Article(id=1320880552576667676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080291, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852064508, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852064508, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852064508, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852064508, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=105, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880552765411357, articleId=1320880552576667676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of γ-Oryzanol+β-Sitosterol-based Oleogels on the Gel and Digestive Properties of Nemipterus virgatus Surimi, columnId=1320880469017735237, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Components and Quality Mechanisms, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the effect of γ-oryzanol+β-sitosterol-based oleogels on gel and in vitro digestive characteristics of surimi, oleogels were prepared using different unsaturated vegetable oils (soybean oil, sesame oil, corn oil, flaxseed oil, camellia oil) and γ-oryzanol+β-sitosterol. The effects of different vegetable oils and oleogels on gel strength, water holding capacity, in vitro protein digestibility and antioxidant capacity of surimi were compared. The results showed that the addition of vegetable oil reduced the gel strength, water holding capacity and in vitro digestibility of surimi, and increased the particle size of in vitro digestion products. However, the strength, water holding capacity and antioxidant capacity of surimi gel added with oleogels significantly increased compared to the corresponding vegetable oil group. In addition, the addition of oleogels could promote the formation of a more compact and uniform gel network structure, reduce the binding site of myofibrillar protein and protease, and decrease the protein digestion. Among them, the strength and digestibility of surimi gel added with flaxseed oil-based oleogels were the highest, which were 3936.067 g·mm and 75.89%, respectively. The digestive fluid also contained more beneficial fatty acids to human body, such as α-linolenic acid, EPA, DHA. Therefore, the flaxseed oil gelatinized using γ-oryzanol+β-sitosterol can be added to surimi to improve the gel quality and enhance nutritional value of surimi products.

, authors=Zixin WANG1, Miaomiao TAN1, Jingxin CHEN1, Xuepeng LI1, Jianrong LI1, 2, Hongbo MI1, *, authorsList=Zixin WANG, Miaomiao TAN, Jingxin CHEN, Xuepeng LI, Jianrong LI, Hongbo MI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongbo MI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880555755950120, articleId=1320880552576667676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇基凝胶油对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶和体外消化特性的影响, columnId=1320880469198090311, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品组分与品质机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇基凝胶油对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶和体外消化特性的影响,利用不同不饱和度的植物油(大豆油、芝麻油、玉米油、亚麻籽油、山茶油)与γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇制备凝胶油,比较了不同植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性、体外蛋白质消化率和消化产物抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,植物油的添加降低了鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性和体外消化率,提高了体外消化产物的粒径。然而,相比于植物油组,添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性和体外消化产物的抗氧化能力显著增加。此外,凝胶油的添加能够促进鱼糜形成更加致密均匀的凝胶网络结构,减少了肌原纤维蛋白与蛋白酶的结合位点,降低了蛋白质的消化。其中,添加亚麻籽油基凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶强度和消化率最高,分别为3936.067 g·mm和75.89%,其消化液中还含有较多的α-亚麻酸、EPA、DHA等对人体有益的脂肪酸。因此,利用γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇将亚麻籽油凝胶化后添加到鱼糜中可明显改善鱼糜的凝胶品质,增强其营养价值。

, authors=王紫鑫1, 谭苗苗1, 陈敬鑫1, 李学鹏1, 励建荣1, 2, 米红波1, *, authorsList=王紫鑫, 谭苗苗, 陈敬鑫, 李学鹏, 励建荣, 米红波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=米红波, authorNote=

王紫鑫(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
米红波(1986−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
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Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2024, 42(5): 1−12.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880569072865445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG H, REN B, SUN X M. Research progress on the health mechanism and application of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids[J]. 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Food Science, 2005, 26(8): 500−504.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880569249026215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG W, YANG H P, SHEN C Y, et al. Trans fatty acids in foods and harmful effects[J]. Food Science, 2005, 26(8): 500−504., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880555990831145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880555999219754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, companyId=1320880555990831145, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, National R&D Branch Center of Surimi and Surimi Products Processing, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880556007608363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, companyId=1320880555990831145, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1渤海大学食品科学与工程学院,国家鱼糜及鱼糜制品加工技术研发分中心,生鲜农产品贮藏加工及安全控制技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,辽宁锦州 121013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880556108271660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880556116660269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, companyId=1320880556108271660, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880556125048878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, companyId=1320880556108271660, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2大连工业大学,海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心,辽宁大连 116034)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880558415138904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of vegetable oils and oleogels on the gel strength (a) and water holding capacity (b) of surimi, figureFileSmall=ilL336YUOAZ1DrWl5IGUPA==, figureFileBig=GA9mwmA4x1/VN/Hau9FFQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880558503219289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=CN, label=图1, caption=植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶强度(a)和持水性(b)的影响

注:空白是未添加外源油脂的鱼糜样品;大写字母表示添加不同植物油的样品之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),小写字母表示添加不同凝胶油的样品之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),“*”表示与添加植物油比较,凝胶油组具有显著差异(P<0.05);图3~图5同。

, figureFileSmall=ilL336YUOAZ1DrWl5IGUPA==, figureFileBig=GA9mwmA4x1/VN/Hau9FFQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880560306770010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Scanning electron microscope images of surimi gels, figureFileSmall=+/QmIfWTLRhKPegbPqJNQw==, figureFileBig=3WIQnnAzazgHfQ1ApupFew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880560386461787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=CN, label=图2, caption=鱼糜凝胶的扫描电子显微镜图像

注:空白是未添加外源油脂的鱼糜样品。

, figureFileSmall=+/QmIfWTLRhKPegbPqJNQw==, figureFileBig=3WIQnnAzazgHfQ1ApupFew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880560474542172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of vegetable oils and oleogels on the in vitro digestibility (a) and particle size (b) of surimi gels, figureFileSmall=dyFC8AXN90Tyr+xepcAr0g==, figureFileBig=ksQSw+EwFtdTIgRBHszqMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880560550039645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=CN, label=图3, caption=植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外消化率(a)和粒径(b)的影响, figureFileSmall=dyFC8AXN90Tyr+xepcAr0g==, figureFileBig=ksQSw+EwFtdTIgRBHszqMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880560608759902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of vegetable oils and oleogels on the free amino acids (a) and peptides (b) content in vitro digestion products of surimi gels, figureFileSmall=EE9VZlZHmQ9ADgCzO72O3w==, figureFileBig=Mc5ak1DybE4rtfnVzUfa2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880560667480159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=CN, label=图4, caption=植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物游离氨基(a)和多肽(b)含量的影响, figureFileSmall=EE9VZlZHmQ9ADgCzO72O3w==, figureFileBig=Mc5ak1DybE4rtfnVzUfa2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880560742977632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of vegetable oils and oleogels on the DPPH free radical scavenging rate (a), hydroxyl radical scavenging rate (b) and iron ion reducing capacity (c) of in vitro digestion products of surimi gels, figureFileSmall=1eH60sSH6yQu7f3xh037Yg==, figureFileBig=3ujifLIC7z6R3Mr73DJjRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880560839446625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=CN, label=图5, caption=植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物DPPH自由基清除率(a)、羟自由基清除率(b)和铁还原力(c)的影响, figureFileSmall=1eH60sSH6yQu7f3xh037Yg==, figureFileBig=3ujifLIC7z6R3Mr73DJjRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880560906555490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Preparation methods of SGF and SIF in vitro digestion experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分浓度(mmol/L)
SGF原液(pH2.0)SIF原液(pH7.0)
KCl6.96.8
KH2PO40.90.8
NaHCO32585
NaCl47.238.4
MgCl2·6H2O0.20.33
(NH4)2CO30.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320880560973664355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

体外消化实验中模拟胃液和模拟肠液原液配制方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分浓度(mmol/L)
SGF原液(pH2.0)SIF原液(pH7.0)
KCl6.96.8
KH2PO40.90.8
NaHCO32585
NaCl47.238.4
MgCl2·6H2O0.20.33
(NH4)2CO30.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320880561028190308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition and content of fatty acids in vivo digestion products of surimi gels (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸名称空白植物油凝胶油
大豆油芝麻油玉米油亚麻籽油山茶油大豆油芝麻油玉米油亚麻籽油山茶油
葵酸(C10:0)0.0000.0000.0000.0001.2440.0000.0000.0000.0000.4590.000
十一碳酸(C11:0)0.0000.0290.0240.0260.0400.0430.0290.0250.0280.0370.037
月桂酸(C12:0)0.1170.1200.1210.1110.2260.1350.1240.1250.1240.1960.145
十三碳酸(C13:0)0.1340.1270.1360.1320.2310.1320.1260.1260.1270.1910.141
肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)3.0902.4542.5542.3964.7472.7642.7622.7482.6944.3322.722
十五碳酸(C15:0)1.0660.8540.8970.8861.7971.0011.0631.0140.9151.4570.936
棕榈酸(C16:0)26.2570.0000.2660.0000.0000.0000.2860.0000.0000.0000.289
棕榈油酸(C16:1)3.2170.1070.1185.3415.3850.1190.1272.8490.1160.1890.132
十七碳酸(C17:0)0.8880.8080.8070.7731.6010.7890.8870.8190.8121.2970.848
硬脂酸(C18:0)13.57911.70811.5929.26621.98010.16911.41011.6379.58316.66610.543
反式油酸(C18:1n9t)29.68936.95141.44033.6797.29160.82936.71739.71935.28630.81259.012
油酸(C18:1n9c)0.0740.3520.0410.0390.1060.0000.0190.0510.4490.0220.045
亚油酸(C18:2n6c)5.14432.64227.57633.76525.8708.83531.52125.71135.20420.1649.377
α-亚麻酸(C18:3n3)0.1040.1230.1420.1310.2830.1420.1440.1460.1420.2390.159
二十碳三烯酸(C20:3n6)0.5140.5280.6650.5231.8630.9530.0000.5710.5621.3220.108
二十碳三烯酸(C20:3n3)0.0000.0000.0000.0000.1500.0000.0290.0000.0000.1500.035
花生四烯酸ARA(C20:4n6)2.7182.1722.3272.1834.5632.3192.4812.3952.3653.8082.580
二十碳五烯酸EPA(C20:5n3)5.1633.4603.7043.4047.4413.7513.9243.8173.7596.0134.158
二十一碳酸(C21:0)0.0680.1120.0910.0640.1220.0660.0790.0750.0650.0960.070
二十二碳酸(C22:0)0.2110.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
芥酸(C22:1n9)0.0630.0000.1930.0000.0000.0000.1660.1200.0000.0000.066
二十二碳六烯酸甲酯DHA(C22:6n3)10.1606.9177.3646.90314.2857.4447.6717.4947.39311.7807.965
二十三碳酸(C23:0)0.0380.0680.0600.0000.1220.0680.0860.0630.0470.0970.078
二十四碳酸(C24:0)0.1150.2230.1810.1890.3870.3520.2340.2420.2600.3180.308
二十四碳一烯酸(C24:1)0.1790.1800.1250.2080.3380.2680.1820.2510.2230.4420.324
饱和脂肪酸45.56316.50316.72913.84332.49715.51917.08616.87414.65525.14616.117
单不饱和脂肪酸33.22237.59041.91739.26713.12061.21637.21142.9936.07431.46559.579
多不饱和脂肪酸23.80345.84241.77846.90954.45523.44445.77040.13449.42543.47624.382
), ArticleFig(id=1320880561103687781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880552576667676, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物中脂肪酸组成和含量(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸名称空白植物油凝胶油
大豆油芝麻油玉米油亚麻籽油山茶油大豆油芝麻油玉米油亚麻籽油山茶油
葵酸(C10:0)0.0000.0000.0000.0001.2440.0000.0000.0000.0000.4590.000
十一碳酸(C11:0)0.0000.0290.0240.0260.0400.0430.0290.0250.0280.0370.037
月桂酸(C12:0)0.1170.1200.1210.1110.2260.1350.1240.1250.1240.1960.145
十三碳酸(C13:0)0.1340.1270.1360.1320.2310.1320.1260.1260.1270.1910.141
肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)3.0902.4542.5542.3964.7472.7642.7622.7482.6944.3322.722
十五碳酸(C15:0)1.0660.8540.8970.8861.7971.0011.0631.0140.9151.4570.936
棕榈酸(C16:0)26.2570.0000.2660.0000.0000.0000.2860.0000.0000.0000.289
棕榈油酸(C16:1)3.2170.1070.1185.3415.3850.1190.1272.8490.1160.1890.132
十七碳酸(C17:0)0.8880.8080.8070.7731.6010.7890.8870.8190.8121.2970.848
硬脂酸(C18:0)13.57911.70811.5929.26621.98010.16911.41011.6379.58316.66610.543
反式油酸(C18:1n9t)29.68936.95141.44033.6797.29160.82936.71739.71935.28630.81259.012
油酸(C18:1n9c)0.0740.3520.0410.0390.1060.0000.0190.0510.4490.0220.045
亚油酸(C18:2n6c)5.14432.64227.57633.76525.8708.83531.52125.71135.20420.1649.377
α-亚麻酸(C18:3n3)0.1040.1230.1420.1310.2830.1420.1440.1460.1420.2390.159
二十碳三烯酸(C20:3n6)0.5140.5280.6650.5231.8630.9530.0000.5710.5621.3220.108
二十碳三烯酸(C20:3n3)0.0000.0000.0000.0000.1500.0000.0290.0000.0000.1500.035
花生四烯酸ARA(C20:4n6)2.7182.1722.3272.1834.5632.3192.4812.3952.3653.8082.580
二十碳五烯酸EPA(C20:5n3)5.1633.4603.7043.4047.4413.7513.9243.8173.7596.0134.158
二十一碳酸(C21:0)0.0680.1120.0910.0640.1220.0660.0790.0750.0650.0960.070
二十二碳酸(C22:0)0.2110.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
芥酸(C22:1n9)0.0630.0000.1930.0000.0000.0000.1660.1200.0000.0000.066
二十二碳六烯酸甲酯DHA(C22:6n3)10.1606.9177.3646.90314.2857.4447.6717.4947.39311.7807.965
二十三碳酸(C23:0)0.0380.0680.0600.0000.1220.0680.0860.0630.0470.0970.078
二十四碳酸(C24:0)0.1150.2230.1810.1890.3870.3520.2340.2420.2600.3180.308
二十四碳一烯酸(C24:1)0.1790.1800.1250.2080.3380.2680.1820.2510.2230.4420.324
饱和脂肪酸45.56316.50316.72913.84332.49715.51917.08616.87414.65525.14616.117
单不饱和脂肪酸33.22237.59041.91739.26713.12061.21637.21142.9936.07431.46559.579
多不饱和脂肪酸23.80345.84241.77846.90954.45523.44445.77040.13449.42543.47624.382
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γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇基凝胶油对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶和体外消化特性的影响
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王紫鑫 1 , 谭苗苗 1 , 陈敬鑫 1 , 李学鹏 1 , 励建荣 1, 2 , 米红波 1, *
食品工业科技 | 食品组分与品质机制 2026,47(18): 105-114
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食品工业科技 |食品组分与品质机制 2026 , 47 (18) : 105 -114
γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇基凝胶油对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶和体外消化特性的影响
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王紫鑫1 , 谭苗苗1, 陈敬鑫1, 李学鹏1, 励建荣1, 2, 米红波1, *
作者信息
  • 1渤海大学食品科学与工程学院,国家鱼糜及鱼糜制品加工技术研发分中心,生鲜农产品贮藏加工及安全控制技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,辽宁锦州 121013
  • 2大连工业大学,海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心,辽宁大连 116034
通讯作者:
米红波(1986−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王紫鑫(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工, E-mail:

Effect of γ-Oryzanol+β-Sitosterol-based Oleogels on the Gel and Digestive Properties of Nemipterus virgatus Surimi
Zixin WANG1 , Miaomiao TAN1, Jingxin CHEN1, Xuepeng LI1, Jianrong LI1, 2, Hongbo MI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, National R&D Branch Center of Surimi and Surimi Products Processing, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, China
  • 2Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080291
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为研究γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇基凝胶油对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶和体外消化特性的影响,利用不同不饱和度的植物油(大豆油、芝麻油、玉米油、亚麻籽油、山茶油)与γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇制备凝胶油,比较了不同植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性、体外蛋白质消化率和消化产物抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,植物油的添加降低了鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性和体外消化率,提高了体外消化产物的粒径。然而,相比于植物油组,添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性和体外消化产物的抗氧化能力显著增加。此外,凝胶油的添加能够促进鱼糜形成更加致密均匀的凝胶网络结构,减少了肌原纤维蛋白与蛋白酶的结合位点,降低了蛋白质的消化。其中,添加亚麻籽油基凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶强度和消化率最高,分别为3936.067 g·mm和75.89%,其消化液中还含有较多的α-亚麻酸、EPA、DHA等对人体有益的脂肪酸。因此,利用γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇将亚麻籽油凝胶化后添加到鱼糜中可明显改善鱼糜的凝胶品质,增强其营养价值。

鱼糜  /  凝胶油  /  β-谷甾醇  /  γ-谷维素  /  消化特性

In order to investigate the effect of γ-oryzanol+β-sitosterol-based oleogels on gel and in vitro digestive characteristics of surimi, oleogels were prepared using different unsaturated vegetable oils (soybean oil, sesame oil, corn oil, flaxseed oil, camellia oil) and γ-oryzanol+β-sitosterol. The effects of different vegetable oils and oleogels on gel strength, water holding capacity, in vitro protein digestibility and antioxidant capacity of surimi were compared. The results showed that the addition of vegetable oil reduced the gel strength, water holding capacity and in vitro digestibility of surimi, and increased the particle size of in vitro digestion products. However, the strength, water holding capacity and antioxidant capacity of surimi gel added with oleogels significantly increased compared to the corresponding vegetable oil group. In addition, the addition of oleogels could promote the formation of a more compact and uniform gel network structure, reduce the binding site of myofibrillar protein and protease, and decrease the protein digestion. Among them, the strength and digestibility of surimi gel added with flaxseed oil-based oleogels were the highest, which were 3936.067 g·mm and 75.89%, respectively. The digestive fluid also contained more beneficial fatty acids to human body, such as α-linolenic acid, EPA, DHA. Therefore, the flaxseed oil gelatinized using γ-oryzanol+β-sitosterol can be added to surimi to improve the gel quality and enhance nutritional value of surimi products.

surimi  /  oleogels  /  β-sitosterol  /  γ-oryzanol  /  digestive properties
王紫鑫, 谭苗苗, 陈敬鑫, 李学鹏, 励建荣, 米红波. γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇基凝胶油对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶和体外消化特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080291
Zixin WANG, Miaomiao TAN, Jingxin CHEN, Xuepeng LI, Jianrong LI, Hongbo MI. Effect of γ-Oryzanol+β-Sitosterol-based Oleogels on the Gel and Digestive Properties of Nemipterus virgatus Surimi[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080291
鱼糜作为一种高蛋白、低脂肪、富含功能性氨基酸和微量元素的水产加工原料,因其良好的凝胶特性和加工适应性,被广泛应用于模拟蟹肉、鱼丸、鱼糕等多种水产制品中[1]。随着人们对健康食品需求的日益增加,鱼糜制品的研究不仅注重质地和风味的改良,也关注其消化特性与健康效益。近年来,利用富含多不饱和脂肪酸的植物油或鱼油来强化鱼糜脂质营养价值的研究越来越多,然而,液态油的直接添加会降低鱼糜的凝胶强度和持水性[2]。
β-谷甾醇作为一种植物甾醇,具有降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、调节血脂、抗氧化和抗炎等作用[3]。γ-谷维素是一种来源于米糠油的强抗氧化物质,具有调节胆固醇、抗炎及降血脂等功能[4]。油凝胶是一种通过少量凝胶剂在液体植物油中构建三维网络结构,从而将液态油固化,达到既能保留液体油中丰富的不饱和脂肪酸又能模拟传统固态脂肪(如黄油、起酥油)的加工性能的效果,是食品领域的研究热点。利用β-谷甾醇+γ-谷维素和植物油制备凝胶油,不仅可以改善植物油的直接添加对鱼糜凝胶特性造成的负面影响,还能赋予其更强的抗氧化性能,提高其营养价值[2]。Monto等[5]发现利用α-生育酚、大豆油和单硬脂酸甘油酯制备的凝胶油能够改善低盐鱼糜凝胶的理化品质,提高鱼糜凝胶体外模拟消化液的抗氧化活性。此外,植物油中脂肪酸的组成和含量会影响凝胶油的结构和消化特性。施兆娟[6]发现脂质基质的不饱和度、碳链长度和甘油酯类型均会对蜡基凝胶油的质构特性和热稳定性产生影响。Lu等[7]研究报道与植物油相比,凝胶油具有更少的脂质降解率,其中,富含α-亚麻酸的亚麻籽油基凝胶油表现出最强的范德华力,形成最坚固的凝胶结构,脂肪降解减少的程度最高。然而,不同不饱和度的植物油及其凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶和体外消化特性的影响尚未见报道。
因此,本文利用不同不饱和度的植物油(大豆油、芝麻油、玉米油、亚麻籽油、山茶油)制备γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇基凝胶油,并分析植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶特性、微观结构、体外消化特性、消化产物抗氧化能力等的影响,旨在揭示凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶和营养特性的调控机制,为开发高品质、高营养、易消化的功能性鱼糜制品提供理论依据。
金线鱼鱼糜(AA级) 青岛盛腾海产有限公司;γ-谷维素(99%)、β-谷甾醇(>75%) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;大豆油、玉米油 益海嘉里食品营销有限公司;芝麻油 山东鲁花集团有限公司;亚麻籽油 莱阳鲁花高端食用油有限公司;山茶油 玉山县大成仓食品有限公司;胃蛋白酶(10000 U)、胰蛋白酶(250 U)、牛胆盐(≥60%)、脂肪酶(30000 U/g)、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(DPPH)、β-巯基乙醇、三氯乙酸、铁氰化钾 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;过硫酸钾、硫酸亚铁、三氯化铁、三氟化硼-甲醇 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;以上所用试剂均为分析纯。
LYNX4000高速冷冻离心机 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;UV-2550紫外可见光分光光度计、GCMS-TQ8040NX三重四极杆气相色谱质谱联用仪 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司;UMC5真空斩拌机 德国Stephan公司;TA-XT-Plus质构仪 英国 Stable Micro Systems公司;S4800场发射扫描电镜 日本Minolta公司。
凝胶油的制备基于殷俊俊等[8]的方法,将大豆油、芝麻油、玉米油、亚麻籽油、山茶油分别与8%(w/w)的γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇(3:2,w:w)混合,90 ℃、400 r/min下磁力搅拌30 min,4 ℃静置24 h后得到凝胶油。
冷冻鱼糜在4 ℃下过夜解冻,切成小块(约3 cm×3 cm×3 cm),放入真空斩拌机中空斩3 min。将食盐以2.5%的添加量加入到鱼糜中斩拌3 min。分别加入植物油和凝胶油(油的最终浓度为1%),用冰水调节水分含量至80%,斩拌3 min。将斩拌后的鱼糜抽真空消除气泡,然后填充到塑料肠衣中(直径32 mm,长度100 mm),两端密封。采取水浴加热方式在40 ℃下加热30 min,90 ℃下加热20 min。冰水中冷却30 min后置于4 ℃下贮藏以待进一步分析。未添加外源油脂的鱼糜样品记为空白组。
利用Zhou等[9]的方法测定鱼糜凝胶强度。将鱼糜凝胶切成直径3 cm,高2 cm的圆柱体,使用质构仪的P/5s球形金属探头进行测试,测试前速度2 mm/s,测试中速度1 mm/s,测试后速度2 mm/s,触发力10 g。
基于Lu等[10]描述的方法,并进行适当修改。称取小块凝胶样品(G1),用三层滤纸包好,放置于50 mL离心管中。4 ℃,4000×g下离心15 min,称量样品(G2)。持水性按下式计算:
$\rm \text{持水性}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{G}}_{2}}{{\text{G}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中,G1为离心前凝胶样品重量,g;G2为离心后凝胶样品重量,g。
参考Shi等[11]的方法并稍作修改,将鱼糜凝胶切成约1 mm薄片,用2.5%戊二醛浸泡过夜,磷酸盐缓冲溶液(0.2 mol/L,pH7.2)漂洗3次,每次10 min,去离子水浸泡1 h,梯度浓度(50%、60%、70%、80%、100%)的乙醇依次洗脱,每次15 min,无水乙醇-叔丁醇(1:1,v:v)及纯叔丁醇洗涤置换,冷冻干燥后的样品粘贴到圆形托盘上进行镀金,利用场发射扫描电镜在加速电压5 kV下放大5000倍观察。
按照表1分别配制模拟胃液(Simulated gastric fluid,SGF)、模拟肠液(Simulated intestinal fluid,SIF)原液,进行体外模拟胃-肠两步消化实验[12]。将10 g鱼糜凝胶样品加入到10 mL蒸馏水中,9500 r/min匀浆30 s两次,间隔30 s,13400 r/min匀浆30 s两次,间隔30 s,以此模拟胃消化前的咀嚼过程,使样品与模拟胃液充分接触。向混合液中加入20 mL模拟胃液(含19 mL SGF原液,0.3 mg CaCl2,20 mg胃蛋白酶),将pH调整为2后在37 ℃下水浴振荡2 h。调节pH到7.5以终止酶解反应。取40 mL胃消化液加入40 mL模拟肠液(含39 mL SIF原液,0.6 mg CaCl2,54 mg胰蛋白酶,66.8 mg脂肪酶,327 mg胆盐),37 ℃下水浴振荡2 h,95 ℃加热5 min终止酶解反应。离心后(4 ℃,8000×g,15 min)收集上清液在−20 ℃保存[12]。
测定消化前和消化后上清液中的蛋白质浓度,蛋白质体外消化率计算公式[5]如下:
$ \text{蛋白质体外消化率}(\text{%})=\frac{\left({\text{M}}_{1}-{\text{M}}_{2}\right)}{{\text{M}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中:M1为消化前样品中蛋白质含量,g;M2为消化后样品上清液中蛋白质含量,g。
取消化后的样品上清液1 mL放入离心管中,用蒸馏水稀释20倍,使用粒度分析仪测量样品的平均粒径[13]。
准确称取40 mg邻苯二甲醛溶于1 mL甲醇中,分别加入2.5 mL 20% SDS、25 mL 0.1 mol/L硼砂、100 µL β-巯基乙醇,用蒸馏水定容至50 mL配置邻苯二甲醛试剂。将消化后样品稀释50倍,取200 µL并加入4 mL邻苯二甲醛试剂,混匀后于室温下反应2 min,在340 nm波长下测吸光度[14]。用L-亮氨酸制成的标准曲线计算游离氨基的含量,标准曲线方程为y=2.268x+0.1187,相关系数为0.9995。
取400 µL消化终点样品与400 µL 20%三氯乙酸混合,室温反应20 min后,在20 ℃,10000×g下离心10 min,采用双缩脲法测量上清液中蛋白质含量[15]。
用无水乙醇配制0.1 mmol/L的DPPH溶液。分别取2 mL样品上清液和DPPH溶液,将其混匀到同一试管中,室温下避光静置30 min后在517 nm处测定样品吸光值Ai,同时测定2 mL DPPH溶液与2 mL蒸馏水混合后溶液的吸光值A1,等体积上清液和无水乙醇混合液的吸光值A0。DPPH自由基清除率按照以下公式计算[15]:
$ \text{DPPH自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{i}}-{\text{A}}_{0}}{{\text{A}}_{1}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,$ {\text{A}}_{0} $为上清液和无水乙醇混合液的吸光值;$ {\text{A}}_{1} $为DPPH溶液和蒸馏水混合液的吸光值;$ {\text{A}}_{\text{i}} $为上清液和DPPH溶液混合液的吸光值。
向试管中依次加入1 mL 10 mmol/L硫酸亚铁溶液、2 mL 10 mmol/L H2O2溶液和2 mL 5 mmol/L水杨酸-乙醇溶液,摇匀后加入5 mL消化液,37 ℃下反应30 min,在510 nm波长处测吸光值(Di),以未加消化液的混合溶液做对照组(D0)。羟自由基清除率按照以下公式计算[12]:
$ \text{羟自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{D}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,$ {\text{D}}_{0} $为对照组的吸光值;$ {\text{D}}_{\text{i}} $为510 nm波长处的吸光值。
取1 mL消化液加入1 mL 0.2 mol/L 磷酸缓冲溶液(pH6.6)和1 mL 1%铁氰化钾,充分混匀后,置于50 ℃水浴反应20 min。结束后迅速冷却至室温,加入1 mL 10%三氯乙酸溶液,混匀,以充分沉淀大分子蛋白。在6000×g下离心15 min,取1 mL上清液加入1 mL去离子水、0.2 mL 0.1% FeCl3,静置10 min,溶液由黄色变为绿色,即反应完成。在波长700 nm下测定吸光度,以吸光度表示还原力,用等量去离子水调零[16]。
取50 mL消化液,加入100 mL的氯仿-甲醇混合溶液(2:1,v:v),高速匀浆2 min,随后在室温下振荡提取30 min,过滤,向滤液中加入20 mL饱和氯化钠溶液,混合均匀后静置至分层,使用真空旋转蒸发器在45 ℃,60 r/min下进行浓缩处理,得到脂肪样品。
准确称取50 mg提取后的脂肪于试管中,再加入2 mL苯-石油醚混合溶液(1:1,v:v),缓慢摇动后再加入2 mL 14%的三氟化硼-甲醇混合溶液,摇匀后在45 ℃水浴下加热30 min,然后加入1 mL正已烷溶液和0.5 mL饱和氯化钠溶液,保证有机相全部升到试管上方,待溶液澄清后取上清液过0.22 µm滤膜,得到的滤液即为甲酯化样品。
将样品甲酯化后,使用三重四极杆气相色谱质谱联用仪测量脂肪酸含量。气相色谱条件:进样口温度250 ℃,检测器温度280 ℃,载气为He,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量1 µL,分流比20:1。柱箱升温程序:起始温度140 ℃,保持2 min,以6 ℃/min升到200 ℃,保持2 min,再以2 ℃/min升到230 ℃,保持2 min,最后以4 ℃/min 升到250 ℃,保持2 min。质谱条件:接口温度250 ℃,离子源温度200 ℃,溶剂延迟3 min。离子化方式:EI,电子能量70 eV,质量扫描范围m/z:全扫描。该操作采用质谱库匹配度检索进行定性,采用峰面积归一化法进行定量。
本试验结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,使用IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件,Duncan多范围检验比较组间的显著差异(P<0.05),使用Origin 2025对实验数据进行绘图。
添加不同不饱和度植物油和凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶强度如图1a所示。与空白组相比,添加植物油后,鱼糜凝胶强度显著降低(P<0.05)。植物油的直接添加会影响蛋白质间的相互作用,削弱蛋白质分子堆积的紧密性,导致凝胶强度的降低[10]。Song等[17]也发现添加2%的红花籽油显著降低了金线鱼鱼糜凝胶强度。然而,与植物油组相比,添加相应的凝胶油的鱼糜具有更高的凝胶强度。这是因为凝胶油具有与动物脂肪相似的质地特性并且能够填充在鱼糜凝胶网络的孔隙中以形成更致密的微观结构[18]。根据Zhou等[19]的结果,在添加固体猪油的复合鱼糜凝胶中观察到较高的断裂力和形变量。制备凝胶油的γ-谷维素可以诱导肌原纤维蛋白的部分解离和刚性构象的改变,导致蛋白质分子展开,使其更容易粘附在油-水界面上,并促进刚性界面膜的形成[20]。因此,将植物油固化成凝胶油可减少油滴的聚集,限制了液态油对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶网络的干扰[18,20]。
前期实验结果表明大豆油、芝麻油、玉米油、亚麻籽油和山茶油的不饱和度分别为80.74%、82.12%、83.34%、86.50%和88.67%。鱼糜凝胶强度随着植物油不饱和度的增加呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势(图1a)。在凝胶油组中,含有亚麻籽油和大豆油的鱼糜凝胶强度较高,分别为3936.067和3827.478 g·mm,而添加山茶油的鱼糜凝胶强度最低,为3434.165 g·mm。这一结果可能与植物油中脂肪酸的组成和含量有关。亚麻籽油、大豆油及其相应的凝胶油中多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,可构建更稳定的鱼糜凝胶网络结构,提高凝胶强度。Zheng等[21]报道多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的油脂更有利于与蛋白质乳化形成稳定体系,而富含饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸的油脂不利于蛋白质-油脂体系的稳定。
持水性可有效表征鱼糜凝胶网络结构的致密性,相对有序的微观结构有利于水分子的稳定[22]。植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶持水性的影响如图1b所示。添加植物油后,鱼糜凝胶的持水性显著降低(P<0.05),原因是油滴会干扰肌原纤维蛋白的相互作用并阻碍致密凝胶网络结构的形成[23−24]。与相应的植物油组相比,添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶持水性显著提高(P<0.05)。这是因为β-谷甾醇和γ-谷维素可以通过氢键形成三维网络结构,包裹植物油,减少植物油对鱼糜蛋白相互作用的干扰,提高鱼糜凝胶网络的致密性,从而减少水分损失[18,25]。凝胶油中的γ-谷维素促进了肌原纤维蛋白的解折叠,并暴露出更多的疏水基团,这些疏水基团将油相连接起来,形成致密的界面蛋白膜,从而抑制了油滴的积聚[20]。Moghtadaei等[26]研究发现,当在汉堡中用蜂蜡和芝麻油制成的凝胶油代替动物脂肪时,凝胶油可以防止汉堡在烹饪过程中水分的损失。
无论植物油组还是凝胶油组,含有亚麻籽油的鱼糜凝胶持水性均最高,分别为59.03%和66.77%,而含有山茶油的样品持水性均最低,分别为50.81%和58.90%。富含多不饱和脂肪酸的亚麻籽油可被鱼糜蛋白乳化以形成厚的粘弹性界面膜,这能够使油滴均匀分布,从而产生更稳定的凝胶网络结构,并减少在离心和加热过程中水分的迁移[21,27]。Song等[24]也发现富含亚油酸的玉米油、大豆油和红花籽油能够均匀地分布在凝胶基质中,对鱼糜凝胶网络的破坏较小,从而获得更高的持水性。
植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶微观结构的影响如图2所示。未添加外源油脂的空白组具有相对致密的凝胶网络结构。然而,添加植物油后,鱼糜凝胶中出现了一些较大的孔隙,表面变得不均匀,尤其是山茶油组。油滴的聚集破坏了蛋白质的网络结构,使鱼糜凝胶的质地变差。Sun等[28]报道油滴聚集成大尺寸的簇,阻止了肌原纤维蛋白的交联,导致凝胶网络结构更松散。添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶具有较小的孔隙和较光滑的表面,表明凝胶油可以更均匀地分散在鱼糜凝胶的网络间隙中,形成更稳定、更致密的凝胶网络[25]。这与Tan等[18]的结果一致,其研究表明魔芋葡甘露聚糖辅助豌豆分离蛋白构建的凝胶油可有效填充在鱼糜凝胶网络中,从而促进更致密的凝胶网络结构的形成。其中,亚麻籽油和亚麻籽凝胶油组均显示出较小的空隙和较均匀的结构,这是因为多不饱和脂肪酸形成的强界面蛋白膜可防止油滴聚集,减少油滴对蛋白质相互作用的干扰[10,21]。因此,含有较多多不饱和脂肪酸的亚麻籽油和亚麻籽凝胶油更有利于蛋白质网络结构的形成。
蛋白质消化率反映了蛋白质在消化阶段被消化酶水解的程度,是评价食物蛋白质营养价值的关键参数[5]。不同不饱和度植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外消化率的影响如图3a所示。添加植物油的鱼糜凝胶蛋白质体外消化率低于空白组,但不同植物油组间存在显著差异,这种差异可能与油脂乳化后形成的界面物理性质有关,对于某些油脂(如芝麻油、山茶油),其形成的界面膜可能较软,易聚集,在一定程度上阻碍了蛋白酶与蛋白质的接触,从而降低了蛋白质消化率[21]。Roy等[29]实验结果表明蛋白质与酚类和鱼油的交联会减少蛋白质的酶裂解位点。Yi等[30]发现添加0.6%脂质体的鱼糜凝胶具有坚固的网络结构,会阻碍鱼糜凝胶的消化,促进了脂质体内活性成分的逐渐释放。添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶蛋白质消化率低于相应的植物油组和空白组,可能是因为蛋白质和凝胶油之间形成交联,降低了消化酶的水解[5]。Xu等[31]发现γ-谷维素的加入使水包油乳液在消化过程中发生液滴聚集,消化液的粒径变大,减少了脂肪酶的结合位点。在凝胶油组中,添加亚麻籽油的鱼糜凝胶蛋白质体外消化率最高,为75.89%,其他四组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),添加芝麻油的鱼糜凝胶蛋白质体外消化率最低,为72.72%。这可能与植物油中脂肪酸的组成与含量不同有关,亚麻籽油富含多不饱和脂肪酸,可通过调节消化酶的活性和改善消化环境,减少对蛋白质消化的干扰,间接提高蛋白质的消化率[32]。
粒径是分析鱼糜凝胶在胃肠道消化后变化情况的良好指标[5]。不同不饱和度植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物平均粒径的影响如图3b所示。添加植物油的鱼糜凝胶的体外消化液平均粒径大于空白组,表明植物油会减缓鱼糜凝胶的分解速率,导致形成更大的消化液颗粒。添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶的体外消化液粒径大于相应的植物油组和空白组,原因可能是凝胶油能够促进鱼糜形成更加致密、均匀的凝胶网络结构,减少了与蛋白酶的结合位点,降低了蛋白质的消化速率,导致消化液粒径的增加[33]。另外,添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物粒径的增加也可能与β-谷甾醇的存在有关。Liu等[34]研究表明β-谷甾醇的释放可能与蛋白质消化物相互作用,从而形成更大和不稳定的聚集体。山茶油凝胶油组和芝麻油凝胶油组的平均粒径显著高于其他凝胶油组(P<0.05),分别为159.26和159.09 nm,而亚麻籽油凝胶油组和大豆油凝胶油组的平均粒径显著低于其他凝胶油组(P<0.05),分别为134.33和140.59 nm。山茶油和芝麻油形成凝胶油后在消化过程中可能产生更大的油脂颗粒,这些油脂颗粒会与蛋白质发生较强的物理或化学相互作用,导致消化酶难以彻底分解蛋白质,从而产生较大的蛋白粒径[35−36]。
不同不饱和度植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外模拟消化后游离氨基含量的影响如图4a所示,除了大豆油和亚麻籽油外,植物油组的游离氨基含量均低于空白组,表明植物油的存在阻碍了蛋白质的水解。添加凝胶油后,鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物中游离氨基的含量进一步降低,可能归因于蛋白质和凝胶油之间形成交联,导致消化酶水解位点的减少[5]。Liu等[34]使用谷甾醇+卵磷脂基凝胶油替代猪肉背膘制备乳化香肠并进行体外模拟消化,发现凝胶油会减少胃消化中总游离氨基的释放,可能是由于凝胶油的凝胶结构充当了物理屏障并阻止了消化酶接近底物。随着植物油不饱和度的增加,游离氨基含量呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势。亚麻籽油和相应的凝胶油组的游离氨基含量最高,分别为0.12和0.11 mg/mL。山茶油和芝麻油组的游离氨基含量相对较低,可能是因为山茶油和芝麻油容易聚集成大油滴,阻碍蛋白酶对蛋白质的作用,减少了蛋白质的水解[37−38]。Liu等[34]也发现不同脂肪分解过程对乳化香肠的蛋白质水解过程有一定的影响,蛋白质和脂肪的消化产物可能会影响彼此的消化。
不同不饱和度植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外模拟消化后多肽含量的影响如图4b所示。含有大豆油、亚麻籽油及其凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物中多肽含量显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。可能是因为亚麻籽油富含多不饱和脂肪酸,其与蛋白乳化形成的刚性界面膜可以防止油滴的聚集,这有助于蛋白质和消化酶更好的接触,促进蛋白质的水解。含有芝麻油、玉米油和山茶油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物中多肽含量与空白组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),而对应的凝胶油组的多肽含量显著低于空白组(P<0.05)。芝麻油和山茶油中单不饱和脂肪酸含量较多,形成的界面蛋白膜较软,在消化过程中可能形成大的油滴颗粒,阻碍蛋白酶和蛋白质的相互接触,减少蛋白质的水解,从而导致了多肽含量的降低[5,21]。另外,添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶体外模拟消化产物中多肽含量低于相应的植物油组,表明凝胶油的添加影响了蛋白酶对蛋白质的切割,使蛋白质水解减少,多肽含量降低[34]。
DPPH自由基会被抗氧化剂还原产生一个H原子,导致DPPH-H的形成和π-π*跃迁产生,使其在517 nm处的紫色消失[5]。不同不饱和度植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物DPPH自由基清除率的影响如图5a所示。添加植物油后,鱼糜凝胶消化产物的DPPH自由基清除率增加,可能是因为植物油本身含有天然抗氧化剂,如维生素E、多酚物质等,这些抗氧化成分能够直接与DPPH自由基发生作用,将其还原,从而提高DPPH自由基清除率[39]。凝胶油组的DPPH自由基清除率显著高于相应的植物油组和空白组(P<0.05)。凝胶油中γ-谷维素的酚羟基可与自由基形成较稳定的化合物,能够有效清除自由基,且γ-谷维素使更多的疏水性氨基酸侧链暴露,使消化产物与DPPH自由基更好的接触[5,40]。梁安雅等[41]发现植物甾醇的加入可提高桑椹花色苷的稳定性,延长DPPH自由基清除能力。在凝胶油组中,随着植物油不饱和度的增加,DPPH自由基清除率总体呈增加的趋势。大豆凝胶油组的DPPH自由基清除率最低,为36.97%,亚麻籽凝胶油组最高,为40.21%,玉米凝胶油、亚麻籽凝胶油和山茶凝胶油组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。这可能与植物油本身存在的抗氧化成分不同有关,玉米油、亚麻籽油和山茶油中可能含有更多能够清除DPPH自由基的抗氧化成分。
植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物羟自由基清除率的影响如图5b所示。添加植物油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物的羟自由基清除率显著高于空白组(P<0.05),这可能与植物油本身存在的抗氧化成分有关,这些抗氧化成分能够有效地捕获和清除自由基[39]。添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物的羟自由基清除率显著高于空白组和相应的植物油组(P<0.05)。γ-谷维素的阿魏酸基团上的酚羟基和共轭体系能够形成较稳定的自由基,并阻止自动氧化过程中自由基的链式传递,从而表现出抗氧化功能[42−43]。随着植物油不饱和度的增加,羟自由基清除率整体呈下降的趋势。无论是液态油还是凝胶油,山茶油组的羟自由基清除率均为最低,其他四组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。羟自由基为水溶性自由基,不饱和脂肪酸对其清除能力可能不强,且随着不饱和度的增加,植物油中的不饱和脂肪酸更容易发生氧化,生成过氧化氢、过氧化脂质等产物,这些产物可能干扰或减少油脂清除羟自由基的效率[44]。
铁离子还原力取决于多肽链的羧基含量、支链氨基酸的数量及氨基酸的排列顺序[45]。植物油和凝胶油对鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物铁离子还原力的影响如图5c所示。植物油组的铁离子还原力高于空白组,在体外模拟消化过程中,植物油中的脂溶性物质会释放到消化液中,这些物质的抗氧化特性能够增强消化液中铁离子的还原能力[39]。添加凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶消化产物的铁离子还原力显著高于相应的植物油组和空白组(P<0.05),这可能是因为经过蛋白酶酶切后,凝胶油中的γ-谷维素促进了肌原纤维蛋白的解折叠,暴露出具有能还原铁离子的氨基酸残基或产生新的具有铁离子还原力的多肽[45]。另外,β-谷甾醇和γ-谷维素均具有抗氧化活性,可增强消化产物的铁离子还原力。随着植物油不饱和度的增加,鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物铁离子还原力逐渐增强。
鱼糜凝胶经体外模拟消化后,消化液中脂肪酸组成和含量如表2所示。添加植物油和凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化液中饱和脂肪酸含量减少,不饱和脂肪酸含量升高。无论是植物油组还是凝胶油组,添加大豆油、芝麻油和玉米油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化液均含有较多的油酸、硬脂酸、反式油酸和亚油酸。添加亚麻籽油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化液中含有较高的肉豆蔻酸、硬脂酸、α-亚麻酸、花生四烯酸(Arachidonic acid,ARA)、二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸甲酯(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA),较少的反式油酸。其中,α-亚麻酸为ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸,ARA是ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸,具有抗炎、调节免疫和调节血脂等功能[46]。EPA和DHA是两种重要的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸,能够减少慢性炎症、降低心血管疾病风险、减少神经系统的损伤[47]。添加山茶油及其凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化液含有较多的反式油酸。反式油酸是一种单不饱和脂肪酸,具有显著的健康风险,会升高血液中的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,增加动脉粥样硬化的风险,降低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,进一步增加心血管疾病的风险[48]。总的来说,亚麻籽油及其凝胶油组因富含ω-3和ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸且反式油酸含量较低,对人体更有利。
植物油的直接添加将干扰肌原纤维蛋白的相互作用并阻碍致密凝胶网络结构的形成,导致鱼糜凝胶强度和持水性降低,且油滴的聚集会阻碍蛋白酶与蛋白质的接触,从而降低了蛋白质体外消化率。凝胶油能够填充在鱼糜凝胶的孔隙中,促进鱼糜形成更加致密、均匀的凝胶网络结构,增加了鱼糜凝胶强度和持水性,但减少了与蛋白酶的结合位点,导致蛋白质的消化率降低。凝胶油中γ-谷维素的酚羟基能够与自由基形成较稳定的化合物,有效地清除自由基,使得含有凝胶油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物具有较强的抗氧化能力。其中,亚麻籽油富含多不饱和脂肪酸,其与蛋白乳化形成的刚性界面膜可防止油滴的聚集,有助于蛋白质和消化酶更好的接触,促进蛋白质的水解和消化,且添加亚麻籽油的鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物中含有更多的有益脂肪酸。因此,利用γ-谷维素+β-谷甾醇将亚麻籽油凝胶化后添加到鱼糜中可明显改善鱼糜的凝胶品质,增强其营养价值。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080291
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27
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    1渤海大学食品科学与工程学院,国家鱼糜及鱼糜制品加工技术研发分中心,生鲜农产品贮藏加工及安全控制技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,辽宁锦州 121013
    2大连工业大学,海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心,辽宁大连 116034

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米红波(1986−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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