Article(id=1320880508045734239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852053891, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852053891, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852053891, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852053891, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=145, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880508309975392, articleId=1320880508045734239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Differences and Correlations in Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Communities of Strong-flavor Daqu from Different Production Areas, columnId=1320880487858548920, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Microbiology and Biomanufacturing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To compare the physicochemical characteristics and microbial community differences among strong-aroma Daqu from Yibin, Luzhou, Deyang, and Chengdu in Sichuan Province, this study utilized national standard testing and high-throughput sequencing methods to analyze various physicochemical indicators and microbial community structures across these regions. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore their interrelationships. The results indicated minimal variations in moisture content, starch content, and acidity levels among the regions, all of which met industry standards. Daqu from Chengdu exhibited the highest saccharifying power (397.50 U/g) and liquefaction power (1.35 U/g), while Yibin Daqu showed slightly better esterification power. Both Yibin and Chengdu Daqu demonstrated superior fermentation power. In terms of microbial communities, prokaryotic diversity was significantly higher than that of eukaryotic organisms. Among prokaryotes, the Bacillota phylum displayed four geographically shared dominant groups, whereas the Bacillus and Weissella genera showed regional variations. Chengdu Daqu was unique in hosting the distinctive genus Leuconostoc, with the Luzhou region exhibiting the highest prokaryotic richness (Ace index 139.67) and the Deyang region maintaining the highest diversity (Shannon index 2.79). Eukaryotic communities revealed distinct patterns: Ascomycota dominated with over 85% relative abundance, Aspergillus was universally dominant across regions, and the Deyang region's eukaryotic community exhibited the richest complexity (ACE index 51.17, Shannon index 1.69), contrasting with Chengdu's lowest diversity. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between Leuconostoc and Weissella with saccharification capacity, and Bacillus with fermentation power. Among eukaryotes, Saccharomycopsis strongly correlated with saccharification capacity, while Candida and Thermoascus showed positive associations with esterification capacity. This study confirms significant regional differences in the physicochemical characteristics and microbial community structures of concentrated Daqu from various production areas in Sichuan, with clear geographical correlations between these factors. It provides theoretical support for the screening of high-quality Daqu and the optimization of brewing technology, and aids the strong aroma liquor industry in developing towards precision and standardization.

, authors=Meilin SHI1, Subing TANG1, Mingming LIU2, Mingchang WANG2, Mei FAN1, Jinsong ZHAO1, 2, *, authorsList=Meilin SHI, Subing TANG, Mingming LIU, Mingchang WANG, Mei FAN, Jinsong ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinsong ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880511468286321, articleId=1320880508045734239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同产区浓香大曲理化特性和微生物群落差异及相关性分析, columnId=1320880488030515386, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品微生物与生物制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为比较分析四川宜宾、泸州、德阳和成都四地浓香型大曲的理化特性和微生物群落的差异,明确地域环境对浓香型大曲品质形成的调控作用,本研究采用国标检测和高通量测序等方法,对四地的浓香型大曲的多个理化指标和微生物群落结构进行解析,并通过Spearman相关性分析方法探究了两者之间的关联机制。结果显示,各地大曲水分、淀粉含量和酸度差异小,均符合行业标准;成都大曲糖化力(397.50 U/g)、液化力(1.35 U/g)最高;宜宾大曲酯化力略优;宜宾与成都大曲发酵力较优。微生物群落方面,原核微生物多样性显著高于真核微生物;原核微生物中,厚壁菌门(Bacillota)为四地共有优势菌门,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)等呈地域分化,成都大曲特有明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc),泸州地区原核微生物丰富度最高(ACE指数139.67),德阳地区多样性最高(Shannon指数2.79);真核微生物中,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为绝对优势菌门(相对丰度>85%),曲霉属(Aspergillus)为各地共有优势属,德阳地区真核群落最丰富复杂(Ace指数51.17、Shannon指数1.69),成都地区多样性最低。相关性分析表明,原核微生物中柠檬明串珠菌属(Limosilactobacillus)、Weissella与糖化力呈极显著正相关,Bacillus与发酵力呈正相关;真核微生物中复膜孢酵母属(Saccharomycopsis)与糖化力呈极显著正相关,假丝酵母属(Candida)、嗜热囊菌属(Thermoascus)与酯化力呈正相关。本研究明确了四川不同产区浓香大曲理化特性与微生物群落结构存在显著地域差异,且二者存在明确关联。可为优质大曲筛选、酿酒工艺优化提供理论支撑,助力浓香型白酒产业向精准化、标准化方向发展。

, authors=施美林1, 唐苏冰1, 刘茗铭2, 王明昌2, 范梅1, 赵金松1, 2, *, authorsList=施美林, 唐苏冰, 刘茗铭, 王明昌, 范梅, 赵金松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵金松, authorNote=

施美林(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿造过程分析与调控,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵金松(1980−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:白酒生产、酒体设计,E-mail:。
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indicators and physiological characteristics (CD, LD, YD, DD samples) of Daqu, figureFileSmall=2MZfKBQx2xYMl9DvvdNpNQ==, figureFileBig=gyjZloT7hmmpN/NnrMrB4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880517730382252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880508045734239, language=CN, label=图7, caption=大曲不同理化指标与生理特性(CD、LD、YD、DD样品)的CCA

注:每张小图代表了不同理化指标与样本群落分布的相关性;a为原核微生物,b为真核微生物;SF代表水分含量,SD代表酸度,DF代表淀粉含量,YHL代表液化力,THL代表糖化力,FJL代表发酵力,ZHL代表酯化力;图8同。

, figureFileSmall=2MZfKBQx2xYMl9DvvdNpNQ==, figureFileBig=gyjZloT7hmmpN/NnrMrB4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880517889765805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880508045734239, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Correlation analysis of prokaryotic (a) and eukaryotic (b) microorganisms in Daqu with physicochemical factors across different regions, figureFileSmall=7CdZh1w5XvTT6JLQgtPVWw==, figureFileBig=qNJlDbIclhqwwHMuAmhNng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880518007206318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880508045734239, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同地区大曲原核(a)和真核(b)微生物与理化因子相关性分析

注:红色色块越深代表正相关性越强,蓝色色块越深代表负相关性越强;“*”代表存在相关性(P<0.05),“**”代表相关性显著(P<0.01),“***”代表相关性极显著(P<0.001)。

, figureFileSmall=7CdZh1w5XvTT6JLQgtPVWw==, figureFileBig=qNJlDbIclhqwwHMuAmhNng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880518309196207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880508045734239, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of Luzhou-flavor Daqu in different regions

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样品水分含量(%)酸度(mmol/10 g)淀粉含量(%)糖化力(U/g)液化力(U/g)酯化力(U/g)发酵力(U/g)
YD12.59±0.12a1.05±0.09a64.18±0.91a342.50±12.50b0.97±0.01c199.80±19.72a0.50±0.00a
LD12.36±0.14a0.93±0.03a64.97±1.44a367.00±17.00ab0.95±0.01c176.75±19.48a0.45±0.02a
DD12.29±0.12a1.07±0.07a63.89±0.26a327.30±6.30b1.22±0.02b173.21±16.33a0.42±0.02a
CD12.38±0.07a0.94±0.02a62.87±0.14a397.50±7.50a1.35±0.02a192.43±19.68a0.50±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880518393082289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880508045734239, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同地区浓香型大曲理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水分含量(%)酸度(mmol/10 g)淀粉含量(%)糖化力(U/g)液化力(U/g)酯化力(U/g)发酵力(U/g)
YD12.59±0.12a1.05±0.09a64.18±0.91a342.50±12.50b0.97±0.01c199.80±19.72a0.50±0.00a
LD12.36±0.14a0.93±0.03a64.97±1.44a367.00±17.00ab0.95±0.01c176.75±19.48a0.45±0.02a
DD12.29±0.12a1.07±0.07a63.89±0.26a327.30±6.30b1.22±0.02b173.21±16.33a0.42±0.02a
CD12.38±0.07a0.94±0.02a62.87±0.14a397.50±7.50a1.35±0.02a192.43±19.68a0.50±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880520062415282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880508045734239, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of α-diversity of prokaryotic microorganisms in strong-flavor Daqu from different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品ACE指数Chao1指数Coverage(%)Shannon指数Simpson指数Sobs指数
YD131.95±28.16b131.00±27.90a99.96±0.01a2.12±0.05d0.21±0.06a108.00±21.00c
LD139.67±10.18a131.00±10.15a99.97±0.01a2.56±0.03b0.14±0.02b117.00±15.00a
DD121.11±11.23c121.36±11.52b99.97±0.02a2.79±0.12a0.08±0.02d109.00±30.00b
CD106.60±15.30d102.71±15.63c99.98±0.00a2.50±0.20c0.12±0.05c98.00±27.00d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880520133718451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880508045734239, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同地区浓香型大曲原核微生物α-多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品ACE指数Chao1指数Coverage(%)Shannon指数Simpson指数Sobs指数
YD131.95±28.16b131.00±27.90a99.96±0.01a2.12±0.05d0.21±0.06a108.00±21.00c
LD139.67±10.18a131.00±10.15a99.97±0.01a2.56±0.03b0.14±0.02b117.00±15.00a
DD121.11±11.23c121.36±11.52b99.97±0.02a2.79±0.12a0.08±0.02d109.00±30.00b
CD106.60±15.30d102.71±15.63c99.98±0.00a2.50±0.20c0.12±0.05c98.00±27.00d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880520230187444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880508045734239, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of α-diversity of eukaryotic microorganisms in fstrong-flavor Daqu from different regions

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样品ACE指数Chao1指数Coverage(%)Shannon指数Simpson指数Sobs指数
YD43.23±1.26c40.14±1.32c99.99±0.00a1.27±0.13c0.36±0.09b38.00±2.00c
LD39.35±2.30d38.60±2.36d99.99±0.00a1.46±0.21b0.31±0.13c38.00±6.00c
DD51.17±5.23a50.50±5.43a99.99±0.00a1.69±0.35a0.27±0.08d50.00±6.00a
CD46.61±3.39b45.50±3.46b99.99±0.00a1.20±0.16d0.40±0.05a43.00±5.00b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880520410542517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880508045734239, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同地区浓香型大曲真核微生物α-多样性分析

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样品ACE指数Chao1指数Coverage(%)Shannon指数Simpson指数Sobs指数
YD43.23±1.26c40.14±1.32c99.99±0.00a1.27±0.13c0.36±0.09b38.00±2.00c
LD39.35±2.30d38.60±2.36d99.99±0.00a1.46±0.21b0.31±0.13c38.00±6.00c
DD51.17±5.23a50.50±5.43a99.99±0.00a1.69±0.35a0.27±0.08d50.00±6.00a
CD46.61±3.39b45.50±3.46b99.99±0.00a1.20±0.16d0.40±0.05a43.00±5.00b
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不同产区浓香大曲理化特性和微生物群落差异及相关性分析
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施美林 1 , 唐苏冰 1 , 刘茗铭 2 , 王明昌 2 , 范梅 1 , 赵金松 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 食品微生物与生物制造 2026,47(18): 145-154
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食品工业科技 |食品微生物与生物制造 2026 , 47 (18) : 145 -154
不同产区浓香大曲理化特性和微生物群落差异及相关性分析
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施美林1 , 唐苏冰1, 刘茗铭2, 王明昌2, 范梅1, 赵金松1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1四川轻化工大学食品与酿酒工程学院,四川宜宾 644000
  • 2四川省酒业集团有限责任公司,四川成都 610000
通讯作者:
赵金松(1980−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:白酒生产、酒体设计,E-mail:。
作者简介:

施美林(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿造过程分析与调控,E-mail:

Analysis of Differences and Correlations in Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Communities of Strong-flavor Daqu from Different Production Areas
Meilin SHI1 , Subing TANG1, Mingming LIU2, Mingchang WANG2, Mei FAN1, Jinsong ZHAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food and Brewing Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
  • 2Sichuan Alcoholic Beverage Industry Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070031
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为比较分析四川宜宾、泸州、德阳和成都四地浓香型大曲的理化特性和微生物群落的差异,明确地域环境对浓香型大曲品质形成的调控作用,本研究采用国标检测和高通量测序等方法,对四地的浓香型大曲的多个理化指标和微生物群落结构进行解析,并通过Spearman相关性分析方法探究了两者之间的关联机制。结果显示,各地大曲水分、淀粉含量和酸度差异小,均符合行业标准;成都大曲糖化力(397.50 U/g)、液化力(1.35 U/g)最高;宜宾大曲酯化力略优;宜宾与成都大曲发酵力较优。微生物群落方面,原核微生物多样性显著高于真核微生物;原核微生物中,厚壁菌门(Bacillota)为四地共有优势菌门,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)等呈地域分化,成都大曲特有明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc),泸州地区原核微生物丰富度最高(ACE指数139.67),德阳地区多样性最高(Shannon指数2.79);真核微生物中,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为绝对优势菌门(相对丰度>85%),曲霉属(Aspergillus)为各地共有优势属,德阳地区真核群落最丰富复杂(Ace指数51.17、Shannon指数1.69),成都地区多样性最低。相关性分析表明,原核微生物中柠檬明串珠菌属(Limosilactobacillus)、Weissella与糖化力呈极显著正相关,Bacillus与发酵力呈正相关;真核微生物中复膜孢酵母属(Saccharomycopsis)与糖化力呈极显著正相关,假丝酵母属(Candida)、嗜热囊菌属(Thermoascus)与酯化力呈正相关。本研究明确了四川不同产区浓香大曲理化特性与微生物群落结构存在显著地域差异,且二者存在明确关联。可为优质大曲筛选、酿酒工艺优化提供理论支撑,助力浓香型白酒产业向精准化、标准化方向发展。

浓香型大曲  /  理化  /  微生物  /  高通量测序

To compare the physicochemical characteristics and microbial community differences among strong-aroma Daqu from Yibin, Luzhou, Deyang, and Chengdu in Sichuan Province, this study utilized national standard testing and high-throughput sequencing methods to analyze various physicochemical indicators and microbial community structures across these regions. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore their interrelationships. The results indicated minimal variations in moisture content, starch content, and acidity levels among the regions, all of which met industry standards. Daqu from Chengdu exhibited the highest saccharifying power (397.50 U/g) and liquefaction power (1.35 U/g), while Yibin Daqu showed slightly better esterification power. Both Yibin and Chengdu Daqu demonstrated superior fermentation power. In terms of microbial communities, prokaryotic diversity was significantly higher than that of eukaryotic organisms. Among prokaryotes, the Bacillota phylum displayed four geographically shared dominant groups, whereas the Bacillus and Weissella genera showed regional variations. Chengdu Daqu was unique in hosting the distinctive genus Leuconostoc, with the Luzhou region exhibiting the highest prokaryotic richness (Ace index 139.67) and the Deyang region maintaining the highest diversity (Shannon index 2.79). Eukaryotic communities revealed distinct patterns: Ascomycota dominated with over 85% relative abundance, Aspergillus was universally dominant across regions, and the Deyang region's eukaryotic community exhibited the richest complexity (ACE index 51.17, Shannon index 1.69), contrasting with Chengdu's lowest diversity. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between Leuconostoc and Weissella with saccharification capacity, and Bacillus with fermentation power. Among eukaryotes, Saccharomycopsis strongly correlated with saccharification capacity, while Candida and Thermoascus showed positive associations with esterification capacity. This study confirms significant regional differences in the physicochemical characteristics and microbial community structures of concentrated Daqu from various production areas in Sichuan, with clear geographical correlations between these factors. It provides theoretical support for the screening of high-quality Daqu and the optimization of brewing technology, and aids the strong aroma liquor industry in developing towards precision and standardization.

Luzhou-flavor Daqu  /  physical and chemical properties  /  microorganisms  /  high-throughput
施美林, 唐苏冰, 刘茗铭, 王明昌, 范梅, 赵金松. 不同产区浓香大曲理化特性和微生物群落差异及相关性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 145 -154 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070031
Meilin SHI, Subing TANG, Mingming LIU, Mingchang WANG, Mei FAN, Jinsong ZHAO. Analysis of Differences and Correlations in Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Communities of Strong-flavor Daqu from Different Production Areas[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 145 -154 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070031
浓香型白酒作为中国白酒产业的核心品类,其独特的风味品质与大曲的微生物群落结构及理化性质密切相关[1−2]。大曲不仅是糖化发酵剂[3],更是微生物天然载体,其优势菌群通过代谢网络驱动物质转化,理化因子为微生物提供环境基础,二者共同构建浓香型白酒风味物质基础。解析优势菌功能与理化因子机制,对提升酿酒工艺、保障酒体品质具有关键科学价值。大曲理化性质是微生物代谢产物与菌群活动的环境基础,其核心指标(如水分、酸度等)与酿酒物质转化紧密关联,是评估大曲质量的重要依据[4]。水分与淀粉是微生物生长的基质,适宜水分可促进微生物代谢,生成更多酶类和风味前体物质[5],淀粉是大曲中微生物代谢的主要能量来源[6],适当酸度可抑制腐败菌等杂菌繁殖,为有益微生物营造适宜生长条件[7]。糖化力、液化力、酯化力和发酵力对浓香型大曲至关重要:糖化力借助糖化酶将淀粉分解为可发酵糖,为发酵提供物质基础,而液化力不足会导致淀粉糊化后难以降解,糖化阶段底物不足,影响后续发酵[8];酯化力直接决定以己酸乙酯为主体的浓香型白酒典型香气[9];发酵力强的大曲含有丰富的酵母菌,能够将糖转化为酒精[10];四者相互协同,共同保障浓香型白酒发酵过程的物质转化与风味形成。已有研究表明,不同产区大曲因生产工艺和地理位置差异,其微生物群落与代谢特征显著不同。这是导致白酒风格多样的主要因素[11],即使同一地区,不同产地大曲的理化特性与微生物群落结构差异仍显著[12]。王志强等[13]研究了江苏地区的浓香型大曲,发现乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的丰度在发酵及储存期间呈现先下降后上升的趋势。刘延波等[14]从河南浓香酒厂大曲中检出耐碱酵母属(Galactomyces)等8个不曾在浓香型大曲中发现的菌属。已有研究发现了四川三个浓香型白酒产区大曲的理化特性存在显著差异,微生物群落结构及挥发性风味物质组成上也存在差异[15]。任宇婷等[16]发现三种北方浓香型白酒大曲的糖化酶活力及水分含量具有显著差异,优势细菌属的种类及丰度也存在差异。
四川作为浓香型白酒核心产区,目前针对不同地区大曲理化性质与微生物群落结构相关性的系统性研究尚不充分,亟需深入挖掘其特性差异与内在联系。本研究以四川宜宾、泸州、德阳、成都四地浓香型白酒大曲为对象,各地大曲在原料、生产工艺及地理位置上存在差异。通过理化指标检测与高通量测序技术等方法,分析不同产区大曲的理化特性、微生物群落结构及其相关性,旨在系统揭示四川不同产区浓香型白酒大曲在理化特性上的差异特征,解析微生物群落结构的区域分布规律,挖掘各产区大曲共有的优势功能菌群,揭示地域环境对大曲质量的影响机制,为四川浓香型白酒的品质溯源与工艺优化提供理论依据。
大曲样品 于2024年11月期间采自四川宜宾、泸州、德阳、成都四个地区具代表性的四个浓香型酒厂,编号分别为YD、LD、DD、CD,四个酒厂大曲样品均为酒厂生产且进行使用的成品大曲(大曲粉),取约300 g样品,均分为两份,一份用于理化性质的检测,另一份用于微生物的测定;氢氧化钠 天津市大陆化学试剂厂;次甲基蓝、葡萄糖、α-淀粉酶(3000~5000 U/g)、糖化酶(100000 U/g) 天津市众联化学试剂有限公司;碘、冰乙酸 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;盐酸、碘化钾、乙酸钠、硫酸铜、可溶性淀粉、无水乙醇 成都市科龙化工试剂厂;酒石酸钾钠、氯化钴 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;重铬酸钾 广东光华科技股份有限公司;铬黑T 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;所有试剂均为分析纯;土壤基因组脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)提取试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
GZX-9146MBE恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;PHSJ-3F pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;T09-1S恒温磁力搅拌器 上海司乐仪器有限公司;DZKW-4电子恒温水浴锅 北京中兴伟业仪器有限公司;GI54DWS立式高压蒸汽灭菌锅 致微(厦门)仪器有限公司;CFX96聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)仪、Gel Doc XR+凝胶成像仪 美国BIO RAD公司;DYY-6D电泳仪 北京六一生物科技有限公司;NanoDrop 2000 DNA浓度测定仪 美国Thermo Scientific公司。
依据QB/T 4257-2011《酿酒大曲通用分析方法》[17],对大曲水分含量、酸度、淀粉含量、糖化力、液化力、酯化力及发酵力进行测定。
根据土壤基因组DNA试剂盒上的操作说明对窖泥样本进行总DNA的提取。通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测提取的基因组DNA质量,使用NanoDrop仪测定浓度与纯度,符合测序要求后[18],于−80 ℃保存。将合格DNA委托上海美吉生物,采用Illumina MiSeq进行高通量测序。细菌和古菌采用通用引物515F/806R(5’-GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3’和5’-GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’),扩增微生物16S rNA基因的V4可变区。真菌采用通用引物ITS1F/ITS2R(5’-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3’和5’-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3’),扩增ITS1区。PCR扩增程序:预变性95 ℃ 3 min,变形95 ℃ 30 s,退火55 ℃ 30 s,延伸72 ℃ 30 s,后延伸72 ℃ 10 min,35个循环,10 ℃保存,扩增体系参照向港兴等[19]方法。
利用Excel 2019对大曲样品理化指标数据进行的整合及处理,利用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)对大曲理化数据及微生物α-多样性指数进行显著性分析,所有进行显著性分析的数据实验均测定三次;微生物数据分析基于上海美吉生信云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com/),包括稀释曲线、群落柱状图、层次聚类树、相关性热图等的绘制。
浓香型大曲的理化指标是评估其质量与酿造效能的关键。四川四个不同地区浓香型大曲的理化性质结果见表1。水分、淀粉是微生物生长的重要基质(水分促代谢、淀粉供能)[5−6],4组样品水分含量差异小,表明水分控制稳定。淀粉含量范围为62.87%~64.97%,差异小,为发酵提供稳定的物质基础。酸度范围0.94~1.05 mmol/10 g,整体酸环境接近,为微生物代谢提供基础条件,差异不显著(P>0.05),适当酸度可抑制杂菌、保护有益菌[7]。糖化力在327.30~397.50 U/g,CD样品糖化力最高,显著(P<0.05)高于YD和DD,LD与CD差异不显著(P>0.05),反映CD淀粉糖化能力最强,可能是由于采用的原料品质更高,为糖化反应提供了充足且优质的底物,糖化力反映糖化酶系将淀粉及糊精转化为可发酵糖的关键效率[8]。液化力在0.97~1.35 U/g之间,液化力表征α-淀粉酶催化淀粉降解为短链糊精的初始能力[8]。成都地区大曲液化力显著(P<0.05)高于其他地区,淀粉液化效率较优的成都、德阳地区,气候相较于宜宾和泸州地区温和、冬春湿度低,微生物以耐干燥、中低温菌株为主,使得产液化酶的芽孢杆菌活性更稳、产糖化酶的根霉繁殖受抑,故大曲液化力较为突出[15]。酯化力范围为173.21~199.80 U/g,虽无显著差异,但YD酯化力略优,利于酯类(如己酸乙酯)生成,增强酒的香气浓郁度[9]。发酵力体现微生物将可发酵糖转化为酒精的效能[10],四个样品发酵力在0.42~0.50 U之间,无显著差异,但YD和CD发酵力略高,发酵产酒潜力更优。四个地区浓香型大曲样品在六个理化指标上均符合浓香型白酒大曲轻工行业标准QB/T 4259-2011《浓香大曲》[20]。综上,四川不同地区浓香型大曲理化性质有共性也有差异,这些差异会影响酿酒过程中物质转化、风味形成,可作为筛选大曲、优化工艺的参考。
本研究采用Illumina高通量测序方法分析大曲微生物群落,质控优化后获308231条原核、232197条真核有效序列。基于Shannon指数绘制的稀释曲线(图1)显示,随测序深度增加曲线渐趋水平,表明测序量充分,数据合理可靠。
基于优化后的序列开展α多样性分析,原核与真核微生物多样性指数结果显示(表2、表3),样本覆盖率均超99.9%,表明测序数据能有效反映微生物真实组成。其中,ACE指数和Chao1指数用于评估物种丰富度,Simpson和Shannon指数衡量群落多样性。发现原核微生物在物种数量与丰度及微生物多样性上占优,这与细菌群落网络复杂度高于真菌的已有研究结论一致[21]。
由表2可知,原核微生物群落丰富度:LD>YD>DD>CD。ACE指数、Chao1指数变化类似;LD组最高,CD组最低,即LD地区大曲原核微生物种类最丰富,CD地区最单一,不同地区环境(如制曲工艺、气候)可能影响群落丰富度。Shannon指数:DD>LD>CD>YD,Simpson指数(与多样性负相关):YD>LD>CD>DD,YD多样性最低,DD多样性最高。综上,不同地区大曲原核微生物群落存在差异,泸州地区丰富度高、德阳地区多样性高、成都地区群落最简单。
由表3可知,真核微生物群落丰富度:DD>CD>YD>LD。ACE指数、Chao1指数、Sobs指数:DD组最高,LD和YD组较低,CD组居中。群落多样性:DD>LD>YD>CD。Shannon指数:DD>LD>YD>CD,Simpson指数:CD>YD>LD>DD,即CD多样性最低,DD多样性最高;DD地区大曲真核群落最复杂(物种丰富且分布均匀),CD地区群落相对简单(物种多样性低)。综上,不同地区浓香型大曲真核微生物群落存在差异,德阳地区真核微生物群落最丰富复杂,成都地区最简单。与真核微生物比较,原核微生物群落更丰富、多样性高,对分组变化响应敏感(特有类群多),真核微生物群落相对简单,特有类群少,对分组变化响应更保守。
不同大曲中微生物的操作分类单元数见图2。由图2a可知,4个大曲样品原核微生物OTU总数为191个,大曲样品YD、LD、DD、CD中的OTU数分别为108、185、105、98个;共有的OTU数目为51个,样品YD、LD、DD、CD分别存在11、27、21、18个特有的OTU。由图2b可知,4个大曲样品真核微生物OTU总数为74个,大曲样品YD、LD、DD、CD中的OTU数分别为38、38、50、43个;共有的OTU数目为17个,样品YD、LD、DD、CD分别存在2、7、11、6个特有的OTU。原核微生物群落OTU总数更多,即原核微生物群落“多样、敏感、核心类群集中”;真核“简单、稳定、核心类群分散”。综上,四个不同地区酒厂大曲的微生物多样性存在差异。
分析所有大曲样品在门水平上的原核微生物组成见图3a。YD、LD、DD、CD中分别检测到原核微生物9、9、8、8个门。分析各地区大曲中的原核微生物优势菌门(相对丰度>1%),其中YD、LD中有4个相同的优势菌门分别为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、厚壁菌门(Bacillota)、unclassified_k__norank_d__Bacteria、unclassified_d__Unclassified。YD中的绝对优势菌门为Pseudomonadota,这与已有研究有所区别[22],而LD中Pseudomonadota和Bacillota相对丰度差不多。DD中有3个优势菌门,其中Bacillota为绝对优势菌门。CD中有5个优势菌门,同YD、LD相比,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)(2.57%)也为优势菌门,与已有研究一致[23],在窖泥、糟醅中也同样存在同样情况[24-25]。四川不同地区中Bacillota都为优势菌门,Bacillota通过碳水化合物代谢、风味物质合成、酶系分泌、环境适应及与其他菌群互作等多方面作用,驱动大曲发酵并构建浓香型白酒的风味特征[26]。
分析所有大曲样品在属水平上的原核微生物组成见图3b。YD、LD、DD、CD中分别检测到原核微生物59、60、55、57个属。分析各地区大曲中的原核微生物优势菌属(相对丰度>1%),YD中检测到有5个优势菌属,包含norank_f__Mitochondria、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)(9.21%)、协同乳杆菌属(Companilactobacillus)(4.30%)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)(2.09%)、果糖乳杆菌属(Fructilactobacillus)(1.72%)。LD中有7个优势菌属,与YD相比Staphylococcus不是优势菌属,但多了柠檬明串珠菌属(Limosilactobacillus)、片球菌属(Pediococcus)、高温放线菌属(Thermoactinomyces)、植物乳杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus)。DD中有9个优势菌属,在LD、YD基础上增加了芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),Lactobacillus是大曲中普遍存在的细菌菌群,在浓香型大曲发酵后,如兰陵浓香大曲中芽孢杆菌属的平均相对含量较高[27]。CD中检测到9个优势菌属,与其他大曲样品相比,明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)是特有的优势菌属,陶敏等[28]指出江苏产地的Leuconostoc是其较为特殊的优势,且在浓香型大曲中参与风味物质代谢等作用。总体上,Weissella是所有大曲样品中的优势菌属,在不同地域如四川等地的大曲中都有重要地位,是曲皮和曲心微生物群落的重要组成成分[29]。Staphylococcus、Pediococcus是多个大曲中的优势菌属,与毛文定等[30]的研究结果相符。此外,Bacillus在大曲整个发酵过程中处于优势地位,与Leuconostoc一样在长江宜泸产区、江淮派等地的大曲中均有较高含量。
分析所有大曲样品在门水平上真核微生物组成见图4a。YD、LD、DD、CD中分别检测到真核微生物3、4、3、3个门。其中YD、CD中只有一个优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),除Ascomycota为优势菌门外,LD中子菌门(Basidiomycota)也为优势菌门;DD中毛霉门(Mucoromycota)也为优势菌门,毛霉菌在浓香型大曲发酵表层存在[31]。四个地区大曲中Ascomycota相对丰度都在85%以上,是绝对优势菌门,与已有研究相符[32]。Ascomycota在浓香型大曲中通过酶促糖化、酒精发酵及风味物质生成等,对大曲发酵和白酒风味起关键作用[33]。
分析所有大曲样品在属水平上真核微生物组成见图4b。YD、LD、DD、CD中分别检测到真核微生物22、19、23、23个属。其中YD有四个优势菌属,分别为曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)(51.81%)、嗜热子囊菌属(Thermomyces)(42.44%)、复膜孢酵母属(Saccharomycopsis)(2.95%)、威克汉姆酵母属(Wickerhamomyces)(1.95%)。LD中有5个优势菌属,与YD相比,增加了旱霉菌属(Xeromyces)(1.19%)。CD中有5个优势菌属,分别为Aspergillus(54.91%)、Thermomyces(22.16%)、根毛霉属(Rhizomucor)(12.46%)、假丝酵母属(Candida)(4.29%)、米勒酵母属(Millerozyma)(3.15%)。DD中有3个优势菌属。所有大曲样品中Aspergillus是优势菌属,已有研究表明Aspergillus是浓香型白酒酿造体系中的标志性优势菌株[34],Aspergillus是中高温大曲核心真菌组分,其代谢可合成蛋白酶、淀粉酶等酶系,在浓香型白酒发酵中通过调控酯化反应、淀粉液化及糖分转化效率,决定酒体风味物质形成与品质特征[35]。Thermomyces、Saccharomycopsis、Wickerhamomyces是多个样品中的优势菌属。Thermomyces是生产多种酶的典型菌属,可推动白酒酿造体系中微生物生长和风味物质的产生[36]。Saccharomycopsis是应用于大曲制作,能提升强化大曲的糖化力和液化力。在大曲发酵前期,Wickerhamomyces相对丰度较高,不过在发酵后期其相对丰度会显著降低。此外,部分样品中Rhizomucor、Candida为优势菌属,陈莹琪等[37]的研究显示Candida为大曲中优势菌属。
基于原核微生物OTU水平不同地区大曲样品层次聚类分析结果见图5a。四个大曲样品明显分为两大类,德阳地区(DD)大曲样品聚为一支,成都地区(CD)、泸州地区(LD)与宜宾地区(YD)大曲样品聚为一支,说明德阳地区大曲样品和其余三个地区大曲样品的原核微生物群落结构差异较大。而在原核微生物群落结构相似的3个地区大曲样品中,宜宾地区和泸州地区的大曲样品聚类为一支,说明微生物群落结构最相似。PCoA分析进一步支持了聚类图谱,基于原核微生物OTU水平不同地区大曲样品主成分分析结果见图5b。PC1(方差贡献率为63.76%)和PC2(贡献率为24.03%)累计方差贡献率约为87.79%,说明能够较好解释四个地区大曲样品的原核微生物群落的差异。DD样本单独远离其他样本,说明DD样品与其他样本差异最大;YD、LD样品在同一象限,但未重叠,说明群落相对其他组较为相似但仍存明显差异;CD位置在PC1上与YD、LD相近,但在PC2上相对独立,结合聚类树,说明CD与YD、LD有一定关联,但自身群落特征明显。样本层级聚类分析与PCoA分析结果相呼应,说明结果可靠。
基于真核微生物OTU水平不同地区大曲样品层次聚类分析结果见图6a。四个大曲样品明显分为两大类,成都地区(CD)与泸州地区(LD)大曲样品聚为一支,德阳地区(DD)与宜宾地区(LD)大曲样品聚为一支。说明两两真核微生物群落较相似。PCoA分析进一步支持了聚类图谱,基于真核微生物OTU水平不同地区大曲样品主成分分析结果见图6b。PC1(71.36%)和PC2(18.47%)累计方差贡献率约为89.83%,说明能够较好解释四个地区大曲样品的真核微生物群落的差异。CD、LD在PC1上距离较近,说明成都、泸州地区大曲样品在真核微生物群落结构上相似;DD、YD在PC1上距离较近,说明德阳、宜宾地区大曲样品在真核微生物群落结构上相似。样本层级聚类分析与PCoA分析结果相呼应,说明结果可靠。
采用典型对应分析(CCA)探究大曲理化指标(水分含量、酸度、淀粉含量、液化力、糖化力、发酵力、酯化力)与原核及真核微生物群落分布的关系见图7。各子图前两轴累计解释率均超过 60%,表明所选理化指标可有效解释不同样品(CD、LD、YD、DD)的群落差异。CCA 双标图显示,DD 样品在原核(a1)与真核(b1)微生物排序中均偏向右侧并靠近淀粉含量(DF)箭头,表明其群落结构主要受淀粉含量驱动;CD 样品多位于左上方,与原核(a2)及真核(b2)微生物的糖化力(THL)方向一致,提示其群落与糖化特性关系密切;YD 样品在 a3、b3 中偏向上方并靠近酯化力(ZHL)与发酵力(FJL)箭头,说明其微生物群落与发酵、酯化特性关联紧密;LD 样品分布居中,受多因素共同作用。综上,淀粉含量、糖化力及酯化力/发酵力是大曲微生物群落分异的关键理化驱动因子,且原核与真核微生物对理化环境的响应既存在共性又具差异。
对四川不同地区浓香型大曲的理化因子和相对丰度前15的微生物进行Spearman相关性热图分析。原核微生物与理化因子的相关性见图8a。由图8a可知,Bacillus与酯化力呈正相关,与向慧平[6]的研究相符;首次发现Pediococcus与水分含量呈极显著负相关,而norank_f__Mitochondria与水分含量呈极显著正相关;Limosilactobacillus、Weissella、Companilactobacillus与糖化力呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),其中与已有报道的是Weissella与糖化力呈极显著正相关[38];Thermoactinomyces与液化力呈极显著负相关(P<0.001),Thermoactinomyces在高温制曲及贮存期对大曲品质形成起关键作用[28];而水分含量、淀粉含量和酯化力与原核微生物之间没有明显的相关性。真核微生物与理化因子的相关性见图8b。其中Wickerhamomyces与酸度呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),Wickerhamomyces在发酵中通过糖与氨基酸代谢产有机酸,致体系酸度升高[39];Saccharomycopsis与糖化力呈现极显著正相关(P<0.001),与已有研究成果一致[30],而布拉酵母属(Blastobotrys)与糖化力呈极显著负相关;交链格孢属(Alternaria)、科什曼菌属(Lichtheimia)与水分呈极显著负相关;Candida、嗜热囊菌属(Thermoascus)与酯化力间呈正相关性,相关研究显示强化大曲中Candida相对丰度增加了16.8%,大曲酯化力提高了15.2%[40],暗示其对酯化力提升有积极作用;此外,研究数据表明Xeromyces与液化力呈现负相关关系;发酵力和淀粉含量与真核微生物之间没有显著的相关性。
本研究基于国标检测方法和高通量测序方法,揭示四川四个核心产区(宜宾、泸州、德阳、成都)浓香型大曲的理化指标和微生物群落结构特征的差异以及两者之间的相互作用。理化特性:四个地区大曲的水分、淀粉含量及酸度差异小,均符合行业标准;成都大曲糖化力液化力相对较高;功能酶活力存在显著地域分化,成都大曲糖化力(397.50 U/g)、液化力(1.35 U/g)相对最高,宜宾大曲酯化力略优,更利于酯类生成,宜宾与成都大曲发酵产酒潜力更强。微生物群落结构地域分异特征:原核微生物:群落丰富度与多样性呈现明显地域差异,泸州地区原核微生物丰富度最高,德阳地区多样性最高,成都地区群落结构最简单;Bacillota为四地共有优势菌门,Bacillus等呈地域分化,其中成都大曲特有Leuconostoc,Weissella为所有样品核心优势属。真核微生物:德阳地区真核群落最丰富复杂,成都地区多样性最低;Ascomycota为四个样品中的绝对优势菌门(相对丰度>85%),Aspergillus为各地共有优势属,Thermomyces、Saccharomycopsis等为关键功能菌属,整体而言,真核微生物群落较原核更简单、特有类群更少,对地域变化响应更保守。微生物与理化因子的关联机制:原核微生物-理化因子关联:Limosilactobacillus、Weissella与糖化力呈极显著正相关,可推动淀粉降解;Bacillus与发酵力呈正相关,可能促进酒精生成;Pediococcus与水分含量呈极显著负相关;而水分、淀粉、酯化力与多数原核微生物无显著关联。真核微生物-理化因子关联:Saccharomycopsis与糖化力呈极显著正相关,Candida、Thermoascus与酯化力呈正相关,可能助力酯类合成;Blastobotrys与糖化力呈极显著负相关,Xeromyces与液化力呈负相关,Alternaria、Lichtheimia与水分呈极显著负相关;发酵力、淀粉含量与真核微生物无显著关联。本研究明确了四川不同产区浓香型大曲理化特性与微生物群落的地域分异规律及内在关联,揭示了魏斯氏菌属、曲霉属等优势菌属的功能作用,可为酿酒工艺优化(如针对不同产区调整制曲参数以强化关键酶活力)及品质溯源提供理论支撑,有助于推动浓香型白酒产业向精准化、标准化方向发展,为提升白酒风味品质与生产效率奠定基础。后续可扩大四川浓香型大曲采样范围,纳入更多中小产区样本,结合气象数据、原料成分、制曲工艺参数等多维度信息,进一步量化地域环境对大曲品质的影响权重。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070031
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
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    1四川轻化工大学食品与酿酒工程学院,四川宜宾 644000
    2四川省酒业集团有限责任公司,四川成都 610000

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赵金松(1980−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:白酒生产、酒体设计,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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