Article(id=1320880627470151955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757001600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852082364, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852082364, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852082364, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852082364, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=307, endPage=319, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880627688255764, articleId=1320880627470151955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Structural Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and in Vitro Simulated Digestion of Dandelion Root Polysaccharides, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using dandelion roots as a raw material, dandelion root polysaccharides (DRP) were extracted using a complex enzymatic hydrolysis method, and the extraction process was optimized. The four polysaccharide components, denoted DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d were separated using diethylaminoethyl column chromatography, and the structural characteristics and in vitro antioxidant activities of these five polysaccharides were investigated. In vitro digestion experiments were conducted on the components having the best antioxidant activity after separation to explore the variation patterns of total carbohydrates and reducing sugars during in vitro digestion. The results showed that using an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 1.6 h, enzyme addition ratio of 5:2, enzyme dosage of 3.5%, and pH of 4.30 was optimal, yielding 23.78% polysaccharides. All five compounds produced the typical absorption peaks of polysaccharides and were mainly composed of seven monosaccharides: rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose. The molecular weight of DRP-a was 8763 Da, those of DRP-b and DRP-c were 6396~51090 Da and 8067~52713 Da respectively, and that of DRP-d was 12389~229349 Da. Among the five polysaccharides, only DRP had a triple-helical structure, as well as an irregular fragmented surface morphology. DRP-a had a spherical packing structure, whereas DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d had smooth and irregular fragmented structures. In vitro antioxidant experiments demonstrated that all five polysaccharides had good antioxidant capacities. The total sugar and reducing sugar contents of DRP-d after in vitro oral, stomach, and small intestine simulated digestion did not change significantly, indicating that DRP-d was stable during digestion, and, thus, reached the intestinal tract to exert its effects. Overall, the findings clarify the digestive characteristics of dandelion polysaccharides. Further, the results indicate that dandelion polysaccharides could be developed and utilized as prebiotics.

, authors=Fuhua FAN1, Shengkun YAN2, *, Hongzhi HU1, Yang LIU1, *, Zunqi LIU1, authorsList=Fuhua FAN, Shengkun YAN, Hongzhi HU, Yang LIU, Zunqi LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shengkun YAN, Yang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880632322961717, articleId=1320880627470151955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=蒲公英根多糖结构表征、抗氧化活性及体外模拟消化研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以蒲公英根为原料,采用复合酶解法提取蒲公英根多糖(DRP),对其提取工艺进行了优化;后经DEAE柱层析分离得到四种多糖组分DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d;研究了这五种多糖的结构特征和体外抗氧化活性,并对分离后抗氧化活性效果最好的组分进行体外消化实验,探究了其在体外消化过程中总碳水化合物及还原糖的变化规律。结果表明,在酶解时间1.6 h、酶添加比例5:2、酶添加量3.5%、pH4.30的条件下,多糖的得率最高,为23.78%;五种多糖均具有多糖的典型特征吸收峰,且主要由鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖七种单糖组成;其中DRP-a的分子量为8763 Da,DRP-b和DRP-c的分子量范围分别为6396~51090 Da和8067~52713 Da,DRP-d的分子量分布范围为12389~229349 Da;五种多糖中仅DRP具有三螺旋结构,表面形貌呈不规则碎块状,DRP-a呈球状堆积结构,DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d则呈光滑不规则碎片状结构;体外抗氧化实验表明五种多糖均有良好抗氧化能力,其中DRP-d经过体外模拟口腔、胃和小肠消化后的总糖及还原糖含量没有显著变化,表明DRP-d可以在消化过程中保持稳定,从而到达肠道内起作用,研究明确了蒲公英多糖的消化特性,表明蒲公英多糖有作为益生元开发利用的潜质。

, authors=樊富华1, 闫圣坤2, *, 胡宏志1, 刘洋1, *, 刘尊奇1, authorsList=樊富华, 闫圣坤, 胡宏志, 刘洋, 刘尊奇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=闫圣坤, 刘洋, authorNote=

樊富华(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物与医药,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
闫圣坤(1986−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:功能食品研究与开发,E-mail:。
刘洋(1985−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:化学功能材料,E-mail:。
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樊富华(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物与医药,E-mail:

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樊富华(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物与医药,E-mail:

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Frontiers in Nutrition, 2023, 10: 1217862., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880873956815206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880873965203815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, companyId=1320880873956815206, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880873969398120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, companyId=1320880873956815206, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1新疆农业大学化学化工学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880874032312681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880874040701290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, companyId=1320880874032312681, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880874053284203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, companyId=1320880874032312681, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880877979152785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis time on the yield of dandelion root polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=1nSF0oCOr/3KD2a4rZvQog==, figureFileBig=N1hzxGsDq9sQCADoro6ubA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878071427474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酶解时间对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响, figureFileSmall=1nSF0oCOr/3KD2a4rZvQog==, figureFileBig=N1hzxGsDq9sQCADoro6ubA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878172090771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of enzyme addition ratio on the yield of dandelion root polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=pXpgmd1/IMl/JoN+iqbayg==, figureFileBig=uzEaXAW+ouFBFphWVvgoOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878323085716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酶添加比例对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响, figureFileSmall=pXpgmd1/IMl/JoN+iqbayg==, figureFileBig=uzEaXAW+ouFBFphWVvgoOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878402777493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of enzyme addition amount on the yield of dandelion root polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=oCBBVZaU7THTvXX9GdZgqA==, figureFileBig=9LH40VmIIoOxmnafnHEO6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878486663574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图3, caption=酶添加量对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响, figureFileSmall=oCBBVZaU7THTvXX9GdZgqA==, figureFileBig=9LH40VmIIoOxmnafnHEO6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878549578135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of pH on the yield of dandelion root polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=Fl/an/e/6bNz1n56lRo49Q==, figureFileBig=edz17bxDTLD0zNFAUBROrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878616687000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图4, caption=pH对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响, figureFileSmall=Fl/an/e/6bNz1n56lRo49Q==, figureFileBig=edz17bxDTLD0zNFAUBROrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878692184473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Influence of the interaction of various factors on the yield of polysaccharides from dandelion roots, figureFileSmall=5G4wid/fQ3GjmkJA2kSyFg==, figureFileBig=37Eu/+CGd5bYllvhgBv61w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878767681946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各因素交互作用对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响

注:(a)酶解时间与酶添加比例对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响;(b)酶解时间与pH对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响。

, figureFileSmall=5G4wid/fQ3GjmkJA2kSyFg==, figureFileBig=37Eu/+CGd5bYllvhgBv61w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878826402203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Purification curves of dandelion root polysaccharide DEAE sepharose FF column chromatography, figureFileSmall=eug2h7t4K0m2Crd+Pa3DMg==, figureFileBig=kBH2nQIG65qxeHKBpOy6Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878901899676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图6, caption=蒲公英根多糖DEAE sepharose FF柱层析洗脱曲线, figureFileSmall=eug2h7t4K0m2Crd+Pa3DMg==, figureFileBig=kBH2nQIG65qxeHKBpOy6Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880878977397149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=UV spectral scans of DRP, DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d, figureFileSmall=9vy1Ykw2hNGSYTv+suVsaw==, figureFileBig=3hqhaM5aR7OdLLR6DLxK7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879036117406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图7, caption=DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d的紫外光谱扫描图, figureFileSmall=9vy1Ykw2hNGSYTv+suVsaw==, figureFileBig=3hqhaM5aR7OdLLR6DLxK7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879120003487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Infrared spectral scanning images of DRP, DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d, figureFileSmall=XPXjKzQUBwbdlhvXBhs+nw==, figureFileBig=+U0/vj4gjsit7cHMSxSDcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879191306656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图8, caption=DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d的红外光谱扫描图, figureFileSmall=XPXjKzQUBwbdlhvXBhs+nw==, figureFileBig=+U0/vj4gjsit7cHMSxSDcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879275192737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=High performance liquid chromatograms of monosaccharide mixed standards and DRP, DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d, figureFileSmall=ZNlSM8aVKFoubfrUNrk8TA==, figureFileBig=Sn/4or5SO0/PvsCbdeYkdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879350690210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图9, caption=单糖混标及DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d的高效液相色谱图

注:1:甘露糖;2:盐酸氨基葡萄糖;3:鼠李糖;4:葡萄糖醛酸;5:半乳糖醛酸;6:氨基半乳糖盐酸盐;7:葡萄糖;8:半乳糖;9:木糖;10:阿拉伯糖;11:岩藻糖。

, figureFileSmall=ZNlSM8aVKFoubfrUNrk8TA==, figureFileBig=Sn/4or5SO0/PvsCbdeYkdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879426187683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Scanning electron microscopy images of DRP, DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d, figureFileSmall=rZi2spdDsnDH5iVdx/W7dQ==, figureFileBig=9X+0XWFwrLG6xD+QFbzqLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879505879460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图10, caption=DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d的扫描电子显微镜图, figureFileSmall=rZi2spdDsnDH5iVdx/W7dQ==, figureFileBig=9X+0XWFwrLG6xD+QFbzqLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879585571237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Maximum absorption wavelengths of Congo Red and DRP, DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d at different NaOH concentrations, figureFileSmall=SKsqcQdMEcbEm36tvkLqtA==, figureFileBig=cQGNsFXrGq/ZdQ1bbTHyxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879673651622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图11, caption=刚果红及DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d在不同NaOH浓度下的最大吸收波长, figureFileSmall=SKsqcQdMEcbEm36tvkLqtA==, figureFileBig=cQGNsFXrGq/ZdQ1bbTHyxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879765926311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Clearance rates of DPPH free radicals by DRP, DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d, figureFileSmall=5GmvSvvsRPLArWiN20bOeg==, figureFileBig=kL48WyEDPeiOFniuYqn+dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879837229480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图12, caption=DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d对DPPH自由基的清除率, figureFileSmall=5GmvSvvsRPLArWiN20bOeg==, figureFileBig=kL48WyEDPeiOFniuYqn+dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880879921115561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Clearance rates of ABTS+ free radicals by DRP, DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d, figureFileSmall=jzOGgfLsAnnFVUjtqBZ+YA==, figureFileBig=pstSgCrDqBiQwAqOehGqQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880880009195946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图13, caption=DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d对ABTS+自由基的清除率, figureFileSmall=jzOGgfLsAnnFVUjtqBZ+YA==, figureFileBig=pstSgCrDqBiQwAqOehGqQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880880080499115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Clearance rates of hydroxyl radicals by DRP, DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d, figureFileSmall=kl7mnPCS+OesBxuZMEBOQg==, figureFileBig=UfzhZnu6z1r1WGchB8A6sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880880155996588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图14, caption=DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d对羟自由基的清除率, figureFileSmall=kl7mnPCS+OesBxuZMEBOQg==, figureFileBig=UfzhZnu6z1r1WGchB8A6sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880881850495405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Total reducing power of DRP, DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d, figureFileSmall=5Dql7FT1RXoHzzmIa6k3aw==, figureFileBig=1/HhzSjkXr+pZNIk7nxtTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880881938575790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图15, caption=DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d的总还原力, figureFileSmall=5Dql7FT1RXoHzzmIa6k3aw==, figureFileBig=1/HhzSjkXr+pZNIk7nxtTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880882018267567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Contents of total sugar and reducing sugar after in vitro simulated oral-gastrointestinal digestion of DRP-d, figureFileSmall=Q+okwFr4dPv/RlcomDzO0w==, figureFileBig=DNRYNS4wqM/dTLmdo5VWcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880882106347952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=图16, caption=DRP-d经体外模拟口腔-胃肠消化后总糖和还原糖的含量, figureFileSmall=Q+okwFr4dPv/RlcomDzO0w==, figureFileBig=DNRYNS4wqM/dTLmdo5VWcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880882186039729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface test factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平酶解时间(h)酶添加比例酶添加量(%)pH
−11.05:13.04.0
01.55:23.54.4
12.05:34.04.8
), ArticleFig(id=1320880882274120114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平酶解时间(h)酶添加比例酶添加量(%)pH
−11.05:13.04.0
01.55:23.54.4
12.05:34.04.8
), ArticleFig(id=1320880882349617587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号酶解时间(h)酶添加比例酶添加量(%)pH得率(%)
12.05:33.54.419.56
21.55:13.54.817.374
32.05:234.420.39
41.55:144.418.873
52.05:23.54.816.818
61.55:134.418.969
71.55:234.816.519
81.55:334.419.193
91.05:13.54.417.951
101.55:344.418.684
112.05:244.419.356
121.55:244.816.708
131.55:23.54.423.531
141.55:23419.363
151.55:23.54.422.586
162.05:13.54.420.893
171.55:23.54.422.87
181.55:23.54.423.271
191.55:13.5418.752
201.05:23.5418.235
212.05:23.5420.931
221.05:234.417.895
231.05:23.54.816.791
241.05:33.54.418.653
251.05:244.417.328
261.55:33.54.816.329
271.55:23.54.423.632
281.55:24418.865
291.55:33.5419.036
), ArticleFig(id=1320880882412532148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号酶解时间(h)酶添加比例酶添加量(%)pH得率(%)
12.05:33.54.419.56
21.55:13.54.817.374
32.05:234.420.39
41.55:144.418.873
52.05:23.54.816.818
61.55:134.418.969
71.55:234.816.519
81.55:334.419.193
91.05:13.54.417.951
101.55:344.418.684
112.05:244.419.356
121.55:244.816.708
131.55:23.54.423.531
141.55:23419.363
151.55:23.54.422.586
162.05:13.54.420.893
171.55:23.54.422.87
181.55:23.54.423.271
191.55:13.5418.752
201.05:23.5418.235
212.05:23.5420.931
221.05:234.417.895
231.05:23.54.816.791
241.05:33.54.418.653
251.05:244.417.328
261.55:33.54.816.329
271.55:23.54.423.632
281.55:24418.865
291.55:33.5419.036
), ArticleFig(id=1320880882492223925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance of regression model for the yield of dandelion root polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型130.21149.3060.78<0.0001**
A-酶解时间10.26110.2667.03<0.0001**
B-酶添加比例0.153510.15351.000.3336
C-酶添加量0.527110.52713.440.0846
D-pH17.87117.87116.76<0.0001**
AB1.0411.046.760.0209*
AC0.054510.05450.35630.5601
AD1.7811.7811.640.0042**
BC0.042610.04260.27860.6059
BD0.441610.44162.890.1115
CD0.118010.11800.77100.3947
A225.09125.09163.93<0.0001**
B226.82126.82175.24<0.0001**
C234.28134.28223.99<0.0001**
D262.40162.40407.74<0.0001**
残差2.14140.1530
失拟项1.36100.13580.69220.7105不显著
纯误差0.784740.1962
总和132.3628
), ArticleFig(id=1320880882559332790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

蒲公英根多糖得率的回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型130.21149.3060.78<0.0001**
A-酶解时间10.26110.2667.03<0.0001**
B-酶添加比例0.153510.15351.000.3336
C-酶添加量0.527110.52713.440.0846
D-pH17.87117.87116.76<0.0001**
AB1.0411.046.760.0209*
AC0.054510.05450.35630.5601
AD1.7811.7811.640.0042**
BC0.042610.04260.27860.6059
BD0.441610.44162.890.1115
CD0.118010.11800.77100.3947
A225.09125.09163.93<0.0001**
B226.82126.82175.24<0.0001**
C234.28134.28223.99<0.0001**
D262.40162.40407.74<0.0001**
残差2.14140.1530
失拟项1.36100.13580.69220.7105不显著
纯误差0.784740.1962
总和132.3628
), ArticleFig(id=1320880882693550519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Molecular weight determination results of DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c and DRP-d

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
名称
数均分子量
(Mn,Da)
峰值分子量
(Mp,Da)
重均分子量
(Mw,Da)
均分子量
(Mz,Da)
多分散性
指数(PDI)
DRP-a760454148763103171.152
DRP-b479955216251090542311.064
57986295639670151.103
DRP-c484535537552713568771.087
71559217806789571.127
DRP-d2029272277152293492611071.130
567816218063353696981.115
111241335912389135231.113
), ArticleFig(id=1320880882911654328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880627470151955, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d的分子量测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
名称
数均分子量
(Mn,Da)
峰值分子量
(Mp,Da)
重均分子量
(Mw,Da)
均分子量
(Mz,Da)
多分散性
指数(PDI)
DRP-a760454148763103171.152
DRP-b479955216251090542311.064
57986295639670151.103
DRP-c484535537552713568771.087
71559217806789571.127
DRP-d2029272277152293492611071.130
567816218063353696981.115
111241335912389135231.113
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蒲公英根多糖结构表征、抗氧化活性及体外模拟消化研究
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樊富华 1 , 闫圣坤 2, * , 胡宏志 1 , 刘洋 1, * , 刘尊奇 1
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(17): 307-319
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (17) : 307 -319
蒲公英根多糖结构表征、抗氧化活性及体外模拟消化研究
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樊富华1 , 闫圣坤2, * , 胡宏志1, 刘洋1, * , 刘尊奇1
作者信息
  • 1新疆农业大学化学化工学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 2新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
通讯作者:
闫圣坤(1986−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:功能食品研究与开发,E-mail:。
刘洋(1985−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:化学功能材料,E-mail:。
作者简介:

樊富华(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物与医药,E-mail:

Structural Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and in Vitro Simulated Digestion of Dandelion Root Polysaccharides
Fuhua FAN1 , Shengkun YAN2, * , Hongzhi HU1, Yang LIU1, * , Zunqi LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 2Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090033
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以蒲公英根为原料,采用复合酶解法提取蒲公英根多糖(DRP),对其提取工艺进行了优化;后经DEAE柱层析分离得到四种多糖组分DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d;研究了这五种多糖的结构特征和体外抗氧化活性,并对分离后抗氧化活性效果最好的组分进行体外消化实验,探究了其在体外消化过程中总碳水化合物及还原糖的变化规律。结果表明,在酶解时间1.6 h、酶添加比例5:2、酶添加量3.5%、pH4.30的条件下,多糖的得率最高,为23.78%;五种多糖均具有多糖的典型特征吸收峰,且主要由鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖七种单糖组成;其中DRP-a的分子量为8763 Da,DRP-b和DRP-c的分子量范围分别为6396~51090 Da和8067~52713 Da,DRP-d的分子量分布范围为12389~229349 Da;五种多糖中仅DRP具有三螺旋结构,表面形貌呈不规则碎块状,DRP-a呈球状堆积结构,DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d则呈光滑不规则碎片状结构;体外抗氧化实验表明五种多糖均有良好抗氧化能力,其中DRP-d经过体外模拟口腔、胃和小肠消化后的总糖及还原糖含量没有显著变化,表明DRP-d可以在消化过程中保持稳定,从而到达肠道内起作用,研究明确了蒲公英多糖的消化特性,表明蒲公英多糖有作为益生元开发利用的潜质。

蒲公英根多糖  /  工艺优化  /  分离纯化  /  结构表征  /  抗氧化活性  /  体外模拟消化

Using dandelion roots as a raw material, dandelion root polysaccharides (DRP) were extracted using a complex enzymatic hydrolysis method, and the extraction process was optimized. The four polysaccharide components, denoted DRP-a, DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d were separated using diethylaminoethyl column chromatography, and the structural characteristics and in vitro antioxidant activities of these five polysaccharides were investigated. In vitro digestion experiments were conducted on the components having the best antioxidant activity after separation to explore the variation patterns of total carbohydrates and reducing sugars during in vitro digestion. The results showed that using an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 1.6 h, enzyme addition ratio of 5:2, enzyme dosage of 3.5%, and pH of 4.30 was optimal, yielding 23.78% polysaccharides. All five compounds produced the typical absorption peaks of polysaccharides and were mainly composed of seven monosaccharides: rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose. The molecular weight of DRP-a was 8763 Da, those of DRP-b and DRP-c were 6396~51090 Da and 8067~52713 Da respectively, and that of DRP-d was 12389~229349 Da. Among the five polysaccharides, only DRP had a triple-helical structure, as well as an irregular fragmented surface morphology. DRP-a had a spherical packing structure, whereas DRP-b, DRP-c, and DRP-d had smooth and irregular fragmented structures. In vitro antioxidant experiments demonstrated that all five polysaccharides had good antioxidant capacities. The total sugar and reducing sugar contents of DRP-d after in vitro oral, stomach, and small intestine simulated digestion did not change significantly, indicating that DRP-d was stable during digestion, and, thus, reached the intestinal tract to exert its effects. Overall, the findings clarify the digestive characteristics of dandelion polysaccharides. Further, the results indicate that dandelion polysaccharides could be developed and utilized as prebiotics.

dandelion root polysaccharides  /  process optimization  /  isolation and purification  /  structural characterization  /  antioxidant activity  /  in vitro simulated digestion
樊富华, 闫圣坤, 胡宏志, 刘洋, 刘尊奇. 蒲公英根多糖结构表征、抗氧化活性及体外模拟消化研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 307 -319 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090033
Fuhua FAN, Shengkun YAN, Hongzhi HU, Yang LIU, Zunqi LIU. Structural Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and in Vitro Simulated Digestion of Dandelion Root Polysaccharides[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 307 -319 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090033
蒲公英(Taraxacum)是一种具有药食两用价值的菊科多年生草本植物,广泛分布于北半球温带地区[1]。《新编本草》中介绍了蒲公英“味苦甘、性寒、归肝、胃经”,《本草衍义补遗》中提出蒲公英可“化热毒,消恶肿结核”[2],《中国药典》中记载了蒲公英具有清热解毒,除湿散结,利尿通淋的功效[3]。蒲公英中成分复杂,主要包括了酚酸类、甾醇类、黄酮类、萜类、多糖类、有机酸类等活性成分[4−5]。许多研究都证实了蒲公英多糖具有良好的抗氧化、抑菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤和免疫调节、调节肠道菌群等活性[6]。
研究发现,多糖提取方式不同,对多糖的结构、产率和活性也会产生影响,当前常用的多糖提取方法有热水浸提法、超声波辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法、酶提取法等[7−8],且每种方法各有优缺点。酶提取法是一种温和、绿色、高效的提取方法,该方法通过利用酶的专一性来降解细胞壁,破坏细胞结构,以此将多糖物质释放出来。由于酶提法不仅能够在提取过程中保护多糖结构完整性,提高提取率,还有助于保持多糖的生物活性,因而在植物多糖的提取中被广泛应用[9−10]。
本研究通过纤维素酶和果胶酶双酶复合的方法对蒲公英根中多糖进行提取,并通过单因素-响应面法优化了提取的工艺参数,通过紫外、红外、高效液相色谱、扫描电子显微镜和刚果红实验进行结构表征,使用DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH清除能力和总还原力为指标评估了纯化前后蒲公英根多糖的体外抗氧化活性,筛选出分离纯化后效果最好的组分DRP-d进行了体外消化模拟实验,旨在建立一种绿色高效的提取方法,为蒲公英根多糖的深入研究,以及其在食品、保健品等领域的开发应用提供理论基础。
蒲公英根 采自新疆乌鲁木齐安宁渠;石油醚(30~60 ℃)、95%乙醇、无水乙醇、硫酸、过氧化氢、三氟乙酸、盐酸、六水合氯化镁、硫酸亚铁、磷酸二氢钾、氢氧化钠、碳酸铵、二水合氯化钙、3,5-二硝基水杨酸、三氯乙酸 均为分析纯,梯希爱(上海)化成工业发展有限公司;无水葡萄糖、苯酚、磷酸氢二钠、碳酸氢钠、氯化钠、无水柠檬酸、磷酸二氢钠、抗坏血酸、ABTS、DPPH、过硫酸钾、水杨酸、溴化钾、大孔吸附树脂AB-8、铁氰化钾、酒石酸钾钠、亚硫酸钠、三氯化铁 均为分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;纤维素酶(400 U/mg)、果胶酶(50000 U/mg)、DEAE琼脂糖凝胶FF(BR)、α-唾液淀粉酶(≥5 U/mg)、胃蛋白酶(1:30000)、胰酶(BR,1:4000)、单糖标准品、1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮、猪胆盐 均为分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;普鲁兰多糖 分析标准品,美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;乙腈(HPLC≥99.9%) 湖北弗顿生化有限公司。
TF1003鲁班仪器电子天平、T2600紫外分光光度计 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;FW-100高速万能粉碎机 北京市永光明医疗仪器有限公司;FE28pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;LGJ-10真空冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技有限公司;RE-85c旋转蒸发器 上海青浦沪西仪器厂;SHZ-D型循环水真空泵 郑州长城科工贸有限公司;LC-DCY-12GK氮吹仪 邦西仪器科技(上海)有限公司;DHG-9245A电热鼓风干燥箱 上海恒科学仪器有限公司;H1850台式离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;IRPrestige-21岛津傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 日本岛津公司;Multiskan FC酶标仪、戴安U3000高效液相色谱仪 赛默飞世尔(上海)仪器有限公司;Waters2414示差检测器、Waters 2707自动进样器 美国沃特世公司;Ohpak SB-804 HQ、Ohpak SB-806M HQ聚合物基质水溶性SEC(GFC)色谱柱 日本昭和电工株式会社;UPH-I-10T超纯水仪 成都超纯科技有限公司;SEM扫描电镜500 国仪量子(合肥)技术。
将所采蒲公英根清洗、55 ℃烘干至恒重后进行粉碎,过80目筛,干燥后得蒲公英根粉末。使用石油醚、无水乙醇对蒲公英根粉末进行回流脱脂脱色,待干燥后放于干燥器中储存备用。
称取1.0 g预处理后的蒲公英根粉末,按1:35料液比加入蒸馏水,并调节相应pH,按一定比例加入一定量的纤维素酶和果胶酶,在52 ℃水浴酶解一定时间,沸水浴灭酶20 min,冷却至室温后将酶提取液抽滤,取滤液旋转蒸发浓缩至原体积的1/3;浓缩后的溶液用4倍体积的95%乙醇沉淀,放入冰箱冷藏静置15 h后以转速4000 r/min离心10 min得到多糖沉淀,冰箱预冻12 h后在真空冷冻干燥机中冷冻干燥,得蒲公英粗多糖(DRP)。
准确称取10 mg无水葡萄糖配制成0.1 mg/mL的葡萄糖标准溶液。分别吸取0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mL所配葡萄糖标准溶液于具塞试管中,加入蒸馏水补足至1.0 mL并摇匀。按1:1:5比例向试管中各加入1.0 mL 6%苯酚溶液、5.0 mL浓硫酸快速进行反应,摇匀后避光静置20 min,测定其在490 nm处的吸光度值[11]。以葡萄糖浓度为横坐标,吸光度值为纵坐标,得标准曲线的回归方程:Y=0.5983X−0.0145,R2=0.9995。
按上述1.2.3中方法测定蒲公英根多糖溶液的吸光度值,以蒸馏水为空白对照,根据得到的回归方程计算蒲公英根多糖的得率,计算公式如下:
$ \rm 蒲公英根多糖得率({\text{%}})=\frac{C\times V\times N}{m}\times 100 $
式中:C为蒲公英根多糖溶液的质量浓度,g/mL;V为多糖溶液的体积,mL;N为稀释倍数;m为所提蒲公英根粗多糖粉末质量,g。
按照上述1.2.2的提取步骤,分别称取1.0 g预处理后的蒲公英根粉末,在纤维素酶和果胶酶比例5:3、酶添加量3%、pH4.8条件下,探究不同酶解时间(1、1.5、2、2.5、3 h)对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响;在酶解时间1.5 h、酶添加量3%、pH4.8条件下,探究不同纤维素酶和果胶酶比例(5:1、5:2、5:3、5:4、5:5)对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响;在酶解时间1.5 h、纤维素酶和果胶酶比例5:2、pH4.8的条件下,探究不同酶添加量(2%、2.5%、3%、3.5%、4%)对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响;在酶解时间1.5 h、纤维素酶和果胶酶比例5:2、酶添加量3.5%条件下,探究不同pH(4.0、4.4、4.8、5.2、5.6)对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响。
在单因素实验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken设计确定出复合酶解法下蒲公英根多糖的最佳提取条件。以酶解时间、酶添加比例、酶添加量和pH为影响因素,以多糖得率为响应值,进行四因素三水平的响应面试验设计,试验因素与水平表见表1。
将蒲公英根粗多糖复溶,配制成10 mg/mL溶液,以蒸馏水为洗脱液,控制流速为0.5 BV/h,过大孔吸附树脂AB-8脱色脱蛋白。采用DEAE Sepharose FF层析柱(4.5 cm×40 cm)对脱色脱蛋白后得蒲公英根多糖溶液进行进一步分离,预处理好后依次用蒸馏水、0.1、0.2和0.3 mol/L的NaCl溶液进行依次洗脱,流速为2.5 mL/min,采用苯酚-硫酸法隔管检测多糖含量并绘制洗脱曲线,当多糖含量为0时,进行下一梯度浓度的洗脱。合并收集洗脱出的糖组分,使用3500 kDa透析袋透析48 h以除去多糖中的盐,后冷冻干燥得分离纯化后的蒲公英根多糖DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d。
配制1.0 mg/mL多糖溶液,并使用紫外-可见分光光度法进行分析,记录样品在200~400 nm波长范围内的吸光度值。
将1.0 mg样品与KBr粉末(100 mg)充分混合并压成圆盘,在500~4000 cm−1波数范围内记录样品的红外光谱。
采用高效凝胶渗透色谱法测定多糖的分子量[12],以不同分子量的普鲁兰多糖标准品制作标准曲线。精密称取样品5 mg,向样品中加入0.05 mol/L NaCl溶液1 mL,配制成5 mg/mL供试样品溶液,用0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤,然后将样品转置于2 mL进样瓶中备用。
设定流动相为0.05 mol/L NaCl溶液,流速为 0.5 mL/min,柱温为40 ℃,检测器为Waters示差检测器,色谱柱为聚合物基质水溶性SEC(GFC)色谱柱2根串联(8 mm×300 mm),进样体积为30 μL,分析时间为60 min。根据多糖样品溶液的洗脱时间与标准曲线对照,用 Agilent GPC 软件计算其分子量。
采用PMP柱前衍生高效液相色谱法检测多糖的单糖组成及摩尔比[13],精确称量多糖样品5.0 mg,加入1 mL 2 mol/L三氟乙酸溶液,121 ℃加热2 h。通氮气,吹干。加入3 mL甲醇清洗,再吹干,重复甲醇清洗2~3次。加入1 mL无菌水溶解,转入色谱瓶中待测。
检测条件:色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈:磷酸盐缓冲液等度洗脱,乙腈和磷酸盐缓冲液的体积比为17:83,流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,检测波长250 nm,进样量10 μL。
取干燥DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d薄铺在导电胶上,以5 mA喷金30 s。在20 ℃、5 kV加速电压条件下,分别观察多糖样品在100倍、1000倍和5000倍率下的表观形貌[14]。
取2 mL质量浓度为2 mg/mL的多糖溶液,加入2 mL浓度为0.2 mmol/L刚果红混合均匀,再依次加入1 mol/L的NaOH溶液使得混合液中NaOH最终浓度分别为0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mol/L,避光反应10 min,在200~800 nm范围内进行紫外光谱扫描,以NaOH浓度为横坐标,最大吸收波长(λmax)为纵坐标绘制曲线[15]。
配制5.0 mg/mL的多糖母液,并将其进行梯度稀释为0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0 mg/mL的溶液。将不同浓度的多糖溶液与0.1 mmol/L的DPPH-乙醇溶液等比例混匀,避光反应0.5 h后,用紫外分光光度计测定其于517 nm下的吸光度值,每个样品测3次,取平均值。以VC为阳性对照组,按公式(2)计算DPPH自由基的清除率(%)。
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{A_0-(A_1-A_2)}{A_0}\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品组;A2为对照组(无水乙醇替代DPPH反应);A0为空白组(蒸馏水代替多糖样品反应)。
配制5.0 mg/mL的多糖母液,梯度稀释为0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0 mg/mL的溶液。将7 mmol/L ABTS溶液与2.45 mmol/L过硫酸钾溶液等体积混合,在暗处静置反应12 h后取适量磷酸盐缓冲溶液(0.1 mol/L,pH7.4)进行稀释,使其在734 nm处测得溶液吸光度在0.7±0.02之间,由此配制成ABTS 工作液。分别移取1.0 mL不同浓度的多糖溶液与4.0 mL 配好的ABTS工作液混合反应5 min,测定其于734 nm下的吸光度值,每个样品测3次,取平均值。以VC为阳性对照组,按公式(3)计算ABTS+自由基的清除率(%)。
$\rm ABTS^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{A_0-(A_1-A_2)}{A_0}\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品组;A2为对照组(蒸馏水替代ABTS反应);A0为空白组(蒸馏水代替多糖样品反应)。
配制5.0 mg/mL的多糖母液,并将其进行梯度稀释为0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0 mg/mL的溶液。分别移取1.0 mL不同浓度梯度的多糖溶液、1.0 mL 6 mmol/L水杨酸-乙醇溶液、1.0 mL FeSO4 溶液以及1.0 mL 3%的H2O2溶液,混合摇匀,37 ℃水浴反应30 min后,在510 nm下测定其吸光度值,每个样品测3次,取平均值。以VC为阳性对照组,按公式(4)计算羟自由基的清除率(%)。
$\rm 羟自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{{A_0}- ({A_1}-{A_2)}}{{A_0}}\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品组;A2为对照组(无水乙醇替代H2O2反应);A0为空白组(蒸馏水代替多糖样品反应)。
配制5.0 mg/mL的多糖母液,并将其进行梯度稀释为0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0 mg/mL的溶液,分别移取1.0 mL不同浓度梯度的多糖溶液,依次加入2.5 mL 1%的铁氰化钾溶液、2.5 mL 0.2 mol/L pH为6.6的磷酸盐缓冲溶液,混合摇匀,置于50 ℃水浴中反应20 min,冷却后加入2.5 mL 10%三氯乙酸溶液,摇匀,取2.5 mL上清液于具塞比色管中,加入2.5 mL蒸馏水和0.5 mL 1% FeCl3溶液,常温条件下反应10 min,在700 nm下测定其吸光度值,每个样品测3次,取平均值。以VC为阳性对照组,按公式(5)计算总还原力。
$\rm 总还原力={A_1}-{A_0} $
式中:A1为样品组;A0为空白组(蒸馏水代替多糖样品反应)。
参考Brodkorb等[16]的方法并作稍加修改,对DRP-d进行口腔、胃和小肠这3个阶段的体外消化模拟实验。采用苯酚硫酸法测定体外模拟消化过程中总糖含量,具体步骤参照1.2.3;采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定还原糖含量[17]:分别取1 mL不同浓度梯度的葡萄糖标准溶液,加入5 mL DNS试剂,沸水浴加热5 min,冷却后定容至25 mL,在540 nm下测吸光值。以葡萄糖浓度为横坐标、吸光度为纵坐标,得还原糖标准曲线:Y=0.9104X−0.0568,R2=0.999。
体外模拟口腔消化:将40.0 mL 5.0 mg/mL多糖溶液与35 mL模拟唾液(SSF)混合,再加入5.0 mLα-唾液淀粉酶溶液、0.25 mL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2·2H2O溶液及9.75 mL蒸馏水;混匀后调节pH调至7.0,避光在37 ℃ 150 r/min下恒温水浴中振荡,分别在0、2、5、10 min下各收集5.0 mL消化液,高温灭酶后离心并收集上清液,测试总糖及还原糖变化。剩余溶液沸水浴灭酶10 min后保存在−20 ℃冰箱。
体外模拟胃消化:将口腔消化后的剩余样品溶液与55 mL模拟胃液(SGF)混合,再加入15 mL 25000 U/mL的胃蛋白酶、0.05 mL 0.3 mol/L的 CaCl2·2H2O溶液以及6.95 mL蒸馏水;混匀后调节pH至3.0,避光在37 ℃ 150 r/min下恒温水浴中振荡,分别在0、0.5、1、2 h下收集5.0 mL消化液,高温灭酶10 min后离心并收集上清液,测试总糖及还原糖变化。剩余溶液沸水浴灭酶10 min后保存在−20 ℃冰箱。
体外模拟肠液消化:将胃消化后的剩余样品溶液与22 mL模拟肠液(SIF)混合,再加入10 mL800 U/mL胰酶、5.0 mL猪胆盐、0.08 mL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2·2H2O溶液以及2.62 mL蒸馏水;混匀后调节pH调至7.0,避光在37 ℃ 150 r/min下恒温水浴中振荡,分别在0、0.5、1、2 h下收集5.0 mL消化液,高温灭酶10 min后离心并收集上清液,测试总糖及还原糖变化。剩余溶液沸水浴灭酶10 min后保存在−20 ℃冰箱。
所有实验平行测定3次,结果取平均值。采用WPS Office进行数据记录与统计;Origin 2024进行数据分析与绘图;Design Expert 13.0进行响应面优化设计;通过SPSS Statistics 27.0.1对组间差异进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),P<0.05表示有显著性差异。
如图1所示,随着酶解时间的增加,多糖得率先上升后下降。在酶解时间为1.5 h时,多糖得率达到峰值,此后继续增大酶解时间,多糖得率开始下降。这说明随着酶解时间的延长,细胞壁中的果胶等物质被分解,细胞被破坏,有利于多糖等物质的溶出[18]。当提取时间超过1.5 h后,可能由于长期的提取过程导致多糖水解,并且一些多糖可能会附着在大分子蛋白质上形成沉淀物,使得率降低[19]。综上,选择酶解时间为1、1.5、2 h进行后续响应面优化试验。
如图2所示,随着酶添加比例的增加,多糖得率先上升后下降。在酶添加比例为5:2时,多糖得率达到峰值,此后继续增加果胶酶比例,多糖得率呈现下降趋势。这可能是由于纤维素酶与果胶酶在5:2比例下与底物作用程度达到饱和,后续继续增大酶比例,纤维素酶与果胶酶与底物的结合作用会减弱,并且更多的酶会引起其他物质大量的释放,阻碍多糖的溶出,反而起到一个抑制作用,降低多糖的得率[20]。综上,选择酶添加比例为5:1、5:2、5:3进行后续响应面优化试验。
如图3所示,随着酶添加量的增加,多糖提取率先上升后下降。在酶添加量为3.5%时,多糖得率达到峰值,此后继续增加酶添加量,提取率呈现下降趋势。这可能是由于随着酶添加量的增加,底物与酶发生反应,得率持续增高;当酶添加量为3.5%时,底物与酶完全结合,因而得率达到最高;酶添加量在3.5%以后,底物的量呈过饱和状态,继续增加酶用量没有足够的底物与之反应,且过度的酶还会水解多糖糖苷键,造成得率下降[21]。综上,选择酶添加量为3%、3.5%、4%进行后续响应面优化试验。
如图4所示,随着pH的增加,多糖得率总体先上升后下降。在pH为4.4时,多糖得率达到峰值,此后继续增大pH,得率呈下降趋势并逐渐趋于稳定。不同的酶有不同的最适pH,当偏离最适pH,酶的活力会下降低,其底物构象也会发生变化[22]。在pH为4.4前,纤维素酶与果胶酶均处于较适活性区间,双酶协同作用可高效水解植物细胞壁中的纤维素与果胶组分,促进多糖的溶出;当在pH达到4.4,纤维素酶与果胶酶双酶复合作用的效率最高,多糖得率达到最高;而当pH继续升高并超出果胶酶的最适作用范围时,果胶酶活性显著下降,此时体系中主要由纤维素酶发挥作用,酶解效率低于双酶协同,从而导致多糖得率降低。综上,选择pH为4、4.4、4.8进行后续响应面优化试验。
在上述单因素实验的基础上,利用Design-Expert 13.0软件进行Box-Behnken设计,其29次运行的试验条件与得率如表2所示,方差分析如表3所示。通过对试验数据进行多元回归分析,得蒲公英根多糖得率(Y)与自变量酶解时间(A)、酶添加比例(B)、酶添加量(C)、pH(D)的二次回归拟合方程如下:
Y=23.18+0.9246A−0.1131B−0.2096C−1.22D−0.5087AB−0.1168AC−0.6673AD−0.1032BC−0.3322BD+0.1718CD−1.97A2−2.03B2−2.30C2−3.10D2。
由表3可知,模型P<0.0001(P<0.01),表明拟合出的模型极显著,失拟项P=0.7105 (P>0.05)不显著,表明未知因素对试验结果影响不大。模型总回归系数R2=0.9838,Adjusted R2=0.9676,表明该模型与蒲公英根多糖得率的实际产率有较好的拟合,可用于预测最佳提取条件[23]。在四个因素中,酶解时间和pH对蒲公英根多糖得率的影响最为显著P<0.0001 (P<0.01),酶添加量对得率的影响次之,酶添加比例对得率的影响最不显著。此外AD间交互作用以及二次项A2、B2、C2、D2对多糖得率的影响极显著(P<0.01),AB间交互作用对多糖得率的影响显著(P<0.05),而AC、BC、BD、CD间的交互作用对多糖得率的影响均不显著(P>0.05)。
响应面中的坡度越陡,说明该因素对响应值的影响越大;等高线圆形轮廓表明两因子间的交互作用不显著,椭圆形轮廓表明两因子间的交互作用显著[24]。由图5(a)的3D响应曲面和等高曲线可以看出,酶解时间与酶添加比例(AB)的响应曲面较为陡峭,等高线轮廓呈椭圆形,说明酶解时间和酶添加比例间的交互作用显著;图5(b)中,酶解时间与pH(AD)的响应曲面陡峭程度大于酶解时间与酶添加比例,等高线呈明显椭圆形,表明酶解时间与pH间的交互作用极显著,结果与表3回归模型方差分析一致。由于其余交互作用均不显著,综上,各因素间交互作用对蒲公英根多糖提取率影响的强弱顺序为:AD>AB>BD>CD>AC>BC。
通过Design-Expert 13.0软件优化得出蒲公英根多糖的最佳提取条件为:酶解时间1.64 h、酶添加比例5:1.9、酶添加量3.47%、pH4.30,在此工艺条件下预测多糖的得率最高,为23.46%。考虑到实际操作的方便性和可行性,调整条件为:酶解时间1.6 h、酶添加比例5:2、酶添加量3.5%、pH4.30,在此条件下进行3次平行实验验证,得出蒲公英根多糖的平均得率为23.78%,与预测值接近,与李霞[25]通过超声辅助酶提法得到的蒲公英根多糖得率(9.068 %)和刘天娇等[26]通过热水浸提法得到的蒲公英根多糖得率(20.31%)相比,本实验中蒲公英根多糖得率得到了显著提升,证明该模型准确、可靠。
蒲公英根粗多糖的DEAE-琼脂糖凝胶FF柱层析纯化的洗脱曲线如图6所示,经DEAE- Sepharose-Fast flow柱分离后得到四个组分,分别为水洗组分DRP-a和0.1、0.2、0.3 mol/L浓度NaCl洗脱组分DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d,产率分别为6.10%、5.66%、5.34%、10.12%。
DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d在200~400 nm处的紫外光谱扫描结果如图7所示,可以看出DRP在260、280 nm有吸收峰,说明蒲公英根粗多糖中含有少量的核酸和蛋白质成分;纯化后的四种多糖在260、280 nm处均无明显吸收峰,而在240 nm左右处DRP、DRP-a和DRP-c存在吸收峰,推测可能源于残留的小分子肽段或糖醛酸等结构的末端吸收。总体经DEAE柱层析分离纯化后的多糖中几乎不含有蛋白质、核酸成分,表明纯化效果较好[27]。
DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d的红外光谱扫描结果如图8所示,可以看出粗多糖及四种纯化后的多糖均具有类似的红外吸收峰。在3287.67、3318.49、3431.50、3380.13、3397.26 cm−1处的吸收峰属于DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d的O-H的伸缩振动峰,这也是多糖的典型特征吸收峰[28];样品在2931.20、2934.93、2938.35、2938.35、2931.50 cm−1处的吸收峰为多糖C-H键不对称伸缩振动造成的。1602.73、1613.01、1623.28、1623.28、1609.58 cm−1处为C=C伸缩振动引起的[29]。1410.95、1414.38、1414.38、1417.80、1421.23 cm−1处为C-H键的弯曲振动造成的[30];1246.52、1253.42、1250、1250、1253.42 cm−1吸收峰是C=O键伸缩振动所产生的;1023.97、1037.67、1017.12、1078.76、1041.09 cm−1吸收峰属于C-O-C伸缩振动造成的,这表明中多糖中含有吡喃环[31];962.32、907.53、938.35、914.38、907.53 cm−1处有吸收峰说明多糖中存在α糖苷键;825.73、842.46、825.73、856.16、859.58 cm−1处存在吸收峰则说明五种多糖中均含有β糖苷键[32]。
DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d的相对分子量测定结果如表4所示。DRP-a的重均分子量为8763 Da,呈单一且较窄的分子量分布;DRP-b和DRP-c均由两种不同分子量的多糖组成,其分子量范围分别为6396~51090 Da和8067~52713 Da;DRP-d的分子量分布范围最宽,介于12389~229349 Da之间。本研究所得多糖组分的分子量分布范围较广,覆盖从几千至几十万 Da,与文献报道中常见多糖的分子量区间(多为8~80 kDa)基本吻合[33]。尽管各组分内部的多分散性指数(PDI)接近1,表明其分子量分布相对均一,但DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d仍由多个分子量不同的组分构成,除DRP-a外,其余3种多糖还需经凝胶柱层析进一步分离纯化,才可获得均一组分多糖。
DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d与单糖标准品的对比色谱图见图9。由图9可知,DRP主要由甘露糖(Man)、鼠李糖(Rha)、葡萄糖醛酸(Glc-A)、半乳糖醛酸(Gal-A)、葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)和阿拉伯糖(Ara)组成,其摩尔比为3.096:26.333:2.272:19.527:9.582:16.165:23.024;DRP-a所含单糖种类最少,仅由甘露糖(Man)、葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)和阿拉伯糖(Ara)组成,其摩尔比为4.936:70.416:12.018:12.630;DRP-b和DRP-c的单糖组成一致,均由甘露糖(Man)、盐酸氨基葡萄糖(Glc-N)、鼠李糖(Rha)、葡糖糖醛酸(Glc-A)、半乳糖醛酸(Gal-A)、葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)和阿拉伯糖(Ara)组成,其摩尔比分别为6.843:0.177:1.384:2.902:66.581:3.508:13.255:5.349和2.257:0.227:11.640:2.874:28.133:4.255:31.461:19.152;DRP-d则由甘露糖(Man)、鼠李糖(Rha)、葡糖糖醛酸(Glc-A)、半乳糖醛酸(Gal-A)、葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)、木糖(Xyl)和阿拉伯糖(Ara)组成,摩尔比为0.267:36.549:2.512:14.771:0.627:20.111:0.861:24.303。蒲公英根中天然存在多种结构多样的多糖,因其电荷特性各异,在洗脱过程中会随洗脱液离子强度的不同而被分离成不同的组分。粗多糖DRP作为多种电荷多糖共存的复杂混合物,其高含量组分的色谱信号容易掩盖微量多糖的特征响应,继而导致部分低含量单糖难以被有效识别,而经DEAE柱层析分级后,原本共存但带电性质不同的多糖得以有效富集与分离,因而各洗脱组分在单糖组成及摩尔比上相较DRP会有所差异[34]。
由图10可知,低倍数下,DRP呈现不规则碎块状结构,DRP-a呈现出球状结构,而DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d均呈现出不对称的片状结构裂纹,放大至1000倍、5000倍下可清晰地观察到DRP有层状和块状结构,DRP-a呈现出密集的带孔球状结构,DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d的表面都呈十分光滑的片状结构。上述几种多糖的表面形貌差异主要归因于其各自的结构特性,DRP-a作为中性多糖富含羟基,容易形成分子间氢键相互交缠或通过链间缔合促使分子发生无序聚集,从而形成多孔聚集体[35];而DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d作为酸性多糖,其分子链上携带羧基等负电基团在溶液中因静电斥力而伸展,在冷冻干燥过程中,随着水分去除,这些伸展的链段更倾向于定向排列,从而形成光滑的片层结构[36−37]。
刚果红在稀碱溶液中可以与含有三螺旋结构的多糖形成复合物,使其最大吸收波长较刚果红溶液相比会向长波方向移动,即红移,而无螺旋结构的复合体则无此现象发生[38]。由图11可知,与刚果红组相比,当NaOH浓度为0~0.5 mol/L时,DRP与刚果红混合的最大吸收波长发生明显的红移,而DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d和刚果红的复合物的最大吸收波长与刚果红溶液呈相同趋势,无明显红移现象发生。综上可得,DRP具有三螺旋结构,而分离纯化后的DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c和DRP-d没有三螺旋结构。这主要是由于三螺旋结构的形成与稳定通常需要高分子量作为支撑,而纯化过程可能导致分子量下降或破坏分子间协同作用,致使三螺旋结构解离[39]。
DPPH是一种以氮为中心具有良好定性的自由基,在517 nm波长处有特征吸收峰。将DPPH溶于乙醇后溶液呈紫红色,而当存在抗氧化剂时,其孤电子会发生配对,自由基被清除,溶液初始的颜色紫色会发生褪色,其褪色程度与抗氧化剂的抗氧化能力呈正相关[40]。DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d和VC的DPPH自由基清除能力如图12所示。在1.0 mg/mL之前,DRP对DPPH自由基的清除能力低于DRP-b和DRP-d,DRP-d对DPPH自由基的清除能力低于DRP-b,随着多糖浓度的继续增加,五种多糖清除能力也随之增强,当浓度为5.0 mg/mL时,DRP对DPPH自由基清除率达到最高,为96.37%,与VC溶液的清除率相近。该浓度下DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d的清除能力分别为29.56%、57.09%、26.36%和76.94%。整体来看,五种多糖对DPPH自由基清除能力由强到弱依次是:DRP>DRP-d>DRP-b>DRP-a>DRP-c。
研究表明,过量的自由基会导致人机体发生氧化损伤,从而导致糖尿病、心血管疾病和关节炎等一系列疾病[41]。ABTS+自由基是通过用强氧化剂如过硫酸钾氧化ABTS而形成的,存在抗氧化剂时蓝色溶液反应变色,在735 nm处有特征吸收峰[37],DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d和VC的ABTS+自由基清除能力如图13所示,随着多糖浓度的增加,五种多糖均都表现出了浓度依赖性的清除能力,且清除能力各不同。在0.1 mg/mL浓度下,DRP对ABTS+自由基的清除能力低于DRP-b和DRP-d,DRP-c的清除能力大于DRP-a;当浓度为5.0 mg/mL时,多糖清除率均达到最大值,分别为80.19%、32.37%、39.04%、29.82%和50.87%。整体来看,五种多糖对ABTS+自由基清除能力由强到弱依次是:DRP>DRP-d>DRP-b>DRP-a>DRP-c,但都低于VC阳性对照组。
羟自由基是一种具有高度氧化性的活性氧,已被广泛证明与人体衰老和某些疾病的发生密切相关[42]。DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d和VC的羟自由基清除能力如图14所示,随着多糖浓度的增加,五种多糖均表现出了较强的剂量依赖性。在浓度为0.1 mg/mL时,DRP、DRP-b和DRP-d的羟自由基的清除能力相近,而当浓度为5.0 mg/mL时,多糖对羟自由基清除率达到最高,分别为49.87%、24.67%、31.10%、21.15%和34.36%,可以看出,纯化后的多糖DRP-d的清除率最高,但清除率也均低于VC阳性对照组。
总还原力是测试活性物质对三价铁的还原能力,是一种评价物质抗氧化活性的重要指标[43]。DRP、DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d和VC的总还原力如图15所示,随着多糖浓度的增加,五种多糖总还原力均在增加,当浓度为5.0 mg/mL时,多糖的总还原力达到最高,分别为0.49、0.24、0.28、0.22、0.34。然而五种多糖的总还原力总体水平较低,远低于VC阳性对照组。
基于上述体外抗氧化活性评价结果,可以看出DRP在DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基、羟自由基清除实验及总还原力测定中均表现出最强的抗氧化活性,这与其所含蛋白质、核酸等非多糖组分的协同作用有关。而经DEAE纯化所得的四个组分中抗氧化活性的强弱与它们在化学组成、结构特征及分子量分布上的区别密切相关[44]。由于DRP-d含有木糖,木糖特殊的空间构型更有利于其提供氢原子或电子,从而增强了自由基清除能力;其较宽的分子量分布也有助于不同组分间产生协同增效[45]。DRP-b与DRP-c的分子量与单糖组成相近,但DRP-b中半乳糖醛酸比例更高,可通过羧基螯合金属离子抑制羟自由基生成,从而提升抗氧化效能[46]。DRP-a因分子量最低、结构最简单,抗氧化能力最弱。综上,多糖的抗氧化活性并非由单一结构因素决定,而是其单糖组成、分子量分布及空间构型等多维度结构特征协同作用的结果。由于DRP-d在产率与体外抗氧化性在分离纯化后的组分中最高,因而选用DRP-d进行后续实验研究。
消化道内多糖的消化吸收程度,可通过其化学性质的变化来进行评估[40]。DRP-d在模拟口腔、胃、肠液中的总糖、还原糖的水平变化如图16所示。在口腔阶段总糖含量总体轻微下降,到胃阶段基本稳定,小肠阶段含量小幅度下降,但总体保持稳定。还原糖含量在口腔、胃肠消化过程中含量小幅度上升。其变化原因可能是在模拟消化过程中唾液淀粉酶和模拟胃液的高pH对多糖起到了一定作用,并导致糖苷键断裂,引起还原端的暴露,然而由于多糖整体结构稳定,这种水解程度非常有限[41]。综上,DRP-d的总糖和还原糖的含量没有发生显著变化,说明DRP-d在模拟消化道中表现出了良好的抗消化特性,可作为良好的膳食纤维完整地进入结肠供肠道微生物酵解利用。
本研究优化了蒲公英根多糖的复合酶法提取工艺,通过大孔吸附树脂AB-8与DEAE Sepharose FF柱层析分离获得四种多糖组分:DRP-a、DRP-b、DRP-c、DRP-d。紫外和红外结果显示,纯化后多糖中蛋白质与核酸杂质已基本去除;DRP-a所含单糖种类最少,仅由甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成,分子量为8763 Da,呈密集多孔球状结构;DRP-b和DRP-c分子量分别为6396~51090 Da和8067~52713 Da,且与DRP相比,均多了盐酸氨基葡萄糖;DRP-d分子量为12389~229349 Da,并额外含有木糖。后三种组分均为不规则碎片状结构,且纯化后的四种多糖均无三螺旋构型。体外抗氧化实验表明,各多糖对DPPH·、ABTS+·及·OH均具有清除能力,并表现出一定的总还原力,其中纯化后的组分中DRP-d的抗氧化活性最强;体外模拟消化实验证实DRP-d具备作为膳食纤维或益生元的潜力。后续可进一步对DRP-d进行分离纯化,研究其酵解特性及对肠道菌群的调节作用,为蒲公英多糖在功能性食品领域的开发提供理论支撑。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090033
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
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    1新疆农业大学化学化工学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
    2新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091

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闫圣坤(1986−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:功能食品研究与开发,E-mail:。
刘洋(1985−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:化学功能材料,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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