Article(id=1320880690518933718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100130, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760544000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852097396, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852097396, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852097396, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852097396, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=243, endPage=252, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880690783174871, articleId=1320880690518933718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Extraction Optimization and Antioxidant Activity of Saponins from Hovenia dulcis Pedicels, columnId=1320880529025643003, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Process Innovation and Intelligent Manufacturing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the resource utilization rate of Hovenia dulcis pedicels (HDPS), the purpose of this study was to optimize the extraction process of saponins and evaluate their antioxidant activity. HDPS was extracted by the homogenization-assisted ultrasonic extraction. On the basis of a single-factor experiment, the extraction process parameters were optimized by the response surface methodology, and the crude extract was purified by D101 macroporous resin. The structure and composition of the purified product were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Finally, the DPPH·, ABTS+·, ·OH, and the ferric reducing power of HDPS were verified by an in vitro antioxidant model. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: Ethanol concentration 49%, liquid-to-solid ratio 30:1 mL/g, homogenization ultrasonic time 21 min, ultrasonic power 400 W, homogenization power 500 W. Under these conditions, the yield of HDPS was 4.41%±0.13%. After purification by D101 macroporous resin, the purity of HDPS was significantly increased from 34.37% to 67.12%. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that HDPS mainly contained saponins such as echinacoside B, jujuboside B, and so on. In vitro antioxidant experiments showed that HDPS had significant scavenging ability to DPPH·, ABTS+·, and ·OH radicals, and its IC50 values were 165.3, 56.2, and 168.7 μg/mL, respectively, and had a certain iron reducing power. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the comprehensive development and utilization of Hovenia dulcis fruit stem and its application in the field of functional food.

, authors=Wu YAN1, Dongcheng HUANG2, Dan GE1, Chenglin LI3, Shengcheng MI4, Xianghong XIONG1, Qi LU3, *, authorsList=Wu YAN, Dongcheng HUANG, Dan GE, Chenglin LI, Shengcheng MI, Xianghong XIONG, Qi LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qi LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880692267958503, articleId=1320880690518933718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=枳椇果梗皂苷提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析, columnId=1320880529201803773, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺创新与智能制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高枳椇果梗的资源化利用率,本研究旨在优化其皂苷提取工艺并评价其抗氧化活性。采用匀浆辅助超声法提取枳椇果梗皂苷(Hovenia dulcis pedicel saponins,HDPS),在单因素实验基础上,利用响应面法优化提取工艺参数,并采用D101大孔树脂对粗提物进行纯化。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)对纯化产物进行结构表征与成分鉴定,最后通过体外抗氧化模型验证HDPS对DPPH·、ABTS+·、羟自由基清除率及铁还原力。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度49%、液料比30:1 mL/g、匀浆超声时间21 min、超声功率400 W、匀浆功率500 W,在此条件下HDPS得率为4.41%±0.13%。经D101大孔树脂纯化后,HDPS纯度由34.37%显著提高至67.12%。UPLC-MS/MS分析表明HDPS主要含有棘孢苷B、酸枣仁皂苷、拐枣皂苷B等皂苷类成分。体外抗氧化实验显示,HDPS对DPPH·、ABTS+·和羟自由基具有显著的清除能力,其IC50值分别为165.3、56.2和168.7 μg/mL,同时具有一定的铁还原力。本研究为枳椇果梗的综合开发利用及其在功能性食品领域的应用提供了理论依据和技术支持。

, authors=晏武1, 黄冬成2, 戈丹1, 李成林3, 米圣成4, 熊香红1, 路祺3, *, authorsList=晏武, 黄冬成, 戈丹, 李成林, 米圣成, 熊香红, 路祺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=路祺, authorNote=

晏武(1997−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
路祺(1974−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:药食两用植物活性成分提取分离与应用,E-mail:。
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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(17): 200−208.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880708361503097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Na, LIU Li, LI Lu, et al. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polyphenols from Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin roots and its antioxidant, hypoglycemic activity in vitro[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(17): 200−208., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880708420223354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MIRZADEH M, ARIANEJAD M R, KHEDMAT L. Antioxidant, antiradical, and antimicrobial activities of polysaccharides obtained by microwave-assisted extraction method: A review[J]. 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注:不同字母表示有显著性差异(P<0.05),图7同。

, figureFileSmall=sK3I2cM04v6l1FafmFRTUg==, figureFileBig=EKz0ZWSka7QGlsNmDztBrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699037565221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of interaction of different factors on the yield of HDPS, figureFileSmall=uTmvTAwoUj3VLWj1U14J4Q==, figureFileBig=CFhlTxGtvqAPftVmUQqJRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699113062694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同因素交互作用对HDPS得率的影响, figureFileSmall=uTmvTAwoUj3VLWj1U14J4Q==, figureFileBig=CFhlTxGtvqAPftVmUQqJRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699180171559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different loading conditions and elution conditions on the adsorption and desorption of HDPS were investigated, figureFileSmall=jhuWb6vm4d5/0i0a4/l/Eg==, figureFileBig=jS/5Uc6O/1++SJ935wcVTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699243086120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同上样条件和洗脱条件对HDPS吸附及解吸的影响, figureFileSmall=jhuWb6vm4d5/0i0a4/l/Eg==, figureFileBig=jS/5Uc6O/1++SJ935wcVTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699301806377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Scanning electron microscopy of the raw material of Hovenia dulcis peduncle (A), ultrasound extraction (B), homogenization extraction (C), and residual material after homogenization-assisted ultrasound extraction (D), figureFileSmall=rg1mJmKhLes+EPYpCkHeKg==, figureFileBig=vDZqyH6GT2aBQKqy21cHzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699373109546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=CN, label=图4, caption=枳椇果梗原料 (A) 、超声提取 (B) 、匀浆提取 (C) 和匀浆辅助超声提取后的枳椇果梗剩余物 (D) 的扫描电镜, figureFileSmall=rg1mJmKhLes+EPYpCkHeKg==, figureFileBig=vDZqyH6GT2aBQKqy21cHzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699427635499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Infrared spectra of HDPS before and after purification, figureFileSmall=2JqDUKvsJC1IF0kX+ZbPug==, figureFileBig=zx2Ho1vIM+Oc1nsAyulyhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699494744364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=CN, label=图5, caption=纯化前后HDPS的红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=2JqDUKvsJC1IF0kX+ZbPug==, figureFileBig=zx2Ho1vIM+Oc1nsAyulyhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699557658925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Total ion chromatograms (TIC) of HDPS in positive (A) and negative (B) ion modes, figureFileSmall=iZmht93ATrJkOj8Axjgk4w==, figureFileBig=NoVChOFdVURcBPE6h4uOiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699645739310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=CN, label=图6, caption=HDPS正(A)、负(B)离子模式下总离子流图(TIC), figureFileSmall=iZmht93ATrJkOj8Axjgk4w==, figureFileBig=NoVChOFdVURcBPE6h4uOiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699708653871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Antioxidant capacity analysis of HDPS, figureFileSmall=S3sUBbjAIehzmiETbdhxlw==, figureFileBig=hMYbbzDHY94hMIRK7BQJsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699767374128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=CN, label=图7, caption=HDPS抗氧化能力分析, figureFileSmall=S3sUBbjAIehzmiETbdhxlw==, figureFileBig=hMYbbzDHY94hMIRK7BQJsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880699834482993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface methodology experiments

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水平因素
A:乙醇浓度(%)B:匀浆超声时间(min)C:超声功率(W)
−14015300
05020400
16025500
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响应面试验因素与水平

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水平因素
A:乙醇浓度(%)B:匀浆超声时间(min)C:超声功率(W)
−14015300
05020400
16025500
), ArticleFig(id=1320880699968700723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface test design and results

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实验号ABCY(%)
140203004.00
260203003.98
350204004.35
450204004.39
540154003.97
660205003.94
740205004.08
850155003.94
950253003.99
1050204004.37
1150153004.02
1250255004.11
1350205004.37
1460154003.92
1540254004.09
1650204004.38
1760254004.06
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响应面试验设计与结果

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实验号ABCY(%)
140203004.00
260203003.98
350204004.35
450204004.39
540154003.97
660205003.94
740205004.08
850155003.94
950253003.99
1050204004.37
1150153004.02
1250255004.11
1350205004.37
1460154003.92
1540254004.09
1650204004.38
1760254004.06
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Variance analysis results of regression model

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方差来源平方和自由度方差F值P值显著性
模型0.477290.0530153.36<0.0001**
A0.008410.008424.440.0017**
B0.016210.016246.860.0002**
C0.009810.009828.350.0011**
AB0.000610.00061.810.2207
AC0.003010.00308.750.0212*
BC0.009010.009026.110.0014**
A20.150810.1508436.21<0.0001**
B20.120610.1206348.88<0.0001**
C20.113610.1136328.57<0.0001**
残差0.002470.0003
失拟项0.001530.00052.170.2337
误差项0.000940.0002
总和0.479616
R2adj=0.9885,R2=0.9950,R²pred=0.9470
), ArticleFig(id=1320880700195193142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度方差F值P值显著性
模型0.477290.0530153.36<0.0001**
A0.008410.008424.440.0017**
B0.016210.016246.860.0002**
C0.009810.009828.350.0011**
AB0.000610.00061.810.2207
AC0.003010.00308.750.0212*
BC0.009010.009026.110.0014**
A20.150810.1508436.21<0.0001**
B20.120610.1206348.88<0.0001**
C20.113610.1136328.57<0.0001**
残差0.002470.0003
失拟项0.001530.00052.170.2337
误差项0.000940.0002
总和0.479616
R2adj=0.9885,R2=0.9950,R²pred=0.9470
), ArticleFig(id=1320880700291662135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880690518933718, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Main triterpenoids and saponins identified from HDPS by UPLC–MS/MS

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序号名称分子式RT(min)m/z预测值m/z实际值误差值(ppm)峰面积
1棘孢苷BC50H80O213.91015.511931015.51068−1.2317466
2酸枣仁皂苷C52H84O215.771043.543231043.544311.0472348
3拐枣皂苷BC54H88O233.371134.56461134.56631.5054896
4麦珠子酸C30H48O48.28471.34798471.349032.23166360
5人参皂苷F1C36H62O97.72637.4321637.432111.73210089
6苜蓿酸C30H46O66.57501.32216501.322661.18813075
7皂皮酸C30H46O57.9485.32724485.328342.271883502
8重楼皂苷ⅦC51H82O213.341029.527581029.52625−1.29249140
9地榆皂苷元C30H46O39.78453.33741453.338472.24232010
10早莲苷DC36H58O98.55634.40863634.409361.511725115
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通过UPLC-MS/MS分析鉴定的HDPS主要成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称分子式RT(min)m/z预测值m/z实际值误差值(ppm)峰面积
1棘孢苷BC50H80O213.91015.511931015.51068−1.2317466
2酸枣仁皂苷C52H84O215.771043.543231043.544311.0472348
3拐枣皂苷BC54H88O233.371134.56461134.56631.5054896
4麦珠子酸C30H48O48.28471.34798471.349032.23166360
5人参皂苷F1C36H62O97.72637.4321637.432111.73210089
6苜蓿酸C30H46O66.57501.32216501.322661.18813075
7皂皮酸C30H46O57.9485.32724485.328342.271883502
8重楼皂苷ⅦC51H82O213.341029.527581029.52625−1.29249140
9地榆皂苷元C30H46O39.78453.33741453.338472.24232010
10早莲苷DC36H58O98.55634.40863634.409361.511725115
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枳椇果梗皂苷提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析
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晏武 1 , 黄冬成 2 , 戈丹 1 , 李成林 3 , 米圣成 4 , 熊香红 1 , 路祺 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺创新与智能制造 2026,47(18): 243-252
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食品工业科技 |工艺创新与智能制造 2026 , 47 (18) : 243 -252
枳椇果梗皂苷提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析
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晏武1 , 黄冬成2, 戈丹1, 李成林3, 米圣成4, 熊香红1, 路祺3, *
作者信息
  • 1东北林业大学生命科学学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
  • 2黑龙江大三源乳品机械有限公司,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
  • 3东北林业大学化学化工与资源利用学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
  • 4东北林业大学林学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
通讯作者:
路祺(1974−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:药食两用植物活性成分提取分离与应用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

晏武(1997−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Extraction Optimization and Antioxidant Activity of Saponins from Hovenia dulcis Pedicels
Wu YAN1 , Dongcheng HUANG2, Dan GE1, Chenglin LI3, Shengcheng MI4, Xianghong XIONG1, Qi LU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
  • 2Heilongjiang Dasanyuan Dairy Machinery Co., Ltd., Harbin 150040, China
  • 3College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
  • 4College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100130
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为提高枳椇果梗的资源化利用率,本研究旨在优化其皂苷提取工艺并评价其抗氧化活性。采用匀浆辅助超声法提取枳椇果梗皂苷(Hovenia dulcis pedicel saponins,HDPS),在单因素实验基础上,利用响应面法优化提取工艺参数,并采用D101大孔树脂对粗提物进行纯化。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)对纯化产物进行结构表征与成分鉴定,最后通过体外抗氧化模型验证HDPS对DPPH·、ABTS+·、羟自由基清除率及铁还原力。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度49%、液料比30:1 mL/g、匀浆超声时间21 min、超声功率400 W、匀浆功率500 W,在此条件下HDPS得率为4.41%±0.13%。经D101大孔树脂纯化后,HDPS纯度由34.37%显著提高至67.12%。UPLC-MS/MS分析表明HDPS主要含有棘孢苷B、酸枣仁皂苷、拐枣皂苷B等皂苷类成分。体外抗氧化实验显示,HDPS对DPPH·、ABTS+·和羟自由基具有显著的清除能力,其IC50值分别为165.3、56.2和168.7 μg/mL,同时具有一定的铁还原力。本研究为枳椇果梗的综合开发利用及其在功能性食品领域的应用提供了理论依据和技术支持。

匀浆辅助超声提取  /  枳椇果梗  /  皂苷  /  工艺优化  /  成分鉴定  /  抗氧化活性

In order to improve the resource utilization rate of Hovenia dulcis pedicels (HDPS), the purpose of this study was to optimize the extraction process of saponins and evaluate their antioxidant activity. HDPS was extracted by the homogenization-assisted ultrasonic extraction. On the basis of a single-factor experiment, the extraction process parameters were optimized by the response surface methodology, and the crude extract was purified by D101 macroporous resin. The structure and composition of the purified product were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Finally, the DPPH·, ABTS+·, ·OH, and the ferric reducing power of HDPS were verified by an in vitro antioxidant model. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: Ethanol concentration 49%, liquid-to-solid ratio 30:1 mL/g, homogenization ultrasonic time 21 min, ultrasonic power 400 W, homogenization power 500 W. Under these conditions, the yield of HDPS was 4.41%±0.13%. After purification by D101 macroporous resin, the purity of HDPS was significantly increased from 34.37% to 67.12%. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that HDPS mainly contained saponins such as echinacoside B, jujuboside B, and so on. In vitro antioxidant experiments showed that HDPS had significant scavenging ability to DPPH·, ABTS+·, and ·OH radicals, and its IC50 values were 165.3, 56.2, and 168.7 μg/mL, respectively, and had a certain iron reducing power. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the comprehensive development and utilization of Hovenia dulcis fruit stem and its application in the field of functional food.

homogenization-assisted ultrasonic extraction  /  Hovenia dulcis pedicel  /  saponin  /  process optimization  /  component identification  /  antioxidant activity
晏武, 黄冬成, 戈丹, 李成林, 米圣成, 熊香红, 路祺. 枳椇果梗皂苷提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 243 -252 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100130
Wu YAN, Dongcheng HUANG, Dan GE, Chenglin LI, Shengcheng MI, Xianghong XIONG, Qi LU. Extraction Optimization and Antioxidant Activity of Saponins from Hovenia dulcis Pedicels[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 243 -252 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100130
枳椇(Hovenia dulcis)俗称拐枣,是鼠李科(Rhamnaceae)的一种落叶乔木。其成熟种子枳椇子作为传统中药材,性甘、酸,味平,具有止呕、解酒保肝、止渴除烦等功效,并于2002年被列入“既是食品又是药品”的名录[1−2]。现代药理学研究进一步揭示,枳椇子提取物展现出显著的抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖及保肝等多种生物活性[3]。然而,占枳椇果实鲜重约90%的肥厚果梗,在加工过程中常作为副产物被废弃,其资源化利用率极低,造成了巨大的资源浪费[4−5]。
皂苷类成分是植物中重要的生物活性物质之一[6],研究表明其具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、肝保护及免疫调节等多种药理作用[7−8]。目前,针对枳椇果梗的开发多集中于多糖与黄酮类成分,而对其皂苷类成分(Hovenia dulcis pedicel saponins,HDPS)的系统研究处于起步阶段。现有关于HDPS的提取方法主要以热回流、浸渍等传统方法为主[9]。这些方法应用于HDPS提取时,存在溶剂消耗大、提取时间长、操作温度高等问题,可能导致热敏性皂苷结构的降解与生物活性的损失[10]。为克服传统提取法的局限性,超声、微波、匀浆等新型辅助提取技术因高效、快速及利于保护活性成分而受到广泛关注[11]。超声提取利用空化效应破坏细胞壁,促进溶出[12];匀浆提取则通过高速剪切实现物料瞬时破碎[13]。利用匀浆的强力机械破碎与超声的空化、振动效应相结合的匀浆辅助超声法,有望实现HDPS的高效、低温、快速提取。大孔树脂纯化技术因其操作简便、吸附容量大、可再生性强等优点,已广泛应用于天然皂苷的分离纯化中[14]。D101型大孔树脂作为一种非极性吸附剂,对皂苷类成分具有优良的选择性吸附能力,已在人参[15]、三七[16]等多种药用植物皂苷的纯化中表现出良好的效果。
本研究通过单因素实验与响应面法优化匀浆辅助超声提取HDPS工艺条件,进而利用大孔树脂对最优工艺下的粗提物进行纯化,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)对纯化产物进行结构表征与组成鉴定;最后,通过体外抗氧化模型综合评价HDPS的自由基清除能力与铁还原能力。本研究旨在为枳椇果梗资源的深度开发提供新的技术路径与坚实的科学依据,推动其在高附加值天然抗氧化剂与功能性食品原料领域的应用。
枳椇果梗 采自贵州省遵义市;齐墩果酸(纯度≥98%)、溴化钾 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;香草醛(纯度≥98%) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;无水乙醇 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;浓硫酸 天津市鑫源化工有限公司;磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠 天津市天力化学试剂有限公司;硫酸亚铁、铁氰化钾、三氯化铁 天津市大茂化学试剂厂;1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(DPPH) 上海如吉生物科技有限公司;氯化亚铁 天津百伦斯生物技术有限公司;三氯乙酸 天津市凯通化学试剂有限公司;抗坏血酸(VC)、2,2-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS) 美国Sigma公司;以上所用试剂均为分析纯;实验用水为实验室自制蒸馏水。
KQ-500DM 超声波清洗器 深圳市洁奉超声洗净设备有限公司;FSH-2A 高速匀浆机 常州恒隆仪器有限公司;Infinite M200 PRO多功能酶标仪 瑞士Tecan公司;HCJ-6C 磁力搅拌水浴锅 常州恩培仪器制造有限公司;22R 高速离心机 德国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;RE-2000B旋转蒸发器 上海一科仪器有限公司;BSA124S型电子天平 德国 Sartorius 公司;Frontier型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国PerkinElmer公司;UV-2600紫外-可见分光光度计 日本Shimadzu公司;7890A-5975C型气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国Agilent Technologies公司。
参考范昌文等[17]的方法并稍作修改。准确称取20.0 g粉碎后的枳椇果梗,按一定液料比加入不同浓度的乙醇溶液,在预定的超声功率和匀浆功率下提取一定时间,提取结束后,混合液于8000 r/min离心15 min,收集上清液,经旋转蒸发(40 ℃)浓缩后,冷冻干燥,得HDPS粗提物冻干粉,置于−20 ℃保存备用。
在预实验结果基础上,设定基础提取条件为:乙醇浓度60%、液料比30:1 mL/g、匀浆超声时间20 min、超声功率300 W、匀浆功率400 W。采用单因素控制变量法,分别考察乙醇浓度(40%、50%、60%、70%、80%)、液料比(10:1、20:1、30:1、40:1、50:1 mL/g)、匀浆超声时间(10、15、20、25、30 min)、超声功率(100、200、300、400、500 W)及匀浆功率(200、300、400、500、600 W)对HDPS得率的影响。
根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,在单因素实验结果基础上,固定对HDPS得率影响不显著的液料比和匀浆功率,选取对HDPS得率影响最为显著的三个因素:乙醇浓度(A)、匀浆超声时间(B)和超声功率(C)进行三因素三水平的响应面分析,实验总共设计17个实验点,其中包括5个中心点用来验证实验误差,因素与水平设计见表1。
HDPS得率测定参考LI等[18]的方法并稍作修改。配制质量浓度为1 mg/mL的齐墩果酸标准溶液,分别吸取齐墩果酸标准溶液0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mL于试管中,再以无水乙醇补齐至1 mL,然后依次在各试管中加入0.5 mL香草醛-乙醇溶液(质量分数8%)和5 mL的硫酸(体积分数72%),混匀后于60 ℃水浴10 min,冰水浴冷却15 min,用紫外-可见分光光度计在544 nm波长处测定吸光度。以齐墩果酸的质量浓度为横轴,相应的吸光度为纵轴,绘制齐墩果酸标准曲线,得到回归方程:y=2.9624x+0.0911(R2=0.9979)。
参照上述方法,在波长为544 nm处测定HDPS溶液的吸光度,根据标准曲线计算HDPS质量浓度,按式(1)计算HDPS得率。
$\rm Y=\frac{\rho \times V \times N}{m} $
式中:Y为HDPS得率,%;ρ为由标准曲线计算得到的HDPS质量浓度,mg/mL;N为稀释倍数;V为样品溶液体积,mL;m为样品干质量,mg。
参考BAHRAMI等[19]的研究方法并加以改进,D101大孔树脂使用前预处理:将树脂置于95% 乙醇浸泡24 h至充分溶胀,蒸馏水洗至无醇味;随后用5% HCl溶液和5% NaOH溶液各动态淋洗4 h,以去除杂质;最后用蒸馏水洗至中性。D101湿法装柱后,固定初始上样流速为2.0 mL/min、HDPS上样浓度为2.0 mg/mL,探究上样流速(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mL/min)和HDPS上样浓度(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mg/mL)对D101大孔树脂吸附效果的影响;按照优选的吸附条件进行吸附后,固定初始洗脱乙醇浓度为60%、洗脱流速2.0 mL/min,探究洗脱乙醇浓度(30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%)和洗脱流速(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mL/min)对洗脱效果的影响。在最佳吸附、解吸条件下进行纯化,收集纯化后的HDPS,经浓缩、干燥后即得纯化后HDPS。
为了比较匀浆、超声和匀浆超声法对枳椇果梗形态结构的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品进行了观察。在进行SEM分析之前,所有测试样品均被固定在胶带上,并涂上一层薄薄的金属膜,以防止在成像过程中产生放电现象。涂层采用溅射法进行处理。所有样品均在高真空条件下进行扫描,电压范围设置为0.2至30 kV,放大倍数为400倍[20]。
准确称取提前干燥好的溴化钾200 mg,分别与纯化前后HDPS样品粉末2.0 mg混合,放入研钵快速混合并研磨至均匀粉末。将混合物放入压片模具中压制成透明压片,置于样品室内,使用溴化钾薄片作为背景,在500~4000 cm−1范围内对样品进行扫描测定[21]。最后,使用Origin 2022绘图软件进行数据绘制。
采用UPLC-MS/MS对纯化后HDPS进行鉴定分析。参考WU等[22]的研究方法并略作修改,色谱条件为Thermo Hyperil Gold C18色谱柱(1.9 μm×100 mm×2.1 mm),流动相A:乙腈-水(乙腈:水体积比为5:95),流动相B:0.2% 磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱(0~1 min时为98:2,9~12 min时为2:98,13~15 min时为98:2),流速为0.35 mL/min,进样量为3 μL,柱温35 ℃。质谱条件为电喷雾离子源(ESI),正负离子模式,质量扫描范围m/z 80~1200;喷雾电压为3.5 kV;毛细管和辅助气体加热器温度为320 ℃,辅助气体流速为10 mL/min,鞘气流速为40 mL/min。MS分辨率为70000 FWHM,ddMS2分辨率为70000 FWHM,碰撞能量(NCE)为20/40/60 V,分离窗口为1.2 m/z。通过对比一级质谱精确质荷比与二级质谱碎片离子信息,所得数据与MoNA数据库进行比对,初步鉴定纯化后HDPS的组成。
参考LIU等[23]的研究方法并加以改进。取适量纯化前后HDPS样品,配制成不同质量浓度(50、100、200、400、800 μg/mL)的样品溶液。将纯化前后样品溶液分别与现配的DPPH溶液(0.04 mg/mL)以体积比1:1混合,在室温下反应30 min,相同条件下,以无水乙醇作为空白对照、VC作为阳性对照,用酶标仪测量在517 nm波长处各组的吸光值,平行测定3次,DPPH·清除率计算公式见式(2)。
$ \rm{I\left(\%\right)}=\frac{A_0-A_1+A_2}{A_0}\times100 $
式中:I为HDPS对DPPH·清除率,%;A0为无水乙醇与DPPH·吸光度;A1为HDPS与DPPH·的吸光度;A2为无水乙醇与HDPS的吸光度。
参考文献[24−25]研究方法并进行改进。取适量纯化前后HDPS样品,配制成不同质量浓度(50、100、200、400、800 μg/mL)的样品溶液。取ABTS母液,用无水乙醇稀释至734 nm处吸光度为0.700±0.02的淡绿色ABTS+·工作液备用。将ABTS+·工作液按体积比1:1分别加入纯化前后HDPS溶液,混合后于避光条件下反应30 min。相同条件下,以无水乙醇作为空白对照、VC作为阳性对照,用酶标仪测量在734 nm波长处各组的吸光值,平行测定3次,ABTS+·清除率计算公式见式(3)。
$ \rm{I}\left(\%\right)=\frac{A_0-A_1+A_2}{A_0}\times100 $
式中:I为HDPS对ABTS+·清除率,%;A0为无水乙醇与ABTS+·的吸光度;A1为HDPS与ABTS+·的吸光度;A2为无水乙醇与HDPS的吸光度。
参考LI等[26]的研究方法并进行改进,取适量纯化前后HDPS样品,配制成不同质量浓度(50、100、200、400、800 μg/mL)的样品溶液。将纯化前后样品溶液分别与FeSO4溶液(6 mmol/L)以体积比1:1混合均匀,然后加入相同体积的H2O2溶液(6 mmol/L),避光反应10 min后,再加入相同体积的水杨酸溶液(6 mmol/L),37 ℃水浴反应30 min。相同条件下,以无水乙醇作为空白对照、VC作为阳性对照,用酶标仪测量在510 nm波长处各组的吸光值,平行测定3次,羟基自由基清除率计算公式见式(4)。
$ \rm{I}\left(\%\right)=\frac{A_0-A_1+A_2}{A_0}\times100 $
式中:I为HDPS对羟基自由基的清除率,%;A0为无水乙醇与羟基自由基的吸光度;A1为HDPS与羟基自由基的吸光度;A2为无水乙醇与HDPS的吸光度。
参考潘林菊等[27]的研究方法并进行改进,1%铁氰化钾配制:1 g的铁氰化钾用去离子水定容到100 mL。1%三氯乙酸配制:1 g的三氯乙酸用去离子水定容到100 mL。0.1%三氯化铁配制:0.1 g的三氯化铁用去离子水定容到100 mL。取适量纯化前后HDPS样品,配制成不同质量浓度(50、100、200、400、800 μg/mL)的样品溶液,加入2.5 mL PBS,充分振荡混匀,再加入1%铁氰化钾溶液2.5 mL,水浴50 ℃反应20 min,再加入1%三氯乙酸溶液2.5 mL,离心10 min取上清液2.5 mL加2.5 mL的去离子水再加入0.5 mL 0.1%的三氯化铁溶液,以无水乙醇作为空白对照、VC作为阳性对照,反应后在700 nm处测吸光值,平行测定3次,吸光值越高证明还原能力越强。
使用Design-Expert 13软件进行响应面试验设计与数据分析。采用SPSS 23软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。所有实验均独立重复三次,数据以平均值±标准差表示。图表绘制使用Origin 2022软件。
通过单因素实验考察了乙醇浓度、液料比、匀浆超声时间、超声功率及匀浆功率对HDPS得率的影响,结果如图1所示。不同的乙醇浓度对HDPS得率的影响如图1A所示,HDPS得率随乙醇浓度的升高呈现先增后降的趋势,在乙醇浓度为50%时HDPS得率达到峰值4.37%。这是由于乙醇浓度不同导致溶剂极性不同,根据“相似相溶”原理,50%乙醇的极性与HDPS的疏水-亲水平衡最为匹配,有利于溶出[28]。当乙醇浓度超过50%后,部分极性皂苷溶出受阻,从而HDPS得率降低。因此,选择50%的乙醇溶液进行后续实验。
不同的液料比对HDPS得率的影响如图1B所示。液料比从10:1 mL/g增加到30:1 mL/g,HDPS得率从2.61%增加到4.10%。这是因为适当增加液料比能增加原料与溶剂的接触,有利于活性成分溶出及其在溶剂中扩散[29];而液料比超过30:1 mL/g后,得率略有下降,这是由于超声能量在过厚液层中衰减,空化效应减弱所致[30]。同时,过大的液料比也增加后续溶剂浓缩的能耗成本。因此,选择30:1 mL/g的液料比进行后续实验。
不同的匀浆超声时间对HDPS得率的影响如图1C所示。随着匀浆超声时间的延长,HDPS得率呈现先增后降的趋势,在匀浆超声时间为20 min时达到峰值,进一步延长至30 min则得率显著下降。这是由于初期延长处理时间有助于增强空化与机械剪切作用,促进细胞破裂与皂苷释放[31]。然而,过长的处理时间导致温度升高,引发皂苷的氧化降解,从而降低得率[32]。因此,选择20 min的匀浆超声时间进行后续实验。
不同的超声功率对HDPS得率的影响如图1D所示。随着超声功率的增加,HDPS得率呈现先增后降的趋势,超声功率在400 W时HDPS得率最高,超过该值后HDPS得率下降。这是由于适当提高超声功率可增强空化强度与机械振动,促进细胞壁破裂与内容物释放[33]。然而,过高超声功率会导致局部过热与剧烈剪切,引起皂苷分子断裂、糖基水解或空间构象改变[34]。因此,选择400 W的超声功率进行后续实验。
不同的匀浆功率对HDPS得率的影响如图1E所示。随着匀浆功率的增加,HDPS得率呈现先增后降的趋势,匀浆功率在500 W时HDPS得率最高,超过该值后HDPS得率下降。这是由于适度匀浆功率可增强机械剪切力,有效破坏细胞壁结构,促进皂苷释放。然而,匀浆功率过高会导致提取系统温度升高,引发皂苷氧化降解,同时高速剪切也可能导致皂苷与其他成分发生非特异性结合,降低其可提取性[35]。因此,选择500 W的匀浆功率进行后续实验。
基于单因素实验结果,筛选出乙醇浓度(A)、匀浆超声时间(B)及超声功率(C)作为自变量,以HDPS得率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken进行响应面法构建三因素三水平优化模型,系统探究多变量交互作用对HDPS得率的影响。通过建立二次多项式回归方程解析最优提取参数组合,具体试验参数设置和结果见表2。
利用Design Expert13软件,对表2中的数据进行回归拟合,得到以HDPS得率为响应值的回归方程为:Y=4.38−0.0325A+0.0450B+0.0350C+0.0125AB−0.0275AC+0.0475BC−0.1893A2−0.1693B2−0.1642C2。如表3所示,响应面回归模型P<0.0001,达到极显著水平,失拟项P=0.2337>0.05,不显著,表明该回归模型拟合程度良好。方程的决定系数R2=0.9950,矫正后R2adj=0.9885,表明该模型能准确地反映出乙醇浓度、匀浆超声时间和超声功率对HDPS得率的影响,可用于分析和预测HDPS的提取工艺。由F值可知三个因素对HDPS得率的影响程度由高到低依次为匀浆超声时间(B)、超声功率(C)、乙醇浓度(A)。
响应曲面坡度及等高线形状可确定两个因素交互作用对HDPS得率的影响程度,响应曲面的坡度越陡峭、等高线越密集,说明研究因素对HDPS得率的影响越大,越接近于圆,交互作用越小。如图2所示,因素AC、BC曲面坡度较陡峭,等高线呈椭圆形,说明AC、BC具有显著交互作用,AB两因素间的等高线图接近于圆,说明它们之间交互作用弱。与表3中方差分析结果一致。
根据Design-Expert 13对二次模型的拟合与预测,匀浆辅助超声提取HDPS的理论最优条件为:乙醇浓度49.09%、液料比30:1 mL/g、匀浆超声时间20.75 min、超声功率413.56 W、匀浆功率400 W。为保证操作可行性,将工艺参数分别调整为49%乙醇、30:1 mL/g液料比、21 min匀浆超声时间、400 W超声功率以及500 W匀浆功率。按照该优化工艺进行3次重复实验,所得HDPS的平均得率为4.41%±0.13%,与模型预测值4.47%相近,说明该工艺具有良好的可靠性与稳定性。
用D101大孔树脂对所得HDPS粗提液进行纯化,实验结果如图3所示,HDPS的最佳纯化条件为上样浓度为2 mg/mL、洗脱乙醇浓度为50%,综合考虑吸附、解析效果与效率,选择上样和洗脱流速均为1.5 mL/min。在得到的最佳纯化条件下,HDPS的纯度由34.37%提升至67.12%,证明D101大孔树脂对HDPS具有良好富集能力,从而为后续抗氧化活性分析提供了更高纯度的样品。
通过扫描电镜观察提取前后样品的微观结构变化如图4所示。图4A为未经处理的枳椇果梗,呈现不规则的块状和片层状结构,表面粗糙。图4B为超声提取后的残渣,表面褶皱且布满孔洞,形成复杂的网络结构,具有蓬松和高比表面积的特征。图4C为匀浆提取后的残渣,表现为密集的颗粒状结构。图4D为匀浆辅助超声提取后的残渣,表现为疏松、破碎的海绵状或网状结构,相较于匀浆和超声单独处理的样品,孔隙更多更大,结构破坏更加严重。结果表明匀浆与超声协同作用有效促进了皂苷的释放,增强了提取效率[36−37]。因此,匀浆辅助超声可更有效促进皂苷的释放,提高HDPS得率。
图5为纯化前后HDPS的红外光谱图。如图5所示,纯化后HDPS在多个皂苷特征吸收谱带处的信号均显著增强,表明皂苷类成分被有效富集。具体来看:3358 cm−1附近的宽强吸收峰归属于皂苷结构中糖基和苷元上的O-H伸缩振动[38];1614 cm−1处的吸收峰则与苷元羧基(-COOH)的不对称伸缩振动有关[39];在1033 cm−1附近出现的强吸收峰,是皂苷糖链中C-O-C键伸缩振动的典型特征[40],这是识别皂苷类化合物的关键谱带之一。此外,1446 cm−1和1342 cm−1处的吸收峰源于烷基的C-H弯曲振动,而830 cm−1处的吸收峰则可能由苷元芳香环上的C-H面外弯曲振动产生[41]。上述特征峰,尤其是1033 cm−1处的糖基信号以及1614 cm−1处的羧基信号在纯化后的明显增强,为HDPS中富含皂苷类成分提供了初步的FT-IR证据。
为了精确鉴定HDPS的化学组成,使用LC-HRMS对HDPS样品的成分进行定性分析,总离子色谱图如图6所示。通过一级质谱及数据库比对,从HDPS中初步推断出10个主要成分,结果列于表4。这些成分包括棘孢苷B、酸枣仁皂苷、拐枣皂苷B、人参皂苷F1、重楼皂苷Ⅶ和早莲苷D 6个可能含有的皂苷类化合物,以及麦珠子酸、苜蓿酸、皂皮酸和地榆皂苷元4个可能含有的三萜苷元。此项UPLC-MS/MS分析结果与红外光谱中观察到的羧基特征峰1614 cm−1与鉴定出的多个三萜苷元及其皂苷结构中的羧基官能团相符;而显著的糖基C-O-C伸缩振动峰1033 cm−1则对应上述皂苷化合物分子中的寡糖链结构。成分分析表明,HDPS主要含有结构多样的皂苷及其苷元,与Peng等[42]关于枳椇果梗强抗氧化活性可能源于极性成分的报道相吻合,也为后续HDPS抗氧化活性研究提供了合理的物质基础。
DPPH自由基是一种稳定自由基,遇到具有供氢能力的化合物时会被清除,因而常用于评价天然产物的自由基清除能力[43]。HDPS对DPPH自由基的清除率如图7A所示,在实验浓度范围内,随着浓度的不断增加,枳椇果梗皂苷对DPPH自由基的清除能力随着浓度增大而逐渐加强。在浓度50~800 μg/mL范围内,枳椇果梗皂苷对DPPH自由基清除率均有显著性差异(P<0.05),在800 μg/mL浓度时,清除率已接近同等浓度的阳性对照VC,其IC50值为165.3 μg/mL。由此可见,枳椇果梗皂苷对DPPH自由基具有一定的清除作用。
ABTS+·法是一种使用非常广泛的检测天然产物抗氧化活性的方法[44]。HDPS对ABTS+自由基清除率测定结果如图7B所示,在实验浓度范围内,HDPS对ABTS+自由基的清除能力随着浓度增大而逐渐加强。在浓度50~400 μg/mL范围内,HDPS对ABTS+自由基清除率均有显著性差异(P<0.05),其IC50值为56.2 μg/mL。由此可见,枳椇果梗皂苷对ABTS+自由基具有一定的清除作用。
人体内过量的羟基自由基会引发多种健康问题,如疲劳加速、机体老化、细胞突变及动脉硬化等,严重威胁人体健康[45]。羟基自由基清除率测定结果如图7C所示,HDPS浓度从50~400 μg/mL过程中,其对自由基清除率均有显著性差异(P<0.05),其IC50值为168.7 μg/mL,表现出枳椇果梗皂苷对羟自由基有一定程度的清除作用。该结果与DPPH实验趋势一致,共同验证了HDPS的抗氧化能力。
铁还原力(FRAP)反映了样品作为电子供体将Fe3+还原为Fe2+的能力,是评价其抗氧化潜力的重要指标。铁还原力测定结果如图7D所示,在实验浓度范围内,HDPS的铁还原力随其浓度的增加而增强,表明其具有良好的电子转移能力。铁还原力的增强与自由基清除实验的结果相互印证,共同表明纯化后HDPS可通过多种机制发挥强的抗氧化作用。
本研究通过匀浆辅助超声提取HDPS,基于单因素与响应面法优化,确定最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度49%、液料比30:1 mL/g、匀浆超声时间21 min、超声功率400 W、匀浆功率500 W,该条件下HDPS得率为4.41%±0.13%,扫描电镜分析表明匀浆与超声协同作用可显著破坏果梗细胞结构,促进皂苷溶出。经D101大孔树脂纯化,HDPS纯度由34.37%提升至67.12%,富集效果明显。FT-IR分析证实纯化后样品中皂苷类特征吸收峰增强;UPLC-MS/MS鉴定出HDPS中主要含有棘孢苷B、酸枣仁皂苷、拐枣皂苷B、人参皂苷F1、重楼皂苷Ⅶ等多种三萜皂苷及其苷元,为其抗氧化活性提供了物质基础。体外抗氧化实验表明, HDPS对DPPH·、ABTS+·和羟自由基均有显著清除能力,其IC50值分别为165.3、56.2和168.7 μg/mL,同时也具有较强的铁还原力。本研究为枳椇果梗副产物的资源化利用提供了技术基础和实验支持。然而,目前仍缺乏对单体皂苷的分离纯化、构效关系及体内活性的深入探讨。后续研究可进一步开展单体皂苷的分离鉴定、构效关系解析及体内活性评价,以推动HDPS在天然抗氧化剂和功能食品领域的实际应用。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100130
  • 接收时间:2025-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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    1东北林业大学生命科学学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
    2黑龙江大三源乳品机械有限公司,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
    3东北林业大学化学化工与资源利用学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
    4东北林业大学林学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040

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路祺(1974−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:药食两用植物活性成分提取分离与应用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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