Article(id=1320880614643974738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760457600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852079306, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852079306, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852079306, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852079306, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=135, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880614832718419, articleId=1320880614643974738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Dragon Fruit Peel Juice Marination on the Quality Characteristics and Flavor of Pan-fried Beef Steaks, columnId=1320880469017735237, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Components and Quality Mechanisms, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dragon fruit peel juice as a natural marinade on the physicochemical properties and flavor characteristics of beef steaks. Unmarinated steaks served as the control (CON), while a basic seasoning group (BSP) and a dragon fruit peel–marinated group (DFP) were prepared. The pH, color parameters, texture properties, and lipid oxidation levels of the samples were determined. Sensory evaluation, free amino acid profiling, and volatile flavor compound analysis—using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC–MS)—were conducted to systematically assess the influence of the marinade on steak quality and flavor. The results showed that marination with dragon fruit peel juice significantly increased the a* value while reducing pH and fracture force (P<0.05), thereby effectively improving steak tenderness and color and inhibiting lipid oxidation. Free amino acid analysis indicated that glutamic acid and alanine were the major taste-active amino acids. A total of 536 volatile compounds were identified in the steaks, among which aldehydes and terpenes contributed prominently to the overall flavor. Compared with the CON group, the DFP group exhibited significantly lower levels of aldehydes and ketones but markedly higher levels of terpenes (P<0.05), promoting the development of intensified black-pepper-like and fruity notes and yielding a more balanced and enriched flavor profile. In conclusion, marination with dragon fruit peel juice significantly enhances the physicochemical and sensory qualities of beef steaks and optimizes their flavor characteristics, providing theoretical support for the development of natural antioxidant marinades and strategies for meat flavor modulation.

, authors=Jiayi LI1, Han WANG1, Yifang LI1, Yi LI1, Xingmin LI1, Yi LIU1, Jinliang WANG2, Ruitong DAI1, *, authorsList=Jiayi LI, Han WANG, Yifang LI, Yi LI, Xingmin LI, Yi LIU, Jinliang WANG, Ruitong DAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ruitong DAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880616158118496, articleId=1320880614643974738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=火龙果皮汁腌制处理对煎牛排品质特性及风味的影响, columnId=1320880469198090311, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品组分与品质机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在评估火龙果皮汁作为天然腌制剂对牛排理化性质和风味特性的影响。以未腌制牛排为对照(CON),设置基础调味组(BSP)和火龙果皮汁腌制组(DFP),测定pH、色差、质构特性及脂质氧化水平,结合感官评价、游离氨基酸分析,并以顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术(eadspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC–MS)对挥发性风味成分进行检测,系统分析其对牛排品质及风味的影响。结果显示,火龙果皮汁腌制显著提高牛排a*值,降低pH和断裂力(P<0.05),有效改善嫩度与色泽,抑制脂质氧化。游离氨基酸分析表明,谷氨酸和丙氨酸是主要呈味氨基酸。从牛排中共鉴定出536种挥发性成分,其中醛类和萜类对整体风味贡献突出。与CON组相比,DFP组中醛类、酮类含量显著下降,萜类含量显著增加(P<0.05),有助于牛排形成更浓郁的黑胡椒香与果香,使风味轮廓更协调丰富。综上,火龙果皮汁腌制能显著改善牛排理化与感官品质并优化其风味特征,为天然抗氧化型腌制剂的开发及肉类风味调控提供理论依据。

, authors=李佳宜1, 王晗1, 李怡芳1, 李奕1, 李兴民1, 刘毅1, 王金亮2, 戴瑞彤1, *, authorsList=李佳宜, 王晗, 李怡芳, 李奕, 李兴民, 刘毅, 王金亮, 戴瑞彤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=戴瑞彤, authorNote=

李佳宜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉品科学与加工技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
戴瑞彤(1966−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:肉品贮藏保鲜技术及加工工艺,E-mail:。
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Food Chemistry, 2022, 386: 132728., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880632281023212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Junhe, CUI Heping, ZHANG Qiang, et al. Adducts derived from (–)-epigallocatechin gallate-amadori rearrangement products in aqueous reaction systems: Characterization, formation, and thermolysis[J]. 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注:CON为空白对照组,BSP为黑胡椒海盐煎制组,DFP为火龙果皮汁腌制组;不同小写字母表示同一指标差异显著(P<0.05);图2~图6同。

, figureFileSmall=rNtLwzD1kHY/vJK7Ygr4DA==, figureFileBig=mlJOwmomDhuiyG2yWtKtIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880622839644827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=PCA score plot (A) and loading plot (B) of free amino acid composition in steaks from different groups after pan-frying treatment, figureFileSmall=Fmw1o8pBl7ioK2zOD8lnew==, figureFileBig=d1qzK/220N0OELi5iM5uyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880622915142300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=图2, caption=煎制处理后各组牛排的游离氨基酸组分的PCA得分图(A)和载荷图(B), figureFileSmall=Fmw1o8pBl7ioK2zOD8lnew==, figureFileBig=d1qzK/220N0OELi5iM5uyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880622999028381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Electronic nose radar chart data of steak samples in each group after pan-frying treatment, figureFileSmall=yDvZqHGHQelstHI7CiPkhA==, figureFileBig=ofnZnSoXs78FXAdMagAxnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880623091303070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=图3, caption=煎制处理后各组牛排样品的电子鼻雷达图, figureFileSmall=yDvZqHGHQelstHI7CiPkhA==, figureFileBig=ofnZnSoXs78FXAdMagAxnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880623170994847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Number (A) and percentage (B) of volatile flavor compounds subclasses of steak samples from all groups after pan-frying treatment, figureFileSmall=0EnQ+YlWFYZwIhh8rcLLYA==, figureFileBig=HQDcElVy3ufykPlLZs/JqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880623246492320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=图4, caption=煎制处理后所有组别牛排样品鉴定出的挥发性风味物质种类的数量(A)和占比(B), figureFileSmall=0EnQ+YlWFYZwIhh8rcLLYA==, figureFileBig=HQDcElVy3ufykPlLZs/JqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880623330378401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relative content of volatile flavor compounds (A) and PCA score plot (B) of steak samples in each group after pan-frying treatment, figureFileSmall=65ETjNHDk9YN9SsjKmXHig==, figureFileBig=1A7d/EAJf9aOkQL97NbLDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880623418458786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=图5, caption=煎制处理后各组牛排样品挥发性风味物质相对含量(A)和PCA分数图(B), figureFileSmall=65ETjNHDk9YN9SsjKmXHig==, figureFileBig=1A7d/EAJf9aOkQL97NbLDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880623477179043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Heatmap of the 15 screened key volatile compounds of steak samples in each group after pan-frying, figureFileSmall=WfndXbEMgKvR/vY5R4gDqw==, figureFileBig=Qw+6JMrJRsnhWBpz4WUD2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880623552676516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=图6, caption=煎制处理后各组牛排样品筛选出的15种关键挥发性物质聚类热图, figureFileSmall=WfndXbEMgKvR/vY5R4gDqw==, figureFileBig=Qw+6JMrJRsnhWBpz4WUD2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880623611396773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for fried steak[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分数评价标准
风味1~3香气较淡,有少量异味
4~6香气一般,无异味
7~9香气浓郁,气味芳香
色泽1~3颜色深浅不可接受
4~6颜色较浅或者较深,较为诱人
7~9色泽均匀,非常诱人
质地1~3难嚼断与下咽
4~6可嚼碎,可下咽
7~9易嚼碎,易下咽
喜爱度1~3不可接受
4~6可接受程度一般
7~9非常愿意接受
), ArticleFig(id=1320880623682699942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

牛排整体感官评价标准[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分数评价标准
风味1~3香气较淡,有少量异味
4~6香气一般,无异味
7~9香气浓郁,气味芳香
色泽1~3颜色深浅不可接受
4~6颜色较浅或者较深,较为诱人
7~9色泽均匀,非常诱人
质地1~3难嚼断与下咽
4~6可嚼碎,可下咽
7~9易嚼碎,易下咽
喜爱度1~3不可接受
4~6可接受程度一般
7~9非常愿意接受
), ArticleFig(id=1320880623758197415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance description of electronic nose sensors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器名称传感器
1W1C对芳香成分敏感
2W5S对小分子氮氧化物类气体敏感
3W3C对氨类和芳香成分灵敏
4W6S对氢化物灵敏
5W5C对短链烷烃芳香成分灵敏
6W1S对甲烷灵敏
7W1W对硫化物灵敏
8W2S对乙醇灵敏
9W2W对芳香成分和有机硫化物灵敏
10W3S对烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320880623837889192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电子鼻传感器

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器名称传感器
1W1C对芳香成分敏感
2W5S对小分子氮氧化物类气体敏感
3W3C对氨类和芳香成分灵敏
4W6S对氢化物灵敏
5W5C对短链烷烃芳香成分灵敏
6W1S对甲烷灵敏
7W1W对硫化物灵敏
8W2S对乙醇灵敏
9W2W对芳香成分和有机硫化物灵敏
10W3S对烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320880623913386665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Content of polyphenolic compounds in dragon fruit peel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称含量(ng/g样品)
没食子酸−
儿茶素−
绿原酸7407.14±196.46
咖啡酸3018.22±91.69
阿魏酸6615.18±375.76
槲皮素250.89±13.24
), ArticleFig(id=1320880623984689834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

火龙果皮中多酚物质的含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称含量(ng/g样品)
没食子酸−
儿茶素−
绿原酸7407.14±196.46
咖啡酸3018.22±91.69
阿魏酸6615.18±375.76
槲皮素250.89±13.24
), ArticleFig(id=1320880624097936043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

pH, color and texture of steaks in different groups after pan-frying treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标CONBSPDFP
pH5.76±0.03b5.83±0.01a5.67±0.03c
L*45.70±2.21a28.78±2.50b31.89±3.51b
a*7.88±1.12ab7.39±1.44b9.42±1.27a
b*18.24±1.74a16.94±2.25a18.63±1.25a
∆E17.33±2.96a16.01±2.51a
断裂力(g)4049.00±189.69ab5067.67±770.30a3654.00±384.45b
硬度(g)197.00±30.27a163.00±10.44ab149.67±2.89b
内聚性0.53±0.02b0.58±0.03a0.61±0.03a
弹性(mm)1.89±0.09a2.11±0.20a2.01±0.04a
胶着性(g)118.00±19.97a101.33±3.79a103.67±11.93a
咀嚼性(mJ)2.20±0.44a2.10±0.26a2.03±0.25a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880624173433516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

煎制处理后各组牛排的pH、色泽和质构分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标CONBSPDFP
pH5.76±0.03b5.83±0.01a5.67±0.03c
L*45.70±2.21a28.78±2.50b31.89±3.51b
a*7.88±1.12ab7.39±1.44b9.42±1.27a
b*18.24±1.74a16.94±2.25a18.63±1.25a
∆E17.33±2.96a16.01±2.51a
断裂力(g)4049.00±189.69ab5067.67±770.30a3654.00±384.45b
硬度(g)197.00±30.27a163.00±10.44ab149.67±2.89b
内聚性0.53±0.02b0.58±0.03a0.61±0.03a
弹性(mm)1.89±0.09a2.11±0.20a2.01±0.04a
胶着性(g)118.00±19.97a101.33±3.79a103.67±11.93a
咀嚼性(mJ)2.20±0.44a2.10±0.26a2.03±0.25a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880624248930989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Composition and content of free amino acids in steaks of each group after pan-frying treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸含量
(mg/kg)
组别
CONBSPDFP
鲜味氨基酸Asp26.80±0.22a19.33±0.24c26.13±0.18b
Glu368.42±0.57b373.56±2.18a217.5±0.43c
甜味氨基酸Gly209.97±0.19b221.31±0.34a106.05±0.75c
Ala619.47±7.10b682.79±2.45a318.55±1.95c
Thr232.79±1.19b244.35±0.49a126.02±0.25c
Ser308.39±1.67b320.38±0.95a167.4±0.61c
Pro90.30±1.04b92.88±1.16a49.54±0.57c
苦味氨基酸Lys283.95±1.21a103.65±0.33c203.58±1.99b
His113.05±2.86a115.31±0.93a67.67±1.79b
Val384.7±2.39b392.21±0.77a208.79±0.93c
Met225.94±3.13b231.01±0.39a140.16±0.83c
Ile328.35±1.34b337.5±1.64a191.17±0.86c
Leu591.33±2.00b597.54±0.87a334.65±1.88c
Arg230.71±1.22a186.89±1.05b175.50±1.38c
Tyr201.12±0.87a122.83±1.20c148.87±0.87b
Phe361.89±2.35a360.79±2.01a218.67±0.37b
无味氨基酸Cys−7.22±0.48a6.10±0.67b
∑鲜味氨基酸395.22±0.79a392.89±2.42a243.63±0.61b
∑甜味氨基酸1460.92±11.19b1561.71±5.39a767.56±4.13c
∑苦味氨基酸2721.04±17.37a2447.73±9.19b1689.06±10.90c
∑无味氨基酸−7.22±0.48a6.10±0.67b
总和4577.18±29.35a4409.55±17.48b2706.35±16.31c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880624332817070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

煎制处理后各组牛排游离氨基酸的组成和含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸含量
(mg/kg)
组别
CONBSPDFP
鲜味氨基酸Asp26.80±0.22a19.33±0.24c26.13±0.18b
Glu368.42±0.57b373.56±2.18a217.5±0.43c
甜味氨基酸Gly209.97±0.19b221.31±0.34a106.05±0.75c
Ala619.47±7.10b682.79±2.45a318.55±1.95c
Thr232.79±1.19b244.35±0.49a126.02±0.25c
Ser308.39±1.67b320.38±0.95a167.4±0.61c
Pro90.30±1.04b92.88±1.16a49.54±0.57c
苦味氨基酸Lys283.95±1.21a103.65±0.33c203.58±1.99b
His113.05±2.86a115.31±0.93a67.67±1.79b
Val384.7±2.39b392.21±0.77a208.79±0.93c
Met225.94±3.13b231.01±0.39a140.16±0.83c
Ile328.35±1.34b337.5±1.64a191.17±0.86c
Leu591.33±2.00b597.54±0.87a334.65±1.88c
Arg230.71±1.22a186.89±1.05b175.50±1.38c
Tyr201.12±0.87a122.83±1.20c148.87±0.87b
Phe361.89±2.35a360.79±2.01a218.67±0.37b
无味氨基酸Cys−7.22±0.48a6.10±0.67b
∑鲜味氨基酸395.22±0.79a392.89±2.42a243.63±0.61b
∑甜味氨基酸1460.92±11.19b1561.71±5.39a767.56±4.13c
∑苦味氨基酸2721.04±17.37a2447.73±9.19b1689.06±10.90c
∑无味氨基酸−7.22±0.48a6.10±0.67b
总和4577.18±29.35a4409.55±17.48b2706.35±16.31c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880624429286063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

TAV value of free amino acids in steaks of different groups after pan-frying treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸类别阈值(mg/kg)[41]TAV值
CONBSPDFP
Asp300.890.640.87
Glu3001.231.250.73
Gly13000.160.170.08
Ala6001.031.140.53
Thr26000.090.090.05
Ser15000.210.210.11
Pro30000.030.030.02
Lys5000.570.210.41
His2000.570.580.34
Val4000.960.980.52
Met7500.300.310.19
Ile9000.360.380.21
Leu19000.310.310.18
Arg5000.460.370.35
Tyr7250.280.170.21
Phe9000.400.400.24
Cys200−0.040.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320880624525755056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

煎制处理后各组牛排游离氨基酸的TAV值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸类别阈值(mg/kg)[41]TAV值
CONBSPDFP
Asp300.890.640.87
Glu3001.231.250.73
Gly13000.160.170.08
Ala6001.031.140.53
Thr26000.090.090.05
Ser15000.210.210.11
Pro30000.030.030.02
Lys5000.570.210.41
His2000.570.580.34
Val4000.960.980.52
Met7500.300.310.19
Ile9000.360.380.21
Leu19000.310.310.18
Arg5000.460.370.35
Tyr7250.280.170.21
Phe9000.400.400.24
Cys200−0.040.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320880624597058225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Odor descriptions, ROAV values, and VIP values of the 15 key volatile compounds identified

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称风味描述[41]气味阈值[41]
(mg/L)
ROAV值VIP值
CONBSPDFP
2,4-癸二烯醛脂肪香;柑橘;甜香;坚果香0.00005100.00100.00100.001.71
2-壬烯醛脂肪香;蜡香;黄瓜香6.5×10−516.2211.4420.761.06
己醛青草香;脂肪香;果香0.007541.3231.2672.498.61
辛醛柑橘;脂肪香;蜡香0.000716.5010.3632.372.10
壬醛柑橘;脂肪香;花香0.01536.4424.2366.253.87
戊醛腐烂;发酵;坚果味;果味0.0081.511.062.182.60
庚醛脂肪香;腐臭;青草香0.013.081.996.221.98
1-辛烯-3-醇蘑菇香;泥土香;青草香0.0076.635.5314.391.90
(+/-)-柠檬烯柑橘香;柠檬香;萜烯0.010.000.321.004.27
4-异丙基甲苯萜烯;木质香;香料0.01330.0114.5748.885.32
α-蒎烯松木香;松脂香;木质香0.0330.000.852.053.87
胡椒醛胡椒香;甜香;花香0.00394.8410.3614.692.62
糠基硫醇烤香;咖啡香;硫磺4×10−55.8515.2225.161.14
桉叶醇桉树;樟脑;甜香0.000260.010.281.071.00
2-戊基呋喃果香;青草香;豆腥味0.00482.121.683.392.05
), ArticleFig(id=1320880624672555698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880614643974738, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

筛选出的15种关键挥发性物质的气味描述、ROAV值以及VIP值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称风味描述[41]气味阈值[41]
(mg/L)
ROAV值VIP值
CONBSPDFP
2,4-癸二烯醛脂肪香;柑橘;甜香;坚果香0.00005100.00100.00100.001.71
2-壬烯醛脂肪香;蜡香;黄瓜香6.5×10−516.2211.4420.761.06
己醛青草香;脂肪香;果香0.007541.3231.2672.498.61
辛醛柑橘;脂肪香;蜡香0.000716.5010.3632.372.10
壬醛柑橘;脂肪香;花香0.01536.4424.2366.253.87
戊醛腐烂;发酵;坚果味;果味0.0081.511.062.182.60
庚醛脂肪香;腐臭;青草香0.013.081.996.221.98
1-辛烯-3-醇蘑菇香;泥土香;青草香0.0076.635.5314.391.90
(+/-)-柠檬烯柑橘香;柠檬香;萜烯0.010.000.321.004.27
4-异丙基甲苯萜烯;木质香;香料0.01330.0114.5748.885.32
α-蒎烯松木香;松脂香;木质香0.0330.000.852.053.87
胡椒醛胡椒香;甜香;花香0.00394.8410.3614.692.62
糠基硫醇烤香;咖啡香;硫磺4×10−55.8515.2225.161.14
桉叶醇桉树;樟脑;甜香0.000260.010.281.071.00
2-戊基呋喃果香;青草香;豆腥味0.00482.121.683.392.05
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火龙果皮汁腌制处理对煎牛排品质特性及风味的影响
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李佳宜 1 , 王晗 1 , 李怡芳 1 , 李奕 1 , 李兴民 1 , 刘毅 1 , 王金亮 2 , 戴瑞彤 1, *
食品工业科技 | 食品组分与品质机制 2026,47(18): 135-144
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食品工业科技 |食品组分与品质机制 2026 , 47 (18) : 135 -144
火龙果皮汁腌制处理对煎牛排品质特性及风味的影响
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李佳宜1 , 王晗1, 李怡芳1, 李奕1, 李兴民1, 刘毅1, 王金亮2, 戴瑞彤1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2山东康贝特食品机械有限公司,山东潍坊 261000
通讯作者:
戴瑞彤(1966−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:肉品贮藏保鲜技术及加工工艺,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李佳宜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉品科学与加工技术,E-mail:

Effects of Dragon Fruit Peel Juice Marination on the Quality Characteristics and Flavor of Pan-fried Beef Steaks
Jiayi LI1 , Han WANG1, Yifang LI1, Yi LI1, Xingmin LI1, Yi LIU1, Jinliang WANG2, Ruitong DAI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Shandong Kangbeite Food Machinery Co., Ltd., Weifang 261000, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100115
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本研究旨在评估火龙果皮汁作为天然腌制剂对牛排理化性质和风味特性的影响。以未腌制牛排为对照(CON),设置基础调味组(BSP)和火龙果皮汁腌制组(DFP),测定pH、色差、质构特性及脂质氧化水平,结合感官评价、游离氨基酸分析,并以顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术(eadspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC–MS)对挥发性风味成分进行检测,系统分析其对牛排品质及风味的影响。结果显示,火龙果皮汁腌制显著提高牛排a*值,降低pH和断裂力(P<0.05),有效改善嫩度与色泽,抑制脂质氧化。游离氨基酸分析表明,谷氨酸和丙氨酸是主要呈味氨基酸。从牛排中共鉴定出536种挥发性成分,其中醛类和萜类对整体风味贡献突出。与CON组相比,DFP组中醛类、酮类含量显著下降,萜类含量显著增加(P<0.05),有助于牛排形成更浓郁的黑胡椒香与果香,使风味轮廓更协调丰富。综上,火龙果皮汁腌制能显著改善牛排理化与感官品质并优化其风味特征,为天然抗氧化型腌制剂的开发及肉类风味调控提供理论依据。

火龙果皮  /  腌制处理  /  牛排  /  品质  /  挥发性风味物质

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dragon fruit peel juice as a natural marinade on the physicochemical properties and flavor characteristics of beef steaks. Unmarinated steaks served as the control (CON), while a basic seasoning group (BSP) and a dragon fruit peel–marinated group (DFP) were prepared. The pH, color parameters, texture properties, and lipid oxidation levels of the samples were determined. Sensory evaluation, free amino acid profiling, and volatile flavor compound analysis—using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC–MS)—were conducted to systematically assess the influence of the marinade on steak quality and flavor. The results showed that marination with dragon fruit peel juice significantly increased the a* value while reducing pH and fracture force (P<0.05), thereby effectively improving steak tenderness and color and inhibiting lipid oxidation. Free amino acid analysis indicated that glutamic acid and alanine were the major taste-active amino acids. A total of 536 volatile compounds were identified in the steaks, among which aldehydes and terpenes contributed prominently to the overall flavor. Compared with the CON group, the DFP group exhibited significantly lower levels of aldehydes and ketones but markedly higher levels of terpenes (P<0.05), promoting the development of intensified black-pepper-like and fruity notes and yielding a more balanced and enriched flavor profile. In conclusion, marination with dragon fruit peel juice significantly enhances the physicochemical and sensory qualities of beef steaks and optimizes their flavor characteristics, providing theoretical support for the development of natural antioxidant marinades and strategies for meat flavor modulation.

dragon fruit peel  /  marination  /  beef steak  /  quality  /  volatile flavor compounds
李佳宜, 王晗, 李怡芳, 李奕, 李兴民, 刘毅, 王金亮, 戴瑞彤. 火龙果皮汁腌制处理对煎牛排品质特性及风味的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 135 -144 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100115
Jiayi LI, Han WANG, Yifang LI, Yi LI, Xingmin LI, Yi LIU, Jinliang WANG, Ruitong DAI. Effects of Dragon Fruit Peel Juice Marination on the Quality Characteristics and Flavor of Pan-fried Beef Steaks[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 135 -144 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100115
牛排因其肉质细嫩多汁、风味浓郁和高营养价值而深受消费者喜爱[1−2]。然而,牛排在加工和烹饪过程中易发生脂质氧化,会导致品质劣变和氧化异味形成,严重时还可能形成潜在有害物质[3]。腌制作为肉类加工中常用的预处理方式,在改善肉品质构、抑制脂质氧化并赋予特定风味方面具有重要作用。然而,长期摄入合成抗氧化剂可能带来潜在的安全隐患[4]。近年来,天然植物提取物如柑橘皮[5]、迷迭香[6]、葡萄皮[7]等已被证实可有效抑制肉制品中的脂质氧化,并提升感官品质。
火龙果是一种营养丰富、风味独特的水果。中国作为火龙果的主要生产国和消费国之一,2024年火龙果的总产量约138万吨[8],且市场规模持续保持增长势头,预计2027年我国火龙果的市场规模有望达到280亿元[9]。火龙果的果皮约占整体鲜重的25%,在加工及鲜食消费过程中通常作为废弃物丢弃,造成资源浪费[10−11]。这些果皮富含甜菜红素、多酚、类黄酮、果胶等生物活性成分,具有良好的抗氧化潜力[12]。因此,选择火龙果皮作为天然抗氧化型腌制剂的来源,不仅能够实现果蔬副产物的高值化利用,而且其中含有的天然成分可能在抑制牛排脂质氧化、改善风味方面发挥积极作用。目前,关于火龙果皮在肉类领域的研究多聚焦于其成分的提取与应用,如火龙果皮提取物的分离纯化及其在腌制肉中替代亚硝酸盐的潜在效果[13],以及基于火龙果皮色素构建的新鲜度指示膜在肉品贮藏监测中的应用等[14]。而提取物的制备往往涉及溶剂萃取、纯化等步骤,工艺繁琐、成本较高,且在工业生产中的应用仍受一定限制。相比之下,直接利用其果皮原汁进行腌制具有来源广泛、加工简便、保留天然活性成分等优势,但目前关于火龙果原汁对牛排挥发性风味物质及整体风味的影响及其机制研究较为匮乏。
因此,本研究以火龙果皮汁作为天然腌制液对牛排进行处理,通过测定pH、色差、质构特性及脂质氧化水平,结合感官评价探讨其对牛排理化品质的影响。通过游离氨基酸、电子鼻以及HS-SPME-GC-MS分析,结合化学计量学方法筛选了区分传统牛排与火龙果牛排的关键气味标志物,评估其对牛排风味调控的作用,为火龙果皮在肉制品中作为天然抗氧化型腌制剂的应用提供参考。
牛背最长肌 来源于北京本地品牌月盛斋在某连锁超市的专柜。选取3头36月龄育肥安格斯牛(体重670±28 kg),经屠宰后在0~4 ℃条件下进行48 h冷却成熟。随后按标准工艺分割背最长肌,并于4 ℃下进行真空包装,经冷链运输送至北京市内的月盛斋专柜;国产红肉火龙果 产地广西南宁隆安;黑胡椒海盐、葵花籽油 均购于本地超市;三氯乙酸、硫代巴比妥酸 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;甲醇、乙腈、甲酸 色谱纯,美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;氮气 纯度99.999%,山东海能科学仪器有限公司;咖啡酸、阿魏酸、儿茶素、绿原酸、槲皮素、芦丁 纯度≥98%,北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
Z8-V82九阳榨汁机 九阳股份有限公司;OKL-1901电烤盘 中山市欧莱克电器有限公司;RSD-CH-230127绞肉机 合肥荣事达小家电有限公司;SMF2002磨粉机 苏泊尔股份有限公司;PL-S100超声清洗机 东莞康士洁超声波科技有限公司;LC-MSMS-8045岛津液相色谱-质谱联用仪 岛津实验器材有限公司;CT-3质构仪 美国Brookfield公司;PEN 3电子鼻 德国Airsense公司;UPLC I-Class超高效液相色谱、XEVO TQ-S Micro串联四极杆质谱系统 Waters Corporation公司;TRACE 1610 GC-Orbitrap Exploris型高分辨气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。
火龙果皮汁制备:将火龙果洗净后去除果肉,取果皮部分切块后榨汁。榨汁时按果皮质量的3倍加入清水,得到浓度约为25%(m/m)的果皮汁液。参照文献[15]和预实验确定汁液巴氏杀菌条件,90 ℃加热杀菌5 min,结束后置于4 ℃冷藏备用。所制得的火龙果皮汁pH为5.03±0.04。
牛排处理及分组:去除表面筋膜及可见脂肪后,沿与纤维垂直方向将牛肉切成约1 cm厚的牛排,并随机分为3个实验组,每组包含3块牛排,每块牛排作为一个重复。具体分组及处理如下:CON组(空白对照组):牛排未经腌制处理,直接加入1.5%葵花籽油煎制,用于表征牛排的本底风味;BSP组(基础调味组):牛排未腌制,煎制前加入2%黑胡椒海盐与1.5%葵花籽油,作为基础调味组;DFP组(火龙果皮汁腌制组):牛排先用火龙果皮汁进行腌制,火龙果皮汁与牛排的质量比为2:1,4 ℃静置腌制24 h,再加入2%黑胡椒海盐和1.5%葵花籽油进行煎制[16]。
牛排煎制:参考倪申宇等[17]的方法并稍作修改。电烤盘预热2 min后,用油刷均匀涂抹一层葵花籽油,待油温升至220 ℃时放入牛排,每块牛排煎制4 min,期间翻面2次,至牛排中心温度达到70±2 ℃。煎制完成后,自然冷却至室温,获得实验样品。
参考Madane等[18]的方法并适当修改。将50 ℃烘干后的火龙果皮经磨粉机粉碎后过60目筛的火龙果皮粉,取1 g火龙果皮粉进行超声提取:超声温度50 ℃,超声功率100 W,料液比25 mL/g,乙醇浓度60%,提取时间10 min。超声结束后,样品在4 ℃下离心(9513×g,20 min),取沉淀再重复提取两次,合并上清液,得到提取液,置于旋转蒸发仪(50 ℃)中旋蒸至剩余少量乙醇,随后在电热鼓风干燥箱中烘干,得到火龙果皮多酚提取物样品进行组成分析。
样品前处理:将多酚样品配制为浓度为0.4 g/mL的甲醇溶液,涡旋5 min,超声1 h,10000 r/min离心5 min,吸取上清液过0.22 μm滤膜过滤备用。将没食子酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、儿茶素、绿原酸和槲皮素配制为0.01、0.02、0.05、0.1、0.5、1 mg/mL的甲醇混合溶液,过0.22 μm滤膜过滤备用。以梯度洗脱进行HPLC分析。
色谱条件:色谱柱:Agilent Eclipseplus C18,柱温箱:40 ℃。流动相A:0.1%甲酸/水;流动相B:乙腈;检测波长:280 nm(混合溶液);梯度洗脱条件(混合溶液):0~4 min,10%~40%流动相B;4~6 min,40%~65%流动相B;6~7 min,65%~100%流动相B;7~9 min,100%流动相B;9~10 min,100%~10%流动相B;流速为0.3 mL/min,进样量2 μL。
牛排pH的测定参考Tian等[19]的方法并适当修改。取2 g牛排,绞肉机搅碎成均匀肉糜样品,加入18 mL蒸馏水均质混匀,离心后取上清液测量pH。
煎制好的牛排样品使用色差仪记录其表面的L*值、a*值、b*值,并计算总色差∆E值。
$ \Delta E={[{{(L-{L}_{0})}^{2}}+{{(a-{a}_{0})}^{2}}+{{(b-{b}_{0})}^{2}}]}^{1/2} $
式中,L0、a0、b0和L、a、b分别是牛排腌制处理前后的色差值。
使用质构仪进行牛排质构的测定。参考倪申宇等[17]的方法并适当修改。断裂力分析,将样品分割成1 cm×1 cm×3 cm的肉条,测试类型为压缩,参数设定如下:压缩距离50 mm,触发点负载20 g,测试速度1 mm/s,负载为7 g。质构分析,将样品分割成1 cm×1 cm×1 cm的肉块,选取硬度、内聚性、弹性、胶着性和咀嚼性指标进行测定,测试类型为质地剖面分析测试模式(TPA):使用TA3/100不锈钢探头,测试速率为1 mm/s,负载为7 g,压缩形变率为30%,设置循环2次,两次循环间隔时间为5 s。
牛排脂肪氧化程度用硫代巴比妥酸(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)值表示。TBARS值的测定参考Al-Dalali等[20]的方法并适当修改。称取5 g搅碎成均匀肉糜状的牛肉样品,加入25 mL 7.5%(w/v)的三氯乙酸(Trichloroacetic acid,TCA)溶液,充分混匀后离心,取5 mL上清,加入5 mL 0.02 mol/L硫代巴比妥酸(Thiobarbituric acid,TBA)溶液,沸水浴30 min,冷却至室温后于532 nm处测定吸光值。通过实验得到的丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的标准曲线(y=0.3863x+0.0065,R2=0.9991)计算TBARS值,结果用mg MDA/kg肉样表示。
$ \text{TBARS值}(\text{mg MDA/kg肉样})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{532}-0.0065}{0.3863} $
式中,A532为样品在532 nm处测定的吸光值。
将煎制好的牛排切割成条状,分别盛于白瓷盘中,并进行三位随机数字编号。感官评价由7位拥有感官评价经验的小组成员组成,包括整体感官评价和气味评价,采用9分制进行评价,具体评价标准见表1。最后取7位成员各项目评分的平均值,作为感官评价的最终结果[21]。
参考Dermiki等[22]的方法并适当修改。
样本制备:采用美国Kairos氨基酸试剂盒进行游离氨基酸的提取和衍生化。取50 mg搅碎成均匀肉糜状的牛肉样品,加入1000 μL 50%甲醇水,振荡提取1 h后于4 ℃、9513×g下离心10 min。取10 μL上清液,加入10 μL超纯水,5 μL内标和40 μL异丙醇(0.1%甲酸),涡旋离心后取上清进行AccQ. Tag衍生。
标准品制备:氨基酸标准品经梯度稀释法进行配制。取20 μL样本,5 μL内标和40 μL异丙醇(0.1%甲酸),涡旋离心后取上清进行衍生处理。
色谱条件:采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC I-CLASS超高效液相色谱进行色谱分离,条件如下:色谱柱 Waters UPLC HSS T3(1.8 μm,2.1 mm×150 mm);流动相:A相(0.1%甲酸水)、B相(乙腈);流速:0.5 mL/min;洗脱梯度程序如下:0~0.5 min,4% B;0.5~2.5 min,4%~10% B;2.5~5 min,10%~28% B;5~6 min,28%~95% B;6~7 min,95% B;7.1 min恢复至4% B,并保持至9 min。进样量:5.0 µL;柱温:50 ℃。
质谱条件:采用Waters XEVO TQ-S Micro串联四极杆质谱系统进行质谱分析,正离子离子源电压1.5 kV、锥孔电压20 V;去溶剂温度600 ℃,去溶剂气体流速1000 L/h;锥孔气体流速10 L/h。
采用MassLynx定量软件计算峰面积,保留时间允许误差15 s,通过标准曲线法得到定量结果。根据氨基酸标准曲线得到定量结果。
TAV值计算:通过滋味物质的滋味强度值(Taste activity value,TAV)来评估游离氨基酸对样品的贡献[23]。TAV值大于1表明该物质对滋味有显著影响,计算公式如下:
$\rm \text{TAV=}\frac{{C}_{X}}{{T}_{X}} $
式中:CX为滋味物质含量(mg/kg);TX为该滋味物质在水中的滋味感觉阈值(mg/kg)。
称取4 g搅碎成均匀肉糜状的样品放入15 mL顶空瓶中,在25 ℃环境下静置30 min后进行测定。采样时间间隔为1 s/组;传感器自清洗时间为100 s;传感器归零时间为5 s;样品准备时间为5 s;进样流量为400 mL/min;试验分析测试时间为60 s。采用57~59 s曲线稳定的数据进行分析。电子鼻的10个传感器如表2所示[24]。
参考Sun等[25]的方法并适当修改。称取3 g搅碎成均匀肉糜状的样品置于20 mL顶空瓶,分别加入内标2.5 µL(萘-d8 20 µg/mL,正十五烷-d32 50 µg/mL)及5 mL饱和氯化钠水溶液。采用1.1 mm的SPME Arrow纤维(DVB/Carbon WR/PDMS)(120 µm×20 mm)萃取头在80 ℃孵化20 min,萃取10 min,于240 ℃下解吸5 min后进样。
GC条件:进样口温度240 ℃,载气为高纯氦气,载气流速1.0 mL/min,隔垫吹扫流速3 mL/min。升温程序:初始温度40 ℃,以8 ℃/min的速度升至120 ℃,再以20 ℃/min的速度升至230 ℃,并维持4.5 min,总运行时间20 min。
MS条件:离子源温度280 ℃,电子能量70 eV,离子扫描范围:m/z 35~500,质谱分辨率为30000。
定性定量:将实验获得的质谱图与NIST 2023谱库检索比对,筛选出匹配度80%以上的物质。采用内标法进行半定量分析,并计算相对气味活度值(Relative odor activity value,ROAV)[26],计算公式如下:
$\rm {\text{ROAV}}_{\text{X}}=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{x}}}{{\text{T}}_{\text{x}}}\times \frac{{\text{T}}_{\max }}{{\text{C}}_{\max }}\times 100 $
式中:Cx为各挥发物质的相对含量(%);Cmax为对样品总体风味贡献最大组分的相对含量(%);Tx为对应挥发物质在水中的香味阈值(mg/kg);Tmax为对样品总体风味贡献最大组分物质在水中的香味阈值(mg/kg)。
实验进行三次平行,结果以平均值±标准差形式表示。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 25进行单因素方差分析,显著性水平为P<0.05;图表绘制采用Origin 2022软件。采用SIMCA 14.1软件对电子鼻和游离氨基酸数据进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)。采用美吉生物云平台(cloud.majorbio.com)进行HS-SPME-GC-MS的数据分析与绘图。
如表3所示,HPLC定量分析结果表明,火龙果皮中含有丰富且多样的多酚类化合物。其中,绿原酸、阿魏酸和咖啡酸是含量最高的三种多酚物质,槲皮素也有少量检出,这些化合物可以通过清除自由基、螯合金属离子等方式有效抑制脂质氧化[13],可以作为合成抗氧化剂的天然替代品[27]。本研究中,没食子酸和儿茶素未检出。这与Jiang等[28]的研究结果一致,部分物质未检出可能因品种而异。
肉类品质的关键指标包括pH、颜色、质地和感官特性。其中,pH对肉的保质期、颜色和整体品质具有关键影响[29]。如表4所示,火龙果皮汁腌制显著降低了牛排的pH(P<0.05),这既与其自身的低pH有关,也有利于其发挥抗氧化和抗菌活性。Cunha等[30]的研究也发现,火龙果提取物可降低猪肉饼的pH。在色泽方面,BSP组和DFP组牛排的总色差值∆E分别为17.33和16.01,与CON组产生了肉眼可见色差(∆E>2.0)。相比基础调味组,火龙果皮汁腌制显著提高了牛排的a*值(P<0.05)(表4),这主要是因为火龙果皮汁中含有的甜菜红色素。Bellucci等[31]在生猪肉糜中添加红火龙果提取物,也观察到了a*值的升高(P<0.05),并改善了猪肉饼的色泽。质构方面,火龙果皮汁腌制组相比基础调味组显著降低了牛排的断裂力(P<0.05),并且硬度相比CON组显著降低(P<0.05),表明嫩度提升。酸性溶液浸泡或进行热处理等方法可以促进胶原蛋白溶胀,提高保水性,改善肉的嫩度[32]。同时,火龙果皮汁中的多酚类物质可能削弱肌动蛋白-肌球蛋白相互作用,进一步增强嫩化效果[33]。与CON组相比,BSP组和DFP组内聚性显著增加(P<0.05)。CON样品内聚性较低可能是由脂质氧化和肌原纤维蛋白变性共同作用的结果。相比之下,BSP组和DFP组整体质地保持良好。感官评价结果(图1A)显示,DFP组牛排在风味和色泽评分上均高于CON组和BSP组,说明火龙果皮汁腌制处理能显著提升牛排的感官品质。
在烹饪过程中的脂肪氧化对肉类风味的形成起着非常重要的作用,但氧化过度会引发异味,并加速有害物质的生成[34]。火龙果皮中的甜菜红素和多种酚类化合物具有良好的抗氧化和自由基清除活性[18]。由图1(B)可见,与CON组相比,BSP组和DFP组的TBARS值分别下降了8.93%和51.79%(P<0.05),表明火龙果皮汁能有效抑制煎制过程中的脂质氧化,显著提升牛排的抗氧化稳定性。Huang等[5]同样发现,柑橘皮提取物可显著降低烤牛肉饼的TBARS值(P<0.05)。综上,火龙果皮汁作为天然抗氧化腌料,可有效减缓脂质氧化,改善牛排色泽,提升牛排风味的稳定性。
肉的滋味与其游离氨基酸的组成和含量密切相关,按呈味特性可将游离氨基酸分为鲜味、甜味、苦味和无味氨基酸[35]。本研究共检测出17种游离氨基酸(表5)。处理方式对牛排的总游离氨基酸含量有显著影响(P<0.05),CON组的总量为4577.18 mg/kg,BSP组为4409.55 mg/kg,而DFP组则显著降低至2706.35 mg/kg(P<0.05)。三组牛排中苦味氨基酸的比例最高(>50%),但其与甜味、鲜味氨基酸结合呈味。针对无味氨基酸(CYS),在CON组中未检出,可能是由于牛排未经过腌制处理直接煎制时胱氨酸或其前体在高温下发生降解、转化或与其他化合物反应,导致其最终未被检出[36]。而BSP组和DFP组可能是由于加入了黑胡椒海盐,在煎制过程与牛肉中的氨基酸相互作用,影响了氨基酸含量的变化。DFP组中游离氨基酸总含量以及甜味、鲜味和苦味氨基酸含量较其他两组显著降低(P<0.05),这可能与以下因素有关:其一,多数氨基酸是水溶性的,在腌制过程中易溶于腌制液中[23];其二,游离氨基酸主要源于蛋白质水解,而火龙果皮汁中的多酚类物质可通过氢键和疏水相互作用与肌肉蛋白结合,抑制蛋白酶活性,进而降低氨基酸释放量[37];其三,多酚还可能与游离氨基酸发生络合反应,进一步降低其含量[38]。火龙果皮中富含的多酚类物质,可能通过多途径抑制蛋白质降解和氨基酸释放。相关研究也支持这一结果,Hui等[39]使用表儿茶素腌制牛肉,发现随着表儿茶素浓度的增加,游离氨基酸含量降低。Long等[40]发现在烤鸡翅时加入植酸和茶多酚等植物抗氧化剂可显著降低风味前体物的产生,影响最终感官特性。综上,火龙果皮汁腌制处理后会抑制牛排中游离氨基酸的释放,但对其滋味形成机制的具体影响仍需进一步探究。
尽管火龙果皮汁腌制使部分呈味氨基酸的绝对含量下降,但TAV值的分析结果(表6)表明,Glu(鲜味)和Ala(甜味)在CON组和BSP组牛排中的TAV值均大于1,在DFP组中分别为0.73和0.53。是牛排中主要的呈味氨基酸,其中Glu的TAV值最高,凸显其在滋味构建中的关键作用。相较之下,大多数苦味氨基酸的TAV值小于1,对整体苦味影响较小。TAV值大于1的氨基酸表现为BSP组样品TAV最高,其次是CON组样品,而DFP样品最低。这与DFP组游离氨基酸含量较低有关。PCA结果分析(图2A,图2B)表明,PC1和PC2累积贡献率达到99.9%(PC1 78.8%,PC2 21.1%),能够区分不同处理组间的氨基酸组成差异。三组牛排样品在PCA图上呈明显区分。CON组样品位于第二象限,靠近ARG、TYR等特征向量,表明其滋味特征更偏向苦味。BSP组样品位于第三象限,靠近Ala、Thr、Gly等呈味氨基酸,呈现更突出的鲜味与甜味特征。DFP组样品分布在PC1正向区域,靠近Lys、Asp等氨基酸,表明火龙果皮汁腌制能够增强样品的鲜味与甜味感受。总体来看,火龙果皮汁腌制改变了牛排中呈味氨基酸的分布模式,使其滋味轮廓更加偏向鲜味与甜味,有助于提升整体感官体验。
如图3所示,三种牛排的雷达图形状相似,表明其香气特征基本一致,但各气体组分的挥发强度和比例存在显著差异(P<0.05)。在10个传感器中,W5S、W1S和W1W传感器对所有样品均表现出较强的响应信号。这表明表2中对应的这些化合物均存在,可能对牛排的香气特征起主导作用。DFP组在W5S、W1S和W1W的响应值最高,表明样品可能含有较多的氮氧化物、硫化物和萜烯类物质[42]。相比之下,所有样品在W1C、W3C、W5C和W3S传感器上的响应值均较低,表明样品中相应的碳氢化合物、氨和芳香族化合物含量较少[43]。综上,DFP组牛排在电子鼻分析中表现出更强的整体传感器响应,说明火龙果皮汁腌制处理增强了煎牛排的挥发性香气特征。
为进一步研究火龙果皮汁处理牛排后挥发性风味物质的变化,采用HS-SPME-GC-MS测定了各组牛排和火龙果皮汁中的挥发性风味物质。如图4(A)、图4(B)所示,牛排中共鉴定出536种挥发性化合物,主要由萜类、烃类、有机杂环化合物、酮类、醛类、醇类和酯类等组成。其中,萜类物质的种类最多,占24.1%。从相对含量看(图5(A))所示,CON组以醛类物质为主(>50%),而BSP组和DFP组以萜烯类为主(>50%)以上。考虑到酮类、萜类、醇类、醛类、酯类是主要的风味物质,进一步对这五类风味物质进行详细的分析。
萜类化合物具有花果香味,是许多水果和香料特征香气的主要来源[44]。结果发现(图5(A)和图6),BSP组和DFP组的萜类物质含量显著增加(P<0.05),这是因为添加了黑胡椒。而DFP组(54.78%)萜类物质,主要包括柠檬烯、β-月桂烯、3-蒈烯和α-蒎烯,相较于BSP组(52.32%)相对含量显著增加(P<0.05),表明火龙果皮汁腌制能进一步增加黑胡椒香气。萜类化合物能赋予木质、树脂、柑橘、草绿香,有助于掩盖不良气味,并且它们的抗氧化特性会抑制牛肉煎制过程中脂肪和蛋白质氧化,从而提升牛排的整体风味。
醛类主要来源于脂质的氧化降解以及氨基酸的Strecker降解[45]。醛类通常有较低的风味阈值,是肉制品中主要的气味化合物,但过量的醛类物质会产生令人不愉快的哈败味。三组牛排中CON组的醛类物质占比最高,达到56.52%,而DFP组最低,占比21.12%。加入黑胡椒海盐调味后,醛类物质含量显著下降(P<0.05),DFP组降幅更显著(P<0.05),特别是己醛和戊醛,说明火龙果皮汁可有效抑制煎制过程中脂质氧化产生的过量己醛,从而改善牛排风味。DFP组2-壬烯醛等不饱和醛的相对含量也显著降低(P<0.05),这可能与火龙果皮汁中多酚类物质的抗氧化作用有关。此外,代表黑胡椒风味的胡椒醛含量在DFP组显著上升(P<0.05),进一步表明腌制处理增强了黑胡椒特征香气。酮类和醇类主要源于脂肪酸次级氧化及氨基酸降解[46]。火龙果皮汁的抗氧化作用抑制了脂质氧化,从而减少了这两类产物的生成。酯类物质通常具有果香、甜香,DFP组的酯类总量为1148.20 µg/g,显著高于CON组和BSP组(P<0.05),表明腌制处理显著提升了牛排的果香风味。
PCA(图5(B))模型能清晰区分各组,与电子鼻结果一致。CON组位于第二象限,远离其他两个牛排组,表明CON组风味特征与DFP风味特征差异显著。BSP和DFP组位于PC1正轴但相互分离,显示两者风味特征仍存在差异。通过变量重要性投影(VIP)和相对气味活性值(ROAV)分析,筛选出对风味贡献最大的15种关键挥发性物质(图6)。结果显示,三组牛排样品在特征风味化合物组成上差异显著(P<0.05)。其中,CON组以醛类物质为主要标志物,BSP和DFP组以柠檬烯等萜烯类物质为特征,且DFP组萜烯类物质更为突出。表7总结了关键挥发性化合物的风味属性,结合图5(A)的结果可见,CON组中醛类、醇类与酮类物质的含量显著高于BSP和DFP组(P<0.05)。这些化合物通常与脂肪味、醛香及氧化气味相关,因此使CON组呈现更强的脂肪氧化相关风味。相比之下,BSP和DFP组的萜类和杂环化合物含量显著高于CON组(P<0.05),这些化合物赋予样品更突出的木质香、萜烯香、甜香及柑橘类果香。值得注意的是,DFP组的萜类化合物含量高于BSP组,但醛类含量更低,因此DFP组呈现出更强的黑胡椒样辛香与果香特征,同时脂肪氧化气味得到更明显的抑制。
总体而言,与BSP组相比,DFP组中脂肪氧化相关产物(如醛类、酮类和醇类)的含量明显更低,这可能与火龙果皮汁中所含的多酚类与黄酮类化合物的抗氧化作用有关。这些活性成分能够抑制脂质氧化过程,并减少美拉德反应前体物质的生成,从而降低不良气味的形成[47]。此外,DFP组中萜类化合物含量的显著增加(P<0.05),增强了黑胡椒样辛香特征,使牛排的香气层次与整体感官品质进一步提升。
本研究表明,火龙果皮汁作为一种新型天然腌制剂,凭借其富含的多酚和黄酮等活性成分,能够同时发挥抗氧化和风味调控作用,从而显著改善牛排的理化品质与风味特性。火龙果皮汁腌制处理可有效降低牛排的pH和TBARS值,提高红度和感官评分(P<0.05),牛排的硬度和断裂力显著降低(P<0.05),嫩度得到改善,牛排的氧化稳定性和整体品质得到显著增强。在滋味方面,腌制处理改变了呈味氨基酸的分布,使样品的鲜味和甜味特征更加突出。在挥发性风味方面,火龙果皮汁显著减少了醛类、酮类等脂质氧化相关化合物的形成,同时显著增加萜类和酯类等具有愉悦香气的风味物质(P<0.05),赋予牛排更加明显的黑胡椒样辛香与果香,使整体风味轮廓更加协调、丰富。上述结果为火龙果皮汁在肉制品中的应用提供了理论依据和技术参考,并为开发新型天然腌制剂及促进果蔬加工副产物高值化利用提供了可行方向。然而,火龙果皮中活性成分对牛排品质的调控机制仍需进一步从分子层面深入解析,最佳腌制工艺参数亦有待系统优化。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100115
  • 接收时间:2025-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-15
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2山东康贝特食品机械有限公司,山东潍坊 261000

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戴瑞彤(1966−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:肉品贮藏保鲜技术及加工工艺,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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