Article(id=1320880594117050838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070385, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852074412, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852074412, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852074412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852074412, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=75, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880594330960343, articleId=1320880594117050838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Moisture Content on Physical Properties and Milling Quality of Wheat, columnId=1320880469017735237, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Components and Quality Mechanisms, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, 'Zheng 103' (hard wheat) and 'Yang 15' (soft wheat) were used as raw materials, and the moisture content was adjusted to 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16% by conditioning and drying the wheat to investigate the effects of moisture content on the physical properties, mechanical properties, milling performance of wheat, and the quality of wheat flour after milling, so as to provide theoretical support for the application of low-moisture milling. The results showed that: With the decrease of moisture content, the wheat appeared to be wrinkled and the geometrical size decreased; The bulk density and hardness appeared to be significantly increased (P<0.05), and the thousand kernel weight was significantly decreased (P<0.05). When moisture was reduced from 16% to 6%, the rupture force of wheat kernels was elevated, but the energy consumed to undergo 50% deformation was reduced by 61% and 73% for 'Zheng 103' and 'Yang 15', respectively. The milling energy constants were reduced by 46.7% and 47.5% (corrected on a 14% wet basis), the milling rate was increased by 16.4% and 20.6%, and the energy consumption for milling was reduced by 48.0% and 45.2% (corrected on a 14% wet basis). The wheat flour protein, lipids, dietary fiber and other nutrients increased significantly (P<0.05). Ash content increased by 144.6%, 135.0% (corrected on a dry basis), and the L* value of wheat flour decreased significantly (P<0.05), indicating that the processing precision of wheat flour declined; the content of broken starch declined from 16.7, 20.1 UCD to 10.1, 12.7 UCD. However, the grain size of wheat flour distribution increased, gluten quality deteriorated, pasting characteristics changed, and flour paste viscosity decreased. Low-moisture wheat seed milling can reduce the energy consumption of milling while lowering the processing precision and retaining the nutrients of wheat, and this study provides a new milling method for the processing of highly nutritious whole-wheat flour.

, authors=Xin HE, Mengmeng LI, Jingtong WANG, Ruihu WANG, Sucheng ZHANG, Yunfei SONG, Shuo YANG, Ke BIAN*, authorsList=Xin HE, Mengmeng LI, Jingtong WANG, Ruihu WANG, Sucheng ZHANG, Yunfei SONG, Shuo YANG, Ke BIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ke BIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880597682209252, articleId=1320880594117050838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=籽粒水分含量对小麦物理特性及制粉品质的影响, columnId=1320880469198090311, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品组分与品质机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以‘郑麦103’(硬麦)和‘扬麦15’(软麦)为原料,将小麦通过润麦与干燥,调节水分至6%、8%、10%、12%、14%、16%,探究水分含量对小麦籽粒的物理特性、机械特性、研磨性能及入磨后小麦粉品质的影响,以为低水分研磨的应用提供参考。结果表明:随着水分含量的下降,小麦出现皱缩,几何尺寸减小,容重、硬度出现显著升高(P<0.05),千粒重显著降低(P<0.05)。当水分从16%降低至6%,小麦籽粒破裂力升高,但‘郑麦103’与‘扬麦15’发生50%形变消耗的能量分别降低了61%、73%;研磨能量常数降低了46.7%、47.5%(以14%湿基校正);出粉率提高了16.4%、20.6%,制粉能耗下降了48.0%、45.2%(以14%湿基矫正);小麦粉中蛋白质、脂类、膳食纤维等营养成分显著增加(P<0.05);灰分含量上升了144.6%、135.0%(以干基矫正),小麦粉L*值显著下降(P<0.05),表明小麦粉加工精度下降;破损淀粉含量分别由16.7、20.1 UCD下降至10.1、12.7 UCD;但小麦粉的粒径分布增大、面筋质量变差、糊化特性发生改变,面粉糊黏度下降。低水分小麦籽粒制粉可以在降低加工精度、保留小麦营养物质的同时降低制粉能耗,本研究为高营养全麦粉加工提供了一种新的制粉方法。

, authors=贺昕, 李萌萌, 王靖童, 王瑞虎, 张素成, 宋云飞, 杨硕, 卞科*, authorsList=贺昕, 李萌萌, 王靖童, 王瑞虎, 张素成, 宋云飞, 杨硕, 卞科, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卞科, authorNote=

贺昕(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:小麦加工理论与技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
卞科(1960−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:谷物蛋白质化学、粮油储藏科学与技术,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=KO+qOJ7rVu+JkkSJLlKLXw==, magXml=bxxberavKxuqwr2eX5khlg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=y6pxFZ2gZ0wSAXQ8ielPmg==, pdfFileSize=3970524, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Ciuh+7bF6De8JsqCxDKdqA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=rK1sDySZwV8yXsPs55cImg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880597984199145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hexinsmx@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880598068085227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, authorId=1320880597984199145, language=EN, stringName=Xin HE, firstName=Xin, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320880598126805484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, authorId=1320880597984199145, language=CN, stringName=贺昕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=河南工业大学粮油食品学院,河南郑州 450001, bio={"content":"

贺昕(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:小麦加工理论与技术,E-mail:

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贺昕(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:小麦加工理论与技术,E-mail:

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 257(2): 128765., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880613989663311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG J, LI M, LI C, et al. Effect of wheat bran insoluble dietary fiber with different particle size on the texture properties, protein secondary structure, and microstructure of noodles[J]. Grain & Oil Science and Technology, 2019, 2(4): 97−102., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880614052577872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐丽娜, 张宁, 杨国燕, 等. 麦麸可溶性和不溶性膳食纤维对小麦淀粉性质的影响[J]. 粮食与油脂, 2024, 37(1): 25−29,78. [XU L N, ZHANG N, YANG G Y, et al. The effect of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber form wheat bran on the properties of wheat starch[J]. Cereals & Oils, 2024, 37(1): 25−29,78.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880614115492433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU L N, ZHANG N, YANG G Y, et al. The effect of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber form wheat bran on the properties of wheat starch[J]. Cereals & Oils, 2024, 37(1): 25−29,78., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880597904507365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880597912895974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, companyId=1320880597904507365, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880597921284583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, companyId=1320880597904507365, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南工业大学粮油食品学院,河南郑州 450001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880605898850841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of milling moisture on wheat flour yield and milling energy consumption, figureFileSmall=arPhs8Ep3fy0R+rNQ4L5CA==, figureFileBig=Ciuh+7bF6De8JsqCxDKdqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880605991125530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=图1, caption=入磨水分对小麦出粉率与制粉能耗的影响

注:A:出粉率随入磨水分变化;B:麦研磨能随入磨水分变化;C:粉研磨能随入磨水分变化;不同小写字母表示数据差异显著,P<0.05;图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=arPhs8Ep3fy0R+rNQ4L5CA==, figureFileBig=Ciuh+7bF6De8JsqCxDKdqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880606326669851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of milling moisture on particle size of wheat flour, figureFileSmall=9kkcNF/X6ixg55/KW7HM5Q==, figureFileBig=4UpGyTlqDDId/HJejJhHBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880606469276188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=图2, caption=入磨水分对小麦粉粒径的影响

注:A:‘郑麦103’粒径分布随研磨水分变化;B:‘扬麦15’粒径分布随研磨水分变化;C:中位粒径随研磨水分变化。

, figureFileSmall=9kkcNF/X6ixg55/KW7HM5Q==, figureFileBig=4UpGyTlqDDId/HJejJhHBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880606611882525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of milling moisture on the damaged starch content of wheat flour, figureFileSmall=pkkCVeY+HnMCfIV/ppP+1w==, figureFileBig=6oSkc+CNOYpgX+T7GhsfvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880606708351518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=图3, caption=入磨水分对小麦粉破损淀粉含量的影响, figureFileSmall=pkkCVeY+HnMCfIV/ppP+1w==, figureFileBig=6oSkc+CNOYpgX+T7GhsfvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880606817403423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of milling moisture on gluten content and gluten index of wheat flour, figureFileSmall=7gLGk3c7W+rXpO06dB1prg==, figureFileBig=biIGur0kgz89vj5LRTR/Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880606909678112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=图4, caption=入磨水分对小麦粉面筋含量与面筋指数的影响

注:A:‘郑麦103’面筋含量与面筋指数随入磨水分变化;B:‘扬麦15’面筋含量与面筋指数随入磨水分变化。

, figureFileSmall=7gLGk3c7W+rXpO06dB1prg==, figureFileBig=biIGur0kgz89vj5LRTR/Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880607035507233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Images of wheat flour color at different grinding moisture levels, figureFileSmall=J4tkX1q8UTtwMPaXZcgR1A==, figureFileBig=ubSYqj7i1XLjMlzskeO80Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880607119393314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同入磨水分下小麦粉色泽图片, figureFileSmall=J4tkX1q8UTtwMPaXZcgR1A==, figureFileBig=ubSYqj7i1XLjMlzskeO80Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880607253611043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of moisture content at grinding on the gelatinization curve of wheat flour, figureFileSmall=98ckijvsNJASE8bNmDdxfA==, figureFileBig=y7BR5oJxfjMH5koxleGmDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880607354274340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=图6, caption=入磨水分对小麦粉糊化曲线的影响, figureFileSmall=98ckijvsNJASE8bNmDdxfA==, figureFileBig=y7BR5oJxfjMH5koxleGmDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880607442354725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of moisture content on the physical properties of wheat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种水分(%)L(mm)T(mm)W(mm)Dg(mm)SpV(mm3)S(mm2)容重(g/L)千粒重(g)硬度指数
‘郑麦103’66.36±0.46b3.05±0.22c3.50±0.27c4.08±0.25d0.64±0.03a36.10±6.39d44.10±5.29d795.5±0.7ab41.14±0.11f68.72±0.52a
86.42±0.26ab3.08±0.21bc3.51±0.22bc4.11±0.18cd0.64±0.02a36.65±4.80cd44.61±3.91cd796.5±0.7ab43.07±0.12e67.00±1.12b
106.42±0.33ab3.07±0.21bc3.52±0.26bc4.10±0.22cd0.64±0.03a36.72±5.86cd44.61±4.80cd794.5±1.0ab43.71±0.37d66.09±0.40bc
126.45±0.35ab3.12±0.19ab3.56±0.21abc4.15±0.16bc0.65±0.03a37.79±4.34bc45.60±3.53bc790.0±1.0b44.72±0.36c65.53±0.18c
146.48±0.26a3.16±0.22a3.58±0.26ab4.18±0.19ab0.65±0.03a38.60±5.05ab46.22±4.11ab750.0±4.2c45.42±0.11b66.44±0.28bc
166.52±0.26a3.17±0.16a3.62±0.22a4.21±0.14a0.65±0.03a39.48±3.84a46.94±3.08a708.0±1.4d46.79±0.06a65.57±0.42c
‘扬麦15’66.04±0.24b3.37±0.17a3.77±0.20c4.25±0.16b0.70±0.02a40.43±4.44c48.01±3.60c823.0±1.4a47.04±0.20f57.52±0.25a
86.05±0.20b3.37±0.16a3.80±0.15bc4.26±0.14ab0.71±0.02a40.87±3.88bc48.37±3.17ab824.5±0.7a49.07±0.13e55.49±0.78b
106.06±0.22b3.38±0.18a3.82±0.18ab4.28±0.16ab0.71±0.02a41.33±4.46abc48.71±3.64ab825.5±0.8a49.70±0.14d53.13±0.30c
126.08±0.19ab3.39±0.18a3.85±0.16ab4.30±0.15a0.71±0.02a41.88±4.27ab49.16±3.47a819.5±0.7b50.35±0.08c51.71±0.27d
146.11±0.23ab3.38±0.16a3.84±0.15ab4.30±0.14a0.70±0.02a41.84±4.12ab49.10±3.29a770.5±2.1c50.83±0.12b49.17±0.17e
166.13±0.26a3.38±0.17a3.85±0.19a4.31±0.16a0.70±0.02a42.28±4.78a49.43±3.82a738.5±2.1d52.48±0.21a46.92±0.48f
), ArticleFig(id=1320880607530435110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水分含量对小麦物理特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种水分(%)L(mm)T(mm)W(mm)Dg(mm)SpV(mm3)S(mm2)容重(g/L)千粒重(g)硬度指数
‘郑麦103’66.36±0.46b3.05±0.22c3.50±0.27c4.08±0.25d0.64±0.03a36.10±6.39d44.10±5.29d795.5±0.7ab41.14±0.11f68.72±0.52a
86.42±0.26ab3.08±0.21bc3.51±0.22bc4.11±0.18cd0.64±0.02a36.65±4.80cd44.61±3.91cd796.5±0.7ab43.07±0.12e67.00±1.12b
106.42±0.33ab3.07±0.21bc3.52±0.26bc4.10±0.22cd0.64±0.03a36.72±5.86cd44.61±4.80cd794.5±1.0ab43.71±0.37d66.09±0.40bc
126.45±0.35ab3.12±0.19ab3.56±0.21abc4.15±0.16bc0.65±0.03a37.79±4.34bc45.60±3.53bc790.0±1.0b44.72±0.36c65.53±0.18c
146.48±0.26a3.16±0.22a3.58±0.26ab4.18±0.19ab0.65±0.03a38.60±5.05ab46.22±4.11ab750.0±4.2c45.42±0.11b66.44±0.28bc
166.52±0.26a3.17±0.16a3.62±0.22a4.21±0.14a0.65±0.03a39.48±3.84a46.94±3.08a708.0±1.4d46.79±0.06a65.57±0.42c
‘扬麦15’66.04±0.24b3.37±0.17a3.77±0.20c4.25±0.16b0.70±0.02a40.43±4.44c48.01±3.60c823.0±1.4a47.04±0.20f57.52±0.25a
86.05±0.20b3.37±0.16a3.80±0.15bc4.26±0.14ab0.71±0.02a40.87±3.88bc48.37±3.17ab824.5±0.7a49.07±0.13e55.49±0.78b
106.06±0.22b3.38±0.18a3.82±0.18ab4.28±0.16ab0.71±0.02a41.33±4.46abc48.71±3.64ab825.5±0.8a49.70±0.14d53.13±0.30c
126.08±0.19ab3.39±0.18a3.85±0.16ab4.30±0.15a0.71±0.02a41.88±4.27ab49.16±3.47a819.5±0.7b50.35±0.08c51.71±0.27d
146.11±0.23ab3.38±0.16a3.84±0.15ab4.30±0.14a0.70±0.02a41.84±4.12ab49.10±3.29a770.5±2.1c50.83±0.12b49.17±0.17e
166.13±0.26a3.38±0.17a3.85±0.19a4.31±0.16a0.70±0.02a42.28±4.78a49.43±3.82a738.5±2.1d52.48±0.21a46.92±0.48f
), ArticleFig(id=1320880607647875623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of moisture content on mechanical properties of wheat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分(%)破裂力(N)破裂形变(mm)弹性模量(MPa)破裂能(N·mm)50%形变能(N·mm)
‘郑麦103’6103.05±6.05b0.114±0.021e29.13±2.34a8.54±0.84b37.49±5.28c
896.71±10.29bc0.151±0.018d25.14±1.53b8.25±0.96b37.06±6.09c
1076.83±15.51c0.133±0.026c24.87±3.51b8.10±1.30b39.51±4.58c
1286.09±8.92bc0.210±0.041b19.01±1.12c9.35±1.95ab84.34±20.34b
14128.97±39.03a0.228±0.0.075a12.81±1.6d10.94±1.63a124.61±15.19a
16//8.57±1.58e/139.06±18.95a
‘扬麦15’6100.81±0.53cd0.174±0.026d20.60±1.79a11.06±3.34cd43.92±14.98c
891.43±9.59d0.220±0.044d16.27±2.46b12.51±2.60bc116.86±16.85a
10108.14±19.53bc0.435±0.124c12.39±1.12c14.24±3.70bc111.34±13.4ab
12114.19±10.60bc0.587±0.098b10.83±1.49c16.51±1.61b118.98±9.52a
14138.22±20.69a0.713±0.159a10.28±1.22cd19.12±1.89a130.69±17.35a
16//6.30±1.11e/111.31±10.17b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880609279459880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水分含量对小麦机械特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分(%)破裂力(N)破裂形变(mm)弹性模量(MPa)破裂能(N·mm)50%形变能(N·mm)
‘郑麦103’6103.05±6.05b0.114±0.021e29.13±2.34a8.54±0.84b37.49±5.28c
896.71±10.29bc0.151±0.018d25.14±1.53b8.25±0.96b37.06±6.09c
1076.83±15.51c0.133±0.026c24.87±3.51b8.10±1.30b39.51±4.58c
1286.09±8.92bc0.210±0.041b19.01±1.12c9.35±1.95ab84.34±20.34b
14128.97±39.03a0.228±0.0.075a12.81±1.6d10.94±1.63a124.61±15.19a
16//8.57±1.58e/139.06±18.95a
‘扬麦15’6100.81±0.53cd0.174±0.026d20.60±1.79a11.06±3.34cd43.92±14.98c
891.43±9.59d0.220±0.044d16.27±2.46b12.51±2.60bc116.86±16.85a
10108.14±19.53bc0.435±0.124c12.39±1.12c14.24±3.70bc111.34±13.4ab
12114.19±10.60bc0.587±0.098b10.83±1.49c16.51±1.61b118.98±9.52a
14138.22±20.69a0.713±0.159a10.28±1.22cd19.12±1.89a130.69±17.35a
16//6.30±1.11e/111.31±10.17b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880609346568745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of moisture content on the grinding capacity constant of wheat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分(%)Kr(kW·h·kg−1·mm)Kk(kW·h·kg−1·mm−1)Kb(kW·h·kg−1·mm0.5)Wind(kW·h·kg−1)
‘郑麦103’60.0104±0.0005e0.0068±0.0002e0.0174±0.0012e0.0552±0.0028e
80.0112±0.0002e0.0071±0.0002e0.0184±0.0011de0.0583±0.0022de
100.0118±0.0003d0.0072±0.0001cd0.0190±0.0007cd0.0603±0.0022cd
120.0129±0.0004c0.0076±0.0001c0.0203±0.0009c0.0652±0.0028c
140.0171±0.0005b0.0087±0.0002b0.0250±0.0010b0.0790±0.0047b
160.0195±0.0007a0.0094±0.0003a0.0275±0.0006a0.0870±0.0082a
‘扬麦15’60.0087±0.0002e0.0064±0.0002d0.0155±0.0013e0.0490±0.0041e
80.0108±0.0002d0.0071±0.0001c0.0180±0.0009cd0.0570±0.0028cd
100.0105±0.0003d0.0070±0.0002c0.0176±0.0005cd0.0558±0.0023cd
120.0112±0.0002c0.0072±0.0001c0.0184±0.0007c0.0584±0.0047c
140.0130±0.0004b0.0077±0.0002b0.0205±0.0013b0.0650±0.0031b
160.0166±0.0001a0.0087±0.0001a0.0246±0.0011a0.0778±0.0042a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880609455620650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

水分含量对小麦研磨能力常数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分(%)Kr(kW·h·kg−1·mm)Kk(kW·h·kg−1·mm−1)Kb(kW·h·kg−1·mm0.5)Wind(kW·h·kg−1)
‘郑麦103’60.0104±0.0005e0.0068±0.0002e0.0174±0.0012e0.0552±0.0028e
80.0112±0.0002e0.0071±0.0002e0.0184±0.0011de0.0583±0.0022de
100.0118±0.0003d0.0072±0.0001cd0.0190±0.0007cd0.0603±0.0022cd
120.0129±0.0004c0.0076±0.0001c0.0203±0.0009c0.0652±0.0028c
140.0171±0.0005b0.0087±0.0002b0.0250±0.0010b0.0790±0.0047b
160.0195±0.0007a0.0094±0.0003a0.0275±0.0006a0.0870±0.0082a
‘扬麦15’60.0087±0.0002e0.0064±0.0002d0.0155±0.0013e0.0490±0.0041e
80.0108±0.0002d0.0071±0.0001c0.0180±0.0009cd0.0570±0.0028cd
100.0105±0.0003d0.0070±0.0002c0.0176±0.0005cd0.0558±0.0023cd
120.0112±0.0002c0.0072±0.0001c0.0184±0.0007c0.0584±0.0047c
140.0130±0.0004b0.0077±0.0002b0.0205±0.0013b0.0650±0.0031b
160.0166±0.0001a0.0087±0.0001a0.0246±0.0011a0.0778±0.0042a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880609556283947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in major components of wheat flour after milling wheat with different moisture levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
入磨水分(%)粗蛋白(%)总淀粉(%)灰分(%)粗脂肪(%)总膳食纤维(%)可溶性膳食纤维(%)
‘郑麦103’612.11±0.10a59.32±1.88f1.37±0.03a1.62±0.09a11.09±0.29a3.17±0.21a
812.15±0.05a63.49±0.80e1.04±0.01b1.67±0.08a9.71±0.25b3.29±0.14a
1012.13±0.03a67.49±1.11d0.88±0.02c1.27±0.03b7.99±0.47c3.23±0.19a
1211.98±0.01a70.26±0.74bc0.72±0.02d1.01±0.07c5.76±0.45d2.53±0.28b
1411.65±0.09b71.57±0.30b0.50±0.01e0.98±0.06c4.44±0.04e1.64±0.15c
1611.59±0.12b73.19±1.44a0.56±0.01f0.72±0.08d3.66±0.19f1.61±0.09c
‘扬麦15’611.29±0.15a58.98±1.21e1.41±0.01a1.92±0.08a7.87±0.01a2.13±0.06a
811.33±0.09a61.96±0.66de1.18±0.01b1.79±0.07b7.63±0.18a2.07±0.15a
1011.17±0.09ab65.72±2.37cd0.88±0.01c1.66±0.05c6.61±0.13b1.65±0.09b
1210.99±0.01bc69.35±3.91bc0.79±0.01d1.61±0.06c3.81±0.33c1.29±0.21bc
1410.56±0.01d72.83±1.66b0.59±0.01e1.46±0.03d3.92±0.35cd1.34±0.21cd
1610.52±0.07d75.26±1.47a0.60±0.01e1.38±0.09d3.36±0.06e0.99±0.12d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880609644364332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同水分小麦入磨后小麦粉主要成分的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
入磨水分(%)粗蛋白(%)总淀粉(%)灰分(%)粗脂肪(%)总膳食纤维(%)可溶性膳食纤维(%)
‘郑麦103’612.11±0.10a59.32±1.88f1.37±0.03a1.62±0.09a11.09±0.29a3.17±0.21a
812.15±0.05a63.49±0.80e1.04±0.01b1.67±0.08a9.71±0.25b3.29±0.14a
1012.13±0.03a67.49±1.11d0.88±0.02c1.27±0.03b7.99±0.47c3.23±0.19a
1211.98±0.01a70.26±0.74bc0.72±0.02d1.01±0.07c5.76±0.45d2.53±0.28b
1411.65±0.09b71.57±0.30b0.50±0.01e0.98±0.06c4.44±0.04e1.64±0.15c
1611.59±0.12b73.19±1.44a0.56±0.01f0.72±0.08d3.66±0.19f1.61±0.09c
‘扬麦15’611.29±0.15a58.98±1.21e1.41±0.01a1.92±0.08a7.87±0.01a2.13±0.06a
811.33±0.09a61.96±0.66de1.18±0.01b1.79±0.07b7.63±0.18a2.07±0.15a
1011.17±0.09ab65.72±2.37cd0.88±0.01c1.66±0.05c6.61±0.13b1.65±0.09b
1210.99±0.01bc69.35±3.91bc0.79±0.01d1.61±0.06c3.81±0.33c1.29±0.21bc
1410.56±0.01d72.83±1.66b0.59±0.01e1.46±0.03d3.92±0.35cd1.34±0.21cd
1610.52±0.07d75.26±1.47a0.60±0.01e1.38±0.09d3.36±0.06e0.99±0.12d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880609736639021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of milling moisture on the color of wheat flour

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入磨水分(%)L*a*b*
‘郑麦103’685.03±0.50d0.83±0.04a12.27±0.08a
884.97±0.34d0.67±0.24b12.03±0.36ab
1084.95±0.06d0.58±0.06b11.64±0.04b
1286.48±0.29c0.04±0.04c11.56±0.01b
1487.07±0.70ab-0.1±0.17c11.90±0.34ab
1687.46±0.34a-0.28±0.12c11.95±0.21ab
‘扬麦15’687.86±0.41d0.42±0.06a7.85±0.16a
888.07±0.47cd0.27±0.21a7.58±0.18ab
1088.28±0.35cd0.13±0.06ab7.48±0.09ab
1289.17±0.07bc-0.09±0.01bc7.32±0.02ab
1490.38±0.31ab-0.25±0.01cd7.30±0.01ab
1691.14±1.09a-0.44±0.24d7.12±0.34b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880609816330798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

入磨水分对小麦粉色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
入磨水分(%)L*a*b*
‘郑麦103’685.03±0.50d0.83±0.04a12.27±0.08a
884.97±0.34d0.67±0.24b12.03±0.36ab
1084.95±0.06d0.58±0.06b11.64±0.04b
1286.48±0.29c0.04±0.04c11.56±0.01b
1487.07±0.70ab-0.1±0.17c11.90±0.34ab
1687.46±0.34a-0.28±0.12c11.95±0.21ab
‘扬麦15’687.86±0.41d0.42±0.06a7.85±0.16a
888.07±0.47cd0.27±0.21a7.58±0.18ab
1088.28±0.35cd0.13±0.06ab7.48±0.09ab
1289.17±0.07bc-0.09±0.01bc7.32±0.02ab
1490.38±0.31ab-0.25±0.01cd7.30±0.01ab
1691.14±1.09a-0.44±0.24d7.12±0.34b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880609887633967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effect of milling moisture on the pasting characteristics of wheat flour

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研磨水分(%)糊化温度(℃)峰值黏度(cp)峰值时间(min)最低黏度(cp)衰减值(cp)最终黏度(cp)回生值(cp)
‘郑麦103’687.2±0.1b995±57c5.73±0.00bc622±29c373±26b1232±32c610±3c
888.0±0.1a867±14d5.70±0.04bc499±6d368±8b1039±14d539±8d
1088.0±0.0a1022±4c5.83±0.14ab657±18c365±22b1286±10c629±8c
1287.6±0.5ab1014±20c5.84±0.05ab625±14c386±9b1244±45c618±30c
1487.6±0.5ab1345±11b5.97±0.05a893±7b452±18a1629±19b735±25b
1688.0±0.0a1439±15a6.00±0.10a960±7a479±22a1745±2a785±9a
‘扬麦15’690.1±0.6a1118±8e6.17±0.14ab890±15e229±23c1543±59d653±74d
889.3±0.6bc1141±3de6.07±0.00a895±6cd247±10bc1617±10c722±4c
1089.3±0.6bc1192±5c6.07±0.00a930±12c262±7bc1683±20c753±7bc
1288.8±0.0b1343±4b6.17±0.14ab1062±18b281±14ab1876±13b814±6ab
1489.6±0.6bc1488±7a6.27±0.00a1182±16a305±23a2016±19a834±3a
1689.3±0.1bc1505±4a6.3±0.04a1204±2a300±6a2043±8a839±10a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880609963131440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880594117050838, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

入磨水分对小麦粉糊化特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研磨水分(%)糊化温度(℃)峰值黏度(cp)峰值时间(min)最低黏度(cp)衰减值(cp)最终黏度(cp)回生值(cp)
‘郑麦103’687.2±0.1b995±57c5.73±0.00bc622±29c373±26b1232±32c610±3c
888.0±0.1a867±14d5.70±0.04bc499±6d368±8b1039±14d539±8d
1088.0±0.0a1022±4c5.83±0.14ab657±18c365±22b1286±10c629±8c
1287.6±0.5ab1014±20c5.84±0.05ab625±14c386±9b1244±45c618±30c
1487.6±0.5ab1345±11b5.97±0.05a893±7b452±18a1629±19b735±25b
1688.0±0.0a1439±15a6.00±0.10a960±7a479±22a1745±2a785±9a
‘扬麦15’690.1±0.6a1118±8e6.17±0.14ab890±15e229±23c1543±59d653±74d
889.3±0.6bc1141±3de6.07±0.00a895±6cd247±10bc1617±10c722±4c
1089.3±0.6bc1192±5c6.07±0.00a930±12c262±7bc1683±20c753±7bc
1288.8±0.0b1343±4b6.17±0.14ab1062±18b281±14ab1876±13b814±6ab
1489.6±0.6bc1488±7a6.27±0.00a1182±16a305±23a2016±19a834±3a
1689.3±0.1bc1505±4a6.3±0.04a1204±2a300±6a2043±8a839±10a
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籽粒水分含量对小麦物理特性及制粉品质的影响
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贺昕 , 李萌萌 , 王靖童 , 王瑞虎 , 张素成 , 宋云飞 , 杨硕 , 卞科 *
食品工业科技 | 食品组分与品质机制 2026,47(18): 75-84
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食品工业科技 |食品组分与品质机制 2026 , 47 (18) : 75 -84
籽粒水分含量对小麦物理特性及制粉品质的影响
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贺昕 , 李萌萌, 王靖童, 王瑞虎, 张素成, 宋云飞, 杨硕, 卞科*
作者信息
  • 河南工业大学粮油食品学院,河南郑州 450001
通讯作者:
卞科(1960−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:谷物蛋白质化学、粮油储藏科学与技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

贺昕(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:小麦加工理论与技术,E-mail:

Effect of Moisture Content on Physical Properties and Milling Quality of Wheat
Xin HE , Mengmeng LI, Jingtong WANG, Ruihu WANG, Sucheng ZHANG, Yunfei SONG, Shuo YANG, Ke BIAN*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070385
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本研究以‘郑麦103’(硬麦)和‘扬麦15’(软麦)为原料,将小麦通过润麦与干燥,调节水分至6%、8%、10%、12%、14%、16%,探究水分含量对小麦籽粒的物理特性、机械特性、研磨性能及入磨后小麦粉品质的影响,以为低水分研磨的应用提供参考。结果表明:随着水分含量的下降,小麦出现皱缩,几何尺寸减小,容重、硬度出现显著升高(P<0.05),千粒重显著降低(P<0.05)。当水分从16%降低至6%,小麦籽粒破裂力升高,但‘郑麦103’与‘扬麦15’发生50%形变消耗的能量分别降低了61%、73%;研磨能量常数降低了46.7%、47.5%(以14%湿基校正);出粉率提高了16.4%、20.6%,制粉能耗下降了48.0%、45.2%(以14%湿基矫正);小麦粉中蛋白质、脂类、膳食纤维等营养成分显著增加(P<0.05);灰分含量上升了144.6%、135.0%(以干基矫正),小麦粉L*值显著下降(P<0.05),表明小麦粉加工精度下降;破损淀粉含量分别由16.7、20.1 UCD下降至10.1、12.7 UCD;但小麦粉的粒径分布增大、面筋质量变差、糊化特性发生改变,面粉糊黏度下降。低水分小麦籽粒制粉可以在降低加工精度、保留小麦营养物质的同时降低制粉能耗,本研究为高营养全麦粉加工提供了一种新的制粉方法。

小麦制粉  /  研磨能耗  /  机械特性  /  全麦粉

In this study, 'Zheng 103' (hard wheat) and 'Yang 15' (soft wheat) were used as raw materials, and the moisture content was adjusted to 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16% by conditioning and drying the wheat to investigate the effects of moisture content on the physical properties, mechanical properties, milling performance of wheat, and the quality of wheat flour after milling, so as to provide theoretical support for the application of low-moisture milling. The results showed that: With the decrease of moisture content, the wheat appeared to be wrinkled and the geometrical size decreased; The bulk density and hardness appeared to be significantly increased (P<0.05), and the thousand kernel weight was significantly decreased (P<0.05). When moisture was reduced from 16% to 6%, the rupture force of wheat kernels was elevated, but the energy consumed to undergo 50% deformation was reduced by 61% and 73% for 'Zheng 103' and 'Yang 15', respectively. The milling energy constants were reduced by 46.7% and 47.5% (corrected on a 14% wet basis), the milling rate was increased by 16.4% and 20.6%, and the energy consumption for milling was reduced by 48.0% and 45.2% (corrected on a 14% wet basis). The wheat flour protein, lipids, dietary fiber and other nutrients increased significantly (P<0.05). Ash content increased by 144.6%, 135.0% (corrected on a dry basis), and the L* value of wheat flour decreased significantly (P<0.05), indicating that the processing precision of wheat flour declined; the content of broken starch declined from 16.7, 20.1 UCD to 10.1, 12.7 UCD. However, the grain size of wheat flour distribution increased, gluten quality deteriorated, pasting characteristics changed, and flour paste viscosity decreased. Low-moisture wheat seed milling can reduce the energy consumption of milling while lowering the processing precision and retaining the nutrients of wheat, and this study provides a new milling method for the processing of highly nutritious whole-wheat flour.

wheat milling  /  grinding energy consumption  /  mechanical property  /  whole wheat flour
贺昕, 李萌萌, 王靖童, 王瑞虎, 张素成, 宋云飞, 杨硕, 卞科. 籽粒水分含量对小麦物理特性及制粉品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 75 -84 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070385
Xin HE, Mengmeng LI, Jingtong WANG, Ruihu WANG, Sucheng ZHANG, Yunfei SONG, Shuo YANG, Ke BIAN. Effect of Moisture Content on Physical Properties and Milling Quality of Wheat[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 75 -84 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070385
小麦是我国重要的粮食作物,在全国范围内广泛种植。研磨是小麦粉生产的关键过程,小麦经过研磨后实现了麸皮、胚芽、胚乳的分离,同时被破碎成为大量细颗粒。小麦的研磨是小麦粉生产过程中最耗能的环节,约占面粉厂运行能耗的50%[1]。能源成本成为限制面粉厂利润的重要因素。研究者为了降低能源消耗进行了多种尝试,包括使用新的磨粉技术、对磨粉机进行改进、对小麦进行物理、化学处理等。
研磨时小麦的水分含量对研磨能耗与小麦粉的品质有着重要影响。在精制小麦粉的生产中,小麦研磨前进行水分调节,以实现皮层和胚乳的有效分离[2],但是全麦粉的生产中,可以直接使用干燥的小麦进行研磨[3]。水分含量显著影响小麦籽粒的机械性能。当籽粒水分含量降低,小麦的脆性增加,塑性和延展性降低[4−6]。其机械特性的变化直接导致小麦碎后细度与粉碎机制的变化,干燥的小麦更容易粉碎,粉碎所需的能耗与时间较少[7]。研究表明,降低小麦研磨水分可以大幅度降低制粉的能耗,同时提高出粉率,保留更多的营养成分[8−11]。
全麦粉生产工艺主要包括直接粉碎法与回添法。直接粉碎法粉碎能量消耗高,发热量大,易使热敏性物质如多酚等受损[12−13]。回添法使用辊式磨粉机研磨,再将分离的麸皮回添进小麦粉,延长了制粉工序,同时造成蛋白质等营养成分损失[13−14]。DOBLADO-MALDONADO等[15]研究发现低水分条件下(7.3%~8.0%)实验辊式磨粉机研磨的全麦粉具有与市售全麦粉相似的粒度甚至更细,而不需要对麸皮单独研磨,实现全麦粉生产流程的简化。此外,低水分小麦的直接研磨省去了润麦环节,可以有效避免润麦过程引起的微生物大量繁殖[16]。
目前对研磨水分与小麦粉品质的研究多关注于润麦水分变化的影响,而关于低水分研磨小麦粉的报道较少,低水分研磨对小麦制粉性能、小麦粉营养与加工品质的变化规律尚不清楚。小麦的硬度也是影响小麦粉加工工艺的重要因素,制粉特性及对水分变化的敏感程度存在显著差异,故在本文选用两种不同硬度的小麦‘郑麦103’(硬麦)、‘扬麦15’(软麦),以干燥后的低水分小麦(6%、8%、10%、12%)与正常润麦的小麦(14%、16%)对比,探索小麦物理特性、制粉特性及小麦粉品质的变化规律,以期实现节能、节水、高效的全麦粉生产,响应国家节能减排与节粮减损的政策号召。
‘郑麦103’(硬麦,硬度指数65.53) 河南豫研种子科技有限公司;‘扬麦15’(软麦)(软麦,硬度指数51.71) 江苏金土地种业有限公司;氯化钠、硫酸、碘、五水硫酸铜、硫酸钾、硼酸、硫代硫酸钠、碘化钾、氢氧化钠 分析纯,天津科密欧化学试剂有限公司;淀粉含量测定试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
S1BWP插座式电表 炬为科技(深圳)有限公司;Quadrumat Junior小型实验磨粉机 德国Brabender技术公司;SDmatic破损淀粉仪 法国肖邦技术公司;CR-400色差计 日本柯尼卡美能达公司;XY-100万能粉碎机 温岭市林大机械有限公司;DGG-9140A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 武汉利辉环境检测设备有限公司;INSTRON5943万能材料试验机 英斯特朗(上海)试验设备有限公司;GM 2200面筋仪 北京东孚久恒仪器技术有限公司;K1100全自动凯氏定氮仪 海能技术公司;BT-9300H激光粒度分析仪 丹东市百特仪器有限公司;SX-5-42马弗炉 北京中兴伟业仪器有限公司;RVA-4500快速粘度分析仪 澳大利亚Newport scientific公司;Spectra Max Plus单功能吸收型酶标仪 美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;5810R高速离心机 德国艾本德仪器有限公司。
干燥:称取2 kg小麦于托盘中,将托盘置于45 ℃烘箱内干燥,低温烘干使小麦水分分别降至12%、10%、8%、6%左右后取出备用。
润麦:称取2 kg小麦于润麦桶中,按照式(1)计算加水量,目标水分为14%、16%,将称量好的水加入润麦桶并摇晃均匀,放置24 h后备用。
$ \mathrm{加水量}(\text{mL})=\frac{\mathrm{m}\times ({\mathrm{c}}_{1}-{\mathrm{c}}_{0})}{100-{\mathrm{c}}_{1}}\times \mathrm{A} $
式中:m为小麦的质量,g;c1为润麦的目标水分,%;c0为小麦的原始水分,%;A为损耗系数,1.20。
参照Saini等[17]的方法,使用游标卡尺测定小麦籽粒的长、宽、厚,并按照式(2)~式(5)计算小麦的几何平均直径、球形度、体积、表面积。
$\rm \text{Dg}(\text{mm})={(\mathrm{L}\times \mathrm{W}\times \mathrm{T})}^{1/3} $
$ \text{Sp}=\frac{{(\mathrm{L}\times \mathrm{W}\times \mathrm{T})}^{1/3}}{\mathrm{L}} $
$ \mathrm{V}({\text{mm}}^{3})=0.25\left(\frac{\text{π} }{6}\right)\mathrm{L}{(\mathrm{W}+\mathrm{T})}^{2} $
$ \text{S}{(\text{mm}}^{2})=\frac{\text{π}(\sqrt{\text{WT}}){\text{L}}^{2}}{\text{(2L}-\sqrt{\text{WT}})} $
式中:L为小麦的长,mm;W为小麦的宽,mm;T为小麦的厚,mm;Dg为小麦的几何平均直径,mm;Sp为小麦的球形度;V为小麦的体积,mm3;S为小麦的表面积,mm2。
参照GB/T 5498-2013《粮油检验 容重测定》测定小麦的容重;参照GB/T 5519-2018《谷物与豆类 千粒重的测定》测定小麦的千粒重;参照GB/T 21304-2007《小麦硬度测定硬度指数法》测定小麦的硬度指数。
参照Nan等[18]的方法并加以修改。使用万能材料试验机以单轴压缩模式测定小麦籽粒的机械性能。将小麦腹沟朝下放置于载物台,移动探头进行压缩。测前速度10 mm/min,测中速度1.5 mm/min,应变量50%,每个样品进行20次平行测试。
参照Lee等[19]的方法并加以修改。称取150 g小麦,使用万能粉碎机粉碎10 s,并使用功率计记录能量消耗。将研磨的样品在10、14、16、18、30、40、60、100目筛网上筛选并称量留存在筛网的质量,按式(6)计算小麦粉的最终粒度。
$\rm {\text{L}}_{2}\text{(mm})=\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{\theta }_{i}{d}_{i} $
式中:L2是研磨后小麦的最终粒度,mm;di是通过筛网的孔径,mm;θi是通过di孔径筛网的质量分数,%。
按照1.2.2的方法测定小麦的初始粒径,基于Rittinger’s定律、Kick’s定律,Bond’s定律分别按照式(7)~式(10)计算其研磨能力常数及功指数。
$\rm {\text{K}}_{\text{r}}(\mathrm{kw}\cdot h\cdot kg^{-1}\cdot mm)=\frac{\text{E}}{\dfrac{1}{{\text{L}}_{2}}-\dfrac{1}{{\text{L}}_{1}}} $
$ \rm {\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{k}}({kw\cdot h\cdot kg^{-1}\cdot mm^{-1}})=\frac{\mathrm{E}}{\ln {\mathrm{L}}_{1}-\ln {\mathrm{L}}_{2}} $
$\rm {\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{b}}({kw\cdot h\cdot kg^{-1}\cdot mm^{0.5}})=\frac{\mathrm{E}}{\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{{\mathrm{L}}_{2}}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{{\mathrm{L}}_{1}}}} $
$ {\mathrm{W}}_{\text{ind}}=\frac{{\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{b}}}{0.3126} $
式中:Kr为Rittinger’s常数,kW·h·kg−1·mm;Kk为Kick’s常数,kW·h·kg−1·mm−1;Kb为Bond’s常数,kW·h·kg−1·mm0.5;Wind为功指数,kW·h·kg−1;E为研磨小麦消耗的电能,kW·h;L2为研磨后小麦的最终粒度,mm;L1为研磨前小麦的最初粒度,mm。
参照NY/T 1094.5-2006《小麦实验制粉 第5部分:Brabender Quadrumat Jr.(Quadruplex)实验磨法》。
称量入磨前小麦的质量,收集研磨后筛下小麦粉的质量并称重,根据式(11)计算小麦的出粉率。
$\rm \text{出粉率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:m1为筛下小麦粉的质量,g;m2为入磨前小麦粉的质量,g。
参照Warechowska等[9]的方法并加以修改。将磨粉机连接在功率计上,测量空载下磨粉机的功率。研磨前称量小麦原始质量,研磨时,使用功率计测量研磨消耗的电能,并用秒表测量研磨时间。研磨完成后称量筛下小麦粉的质量,按照式(12)、式(13)计算比研磨能。
$\rm \text{以小麦计比研磨能(kJ/kg\;wheat)}=\frac{{E-3600Pt}}{{\text{m}}_{1}} $
$ \mathrm{以小麦粉计比研磨能}(\mathrm{kJ}/\mathrm{kg}\;\text{flour})=\frac{\mathrm{E}-3600\text{Pt}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{2}} $
式中:E为小麦研磨消耗的电能,kJ;P为磨粉机空载的运行功率,kW;t为研磨所用的时间,h;m1为研磨前小麦的质量(以12%水分计算),kg;m2为研磨后小麦粉的质量(以14%水分计算),kg。
使用激光粒度仪(干法)测定小麦粉的粒径,每次添加约3 g小麦粉于进样口,控制样品遮光率在8%~15%范围内。
参照GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》测定小麦粉的水分含量;参照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》测定小麦粉的粗蛋白含量;使用总淀粉试剂盒测定小麦粉的淀粉含量;参照GB/T 5009.4-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》测定小麦粉的灰分含量;参照GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》测定小麦粉的脂肪含量;参照GB 5009.88-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中膳食纤维的测定》测定小麦粉的总膳食纤维含量与可溶性膳食纤维含量。
使用Chopin破损淀粉仪,参照GB/T 31577-2015《粮油检验 小麦粉损伤淀粉测定 安培计法》测定小麦粉中的破损淀粉含量。
参照GB/T 5506.2-2024《小麦和小麦粉面筋含量 第2部分:仪器法测定湿面筋和面筋指数》测定小麦粉面筋含量与面筋指数。将制备得到的湿面筋参照GB/T 5506.4-2008《小麦和小麦粉 面筋含量 第4部分:快速干燥法测定干面筋》进行干面筋含量的测定。
使用色差仪测定小麦粉的L*(亮度值)值、a*(红绿值)值、b*(黄蓝值)值,并拍照记录小麦粉的色泽。
参照GB/T 24853-2010《小麦、黑麦及其粉类和淀粉糊化特性测定 快速粘度仪法》测定小麦粉的糊化特性。量取25 mL水于样品桶,精确称取3.0 g小麦粉(按14%湿基矫正)加入样品桶,快速搅拌使其完全分散,后将样品桶放置于快速粘度分析仪进行测定。
所有数据进行3次平行实验,结果以平均值±标准差表示。数据统计使用Excel 2019完成,图表绘制使用Origin 2023。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。
小麦物理特性与几何尺寸是影响小麦储藏、加工、运输、清理的重要参数。由表1可知,当水分含量从6%~16%变化时,小麦籽粒的几何尺寸与基本物理特性会发生明显的变化。水分含量的上升会引起小麦籽粒的膨大,不同小麦品种受水分的影响程度不同,‘郑麦103’的轴向尺寸(L、W、T)增加了2.5%~3.9%,‘扬麦15’的轴向尺寸变化范围在0%~2.12%,而厚度没有显著的变化(P>0.05),这可能与其球形度高,籽粒厚且短宽,皮层对内部膨胀的束缚作用较强有关。小麦籽粒的膨胀几乎沿着三个轴向方向同时进行,故球形度没有显著的变化(P>0.05)。几何平均直径、体积、表面积均有显著的增加(P<0.05)。小麦几何尺寸变化的原因是小麦细胞结构的膨胀,小麦麸皮和细胞壁中含有大量的阿拉伯木聚糖和β-葡聚糖,具有极高的亲水性,能够结合大量自由水和束缚水,导致细胞壁基质发生显著的溶胀。这种溶胀作用不仅增加了单个细胞的体积,还改变了麸皮层的机械强度,使其更具延展性,从而允许籽粒整体外形尺寸的扩大[20]。小麦容重在6%~12%水分之间变化幅度较小,没有显著性差异(P>0.05),而在14%~16%水分出现显著降低(P<0.05),下降幅度在10%左右。千粒重随水分含量增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。硬度是影响制粉效果的关键因素,当水分含量上升,小麦的质地变软,硬度指数下降。其中‘扬麦15’(软麦)受水分影响更大,当水分从6%上升到16%时,硬度指数下降了18%,而‘郑麦103’(硬麦)只降低了4.5%。证明软麦硬度变化对水分更敏感,在低水分下表现出硬麦的特征。
小麦籽粒机械特性如表2所示。小麦籽粒水分含量增加,小麦弹性模量显著降低(P<0.05),小麦籽粒弹性逐渐减弱,这代表小麦籽粒在外力作用下更容易发生形变。小麦的破裂力随着水分增加出现先降低后上升的趋势,在16%水分下,因小麦籽粒质地过于柔软,发生塑性形变,屈服点消失,不再出现明显的破裂点。破裂形变随水分增加而上升,在相同水分下‘扬麦15’(软麦)的破裂形变远大于‘郑麦103’(硬麦),说明质地柔软的软麦,在外力作用下更易于发生形变。破裂能指小麦籽粒第一次破裂时压缩消耗的能量,50%形变能指小麦籽粒形变量50%时压缩消耗的能量。水分增加会使小麦破裂能显著上升(P<0.05),但相较于50%形变能的上升其变化幅度较小。水分增加引起的50%形变能升高最多可达2.97~3.48倍。这是因为在低水分下,很小的形变和能量输入即可使小麦在初次破碎后直接沿腹沟裂成两块,后续压缩不再耗能,小麦表现出较强的脆性;而在高水分下,小麦虽发生破裂,但整体保持完整,发生了塑性变形,在压缩过程持续耗能。水分含量对小麦机械特性的影响主要是由于小麦内部结构的变化。经过润麦后的小麦皮层、糊粉层和胚乳吸水量与膨胀系数不同,三者间产生微量的位移,使三者之间的结合力减弱[2]。同时胚乳中蛋白质中存在-NH3和-COOH基团,其吸水能力比淀粉颗粒的吸水能力强,由于淀粉和蛋白质膨胀程度不同,导致胚乳结构疏松,强度降低[21]。有研究表明,当谷物的水分含量增加时,淀粉颗粒周围孔隙变小,淀粉-蛋白质结构网络变得致密和不规则,接触点增多,这可能也与谷物力学性能的变化有关[18]。
为探究研磨能对粉体粒度的影响,人们提出了许多磨削理论。Rittinger’s定律、Kick’s 定律,Bond’s定律广泛应用于描述谷物和水果的粉碎过程[22−23]。这些理论认为物体粉碎所需的功与粉体新产生的表面积有关。Wind功指数定义为将单位质量的物料从无限大的颗粒尺寸减小到使80%的面粉能够通过100 μm筛的尺寸所需的能量。由表3可知,相同水分下‘郑麦103’(硬麦)的研磨常数大于‘扬麦15’(软麦),硬麦粉碎需要消耗更多能量;随着水分含量增加,两种小麦的研磨常数与功指数显著上升(P<0.05),这与Hassoon等[8]的研究结果相一致。按照Wind功指数进行估算,若使用直接粉碎的方法生产全麦粉,6%水分研磨会比16%水分研磨节约37%左右的能量消耗。可通过2.2节小麦的机械特性变化分析产生这种现象的原因,降低水分使小麦脆性增加,受外力条件容易破碎成小颗粒;而润麦会提高麸皮的韧性,在破碎时形成大麸片而不易粉碎。
采用Brabender辊式实验磨粉机研磨,探究不同入磨水分小麦的出粉率与研磨能耗变化。由图1A可知,润麦较大幅度地降低了小麦的出粉率。但当水分含量在6%~12%变化时,出粉率变化趋于稳定,‘郑麦103’出粉率仅降低了4.2%,同时‘扬麦15’没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。由图1B与图1C可知,制粉能耗随水分含量降低而降低并在水分含量为8%时达到最低值,‘郑麦103’(硬麦)、‘扬麦15’(软麦)以研磨单位重量小麦计算能耗与生产单位重量小麦粉计算能耗分别最高下降了42.6%、32.7%和47.9%、45.3%。同等水分下,软麦研磨所需的能耗更小,这是因为软麦内部结合较为松散,易于研磨。低水分小麦利用辊式磨粉机直接研磨可以有效提升出粉率,同时降低制粉消耗的能量。
在研磨过程中,由于水分含量变化引起的小麦机械特性变化,小麦的破碎形式也会随之改变。研磨水分较高时,小麦经磨辊研磨,形成大量较大的麸片,同时由于胚乳内部松散,产生少量的细粉;随着研磨水分降低,皮层与胚乳、胚乳内部之间结合紧密且脆性较强,破碎形成大小适中的颗粒。由图2可知,不同品种小麦的研磨后的粒度分布不同,‘扬麦15’(软麦)出现双峰分布,同时其中位粒径低于‘郑麦103’(硬麦),这表明软麦内部结构松散,在研磨中会出现更多的细小颗粒。随着研磨水分下降,小麦粉颗粒的中位粒度显著升高(P<0.05);研磨水分6%与16%相比,‘郑麦103’与‘扬麦15’的中位粒径分别上升了15.9%与18.2%。低水分研磨导致粒度增加的原因可能是:水分降低小麦的硬度指数呈上升的趋势,这表明其胚乳内部结合得更紧密(表1)。研究表明,硬度高的小麦粉碎后得到的颗粒较粗[24]。
小麦籽粒营养成分在小麦籽粒内部分布不均匀,淀粉与面筋蛋白主要分布在胚乳中,矿物质、膳食纤维主要分布在皮层与糊粉层中,麦胚中的脂肪含量较高。制粉过程会引起营养物质在小麦粉中的重新分配。由表5可知,随着研磨水分的下降,两种小麦所制小麦粉的粗蛋白、灰分、粗脂肪、总膳食纤维含量显著上升(P<0.05);淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与水分含量16%时相比,‘郑麦103’与‘扬麦15’制得小麦粉在水分含量6%时的粗蛋白含量分别上升了4.5%和7.3%;灰分含量上升了144.6%、135.0%;粗脂肪含量上升了125.0%、39.1%;总膳食纤维含量上升了203.0%、134.23%;可溶性膳食纤维含量上升了96.9%、115.2%;淀粉含量下降了19.0%、21.6%。全麦粉行业标准LS/T 3244-2015《全麦粉》规定全麦粉的总膳食纤维含量应不低于9%(以干基计),‘郑麦103’在6%、8%水分下研磨即可符合其对总膳食纤维含量的要求。低水分研磨可以应用于适度加工,生产出的小麦粉具有较高营养价值。这是由于小麦的皮层分布着大量的蛋白质、膳食纤维、脂类与矿物质,低水分下,小麦皮层变脆且与胚乳的结合更加紧密[25],受到磨辊的剪切力极易破碎成细小颗粒混入小麦粉中。但同时应注意脂肪含量增加在储藏过程中易发生酸败,使面粉产生哈喇味,缩短小麦粉的货架期[26]。
破损淀粉含量对面团品质及面制品品质有重要影响,适量破损淀粉有助于酵母发酵,而破损淀粉含量过多会引起面团发粘[27]。由图3可知,研磨后‘郑麦103’(硬麦)的破损淀粉含量显著高于‘扬麦15’(软麦)(P<0.05),这是由于硬麦的淀粉与蛋白质之间结合紧密,受外力时破裂界面位于淀粉颗粒内部,造成了淀粉结构破坏,引起破损淀粉的含量升高。破损淀粉含量随研磨水分的降低而显著降低(P<0.05)。不同水分条件之间,‘郑麦103’的破损淀粉含量存在显著性差异(P<0.05);而当‘扬麦15’的研磨水分降低到10%以后,破损淀粉含量稳定于10 UCD左右。破损淀粉含量的降低也从侧面印证了低水分小麦在研磨中受到了较小的力与能量输入,这与Ghodke等[28]的研究结果相一致。在多道辊磨的研磨系统中,低水分小麦在初次破碎后即可形成大量大小适中的颗粒而不是大麸片,而在后续磨辊的研磨中受到了较小的作用力与能量输入,避免了破损淀粉的产生。
干面筋、湿面筋含量与面筋含量正相关,面筋指数与面筋强度的程度正相关,其均可以反映面团面筋的质量。由图4可知,‘郑麦103’随着研磨水分的上升,干面筋与湿面筋含量均有升高的趋势;‘扬麦15’的干面筋含量变化不显著(P>0.05);而在6%~8%水分下,其湿面筋含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05);两种小麦的面筋指数均在12%水分以下显著下降(P<0.05),并在8%水分趋于稳定。小麦粉面筋特性的变化与其组成成分的变化有关,由表4可知,随着研磨水分升高,小麦粉淀粉含量呈上升趋势,这表明高水分研磨小麦粉的胚乳成分占比高,而胚乳中含有与面筋形成有关的麦谷蛋白与麦醇溶蛋白,这是引起‘郑麦103’干、湿面筋含量上升的原因。而低水分研磨的小麦粉中有较多的膳食纤维,其主要包括纤维素、半纤维素、戊聚糖、β-葡聚糖等成分,具有良好的水合能力,这可能是‘扬麦15’在6%、8%水分研磨制得小麦粉湿面筋含量较高的原因[29]。同时膳食纤维成分对面筋网络的形成产生了不利的影响,其干扰了面筋的聚集,打断了面筋网络的连续结构,使其结构变得松散、强度下降[30],造成了低水分研磨小麦粉的面筋指数大幅降低。
色泽是小麦粉的重要感官品质,对色泽的评价标准随着产品的需求而变化。消费者常常将色泽的明亮程度作为区分精制粉与全麦粉的标志之一。小麦粉的色泽不仅与小麦粉的加工精度有关,也与小麦麸皮的颜色有关。由表5可知,两种小麦的L*值均随着研磨水分含量的增加有增加的趋势,在较低水分(6%~10%)下变化不显著(P>0.05)。a*和b*随着研磨水分的增加而降低,在较高水分条件(12%~16%)下其变化不显著。图5为不同入磨水分下小麦粉色泽变化的图片,可以观察到随着入磨水分的降低小麦粉逐渐变得暗黄,同时面粉中的麸星增多,这与色差测量的结果相一致。色泽的变化源于其组成成分的变化,由表4可知,低水分研磨出的小麦粉膳食纤维与灰分含量较高,这代表着较多的皮层混入。在小麦各组分中胚乳呈白色、皮层呈现黄色或红褐色,当小麦粉中胚乳纯净度越高其亮度也越高,色泽越白;反之则会出现发黑发暗。
研磨水分对小麦粉糊化特性的影响如表6与图6所示。随着研磨水分的下降,小麦粉淀粉糊的黏度呈现出整体下降的趋势,其峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值均出现显著降低(P<0.05)。淀粉糊黏度的降低可能是由于:小麦粉中膳食纤维与蛋白质对淀粉的包裹,减少了直链淀粉的浸出;同时膳食纤维的吸水性较强,与淀粉颗粒竞争水分,阻碍了淀粉的糊化过程;大量膳食纤维使糊化体系中淀粉的浓度遭到稀释。回生值的降低可能是因为膳食纤维的存在限制了淀粉分子的重新排列,延缓了淀粉的重结晶,这有助于延缓面制品的老化过程[31]。衰减值表现了淀粉在加热和剪切时淀粉糊的抗剪切能力,随着研磨水分的降低,衰减值呈现出下降的趋势,表明小麦粉的热糊稳定性逐渐增强。
本文选取‘郑麦103’(硬麦)与‘扬麦15’(软麦)两种小麦,调节水分到6%、8%、10%、12%、14%、16%,探究不同水分下小麦物理特性、研磨性能及小麦粉品质的变化规律。研究发现,当小麦水分降低,小麦籽粒出现皱缩,几何尺寸缩小;容重与硬度显著上升(P<0.05);千粒重显著降低(P<0.05);籽粒硬度上升但脆性增加;研磨能力常数降低,小麦变得容易粉碎。降低小麦的入磨水分可以有效降低小麦研磨制粉的能耗,提高出粉率,增强小麦粉的营养品质,但小麦粉的加工品质有不同程度的变差,在实际应用过程中应考虑“营养保留”与“加工品质”的平衡关系。与正常润麦制粉相比,在8%及以下水分条件下研磨,制粉能耗降低了40%以上,出粉率升高了20%左右,小麦粉的蛋白质、脂类、总膳食纤维与可溶性膳食纤维含量均显著提高(P<0.05),破损淀粉含量降低在30%以上,但是面筋网络的强度下降,小麦粉色泽暗黄,淀粉糊的黏度显著下降(P<0.05)。该研究为小麦的低水分加工提供依据,以期实现全麦粉的节能、节水、高效生产。但实验基于小型磨粉机,缺乏工业规模的实验验证,在后续研究中应对研磨设备与工艺参数进行验证优化,从而进一步降低能耗、提高小麦粉的营养品质,并实现营养品质与加工品质的平衡。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070385
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01
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    河南工业大学粮油食品学院,河南郑州 450001

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卞科(1960−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:谷物蛋白质化学、粮油储藏科学与技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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