Article(id=1320880589998248295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852073430, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852073430, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852073430, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852073430, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=222, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880591654998376, articleId=1320880589998248295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Adding Silver Carp Processing By-products on the Edible Quality of Flavored Crispy Chips, columnId=1320880529025643003, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Process Innovation and Intelligent Manufacturing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study investigated the effect of the addition amount of silver carp processing by-products on the edible quality of flavored crispy chips, thereby determining the optimal addition amount. Silver carp processing by-products (fish scales, fish skin, and fish mid-bones) were used as raw materials. After deodorization treatment, they were used to partially replace tapioca starch at proportions of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% (based on the mixed powder of by-products and tapioca starch) to develop a new type of flavored crispy chips with silver carp processing by-products. The optimal addition amount of each by-product was determined through the analysis of sensory evaluation, color, nutritional composition, textural properties, microstructure, and volatile substances. With the increase in the addition amount, the color of the crisps showed a deepening trend. The contents of crude protein (fish scale group: 10.86%~48.84%, fish skin group: 18.43%~60.41%, fish mid-bone group: 10.45%~26.29%) and ash (fish scale group: 4.98%~17.48%, fish skin group: 0.47%~6.34%, fish mid-bone group: 6.36%~20.58%) increased gradually. Meanwhile, the pores in the microstructure gradually increased in number and size. At the same addition level, the hardness of the crispy crisps in the fish skin group was significantly higher than that in the fish scale group and the fish mid-bone group (P<0.05). Key volatile substances with a relative odor activity value (ROAV)≥1, such as 2-acetyl-3-methylpyrazine and ethyl salicylate, were identified by chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). This was largely attributed to the addition of silver carp processing by-products. These by-products endowed the crispy crisps with pleasant flavors such as roasted aroma and fruitiness, and made a prominent contribution to the construction of the overall flavor system in crispy crisps. Through comprehensive evaluation, the optimal addition amounts of fish scale powder, fish skin powder, and fish mid-bone powder were determined to be 20%, 60%, and 40%, respectively. As a nutrient-rich leisure food with a sweet, fragrant, and crispy taste, this crispy chip can not only meet the diverse needs of consumers, but also provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the high-value utilization of fish processing by-products. Furthermore, it can help the aquatic products industry achieve the dual goals of improving quality and efficiency, as well as realizing sustainable development.

, authors=Wenqing ZHAI1, Xinlei YU1, Jingjing WU1, Renyue ZHANG1, Xichang WANG1, Long ZHANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Wenqing ZHAI, Xinlei YU, Jingjing WU, Renyue ZHANG, Xichang WANG, Long ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Long ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880592976204149, articleId=1320880589998248295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=鲢鱼加工副产物添加对风味脆片食用品质的影响, columnId=1320880529201803773, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺创新与智能制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究鲢鱼加工副产物添加对风味脆片食用品质的影响,从而确定其最佳添加量,本文以鲢鱼加工副产物(鱼鳞、鱼皮和鱼中骨)为原料,经去腥处理后,按20%、40%、60%和80%(以副产物-木薯淀粉混合粉计)的比例部分替代木薯淀粉,开发新型鲢鱼加工副产物风味脆片。通过感官评价、色泽、营养组成、质构特性、微观结构和挥发性物质等指标分析确定各副产物的最适添加量。随着添加量的增加,脆片色泽均呈加深趋势,粗蛋白(鱼鳞组:10.86%~48.84%,鱼皮组:18.43%~60.41%,鱼中骨组:10.45%~26.29%)和灰分(鱼鳞组:4.98%~17.48%,鱼皮组:0.47%~6.34%,鱼中骨组:6.36%~20.58%)含量逐渐增加,微观结构上的孔洞逐渐增多增大。相同添加量下,鱼皮组脆片硬度显著高于鱼鳞组和鱼中骨组(P<0.05)。由气相色谱-离子迁移色谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)确定了相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)≥1的关键挥发性物质(如2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪和水杨酸乙酯)。这都得益于鲢鱼加工副产物的添加,其为脆片赋予烘烤味、果味等宜人风味,对脆片整体风味体系的构建具有突出贡献。综合评价确定鱼鳞粉、鱼皮粉和鱼中骨粉的最适添加量分别为20%、60%和40%。该脆片作为一款营养丰富、口感甜香酥脆的休闲食品,不仅能满足消费者的多元需求,更为鱼加工副产物的高值化利用提供了理论依据与实践参考,助力水产行业实现提质增效与可持续发展的双重目标。

, authors=翟文青1, 余欣蕾1, 吴菁菁1, 张人月1, 王锡昌1, 张龙1, 2, *, authorsList=翟文青, 余欣蕾, 吴菁菁, 张人月, 王锡昌, 张龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张龙, authorNote=

翟文青(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品营养与品质评价,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张龙(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品品质评价与调控,E-mail:。
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注:*表示相同副产物组织的不同处理方式存在显著差异,*P<0.05,**表示P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=mGUMduR+GpxpcHMUerCZwA==, figureFileBig=PLzurGxXXq0KppuJpp0gaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880597791265193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Sensory scores of flavored crispy crisps from fish scale (A), fish skin (B), fish mid-bone groups (C) with different addition amounts of silver carp processing by-products and overall acceptability (D), figureFileSmall=j/NKvE4Ni6AgKPxomIIdMQ==, figureFileBig=+2kXdgt3Ba+mthkpXrEvZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880597849985450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量下鱼鳞组(A)、鱼皮组(B)、鱼中骨组(C)风味脆片的感官评分和总体可接受度(D)

注:不同小写字母表示不同添加量的鲢鱼加工副产物风味脆片存在显著差异(P<0.05),图3、图4同。

, figureFileSmall=j/NKvE4Ni6AgKPxomIIdMQ==, figureFileBig=+2kXdgt3Ba+mthkpXrEvZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880597929677227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Appearance photos of flavored crispy crisps with different addition amounts of silver carp processing by-products (A), and the color difference of crispy chips in the fish scale group (B), fish skin group (C), and fish mid-bone group (D), figureFileSmall=0hv7d2ck7ERmkw/+EigSPw==, figureFileBig=e44U4OERAkl+hfP1Jc+xHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880598000980396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量下风味脆片的外观照片(A)以及鱼鳞组(B)、鱼皮组(C)、鱼中骨组(D)脆片的色差, figureFileSmall=0hv7d2ck7ERmkw/+EigSPw==, figureFileBig=e44U4OERAkl+hfP1Jc+xHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880598084866477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Basic nutritional composition of flavored crispy crisps from fish scale (A), fish skin (B), and fish mid-bone groups (C) with different addition amounts of silver carp processing by-products, figureFileSmall=bJx4xYPRXxl6iy/XVOm8Xg==, figureFileBig=EINztld4Xk+Y1V4aW3NRwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880598164558254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量下鱼鳞组(A)、鱼皮组(B)和鱼中骨组(C)风味脆片的基本营养组成, figureFileSmall=bJx4xYPRXxl6iy/XVOm8Xg==, figureFileBig=EINztld4Xk+Y1V4aW3NRwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880598244250031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scanning electron microscope images of flavored crispy chips with different addition amounts of silver carp processing by-products (100×), figureFileSmall=YMUTLHehT2H7zi7wr+3qBg==, figureFileBig=/cPsDXX4gVr2RBThscpn2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880598323941808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量风味脆片的扫描电镜图(100×), figureFileSmall=YMUTLHehT2H7zi7wr+3qBg==, figureFileBig=/cPsDXX4gVr2RBThscpn2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880598399439281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=GC-IMS Gallery plots of flavored crispy chips with different addition amounts of silver carp processing by-products, figureFileSmall=4Pc0JODGgPMrPfN86JskNw==, figureFileBig=y/PXsS1Z8Qw4nJOE58SPDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880598462353842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量风味脆片的GC-IMS Gallrey谱图, figureFileSmall=4Pc0JODGgPMrPfN86JskNw==, figureFileBig=y/PXsS1Z8Qw4nJOE58SPDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880598521074099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation standards of silver carp processing by-products flavored crispy crisps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评分
54321
色泽色泽均匀、有光泽色泽基本均匀,略带光泽色泽略不均匀,无明显焦色或白色色泽有略过焦、发白现象,色泽不均匀明显的焦黑色或白色
外部形态形态规则,薄厚均匀,无凹坑或凸起气泡,表面无裂纹形状基本完整,无气泡、无裂痕、不变形形状不太平整,但可接受,有轻微裂痕形态不规则,薄厚不均匀,有明显凹坑或凸起气泡,表面裂纹较大有严重裂痕,表面严重凹凸不平,有气泡,非常不美观
内部形态断面呈紧密状,无孔洞断面有紧密状,无较大孔洞断面结构基本清晰,略有孔洞,组织较粗糙断面结构粗糙,有明显孔洞,略有颗粒感断面结构不紧密,有大面积孔洞,颗粒感明显
风味鱼香味浓郁,无异味鱼香味较强,无异味鱼香味一般,轻微异味鱼香味较弱,有异味无鱼香味,有严重腥味、异味
口感口感细腻松脆,甜香味明显,不粘牙口感较细腻松脆,甜香味较强,不粘牙口感较松脆,甜香味不明显,有粗糙感,略微粘牙口感较粗糙,较粘牙,略有焦味,口感较苦粗糙感明显,粘牙,焦味明显,口感发苦
), ArticleFig(id=1320880598604960180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

鲢鱼加工副产物风味脆片的感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评分
54321
色泽色泽均匀、有光泽色泽基本均匀,略带光泽色泽略不均匀,无明显焦色或白色色泽有略过焦、发白现象,色泽不均匀明显的焦黑色或白色
外部形态形态规则,薄厚均匀,无凹坑或凸起气泡,表面无裂纹形状基本完整,无气泡、无裂痕、不变形形状不太平整,但可接受,有轻微裂痕形态不规则,薄厚不均匀,有明显凹坑或凸起气泡,表面裂纹较大有严重裂痕,表面严重凹凸不平,有气泡,非常不美观
内部形态断面呈紧密状,无孔洞断面有紧密状,无较大孔洞断面结构基本清晰,略有孔洞,组织较粗糙断面结构粗糙,有明显孔洞,略有颗粒感断面结构不紧密,有大面积孔洞,颗粒感明显
风味鱼香味浓郁,无异味鱼香味较强,无异味鱼香味一般,轻微异味鱼香味较弱,有异味无鱼香味,有严重腥味、异味
口感口感细腻松脆,甜香味明显,不粘牙口感较细腻松脆,甜香味较强,不粘牙口感较松脆,甜香味不明显,有粗糙感,略微粘牙口感较粗糙,较粘牙,略有焦味,口感较苦粗糙感明显,粘牙,焦味明显,口感发苦
), ArticleFig(id=1320880598667874741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Texture properties of flavored crispy crisps with different addition amounts of silver carp processing by-products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别添加量(%)硬度(g)脆性(g)弹性咀嚼性(g)
鱼鳞组203933.34±378.92c2410.59±242.790.30±0.01c138.38±32.82d
404629.56±31.98bND0.76±0.02b1413.45±248.09c
604356.59±180.55bcND0.79±0.03ab2308.90±30.26b
805305.13±441.55aND0.82±0.04a2934.95±215.49a
鱼皮组205185.58±22.80d3217.05±247.92d0.67±0.03b1092.26±84.41c
406569.77±304.66c3873.55±18.01c0.67±0.01b1355.05±182.38c
607565.13±330.42b4515.55±351.07b0.70±0.04b2885.47±11.17b
8011065.25±561.27a7655.97±49.35a0.76±0.01a5790.39±550.57a
鱼中骨组202743.42±52.42c2071.98±195.14c0.61±0.02a680.81±22.63c
402897.67±74.40c2724.74±7.45b0.66±0.01a1180.15±126.76b
603404.14±225.92b3001.17±433.23b0.46±0.05b1192.83±55.74b
804214.76±11.27a4244.57±212.94a0.50±0.03b2100.42±369.15a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880600559505846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量下风味脆片的质构特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别添加量(%)硬度(g)脆性(g)弹性咀嚼性(g)
鱼鳞组203933.34±378.92c2410.59±242.790.30±0.01c138.38±32.82d
404629.56±31.98bND0.76±0.02b1413.45±248.09c
604356.59±180.55bcND0.79±0.03ab2308.90±30.26b
805305.13±441.55aND0.82±0.04a2934.95±215.49a
鱼皮组205185.58±22.80d3217.05±247.92d0.67±0.03b1092.26±84.41c
406569.77±304.66c3873.55±18.01c0.67±0.01b1355.05±182.38c
607565.13±330.42b4515.55±351.07b0.70±0.04b2885.47±11.17b
8011065.25±561.27a7655.97±49.35a0.76±0.01a5790.39±550.57a
鱼中骨组202743.42±52.42c2071.98±195.14c0.61±0.02a680.81±22.63c
402897.67±74.40c2724.74±7.45b0.66±0.01a1180.15±126.76b
603404.14±225.92b3001.17±433.23b0.46±0.05b1192.83±55.74b
804214.76±11.27a4244.57±212.94a0.50±0.03b2100.42±369.15a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880600635003319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ROAV of flavored crispy chips with different addition amounts of silver carp processing by-products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性风味化合物鱼鳞组鱼皮组鱼中骨组
20%40%60%80%20%40%60%80%20%40%60%80%
(E)-2-nonenal(E)-2-壬烯醛0.34520.79650.90700.87751.12851.34671.32021.42631.20711.23281.08631.2656
(E)-β-damascenone(E)-β-大马酮0.29420.59500.78800.99471.05321.22351.33651.62460.69630.59870.74750.8786
α-Terpinoleneα-松油烯0.22610.30360.26650.21900.16350.22610.27290.24610.21930.23920.23420.2743
β-Phenethyl alcoholβ-苯乙醇0.10500.22300.25780.18120.08000.09530.15030.11370.10660.11420.13200.1770
1-(2-furanmethyl)-1H-pyrrole1-(2-呋喃甲基)-1H-吡咯0.07350.15840.23350.26880.05040.07320.09020.07490.0710.05790.07690.0964
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene1,3,5-三氯苯5.04093.46603.27563.72774.47043.97083.44543.61584.01704.27464.33713.6229
2,4-decadienal2,4-癸二烯醛0.03590.04470.05360.03960.04580.08730.32080.29010.07800.05560.05140.0437
2,4-heptadienal2,4-庚二烯醛0.46330.64800.59840.50000.61390.56820.65590.65480.60090.66140.66320.7202
2,6-dimethylphenol2,6-二甲基苯酚99.597177.408476.852286.5583100.000096.394177.185490.729791.529497.288899.197886.1920
2-acetyl-3-methylpyrazine2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪13.39457.830110.340712.978612.68149.03117.89268.95769.719812.457911.64529.3646
2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl-5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醛0.56830.23080.17150.15480.10140.08370.08750.05620.21300.06800.06500.0476
3-methylphenol3-甲基苯酚0.45800.31420.26920.25660.26420.24500.20490.14930.19240.19500.22960.2313
5-ethyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone5-乙基-4-羟基-2-甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮0.32160.24300.19950.18980.28370.25820.30070.25090.36770.15640.23110.1785
Benzenepropanoic acid, ethyl ester苯丙酸乙酯0.09210.14680.17890.24550.16260.40990.42560.37810.13760.12420.13640.1789
Benzo[b]thiophene, 6,7-dimethyl6, 7-二甲基苯并噻吩0.01640.23060.07340.02290.04080.00650.03410.02250.0170.01420.02540.0388
bis(2-furylmethyl) sulfide双(2-呋喃甲基)硫
化物
0.02250.07380.01640.00510.00410.01510.02660.01210.00770.00690.00680.0122
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3-methylbutyl ester丁酸2-甲基-3-甲基丁酯0.00340.00460.00520.00550.00490.00520.00520.00530.00470.00440.00480.0050
Cinnamyl acetate乙酸桂酯0.00860.02480.01750.01090.01400.00420.01220.01000.00890.00810.01130.0134
Ethyl salicylate水杨酸乙酯13.080116.661513.687313.897317.639816.157417.330718.409715.094215.28616.311416.6096
Methyl octanoate辛酸甲酯0.22401.29371.85791.00090.36150.45180.77080.59430.42730.35530.47570.7104
Phenyl methyl carbinyl acetate苯基甲基羰基乙
酸酯
0.07300.10560.04180.03420.06030.08910.08620.08520.10000.13730.14450.1747
), ArticleFig(id=1320880600723083704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880589998248295, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量风味脆片的ROAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性风味化合物鱼鳞组鱼皮组鱼中骨组
20%40%60%80%20%40%60%80%20%40%60%80%
(E)-2-nonenal(E)-2-壬烯醛0.34520.79650.90700.87751.12851.34671.32021.42631.20711.23281.08631.2656
(E)-β-damascenone(E)-β-大马酮0.29420.59500.78800.99471.05321.22351.33651.62460.69630.59870.74750.8786
α-Terpinoleneα-松油烯0.22610.30360.26650.21900.16350.22610.27290.24610.21930.23920.23420.2743
β-Phenethyl alcoholβ-苯乙醇0.10500.22300.25780.18120.08000.09530.15030.11370.10660.11420.13200.1770
1-(2-furanmethyl)-1H-pyrrole1-(2-呋喃甲基)-1H-吡咯0.07350.15840.23350.26880.05040.07320.09020.07490.0710.05790.07690.0964
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene1,3,5-三氯苯5.04093.46603.27563.72774.47043.97083.44543.61584.01704.27464.33713.6229
2,4-decadienal2,4-癸二烯醛0.03590.04470.05360.03960.04580.08730.32080.29010.07800.05560.05140.0437
2,4-heptadienal2,4-庚二烯醛0.46330.64800.59840.50000.61390.56820.65590.65480.60090.66140.66320.7202
2,6-dimethylphenol2,6-二甲基苯酚99.597177.408476.852286.5583100.000096.394177.185490.729791.529497.288899.197886.1920
2-acetyl-3-methylpyrazine2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪13.39457.830110.340712.978612.68149.03117.89268.95769.719812.457911.64529.3646
2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl-5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醛0.56830.23080.17150.15480.10140.08370.08750.05620.21300.06800.06500.0476
3-methylphenol3-甲基苯酚0.45800.31420.26920.25660.26420.24500.20490.14930.19240.19500.22960.2313
5-ethyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone5-乙基-4-羟基-2-甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮0.32160.24300.19950.18980.28370.25820.30070.25090.36770.15640.23110.1785
Benzenepropanoic acid, ethyl ester苯丙酸乙酯0.09210.14680.17890.24550.16260.40990.42560.37810.13760.12420.13640.1789
Benzo[b]thiophene, 6,7-dimethyl6, 7-二甲基苯并噻吩0.01640.23060.07340.02290.04080.00650.03410.02250.0170.01420.02540.0388
bis(2-furylmethyl) sulfide双(2-呋喃甲基)硫
化物
0.02250.07380.01640.00510.00410.01510.02660.01210.00770.00690.00680.0122
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3-methylbutyl ester丁酸2-甲基-3-甲基丁酯0.00340.00460.00520.00550.00490.00520.00520.00530.00470.00440.00480.0050
Cinnamyl acetate乙酸桂酯0.00860.02480.01750.01090.01400.00420.01220.01000.00890.00810.01130.0134
Ethyl salicylate水杨酸乙酯13.080116.661513.687313.897317.639816.157417.330718.409715.094215.28616.311416.6096
Methyl octanoate辛酸甲酯0.22401.29371.85791.00090.36150.45180.77080.59430.42730.35530.47570.7104
Phenyl methyl carbinyl acetate苯基甲基羰基乙
酸酯
0.07300.10560.04180.03420.06030.08910.08620.08520.10000.13730.14450.1747
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鲢鱼加工副产物添加对风味脆片食用品质的影响
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翟文青 1 , 余欣蕾 1 , 吴菁菁 1 , 张人月 1 , 王锡昌 1 , 张龙 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺创新与智能制造 2026,47(18): 222-231
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食品工业科技 |工艺创新与智能制造 2026 , 47 (18) : 222 -231
鲢鱼加工副产物添加对风味脆片食用品质的影响
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翟文青1 , 余欣蕾1, 吴菁菁1, 张人月1, 王锡昌1, 张龙1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
  • 2湖南喜味佳生物科技有限公司,湖南岳阳 414100
通讯作者:
张龙(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品品质评价与调控,E-mail:。
作者简介:

翟文青(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品营养与品质评价,E-mail:

Effect of Adding Silver Carp Processing By-products on the Edible Quality of Flavored Crispy Chips
Wenqing ZHAI1 , Xinlei YU1, Jingjing WU1, Renyue ZHANG1, Xichang WANG1, Long ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2Hunan Xiweijia Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yueyang 414100, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080135
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为探究鲢鱼加工副产物添加对风味脆片食用品质的影响,从而确定其最佳添加量,本文以鲢鱼加工副产物(鱼鳞、鱼皮和鱼中骨)为原料,经去腥处理后,按20%、40%、60%和80%(以副产物-木薯淀粉混合粉计)的比例部分替代木薯淀粉,开发新型鲢鱼加工副产物风味脆片。通过感官评价、色泽、营养组成、质构特性、微观结构和挥发性物质等指标分析确定各副产物的最适添加量。随着添加量的增加,脆片色泽均呈加深趋势,粗蛋白(鱼鳞组:10.86%~48.84%,鱼皮组:18.43%~60.41%,鱼中骨组:10.45%~26.29%)和灰分(鱼鳞组:4.98%~17.48%,鱼皮组:0.47%~6.34%,鱼中骨组:6.36%~20.58%)含量逐渐增加,微观结构上的孔洞逐渐增多增大。相同添加量下,鱼皮组脆片硬度显著高于鱼鳞组和鱼中骨组(P<0.05)。由气相色谱-离子迁移色谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)确定了相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)≥1的关键挥发性物质(如2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪和水杨酸乙酯)。这都得益于鲢鱼加工副产物的添加,其为脆片赋予烘烤味、果味等宜人风味,对脆片整体风味体系的构建具有突出贡献。综合评价确定鱼鳞粉、鱼皮粉和鱼中骨粉的最适添加量分别为20%、60%和40%。该脆片作为一款营养丰富、口感甜香酥脆的休闲食品,不仅能满足消费者的多元需求,更为鱼加工副产物的高值化利用提供了理论依据与实践参考,助力水产行业实现提质增效与可持续发展的双重目标。

鲢鱼加工副产物  /  质构特性  /  微观结构  /  GC-IMS  /  风味脆片  /  食用品质

The study investigated the effect of the addition amount of silver carp processing by-products on the edible quality of flavored crispy chips, thereby determining the optimal addition amount. Silver carp processing by-products (fish scales, fish skin, and fish mid-bones) were used as raw materials. After deodorization treatment, they were used to partially replace tapioca starch at proportions of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% (based on the mixed powder of by-products and tapioca starch) to develop a new type of flavored crispy chips with silver carp processing by-products. The optimal addition amount of each by-product was determined through the analysis of sensory evaluation, color, nutritional composition, textural properties, microstructure, and volatile substances. With the increase in the addition amount, the color of the crisps showed a deepening trend. The contents of crude protein (fish scale group: 10.86%~48.84%, fish skin group: 18.43%~60.41%, fish mid-bone group: 10.45%~26.29%) and ash (fish scale group: 4.98%~17.48%, fish skin group: 0.47%~6.34%, fish mid-bone group: 6.36%~20.58%) increased gradually. Meanwhile, the pores in the microstructure gradually increased in number and size. At the same addition level, the hardness of the crispy crisps in the fish skin group was significantly higher than that in the fish scale group and the fish mid-bone group (P<0.05). Key volatile substances with a relative odor activity value (ROAV)≥1, such as 2-acetyl-3-methylpyrazine and ethyl salicylate, were identified by chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). This was largely attributed to the addition of silver carp processing by-products. These by-products endowed the crispy crisps with pleasant flavors such as roasted aroma and fruitiness, and made a prominent contribution to the construction of the overall flavor system in crispy crisps. Through comprehensive evaluation, the optimal addition amounts of fish scale powder, fish skin powder, and fish mid-bone powder were determined to be 20%, 60%, and 40%, respectively. As a nutrient-rich leisure food with a sweet, fragrant, and crispy taste, this crispy chip can not only meet the diverse needs of consumers, but also provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the high-value utilization of fish processing by-products. Furthermore, it can help the aquatic products industry achieve the dual goals of improving quality and efficiency, as well as realizing sustainable development.

silver carp processing by-products  /  textural properties  /  microstructure  /  GC-IMS  /  flavored crispy chips  /  edible quality
翟文青, 余欣蕾, 吴菁菁, 张人月, 王锡昌, 张龙. 鲢鱼加工副产物添加对风味脆片食用品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 222 -231 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080135
Wenqing ZHAI, Xinlei YU, Jingjing WU, Renyue ZHANG, Xichang WANG, Long ZHANG. Effect of Adding Silver Carp Processing By-products on the Edible Quality of Flavored Crispy Chips[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 222 -231 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080135
2024年我国水产加工总量达到2253.76万吨,大部分淡水产品以粗加工为主,精细加工基础薄弱,原料综合利用水平低[1]。鱼类在加工过程中会产生大量副产物,如鱼鳞、鱼皮、鱼中骨等,这些副产物占鱼体总重的40%~50%[2]。目前大部分副产物被直接丢弃或简单加工成低附加值产品(如饲料、肥料等)[3],不仅造成资源浪费,还可能带来环境污染问题。然而,鱼加工副产物中含有丰富的蛋白质、氨基酸、矿物质以及油脂等营养组分[4],具有极高的高值化利用潜力。若对这些副产物进行有效加工或再利用,不仅能减少资源浪费,避免污染环境,还能充分发挥淡水鱼加工副产物的营养价值及经济价值。但由于技术和经济等方面的限制,水产品加工副产物的利用率有待进一步提高。
根据农业农村部、国家卫生健康委、工业和信息化部三部门联合发布了《中国食物与营养发展纲要(2025-2030年)》,纲要中重点强调“鱼刺骨营养化、无害化烹调制作技术”,鼓励将鱼骨、鱼皮等副产物加工成可食用产品,在营养强化、资源高效利用、技术创新和食品安全等方面有重要的指导意义。随着人们生活水平不断提高,休闲食品产业迅速发展,开发健康营养的功能性食品将是休闲食品未来的主要方向。我国拥有世界上最大的休闲食品消费市场,同时淡水鱼类休闲食品作为一种十分有市场潜力的食品,市场前景广阔,开发可行性良好。此外,现有相关研究往往聚焦传统原料或单一品质维度的评价。王丹丹等[5]研究不同鱼糜添加量对鱼糜淀粉脆片质构和色泽等方面的影响。王宇卓等[4]将鱼鳞粉添加到面条中,从营养成分和消化等方面探究对面条品质的影响。综上,当前需重点关注两个关键问题:一是淡水鱼产量巨大伴随鱼加工副产物过剩,导致资源浪费和环境污染,亟需高值化的利用技术和产品;二是现有脆片多采用传统可食水产肌肉组织,无法充分满足消费者对健康化、多元化食品的高品质需求。因此,有必要针对鱼加工副产物脆片开展多维度的系统研究,包括营养成分的搭配组合、质构特性的精准调控、风味物质的动态变化及感官接受度的综合评价等。
本研究以鲢鱼加工副产物为原料,经去腥处理后,制备新型鲢鱼加工副产物风味脆片。通过感官评价、营养组成、质构特性以及挥发性气味物质等指标分析确定鲢鱼加工副产物的最适添加量,旨在开发营养健康、风味独特的新型即食休闲食品。鲢鱼加工副产物风味脆片的研制不仅为水产品加工副产物的绿色高值化利用提供科学依据,促进经济与环境的协调发展,还对推动水产业的提质增效和可持续发展具有重大意义。
鲜活鲢鱼 购买于上海市浦东新区新芦苑集贸市场;五水硫酸铜、硫酸钾、氢氧化钠、溴甲酚绿、甲基红 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;硫酸、盐酸、硼酸 上海柯灵斯试剂有限公司;石油醚 上海泰坦科技有限公司;所有试剂均为分析纯。
AF-001薄饼机 慈溪爱菲特商贸有限公司;FGZ-4500A磨粉机 东莞市房太电器有限公司;FlavourSpec®气相色谱离子迁移谱 德国G. A. S公司;CR-400色差仪 柯尼卡美能达控股公司;DHG-9140A鼓风干燥箱 上海慧泰仪器制造有限公司;Kjeltec 8400全自动凯氏定氮仪、SX-70全自动索氏脂肪浸提仪 瑞士Foss Tecator公司;SXL-1002马弗炉 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;TA. XT plus质构仪 Stable Micro System公司;SU-5000扫描电镜 Hitachi有限公司。
鲢鱼(n=5,平均重量:3139.3±93.0 g,长度:71.7±3.5 cm)在30 min内活体运送至实验室后立即宰杀,鲢鱼加工副产物被分割为鱼鳞、鱼皮、鱼中骨三个部分,其中鱼皮切成5 cm×10 cm条状,鱼中骨切成4 cm×5 cm块状。将鲢鱼加工副产物用料酒在4 ℃下湿腌20 min,腌渍后擦去表面水分,之后将其平铺在烘干架上,并用烘干机在70 ℃下烘至20 h直至烘干。放凉后取出磨粉,用10目(孔径2 mm)筛网过筛,分别得到鱼鳞粉、鱼皮粉和鱼中骨粉。经前期预实验发现,添加量过低(<20%),其功能特性(如质构改善、风味贡献)难以体现;添加量过高(>80%),则会导致脆片成型性差、口感粗糙,因此选取20%~80%的梯度进行探索。鱼风味脆片由以下组分制成:100 g副产物-木薯淀粉混合粉(鱼鳞粉、鱼皮粉、鱼中骨粉分别按照20%、40%、60%、80%添加量代替木薯淀粉)、50 g水、40 g完整鸡蛋液、10 g白砂糖。将面糊搅拌均匀后用薄饼机在155 ℃下压制1 min,得到的各副产物风味脆片(直径4 cm,厚度0.1 cm)。
参考Wu等[6]的方法,并稍作修改。分别准确称取腌渍前后的副产物2.0 g,置于具有磁性螺旋密封盖的20 mL的顶空瓶中,所有样本平行测定3次。GC-IMS进样条件为:60 ℃条件下孵化20 min;进样方式为顶空进样,进样温度60 ℃;振荡加热,孵化摇瓶速度为500 r/min;进样体积500 μL进行检测,清洗时间0.5 min。GC条件:色谱柱:MXT-WAX色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm,1 μm);柱温保持在60 ℃;载气高纯N2(纯度≥99.99%),载气流速:0~2 min,2 μL/min;2~10 min,2~10 μL/min;10~20 min,10~100 μL/min;20~30 min,100~150 μL/min。GC-IMS仪器中配备的Vocal软件进行数据查看、定性和谱图分析,使用软件内置的IMS数据库和Hanon 数据库进行物质定性分析;Gallery插件用于指纹图谱的绘制。
参考王宇卓等[4]的方法并稍作修改。挑选10名(25~30岁,男女各5名)经过培训选拔的专业感官评价员组成的评价小组。感官员培训与选拔遵循ISO 5496:2006、ISO 8586:2012标准,且均具备1年以上鱼产品加工与评估经验。试验前准备好矿泉水、感官盘等物品,并告知感官评价员所应注意事项,感官评价整体过程中保持安静。分别对浸泡前后的腥味值进行评价,评分范围为0~50分,依次按照无腥味(0)、腥味很弱(10)、腥味较弱(20)、腥味一般(30)、腥味较重(40)和腥味重(50)六个区间进行评价。另外对脆片的色泽、外部状态、内部形态、风味和口感五个方面进行感官评价,如表1所示。根据公式计算总体可接受度,总体可接受度=色泽×0.2+外部形态×0.2+内部形态×0.2+风味×0.2+口感×0.2。
参考Zhang等[7]的方法并稍作修改。采用色差计测定肉样表面的亮度值(L*)、红绿值(a*)、黄蓝值(b*),并计算白度值。实验时将色差仪垂直紧贴于样品表面,确保镜口不漏光,并保证每次实验样品背景、光线一致,按公式计算白度值(Whiteness,W)。
$ \text{W=100}-\sqrt{({100-{{L}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}+{{{a}^{\text{*}}}}^{2}+{{{b}^{\text{*}}}}^{2}} $
水分参照GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定直接干燥法》[8];粗蛋白参照GB 5009.5-2025《食品中蛋白质的测定凯氏定氮法》[9];粗脂肪参照GB 5009.6-2016《食品中脂肪的测定索氏提取法》[10];灰分参照GB 5009.4-2016《食品中灰分的测定高温灼烧法》[11]。
参考王丹丹等[5]的方法并稍作修改。将脆片置于质构仪下测定,采用TPA模式,探头型号为P/5,测试条件为:测前速度5 mm/s;测试速度1 mm/s;测后速度5 mm/s;测试距离20 mm;触发力5 g。所有样品平行测定6次取平均值。
参考Qiao等[12]的方法并稍作修改。将鱼风味脆片置于真空冷冻干燥机中干燥12 h,取出样品后切成约5 mm×5 mm×1 mm的立方体。将切割后的小立方体放置在具有黑色导电胶的样品台上,通过真空溅射镀金,并使用扫描电子显微镜在5.0 kV的加速电压下以100倍和500倍的放大倍数观察图像。每个样品从不同位置拍摄,并选择代表性照片进行分析。
准确称取2.0 g风味脆片,其他实验条件同1.2.2。采用相对气味活度值法确定关键风味物质的ROAV,按下式计算:
$ \mathrm{ROAV}=\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{i}}}{{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{i}}}\times \frac{{\mathrm{T}}_{\max }}{{\mathrm{C}}_{\max }}\times 100 $
式中:Ci和Ti分别表示挥发性气味物质的相对含量和感觉阈值;Cmax和Tmax分别表示对总体风味贡献最大的挥发性气味物质的相对含量和感觉阈值。
每组实验至少3次平行,检测结果以平均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 27.0对实验数据进行t检验和单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。P<0.05和P<0.01分别表示存在显著差异和极显著差异。采用Origin 2024软件对数据进行绘图。
图1为经料酒浸泡后鱼加工副产物腥味值的感官评价及GC-IMS Gallrey谱图。图1A显示料酒浸泡可显著降低鱼鳞组和鱼皮组的腥味值(P<0.01)。图1B显示与未浸泡组相比,浸泡后鱼皮组(E)-2-壬烯醛(油腻味和陈腐味)、4-甲基愈创木酚等含量下降。反映了料酒浸泡在一定程度上可以减轻鲢鱼加工副产物的腥味,这与感官评价腥味值降低的结果相一致。料酒对鱼加工副产物腥味减轻的原因可能有以下三点:一是由于料酒中的乙醇在加热时会快速挥发,鱼加工副产物中的腥味物质多来源于挥发性氮和含硫化合物等[13],在加热时这些物质会连同乙醇一起挥发,从而减轻鱼腥味。二是料酒中的有机酸、氨基酸等物质可与肉中的碱性物质发生中和反应,生成无腥味的盐类物质[14]。三是料酒中常用的香辛料有姜、大蒜、花椒、肉桂、丁香和肉豆蔻等,这些物质在增香的同时还起到在嗅觉上对异味物质减弱的效果。比如,姜中的姜酚和姜烯酚,花椒中的辣椒素,牛至中的香芹酚等化合物都可以与腥味物质发生反应,起到去腥增香的效果[15]。因此,料酒浸泡对鱼加工副产物的去腥效果较好,具有较强的实用性。
图2为不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量下风味脆片的感官评分。从色泽、外部形态、内部形态、风味、口感和总体可接受度综合评价。在鱼鳞组(图2A)中,20%添加量脆片的口感评分显著大于其他添加量(P<0.05),且此添加量下的总体可接受度最高,表明此时的感官品质更契合大众对这类产品的偏好。当鱼鳞粉添加量过高时,其含有的胶原蛋白、矿物质等成分会与面团中的面筋蛋白发生相互作用,干扰面筋蛋白的交联与聚合过程,进而破坏面团原有的三维面筋网络结构。面筋网络结构的不完整会导致面团持水性与延展性下降,表现为面团黏性增大[4]。这种黏性变化会导致脆片的质地感官评分下降,最终使其总体可接受度降低。在鱼皮组(图2B)中,80%添加量脆片的总体可接受度显著小于60%添加量(P<0.05)。因此,添加量过多并不利于脆片的总体可接受度。导致这一现象的部分原因,可归因于鱼皮本身自带的颜色(如黑膜、灰褐色基质)会随着添加量的增加而逐渐凸显,对脆片的整体色泽均匀性产生负面影响,进而降低消费者对产品外观的接受程度,最终拉低总体感官评分。在鱼中骨组(图2C)中,发现鱼中骨粉添加过多会导致风味脆片的色泽暗黄,鲜香味被覆盖,鱼腥味过于强烈,且质地硬不易咀嚼。因此,40%添加量鱼中骨脆片的总体可接受度更好。
图3为不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量下风味脆片的色差。在鱼鳞组(图3B)中,L*随着鱼鳞粉添加量的增加大致呈下降趋势。风味脆片在加热过程中会发生蛋白变性、美拉德反应、色素破坏和脂质氧化等[16],且不同鲢鱼加工副产物及添加量会导致不同程度的变化,从而影响风味脆片的整体颜色。鱼鳞中富含I型胶原蛋白,该蛋白在脆片高温加工过程中会发生降解,释放出游离氨基酸。这些游离氨基酸与木薯淀粉中的还原糖发生美拉德反应[17],反应过程中会生成类黑精等褐色产物。此类褐色产物的积累会导致鱼风味脆片的整体颜色深度增加,最终表现为L*值的减小。这与图3A中鱼风味脆片的外观照片趋势一致。但添加量为80%时,L*值呈现回升趋势。余欣蕾等[18]研究发现鱼鳞中粗蛋白含量更为丰富。瓶中鱼鳞粉呈白色,表明脆片色泽的形成主要是在脆片压制过程中。在脆片的热加工过程中,鱼鳞粉中氨基与淀粉中羰基结合发生美拉德反应。过量添加会使与氨基反应的羰基的比例更少,不利于美拉德反应进行。因此,20%添加量脆片色差值(L*和a*)大于其他添加量。
在鱼皮组(图3C)中,L*值的趋势与鱼鳞组一致,主要是由于美拉德反应和脂质氧化协同作用导致L*值下降。60%添加量脆片b*值显著高于20%和40%添加量(P<0.05),说明60%添加量脆片在加工过程中的美拉德反应更充分,其生成更多具有高显色能力的还原酮类和Strecker醛,这类物质会明显提升脆片的b*值。此外,由于原料鱼皮表面天然存在黑膜,该黑膜在加工中保留,导致最终制得的鱼皮脆片在外观照片中呈现黄里泛黑的视觉特征。
在鱼中骨组(图3D)中,鱼中骨粉呈棕黄色,说明在干燥过程中鱼骨发生美拉德反应。随着添加量的增加,脆片的b*值显著增加(P<0.05)。该变化趋势可归因于脆片加工中干燥与加热的协同作用。这两个过程会加速原料中游离氨基酸与还原糖的相互作用,进而促进美拉德反应的发生;而美拉德反应的产物会直接导致样品黄度加深,最终表现为b*值升高。
由图4可知随着鲢鱼加工副产物添加量的增加,基本营养成分含量大致呈上升趋势。鱼鳞脆片水分含量更高(2.79%~17.35%),鱼中骨脆片水分含量最低(2.23%~2.97%),这与不同鱼加工副产物本身水分含量的差异有关。相关研究报道,鱼鳞、鱼皮和鱼骨中富含胶原蛋白[19]。随着鱼鳞粉添加量的增加,脆片粗蛋白含量从10.86%增至48.84%。在鱼皮组中,80%添加量脆片的粗蛋白含量最高(60.41%)。鱼中骨脆片粗蛋白含量变化也与上述两组相同,说明添加鲢鱼加工副产物能有效提高脆片的营养价值。鱼中骨脆片中脂肪含量相对较高,80%添加量脆片脂肪含量(18.35%)显著高于其他组(P<0.05),表明适量添加鱼中骨粉可丰富脆片的油脂香气。鱼鳞和鱼中骨是羟基磷灰石的天然来源,二者均含有丰富的该成分。羟基磷灰石作为一种含磷、钙等矿物质的化合物,直接影响鱼鳞与鱼中骨的灰分含量[4]。将其应用于风味脆片加工时,这些富含矿物质的成分会融入产品中,为风味脆片额外补充钙、磷等矿物质,从而使产品的矿物质组成更丰富,提升产品的营养价值。后续可根据脆片的营养特性有针对性地开发鲢鱼加工副产物的营养加强型风味休闲食品。
表2为不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量下风味脆片的质构特性。随着鲢鱼加工副产物添加量的增加,硬度和咀嚼性呈上升趋势,这主要与鲢鱼加工副产物的添加量有关。鲢鱼加工副产物粉在面团调制过程中,会作为填充性颗粒嵌入面筋蛋白形成的三维网络结构中。这些颗粒会与面筋蛋白发生相互作用,减少面筋网络的孔隙率并增强网络结构的支撑性,最终使脆片的整体网络结构强度提升。这与王宇卓等[4]发现随着鱼鳞粉含量增加,其面条硬度提高,更耐咀嚼的结果相一致。
在鱼鳞组中,当添加量大于20%时,脆片的脆性未检出。可能是由于产生脆性的面糊比例减少,占比较多的鱼鳞粉中的蛋白质、矿物质等成分可能与蛋液中的蛋白质竞争水分,或破坏油脂的均匀分散状态,导致乳化体系失衡。乳化体系的不稳定会进一步影响其网络结构。说明鱼鳞粉添加过多会严重影响脆片质构特性,因此20%添加量鱼鳞脆片的适口性较好。
在鱼皮组中,发现同一添加量下鱼皮组硬度明显大于其他组。这主要是由于鱼皮中的胶原蛋白会在面糊的形成以及烘焙过程中与其他组分发生相互作用,产生致密的交联结构。因此,较高的蛋白质含量会提高脆片硬度[20],进而影响风味脆片的口感。相较于其他添加量组,20%添加量鱼皮脆片适口性更佳。
在鱼中骨组中,20%添加量脆片的脆性显著低于其他添加量组,而80%添加量脆片的咀嚼性和硬度显著大于其他组(P<0.05)。鱼中骨粉因自身富含羟基磷灰石等矿物质成分[4],其物理质地本身就具有较高的硬度与刚性。当脆片成型后,鱼中骨粉颗粒会如同刚性支撑点,增强脆片整体结构的抗变形能力,最终导致脆片硬度较高。过高或过低的脆性都会严重影响鱼风味脆片的食用品质,本研究中添加量为40%和60%的鱼中骨脆片的脆性较好,更符合大众对于脆片的口感需求。
通过扫描电镜对风味脆片微观结构进行表征,揭示了鲢鱼加工副产物及添加量与脆片多孔结构之间的关联,如图5所示。由于脆片基质是由簇聚集的颗粒淀粉与连续蛋白质网络结构交联构成,在热处理作用下,所有风味脆片均观察到不同大小的孔洞和空腔层,进而影响其质构特性。随着鲢鱼加工副产物添加量的增加,脆片的孔洞增多增大,空隙结构的均匀性降低,导致可破裂性增加,主要原因是加入鲢鱼加工副产物粉后,使蛋白质基质的网络结构出现断裂或不连贯,进而无法有效支撑脆片的整体结构[21]。较大的空腔形成主要与烘焙阶段的物理变化相关。在高温烘焙过程中,脆片内部的气泡会受热膨胀,同时伴随气体向外溢出,这一过程直接促使了较大空腔的形成[22]。其中添加量80%鱼皮脆片的空腔最大且数量最多,主要是由于原有的连续淀粉网络被大量胶原纤维打断,形成疏松、不规则的孔隙结构。这种非均质界面导致气体膨胀时局部阻力差异,形成更大且分布不均的孔洞和空腔[23]。因此添加量80%鱼皮脆片的结构松散,脆性较高,这也与质构脆性的结果相同。与同一添加量下的鱼皮组相比,鱼中骨脆片表面孔洞和空腔较少,组织排列更紧密,其质构脆性指标也低于鱼皮脆片。这可能是因为其副产物不同而导致的差异。
通过GC-IMS对不同鲢鱼加工副产物添加量的风味脆片的挥发性风味物质进行深入分析。如图6所示,共鉴定出49种风味化合物,包括13种酯类化合物、6种酚类、6种醛类、6种酮类、3种醇类以及15种其他气味物质。
ROAV≥1的气味物质被认为是样品中的关键挥发性气味物质,对样品风味具有重要贡献作用。由表3可知,在鱼鳞组中,1,3,5-三氯苯、2,6-二甲基苯酚、2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪和水杨酸乙酯对脆片总体风味的形成起关键性作用。20%添加量脆片中2,6-二甲基苯酚(ROAV=99.5971)呈皮革、塑料等刺激性气味[24]。此外,1,3,5-三氯苯(刺激性气味)[25]的ROAV(ROAV=5.0409)也大于其他添加量组。这两种物质均对脆片风味起负面作用。相较于其他添加量组,60%添加量鱼鳞脆片2,6-二甲基苯酚和1,3,5-三氯苯的ROAV最低,不良风味更不易被感知。20%添加量脆片的2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪的ROAV最大,它们通常由Strecker反应产生的两个α-氨基和羰基缩合而成,主要提供烘烤风味[26]。因此对脆片整体风味的构建具有突出贡献。
在鱼皮组中,ROAV≥1的气味物质既包括上述4种,还有(E)-2-壬烯醛和(E)-β-大马酮。除20%添加量组,60%组(E)-2-壬烯醛的ROAV最小。醛类化合物是食品风味中的重要组成部分,主要通过不饱和脂肪酸中碳碳双键的氧化分解或氨基酸的Strecker氧化脱氨脱羧作用产生[27]。由于醛类化合物的阈值较低且挥发性较强,对样品风味特征的形成起到了重要作用[28]。(E)-2-壬烯醛具有泥土味和腥味[29],其较低的ROAV可减轻脆片的土腥味。60%添加量脆片2,6-二甲基苯酚和1,3,5-三氯苯的ROAV均最低,不良气味对脆片整体风味的影响较小。苯丙酸乙酯的ROAV最高,此时能促进脆片果香味的形成。随着添加量的增加,酯类物质的含量呈增加趋势。酯类化合物通常由羧酸和醇的酯化反应形成,它们能够赋予食品如奶香、水果香和坚果香等优良的风味[30]。除80%添加量组外,60%组(E)-β-大马酮的ROAV最大。醛类化合物进一步氧化后可以转化为酮类化合物,具有一定坚果香和水果香[31],表明(E)-β-大马酮对鱼皮组脆片香气的形成具有重大贡献。
在鱼中骨组中,ROAV≥1的物质与鱼皮组只相差一个物质,为(E)-β-大马酮。其0.1≤ROAV<1,对脆片的风味只具有修饰作用。80%添加量脆片2,6-二甲基苯酚和1,3,5-三氯苯的ROAV最小,且水杨酸乙酯的ROAV最大。这表明此添加量下能有效减弱脆片的不良风味,还可为脆片赋予果味等优良风味,进而提升整体风味品质。
综上所述,当鱼鳞、鱼皮和鱼中骨的添加量分别为60%、60%和80%时,所制脆片的风味表现更为出色。果味及烘烤味更加浓郁,不良风味相对不易被感知,整体风味协调性更佳。
本研究以鱼鳞、鱼皮和鱼中骨为研究对象,开发出了色泽微黄、营养丰富,硬度和咀嚼性适中、口感甜香酥脆的新型风味脆片。综合多指标分析,确定三者的最适添加量分别为20%、60%和40%,且该添加量下,鱼中骨组脆片的感官总体可接受度最高。通过GC-IMS分析确定2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪和水杨酸乙酯等气味物质在脆片香气贡献中发挥关键作用,是构建其整体风味的重要支撑。该鲢鱼加工副产物风味脆片的研发,实现了原料高值化利用与产品高品质的同步提升。然而,本研究尚未对所开发产品的货架期进行明确界定。此外,还应深入分析脆片在消化过程中的营养释放规律及人体吸收效率,全面评估其营养功能性。在产品货架期和消化特性方面还值得后续深入探究,为产品加工与流通提供科学依据。研究结果不仅为鱼加工副产物在休闲零食和功能食品上的开发提供了理论支撑,还为环境保护和渔业相关产业的高质量发展提供助力。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080135
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-13
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    1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
    2湖南喜味佳生物科技有限公司,湖南岳阳 414100

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张龙(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品品质评价与调控,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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