,HA为透明质酸参比对照组。

, figureFileSmall=+U9WEG4rgdkm8nfJBt9FJw==, figureFileBig=rGT37zYgxd3ST0qB2e1+wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880856315580938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of TP on the secretion levels of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), and IL-10 (C) in RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=PNjlWb/P1ESc6QZbvGdtMw==, figureFileBig=vV7dgqs4b68ydPIzdU+QzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880856382689803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=图8, caption=TP对RAW264.7细胞分泌TNF-α(A)、IL-1β(B)、IL-10(C)水平的影响

注:C为空白对照组,M为模型组(LPS模型组),TP为银耳多糖处理组,HA为透明质酸参比对照组。

, figureFileSmall=PNjlWb/P1ESc6QZbvGdtMw==, figureFileBig=vV7dgqs4b68ydPIzdU+QzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880856453992972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A微射流压力(MPa)B料液比(g/mL)C提取时间(min)
11001:3030
21201:4060
31401:5090
), ArticleFig(id=1320880856521101837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素及水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A微射流压力(MPa)B料液比(g/mL)C提取时间(min)
11001:3030
21201:4060
31401:5090
), ArticleFig(id=1320880856592405006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of Box-Behnken response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A微射流压力
(MPa)
B料液比
(g/mL)
C提取时间
(min)
得率
(%)
1120509036.02
2100506032.15
3140506034.01
4140409036.04
5140306032.75
6120406031.25
7100306025.91
8140403028.45
9120406030.91
10120406031.45
11100409031.43
12120309029.71
13100403026.7
14120406031.05
15120303025.05
16120503026.11
17120406030.75
), ArticleFig(id=1320880856663708175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken响应面试验设计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A微射流压力
(MPa)
B料液比
(g/mL)
C提取时间
(min)
得率
(%)
1120509036.02
2100506032.15
3140506034.01
4140409036.04
5140306032.75
6120406031.25
7100306025.91
8140403028.45
9120406030.91
10120406031.45
11100409031.43
12120309029.71
13100403026.7
14120406031.05
15120303025.05
16120503026.11
17120406030.75
), ArticleFig(id=1320880856730817040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance of regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型171.73919.0882.25<0.0001**
A-微射流压力28.35128.35122.21<0.0001**
B-料液比27.64127.64119.15<0.0001**
C-提取时间90.38190.38389.62<0.0001**
AB6.2016.2026.730.0013**
AC2.0412.048.820.0208*
BC6.8916.8929.700.0010**
A22.5512.5510.980.0129*
B21.8111.817.780.0269*
C26.1116.1126.340.0013**
残差1.6270.2320
失拟项1.3230.43985.780.0616
纯误差0.304540.0761
总离差173.3516
), ArticleFig(id=1320880856806314513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型171.73919.0882.25<0.0001**
A-微射流压力28.35128.35122.21<0.0001**
B-料液比27.64127.64119.15<0.0001**
C-提取时间90.38190.38389.62<0.0001**
AB6.2016.2026.730.0013**
AC2.0412.048.820.0208*
BC6.8916.8929.700.0010**
A22.5512.5510.980.0129*
B21.8111.817.780.0269*
C26.1116.1126.340.0013**
残差1.6270.2320
失拟项1.3230.43985.780.0616
纯误差0.304540.0761
总离差173.3516
), ArticleFig(id=1320880856894394898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of different extraction methods on the yield of Tremella polysaccharide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法提取条件得率(%)
DHPM辅助提取140 MPa,1:40(g/mL),90 min,100 ℃36.01±0.08a
热水提取1:40(g/mL),90 min,100 ℃15.61±0.03b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880856965698067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同提取方法对银耳多糖得率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法提取条件得率(%)
DHPM辅助提取140 MPa,1:40(g/mL),90 min,100 ℃36.01±0.08a
热水提取1:40(g/mL),90 min,100 ℃15.61±0.03b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880857062167060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Basic chemical composition of TP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测定指标数值结果(%)
总糖含量86.12±0.15
还原糖含量ND
糖醛酸含量33.11±4.04
蛋白质含量ND
), ArticleFig(id=1320880857129275925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

TP的基本化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测定指标数值结果(%)
总糖含量86.12±0.15
还原糖含量ND
糖醛酸含量33.11±4.04
蛋白质含量ND
), ArticleFig(id=1320880857204773398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Monosaccharide composition and relative molar ratio of TP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称保留时间 (min)摩尔比峰面积
岩藻糖5.9840.36211.292
半乳糖16.0750.0130.507
葡萄糖18.2750.0110.82
木糖21.4840.42318.893
甘露糖22.4840.1376.575
葡萄糖醛酸48.9590.0532.816
), ArticleFig(id=1320880857276076567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880691701731460, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

TP的单糖组成及相对摩尔比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称保留时间 (min)摩尔比峰面积
岩藻糖5.9840.36211.292
半乳糖16.0750.0130.507
葡萄糖18.2750.0110.82
木糖21.4840.42318.893
甘露糖22.4840.1376.575
葡萄糖醛酸48.9590.0532.816
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动态超高压微射流辅助提取银耳多糖的工艺优化、结构特性及抗炎作用
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梁朋光 1 , 蒙晓琳 2 , 杜昱忻 3 , 李欣怡 3 , 马珂 2 , 韦珍 2 , 唐雅园 2 , 牙丽娜 2 , 何雪梅 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(17): 286-296
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (17) : 286 -296
动态超高压微射流辅助提取银耳多糖的工艺优化、结构特性及抗炎作用
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梁朋光1 , 蒙晓琳2, 杜昱忻3, 李欣怡3, 马珂2, 韦珍2, 唐雅园2, 牙丽娜2, 何雪梅2, *
作者信息
  • 1山东城市服务职业学院,山东烟台 264670
  • 2广西壮族自治区农业科学院,广西果蔬贮藏与加工新技术重点实验室,广西南宁 530007
  • 3西南林业大学生物与食品工程学院,云南昆明 650224
通讯作者:
何雪梅(1981−),女,硕士,研究员,研究方向:天然产物化学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

梁朋光(1979−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工、教学管理,E-mail:

Process Optimization, Structural Characterization, and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides Extracted by Dynamic High-pressure Microfluidization
Pengguang LIANG1 , Xiaolin MENG2, Yuxin DU3, Xinyi LI3, Ke MA2, Zhen WEI2, Yayuan TANG2, Lina YA2, Xuemei HE2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong City Service Technician College, Yantai 264670, China
  • 2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
  • 3College of Biological and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080072
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为提高银耳多糖的提取效率并探究其结构特性及抗炎活性,本文采用动态超高压微射流(DHPM)技术辅助提取银耳多糖(TP),并通过单因素实验及Box-Behnken响应面法优化提取工艺参数。运用高效凝胶渗透色谱法(HPGPC)、离子色谱(IC)及傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对TP进行结构表征,并建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症模型评价其抗炎活性。结果显示,在单因素实验基础上,以微射流压力、料液比和提取时间为自变量建立的回归模型拟合良好,得到的最佳提取条件为:微射流压力140 MPa、料液比1:40 g/mL、提取时间90 min,在该条件下TP得率为36.01%。化学成分分析显示,TP总糖含量为86.12%,糖醛酸含量达33.11%,未检测到游离蛋白质和游离单糖,表明该样品为高纯度酸性多糖。结构分析结果显示,TP分子量为568385 Da,单糖组成由木糖、岩藻糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖及葡萄糖构成,其中较高比例的葡萄糖醛酸进一步证实了其酸性多糖特性;FT-IR分析表明TP为典型的β-吡喃型糖苷键连接的多糖结构。在细胞实验中,TP在100~200 μg/mL浓度范围内未见细胞毒性,且显著降低LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中NO、TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌水平,并上调抗炎因子IL-10的表达(P<0.05),表现出良好的抗炎潜力。综上,通过DHPM技术可高效制备结构明确、纯度较高的银耳多糖,其表现出的显著抗炎活性表明其具有作为天然抗炎功能性成分的开发价值。

银耳多糖  /  动态超高压微射流  /  响应面优化  /  结构特性  /  抗炎活性

To improve the extraction efficiency of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TP) and to investigate their structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity, dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) was employed as an auxiliary extraction technique, and the extraction parameters were optimized using single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken response surface methodology. TP was structurally characterized by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), ion chromatography (IC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation model. Results showed that a regression model with microfluidization pressure, solid-liquid ratio, and extraction time as independent variables exhibited good fitness. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be a microfluidization pressure of 140 MPa, a solid-liquid ratio of 1:40 (g/mL), and an extraction time of 90 min, under which the TP yield reached 36.01%. Chemical composition analysis revealed that TP contained 86.12% total sugars and 33.11% uronic acids, with no detectable free proteins or monosaccharides, indicating that TP was a highly purified acidic polysaccharide. Structural analyses further showed that TP had an average molecular weight of 568385 Da and was composed of xylose, fucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose, and glucose, in which the relatively high proportion of glucuronic acid confirmed its acidic characteristics. FT-IR spectra demonstrated that TP was mainly composed of β-pyranose-linked polysaccharide chains. In vitro experiments indicated that TP exhibited no cytotoxicity within the concentration range of 100~200 μg/mL and significantly reduced the LPS-induced secretion of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β, while increasing the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (P<0.05), demonstrating its notable anti-inflammatory potential. In conclusion, TP prepared by DHPM exhibits clear structural features, high purity, and remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, highlighting its potential as a natural functional ingredient for inflammation-related applications.

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides  /  dynamic high-pressure microfluidization  /  response surface optimization  /  structural characteristics  /  anti-inflammatory activity
梁朋光, 蒙晓琳, 杜昱忻, 李欣怡, 马珂, 韦珍, 唐雅园, 牙丽娜, 何雪梅. 动态超高压微射流辅助提取银耳多糖的工艺优化、结构特性及抗炎作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 286 -296 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080072
Pengguang LIANG, Xiaolin MENG, Yuxin DU, Xinyi LI, Ke MA, Zhen WEI, Yayuan TANG, Lina YA, Xuemei HE. Process Optimization, Structural Characterization, and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides Extracted by Dynamic High-pressure Microfluidization[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 286 -296 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080072
银耳(Tremella fuciformis),又称雪耳、白木耳,素有“菌中之冠”美誉[1],是一种重要的食药同源真菌,富含多糖、蛋白质(包括17种氨基酸,其中约7种为人体必需氨基酸)、膳食纤维、脂肪及钙、铁、镁、钾等多种微量矿物元素,具有滋阴润肺、益气补脑等传统功效[2−3]。其中,银耳多糖(Tremella polysaccharides,TP)是其主要活性成分之一,以葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖等为主的杂多糖,分子量较大,结构复杂,具备良好的水溶性和生物相容性,在免疫调节、抗氧化、降血脂、抗肿瘤、保肝护肾及抗炎等方面均表现出显著生物活性[4−6]。
炎症是机体对有害刺激产生的免疫应答反应,但持续性炎症反应可能引发慢性疾病,如糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、类风湿性关节炎等[7]。研究发现,天然多糖类物质具有调节炎症因子表达、缓解氧化应激、抑制炎症信号通路等多重抗炎机制[8−9],成为功能食品和天然药物研究的热点。魏炜等[10]研究发现沙枣花均一多糖能有效抑制IL-6等炎症因子的过度分泌,并促进IL-10抗炎因子的表达,从而发挥显著抗炎活性。倪立颖等[11]发现金针菇菇脚多糖能显著降低脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞中NO的产生,表现出良好的抗炎活性。然而,关于银耳多糖的抗炎机制研究仍不系统,尤其缺乏基于结构特性关联的细胞模型实验证据。
天然多糖结构复杂,其生物活性受提取方法和工艺条件影响显著。传统热水提取法虽操作简便,但存在得率低、耗时长、能耗高及易降解等问题,多糖得率通常仅在10%~20%之间[12];超声波、微波和酶法等辅助技术虽能在一定程度上可提升至约20%~30%,但在规模化应用中仍受成本和稳定性限制[13−16]。近年来,动态超高压微射流(Dynamic High-Pressure Microfluidization,DHPM)技术在天然产物提取中备受关注,其通过高剪切、空化与冲击力等作用,可更高效地破碎细胞壁,促进细胞内活性成分的释放,加快传质速率,从而提高多糖的得率[17]。已有研究采用该技术对石榴、多种植物或真菌多糖进行优化提取[18−20],显著提高了得率和活性。然而,目前DHPM在银耳多糖中的应用仍缺乏系统性研究,尤其是其对银耳多糖得率提升及结构特征可能产生的影响尚未被深入探讨。因此,有必要基于DHPM构建高效提取工艺,并在此基础上对所得多糖进行结构特征分析及生物活性评价。
本研究以银耳为原料,采用动态超高压微射流辅助提取技术,结合响应面法优化多糖的提取工艺,分析其结构特性,并通过LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症模型,评价TP对NO、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-10等关键炎症因子的调控作用。研究结果旨在揭示TP的抗炎潜力及其结构基础,为其作为天然抗炎功能成分的开发利用提供理论依据与数据支持。
银耳 由广西壮族自治区农业科学院提供;16种单糖标准品(岩藻糖、盐酸氨基半乳糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、N-乙酰-D氨基葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、D-果糖、D-核糖、半乳糖醛酸、L-古罗糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸、D-甘露糖醛酸) 江苏博睿糖生物科技有限公司;总NO试剂盒 碧云天生物技术有限公司;RAW264.7细胞、胎牛血清 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;脂多糖(LPS)、双抗(青霉素、链霉素)、PBS 缓冲液 索莱宝生化科技有限公司;DMEM高糖培养基、胰酶(225 USP/mg) Gibco公司;细胞计数试剂 CCK-8 广州硕谱生物科技有限公司;小鼠白细胞介素IL-6 ELISA试剂盒、小鼠肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α ELISA试剂盒、小鼠白细胞介素IL-10 ELISA试剂盒 江苏酶免实业有限公司;无水乙醇、浓硫酸、苯酚、溴化钾、三氯乙酸、三氟乙酸 成都金山化学试剂有限公司;所有试剂均为分析纯。
GYB40-10S均质机 上海东华高压均质机厂;M-110EH型微射流均质机 美国Microfluidics公司;PILOT10-15M真空冷冻干燥机 北京博医康实验仪器有限公司;RE-52AA旋转蒸发器 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;3-18ks型台式高速冷冻离心机 美国Sigma公司;SQ510C高温灭菌锅 雅马拓科技贸易(上海)有限公司;DK-6D恒温水浴锅 常州万顺仪器制造有限公司;UV-1800PC紫外分光光度计 上海美析仪器有限公司;Waters1525高效凝胶渗透色谱 美国Waters公司;Nicolet iS50傅里叶红外光谱、ICS5000 离子色谱仪 美国 Thermo Fisher公司;UGC-24Mz 氮吹仪 力辰科技(上海)有限公司;EPDCH酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司。
参考秦令祥等[21]的方法并作适当修改。称取5 g干银耳按1:10~1:60 g/mL的比例分散于蒸馏水中,通过微射流均质机均质5 min后进行热水浴浸提。将提取液于4000 r/min离心10 min,保留上清液并进行浓缩,再加入3倍体积的95%乙醇,于4 ℃静置24 h,在4000 r/min离心10 min,去掉上清液,沉淀物冻干后得到银耳粗多糖(CTP)。
为与DHPM辅助提取进行对比,设置传统热水提取作为对照组。称取5 g干银耳,按1:40 g/mL的料液比加入适量蒸馏水,于100 ℃水浴中提取90 min。提取结束后,以4000 r/min离心10 min,保留上清液并进行浓缩,再加入3倍体积的95%乙醇,于4 ℃静置24 h,在4000 r/min离心10 min,去掉上清液,沉淀物冻干后得到热水提取银耳多糖样品,其提取得率用于与DHPM提取组进行比较。多糖得率计算公式如下:
$ \text{多糖得率}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{提取所得多糖质量}(\mathrm{g})}{\text{原料质量}(\mathrm{g})}\times 100 $
在单因素实验中,为考察不同因素对银耳多糖得率的影响,试验过程中每次仅改变其中一个因素,其余条件均按预实验结果设定为固定值(微射流压力120 MPa、微射流处理次数1次、料液比1:40 g/mL、提取温度90 ℃、提取时间90 min)。在此基础上,分别考察微射流压力(60、80、100、120、140、160 MPa)、微射流处理次数(1、2、3、4次)、料液比(1:10、1:20、1:30、1:40、1:50、1:60 g/mL)、提取温度(50、60、70、80、90、100 ℃)及提取时间(30、60、90、120、150、180 min)对银耳多糖得率的影响。多糖得率按式(1)计算。
在单因素实验基础上,根据Box-Behnken试验设计原理,优选微射流压力、料液比、提取时间建立3因素3水平试验,以提取得率为响应值,每组实验重复3次,总共17组,获取TP的最佳提取条件,试验设计见表1。
在响应面优化确定提取条件后,参照彭云飞[22]的方法对粗多糖(CTP)进行除杂纯化。将CTP以1:30(m/v)溶于蒸馏水,加入体积分数10%的三氯乙酸(TCA)溶液调pH至2.5,于4 ℃静置12 h后以5000 r/min离心10 min去除蛋白质。取上清液加入其1/4体积的AB-8大孔树脂,于50 ℃、1000 r/min脱色2 h,抽滤除树脂后装入8000~14000 Da透析袋,在4 ℃透析3 d(每6 h换水)。透析液经浓缩、95%乙醇醇沉后冻干,即得纯化银耳多糖(TP)。本研究后续所有结构测定、化学成分分析及抗炎活性评价均采用响应面优化条件下提取得到并经纯化处理后的TP作为测试样品。
TP的化学成分按常规方法测定:总糖采用苯酚-硫酸法[23],还原糖采用DNS法[24],糖醛酸采用间羟基联苯法[25],蛋白质采用考马斯亮蓝法[26],均通过相应标准曲线换算,按照公式(2)计算相关含量。
$ \text{含量}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{C×V×N}}{\text{m×1000}}\times100 $
式中,C为银耳多糖的总糖、还原糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质质量浓度,mg/mL;V为反应体系中银耳多糖溶液的总体积,mL;N为稀释倍数;m为称取银耳质量,g。
参考刘鑫[27]的方法,采用高效凝胶渗透色谱法(HPGPC)来测定银耳多糖的分子量,称取银耳多糖样品配制成2.0 mg/mL的多糖溶液,经0.22 μm无菌滤膜过滤后备用。所用色谱柱为Agilent PL aquqgel-OH Mixed(300 mm×7.5 mm,8 μm),进样量50 μL,柱温35 ℃,流动相为超纯水,设定0.6 mL/min的流速。
使用IC测定TP样品的单糖组成[28]。准确称取5 mg TP样品置于安瓿瓶中,后向瓶中加入2 mL 3 mol/L的三氟乙酸,于120 ℃条件下水解3 h。将水解后的样品溶液转移至10 mL离心管中,用氮吹仪吹干,后加入5 mL超纯水,涡旋混匀。接着,吸取50 μL混匀后的样品溶液,加入950 μL超纯水,以12000 r/min转速离心5 min。取上清液进IC分析。
采用FT-IR 650型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定银耳多糖红外吸收,扫描波数范围:500~4000 cm−1。称取银耳多糖样品2 mg,混合200 mg的溴化钾,并压制成片进行红外分析。
细胞培养:将RAW264.7细胞解冻复苏后置于完全培养基(DMEM高糖培养基+10%胎牛血清+1%双抗)中,细胞培养箱设置为37 ℃、5% CO2,待细胞贴壁且覆盖培养瓶70%左右时进行传代,传代比例为1:5。
CCK-8法测定细胞活力:参考吴聪等[29]的方法并作适当修改,将正常生长期细胞从培养瓶中吹落,离心并重悬后用细胞计数板自动计数,配制成浓度为1×105 cells/mL的细胞溶液,按每孔100 μL接种于96板中,37 ℃培养24 h,吸出上清液,每孔加入100 μL完全培养基配制的不同浓度银耳多糖溶液(50、100、200、500 μg/mL),同时,以不同浓度的透明质酸(HA)溶液作为参比对照组,每组设置3个重复。另外设置没有细胞的空白组和只加完全培养基的空白对照组。37 ℃培养24 h,吸出上清液,每孔加入10% CCK-8溶液100 μL,37 ℃培养1.5 h后在450 nm波长测定OD值,按照以下公式计算细胞活力:
$ 细胞活力(\text{%})=\frac{\text{OD}_{\text{实验}}-\text{OD}_{\text{空白}}}{\text{OD}_{\text{空白对照}}-\text{OD}_{\text{空白}}}\times100 $
配制成浓度为1×105 cells/mL的细胞悬液,每孔加入100 μL接种于96孔板中,于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养24 h以贴壁。弃去上清液后,按下列分组进行处理:空白对照组(仅加完全培养基)、LPS模型组(完全培养基+10 μg/mL LPS)、低剂量组(100 μg/mL银耳多糖溶液+10 μg/mL LPS)、高剂量组(200 μg/mL银耳多糖溶液+10 μg/mL LPS)、HA参比低剂量组(100 μg/mL透明质酸溶液+10 μg/mL LPS)和HA参比高剂量组(200 μg/mL透明质酸溶液+10 μg/mL LPS)。在正式诱导前,所有组均先加入100 μL对应培养基(对照组和模型组为不含样品的完全培养基,其余组为含样品的培养基),于37 ℃下预孵育2 h后弃去上清。随后,除对照组外,其余各组均加入100 μL含10 μg/mL LPS的完全培养基继续孵育24 h,将上清液吸入新的96孔板中,按照NO试剂盒说明书测定细胞中产生的NO含量。
将配制成浓度为1×105 cells/mL的细胞悬液,按每孔100 μL接种于96板中,37 ℃培养24 h,吸出上清液,按1.2.9节中方法进行分组和处理,收集培养上清液,按照联酶免疫检测试剂盒说明书测定炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10的含量。
所有实验均设置3组平行实验,并计算平均值±标准差。数据通过Origin 2019和GraphPad Prism 9.4.1软件进行分析和绘图,通过使用SPSS 16.0软件对实验数据进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),采用Duncan检验进行显著性分析,P<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
不同微射流压力对银耳多糖得率的影响如图1A所示,在60~160 MPa范围内,银耳多糖得率随微射流压力的增大先升高后趋于平稳,在120 MPa时达到最大值,得率为25.03%。当微射流压力超过120 MPa后,多糖得率差异不显著(P>0.05),这可能是由于微射流压力在一定范围内能够有效促进细胞破碎并增强物质传质,从而提高多糖得率,但过高压力可能导致部分脆弱多糖降解,导致得率下降,这与高岳等[30]关于石榴皮多糖的结果一致。因此,选择微射流压力100、120、140 MPa进行后续实验。
不同微射流处理次数对银耳多糖得率的影响如图1B所示,随着处理次数的增加,得率未见显著变化(P>0.05),表明一次处理即可满足细胞壁破碎需求。后续响应面试验无需考察处理次数对银耳得率的影响。
不同料液比对银耳多糖得率的影响如图1C所示,在1:40 g/mL时达到最大值,得率为27.16%,当料液比进一步增加时,得率未见明显提升。有研究表明溶剂不足会限制溶出,而过量溶剂可能引入杂质并影响醇沉效率[31−32],进而影响得率。因此,选择料液比1:30、1:40、 1:50 g/mL进行后续实验。
不同提取温度对银耳多糖得率的影响如图1D所示,当提取温度逐渐升高,银耳多糖得率呈上升趋势,在100 ℃时达到最大值,得率为25.16%。这可能是由于随着溶剂分子与溶质分子间的运动加快,高温使得银耳子实体细胞壁软化,从而有分子利于扩散,使多糖得率升高[33]。因此,提取温度选择100 ℃为宜,后续响应面实验无需考察提取温度对银耳得率的影响。
不同提取时间对银耳多糖得率的影响如图1E所示。在30~60 min内得率显著升高,由17.37%增加至24.97%,这可能是随着提取时间延长,溶剂可以更完全地渗入物料中,促进多糖从组织细胞中溶出[34]。当时间延长至180 min时,得率变化不明显。因此,提取时间选取30、60、90 min进行后续实验。综合分析表明,单因素实验结果为后续响应面优化提供了参数依据。
通过软件Design Expert 11对表2中数据进行拟合分析,得到线性回归方程:Y=31.08+1.88A+1.86B+3.36C−1.24AB+0.715AC+1.31BC+0.7777A2−0.6547B2−1.20C2。由表3可知,模型的F值为82.25,P<0.001,失拟项P>0.05,差异不显著(P=0.0616),说明该模型可靠。R2为0.9906,说明该模型拟合性好。由F值可知,各个因素对多糖得率的影响顺序为:C>A>B,其中,一次项A、B、C,交互项AB、BC和二次项C2对多糖得率具有极显著影响(P<0.01),交互项AC和二次项A2、B2对多糖得率具有显著影响(P<0.05)。图2反映了各因素(微射流压力、液料比、提取时间)之间的交互作用对多糖得率的影响,AB、AC、BC的曲面坡度陡峭,等高线密集呈椭圆形,表示两两交互作用显著。
运用Design Expert 11软件由模型分析得出,动态超高压微射流辅助提取银耳多糖的最佳工艺参数为:微射流压力139.61 MPa、料液比1:40.87 g/mL、提取时间89.36 min,此条件下银耳多糖得率为36.58%。为了在实际中可操作,将最佳工艺参数调整为:微射流压力140 MPa、料液比1:40 g/mL、提取时间90 min。根据调整后的最佳工艺进行3次验证实验,银耳多糖得率为36.01%±0.08%,达到理论预测值的98.44%,表明响应面法优化的提取工艺可行。
此外,为验证DHPM辅助提取的优势,设置传统热水提取对照组。如表4所示,热水提取得率为15.61%,显著低于DHPM辅助提取的36.01%(P<0.05),提升约2.3倍。
TP的基本化学成分如表5所示。经TCA脱蛋白、大孔树脂脱色及透析处理后,CTP得到的纯化银耳多糖(TP)呈现较高的多糖纯度,其中,总糖含量为86.12%,糖醛酸含量为33.11%,表明TP中含有一定比例的酸性糖残基,具有典型的酸性多糖特征。另外,TP中未检测到游离蛋白质和游离单糖,进一步证明经纯化处理后的样品杂质含量较低,可用于后续结构表征与功能活性研究。
TP的分子量测定结果如图3所示,样品仅出现单一主峰,表明其分子量分布均一。主峰对应的保留时间约为33.4 min,根据标准曲线方程y=−0.1961x+12.35(R2=0.9934)计算,TP平均分子量为568385 Da,与魏正勋[35]分离获得的均一银耳多糖分子量(5.6×105 Da)基本一致。46.5 min处的小峰经与流动相空白(0.05 mol/L NaCl)对照,其保留时间一致,确认为流动相本底信号,与样品成分无关,不影响分子量计算。
采用离子色谱(IC)对TP的单糖组成进行测定,结果如图4所示。在所选条件下,各标准单糖实现了有效分离,并通过保留时间进行定性分析。结果表明,TP主要由木糖(Xyl)、岩藻糖(Fuc)、甘露糖(Man)、葡萄糖醛酸(GlcA)、葡萄糖(Glc)和半乳糖(Gal)等6 种单糖组成(表6)。其中木糖含量最高,其次为岩藻糖和甘露糖,半乳糖与葡萄糖含量较低。根据峰面积计算的相对摩尔比为0.423:0.362:0.137:0.053:0.013:0.011。TP中检测到一定量的葡萄糖醛酸,其相对摩尔比例与前述化学组成分析中获得的较高糖醛酸含量(33.11%)相吻合。已有研究表明,银耳多糖普遍富含葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸等酸性糖结构,是其形成螺旋结构及发挥生物活性的关键结构基础之一[36]。
TP的红外光谱结果如图5所示,在3600~3200 cm−1范围内出现宽广的吸收峰,为羟基(-OH)伸缩振动的特征吸收[37];2929 cm−1的吸收峰对应C-H的伸缩振动,表明样品中存在-CH和-CH2基团[38];1635 cm−1吸收峰主要来源于结合水分子的H-O-H弯曲振动,同时也可能部分来源于羧基(-COOH)中C=O的伸缩振动[38];1558 cm−1和1540 cm−1吸收峰则可归属于羧酸盐(-COO−)的不对称伸缩振动[39],与单糖组成中检测到葡萄糖醛酸(GlcA)相吻合,进一步证明TP属于酸性多糖[40];在1455~1066 cm−1区域内出现多个中等强度吸收带,为C-O-C、C-O-H及C-O键的弯曲与伸缩振动,是多糖糖环结构的典型特征吸收[38];低波数区中,917 cm−1与894 cm−1的特征吸收分别对应吡喃环结构的环振动以及β-构型糖苷键的 C-H变角振动[41],表明TP以β-型糖苷键连接的吡喃糖残基为主。综上,TP的红外光谱特征表明其属于酸性多糖,具有丰富的羟基和羧基/羧酸盐基团,以β-型糖苷键连接的吡喃糖残基构成了其典型的多糖结构。DHPM辅助提取所得TP仍完整呈现这些关键吸收峰,说明该工艺在提升提取效率的同时并未造成主链结构或官能团的明显破坏,保持了多糖固有的结构完整性。这一结构稳定性为后续功能活性研究提供了可靠基础。
为评估TP及参比物HA在不同浓度下对RAW264.7细胞活力的影响,采用CCK-8法进行检测,结果如图6所示。TP在50~200 μg/mL范围内对细胞无抑制作用,其中100和200 μg/mL浓度下细胞活力显著提升(P<0.05),表明TP在该区间具有良好的生物相容性。已有研究指出,多种食药用真菌多糖在适中浓度下均可促进巨噬细胞增殖,被认为与其提供可利用的代谢底物、改善细胞能量代谢或微环境相关[42]。TP的单糖组成中含有一定比例的葡萄糖、木糖和甘露糖,这些单糖残基具备一定生物可利用性,可能在一定程度上被细胞摄取并参与代谢,从而增强细胞增殖能力[43]。相反,浓度升至500 μg/mL时,细胞活力下降,可能与高浓度条件下的渗透压或成分堆积有关,与文献报道的真菌多糖高浓度效应一致[44]。此外,HA在中等浓度下促进细胞活力的效果略强于TP,表明其在促进细胞增殖方面具有更高的敏感性。综上,TP在100~200 μg/mL浓度范围内对RAW264.7细胞无明显毒性,适合作为后续实验的使用浓度。
NO是RAW264.7细胞在受到刺激后释放的重要炎症介质,其在免疫调节中发挥关键作用。然而,过量的NO可引发氧化应激,导致组织损伤并进一步加剧炎症反应[45]。如图7所示,与空白对照组相比,模型组在LPS诱导下NO分泌水平显著升高(P<0.05),说明炎症模型建立成功。与模型组相比,TP处理组在100 μg/mL和200 μg/mL浓度下显著降低NO的分泌水平(P<0.05),分别降低65.37%和58.49%。此外,HA组的NO抑制作用与TP组相近。已有研究表明,多种真菌多糖可通过调节iNOS表达或阻断相关炎症信号通路而降低NO的过量生成,从而减轻炎症反应[46−47]。TP能有效抑制NO的产生,表明其具有抑制巨噬细胞过度活化的能力。
机体的炎症反应取决于促炎因子与抗炎因子间的平衡,其中TNF-α和IL-1β是主要的促炎介质,而IL-10是具有代表性的抗炎细胞因子[48−50]。如图8所示,与空白对照组相比,LPS诱导的模型组TNF-α和IL-1β分泌水平显著升高(P<0.05),表明炎症模型建立成功。经不同浓度的TP及参比物HA处理后,TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌水平均不同程度下降,其中 200 μg/mL组抑制作用更为显著(P<0.05)。此外,TP和HA均可促进IL-10的分泌,其中100 μg/mL处理组升幅最明显(P<0.05)。已有研究显示,真菌来源的多糖通常能通过“抑制促炎+提升抗炎”的双向调节方式发挥抗炎作用。Chan等[51]报道绒革菌(Amauroderma rugosum)子实体提取物可在LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞中降低TNF-α与NO的水平,并促进IL-10分泌。Suabjakyong等[52]研究发现桑黄(Phellinus linteus)与火木层孔菌(Phellinus igniarius)多糖同样可同时抑制TNF-α、IL-1β并上调IL-10。TP在本研究中的调节模式与上述真菌多糖较为一致,表明其具备良好的细胞抗炎潜力。
食药用真菌多糖的免疫调节与抗炎作用往往受到多种结构因素的共同影响,包括分子量范围、单糖组成、酸性结构单元含量、糖链构象、糖苷键类型及支化特征等[53]。已有研究表明,分子量位于105~106 Da区间的真菌多糖更易形成稳定的螺旋或柔性卷曲构象,有利于其与巨噬细胞表面的免疫识别受体结合,从而参与炎症介质的调控[53−54]。此外,富含葡萄糖醛酸或半乳糖醛酸等酸性单元的多糖被报道具有更显著的免疫调节倾向,可通过影响iNOS、NF-κB或MAPKs等通路降低NO、TNF-α和IL-1β的过度产生,并促进IL-10的表达[47]。β-构型糖苷键是多数真菌多糖的共同特征,被认为与其免疫活性密切相关,特别是在调节巨噬细胞活化和炎症因子的双向调节方面[55]。另外,含木糖、甘露糖或岩藻糖的糖链残基也被报道可增强多糖与甘露糖受体(MR)或其他识别蛋白的结合能力,从而参与巨噬细胞的免疫调控[56−57]。结合这些研究结果可推测,本研究中TP在RAW264.7细胞中表现出的抑制NO、TNF-α、IL-1β并促进IL-10的双向调节作用,很可能与其所具有的酸性糖残基、β-型糖苷键结构特征以及真菌多糖常见的糖链构象等综合结构因素相关,从而在细胞水平实现显著的抗炎活性。
本研究基于动态超高压微射流技术建立了银耳多糖的高效提取工艺,并对其结构特征与细胞水平抗炎活性进行了系统解析。响应面优化结果表明,微射流压力140 MPa、料液比1:40(g/mL)、提取时间90 min为最佳提取条件,在此条件下TP得率达36.01%,显著高于传统热水提取。经纯化所得TP为高纯度酸性杂多糖,总糖含量为86.12%,糖醛酸含量为33.11%,平均分子量约5.68×105 Da,单糖组成以木糖、岩藻糖和甘露糖为主,红外光谱显示其主要由β-吡喃型糖苷键构成,并具有丰富的羟基与羧基结构。抗炎结果显示,TP在100~200 μg/mL浓度范围内表现出良好生物相容性,能显著抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞中NO、TNF-α和IL-1β的过量生成,同时上调IL-10的分泌,呈现典型的“双向调节”抗炎特征。结合现有研究,TP的抗炎作用可能与其中等分子量、较高比例的酸性单元及β-构型糖苷键等结构因素相关。本研究结果表明,通过DHPM可实现结构完整、纯度较高且具有显著抗炎潜力的银耳多糖制备。未来可从TP与TLR4、MR、Dectin-1等免疫识别受体的相互作用机制、基于多组学的信号通路解析、体内抗炎验证以及与其他功能成分的协同效应等方面进一步深入,为其在天然抗炎剂和功能食品领域的开发提供更坚实的科学依据。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080072
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-11
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    1山东城市服务职业学院,山东烟台 264670
    2广西壮族自治区农业科学院,广西果蔬贮藏与加工新技术重点实验室,广西南宁 530007
    3西南林业大学生物与食品工程学院,云南昆明 650224

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何雪梅(1981−),女,硕士,研究员,研究方向:天然产物化学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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