Article(id=1320880472914248174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070208, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852045515, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852045515, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852045515, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852045515, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=546, endPage=556, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880473123963375, articleId=1320880472914248174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Influence of Amylose Content in Rice on Its Properties and the Quality of Rice Products, columnId=1320880307935494473, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Frontier Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The content of amylose is a key factor determining the properties of rice and the quality of rice products. This article systematically reviews the structure of starch in rice, with a focus on exploring the effects of amylose content on the physicochemical properties of rice gelatinization, aging, rheology, digestion, and swelling to systematically elucidate the relationship between amylose content and rice properties and product quality. This paper summarizes its impact on the quality of various rice products such as rice, rice noodles, and rice bread. And then, the development direction of research related to rice amylose is predicted. It is pointed out that future research on rice starch should focus on the fine structural analysis of linear and branched starch, as well as the development of intelligent regulation technology. This article provides theoretical support for improving the quality of rice and rice products.

, authors=Pengyu WANG, Yinyuan HE, Man GAO, Yue XU, Yang YANG, Xinyu XU, Bing WANG, Guang ZHANG, Chunmin MA*, Na ZHANG*, authorsList=Pengyu WANG, Yinyuan HE, Man GAO, Yue XU, Yang YANG, Xinyu XU, Bing WANG, Guang ZHANG, Chunmin MA, Na ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunmin MA, Na ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880475690877432, articleId=1320880472914248174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=稻米中直链淀粉含量对其性质和米制品品质的影响研究进展, columnId=1320880308124238155, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=前沿综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

直链淀粉含量是决定稻米性质与米制产品品质的关键因素。为系统阐明直链淀粉含量与稻米性质和产品品质的关系,本文综述了稻米中淀粉的结构,重点探讨了直链淀粉含量对稻米糊化、老化、流变、消化及膨胀等理化特性的影响,总结了其对米饭、米线、米面包等多种米制品品质的影响。同时预测了稻米直链淀粉相关研究的发展方向,指出未来稻米淀粉的研究应聚焦于直链与支链淀粉的精细结构解析以及智能化调控技术的开发等,本文为稻米和米制品品质提升提供了理论支撑。

, authors=王朋钰, 贺殷媛, 高嫚, 徐悦, 杨杨, 许馨予, 王冰, 张光, 马春敏*, 张娜*, authorsList=王朋钰, 贺殷媛, 高嫚, 徐悦, 杨杨, 许馨予, 王冰, 张光, 马春敏, 张娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马春敏, 张娜, authorNote=

王朋钰(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马春敏(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:大豆,谷物化学与加工机理研究,E-mail:。
张娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物化学与粮食高值化利用,E-mail:。
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 242: 125107., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880475963507193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880475976090106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, companyId=1320880475963507193, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880475984478715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, companyId=1320880475963507193, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880484041736762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Molecular formula and 3D spatial structure of amylose[3], figureFileSmall=vhAif45jC7ehSRVgVFsZig==, figureFileBig=oRNspjFIf9aZgjKfKZ/rTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880484100457019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=CN, label=图1, caption=直链淀粉的分子式及其3D空间结构[3]

注:n代表聚合度,图2同。

, figureFileSmall=vhAif45jC7ehSRVgVFsZig==, figureFileBig=oRNspjFIf9aZgjKfKZ/rTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880484389863996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Molecular formula and 3D spatial structure of amylopectin (a) and its branched structure (b)[3,21], figureFileSmall=eC68rhTHdavDm6GpnvEeeQ==, figureFileBig=Pt3lBD8GEZq7GWcbuMlF1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880484465361469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=CN, label=图2, caption=支链淀粉的分子式和3D空间结构(a)及其分支结构(b)[3,21], figureFileSmall=eC68rhTHdavDm6GpnvEeeQ==, figureFileBig=Pt3lBD8GEZq7GWcbuMlF1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880484708631102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Mechanism of the effect of amylose on the pasting properties of rice paste[25], figureFileSmall=wsrbIOwK9+RgcvCkzkuWaA==, figureFileBig=yXXshsevVyRgLsI2q1egOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880484775739967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=CN, label=图3, caption=直链淀粉对稻米糊化特性的影响机理[25], figureFileSmall=wsrbIOwK9+RgcvCkzkuWaA==, figureFileBig=yXXshsevVyRgLsI2q1egOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880485086118464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic of the inferred swelling of waxy starch granules in water[46], figureFileSmall=2rG4iE3dXzRI4r9bvLxQpg==, figureFileBig=vyw1oC4quynk37eTPHBg9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880485153227329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=CN, label=图4, caption=蜡质淀粉颗粒水中膨胀推测[46], figureFileSmall=2rG4iE3dXzRI4r9bvLxQpg==, figureFileBig=vyw1oC4quynk37eTPHBg9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880485232919106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Influence of amylose content in rice products on their quality under different processing methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式米制品直链淀粉含量及米制品品质参考文献
蒸煮米饭当直链淀粉含量为30%左右时,其蒸煮后米饭的硬度高、口感差。相比于直链淀粉含量为13%~20%的稻米,其消化速率更慢,血糖升高指数更低。多选用13%~20%直链淀粉含量的稻米来蒸煮米饭。[65−66]
米年糕多选用直链淀粉含量在2%左右的糯米作为制作年糕的原料,其制作的年糕具有一定的硬度,弹性、咀嚼性、粘性较高,感官综合评分最高。[59]
米粥选用18.2%~19.9%的大米更适合制作米粥,其制作的米粥具有最佳的粘度和铺展性。直链淀粉含量为31.8%~42.8%的大米会导致米粥过厚,过于粘稠,颗粒粗糙,口感较差。[63]
挤压挤压米线多用20%~24%直链淀粉含量的籼稻作为原料来制作挤压米线,具有较高的弹性、吸水率、复水性,蒸煮损失率、粘性、消化率较低,感官评价较高。[23,68−69]
焙烤米面包直链淀粉含量在10%~20%米面包其膨胀率较高,烘烤质量好。当米面包中直链淀粉含量约为7%时,烘烤后其中心结构会坍塌,使面包无法保持泡沫结构。[67]
米蛋糕相比于粳米和籼米两类直链淀粉含量较高的稻米,使用糯米粉来替代低筋面粉制作蛋糕获得的感官评分最高,糯米粉的添加会降低蛋糕的比容硬度回弹性,但会增加蛋糕的粘着性。[60]
其他米酒一般而言多采用糯米酒进行发酵,糯米发酵后产生较低含量的高级醇,便于控制米酒中高级醇的形成且糯米酒品质要高于普通米酒。[61]
米醋相比于籼米和粳米,选用糯米发酵而成的米醋具有最高的产酸量,且黑糯米产酸会产生更多的活性物质,提高米醋的抗氧化活性。[62]
米粉冰淇淋用直链淀粉含量在12%~17%,蛋白质含量在6.7%左右的稻米品种制作冰淇淋具有更高的膨胀率、颜色、香气以及感官评分,更好的质地。[64]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880485304222275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880472914248174, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

在不同加工方式下米制品中直链淀粉含量对其品质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式米制品直链淀粉含量及米制品品质参考文献
蒸煮米饭当直链淀粉含量为30%左右时,其蒸煮后米饭的硬度高、口感差。相比于直链淀粉含量为13%~20%的稻米,其消化速率更慢,血糖升高指数更低。多选用13%~20%直链淀粉含量的稻米来蒸煮米饭。[65−66]
米年糕多选用直链淀粉含量在2%左右的糯米作为制作年糕的原料,其制作的年糕具有一定的硬度,弹性、咀嚼性、粘性较高,感官综合评分最高。[59]
米粥选用18.2%~19.9%的大米更适合制作米粥,其制作的米粥具有最佳的粘度和铺展性。直链淀粉含量为31.8%~42.8%的大米会导致米粥过厚,过于粘稠,颗粒粗糙,口感较差。[63]
挤压挤压米线多用20%~24%直链淀粉含量的籼稻作为原料来制作挤压米线,具有较高的弹性、吸水率、复水性,蒸煮损失率、粘性、消化率较低,感官评价较高。[23,68−69]
焙烤米面包直链淀粉含量在10%~20%米面包其膨胀率较高,烘烤质量好。当米面包中直链淀粉含量约为7%时,烘烤后其中心结构会坍塌,使面包无法保持泡沫结构。[67]
米蛋糕相比于粳米和籼米两类直链淀粉含量较高的稻米,使用糯米粉来替代低筋面粉制作蛋糕获得的感官评分最高,糯米粉的添加会降低蛋糕的比容硬度回弹性,但会增加蛋糕的粘着性。[60]
其他米酒一般而言多采用糯米酒进行发酵,糯米发酵后产生较低含量的高级醇,便于控制米酒中高级醇的形成且糯米酒品质要高于普通米酒。[61]
米醋相比于籼米和粳米,选用糯米发酵而成的米醋具有最高的产酸量,且黑糯米产酸会产生更多的活性物质,提高米醋的抗氧化活性。[62]
米粉冰淇淋用直链淀粉含量在12%~17%,蛋白质含量在6.7%左右的稻米品种制作冰淇淋具有更高的膨胀率、颜色、香气以及感官评分,更好的质地。[64]
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稻米中直链淀粉含量对其性质和米制品品质的影响研究进展
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王朋钰 , 贺殷媛 , 高嫚 , 徐悦 , 杨杨 , 许馨予 , 王冰 , 张光 , 马春敏 * , 张娜 *
食品工业科技 | 前沿综述 2026,47(18): 546-556
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食品工业科技 |前沿综述 2026 , 47 (18) : 546 -556
稻米中直链淀粉含量对其性质和米制品品质的影响研究进展
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王朋钰 , 贺殷媛, 高嫚, 徐悦, 杨杨, 许馨予, 王冰, 张光, 马春敏* , 张娜*
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
通讯作者:
马春敏(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:大豆,谷物化学与加工机理研究,E-mail:。
张娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物化学与粮食高值化利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王朋钰(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Influence of Amylose Content in Rice on Its Properties and the Quality of Rice Products
Pengyu WANG , Yinyuan HE, Man GAO, Yue XU, Yang YANG, Xinyu XU, Bing WANG, Guang ZHANG, Chunmin MA* , Na ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070208
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直链淀粉含量是决定稻米性质与米制产品品质的关键因素。为系统阐明直链淀粉含量与稻米性质和产品品质的关系,本文综述了稻米中淀粉的结构,重点探讨了直链淀粉含量对稻米糊化、老化、流变、消化及膨胀等理化特性的影响,总结了其对米饭、米线、米面包等多种米制品品质的影响。同时预测了稻米直链淀粉相关研究的发展方向,指出未来稻米淀粉的研究应聚焦于直链与支链淀粉的精细结构解析以及智能化调控技术的开发等,本文为稻米和米制品品质提升提供了理论支撑。

稻米  /  直链淀粉  /  老化特性  /  流变特性  /  消化特性  /  米制品加工

The content of amylose is a key factor determining the properties of rice and the quality of rice products. This article systematically reviews the structure of starch in rice, with a focus on exploring the effects of amylose content on the physicochemical properties of rice gelatinization, aging, rheology, digestion, and swelling to systematically elucidate the relationship between amylose content and rice properties and product quality. This paper summarizes its impact on the quality of various rice products such as rice, rice noodles, and rice bread. And then, the development direction of research related to rice amylose is predicted. It is pointed out that future research on rice starch should focus on the fine structural analysis of linear and branched starch, as well as the development of intelligent regulation technology. This article provides theoretical support for improving the quality of rice and rice products.

rice  /  amylose  /  aging characteristics  /  rheological characteristics  /  digestion characteristics  /  rice product processing
王朋钰, 贺殷媛, 高嫚, 徐悦, 杨杨, 许馨予, 王冰, 张光, 马春敏, 张娜. 稻米中直链淀粉含量对其性质和米制品品质的影响研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 546 -556 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070208
Pengyu WANG, Yinyuan HE, Man GAO, Yue XU, Yang YANG, Xinyu XU, Bing WANG, Guang ZHANG, Chunmin MA, Na ZHANG. Influence of Amylose Content in Rice on Its Properties and the Quality of Rice Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 546 -556 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070208
淀粉作为稻米最主要的成分,约占米粒干基质量的85%~90%,由直链淀粉和支链淀粉组成[1]。直链淀粉作为稻米淀粉的主要组分之一,其含量高低是决定稻米食用品质与加工适应性的关键指标[2]。直链淀粉是由葡萄糖单元通过α-1,4-糖苷键连接而成的线性分子,与具有高度分支结构的支链淀粉共同构成淀粉颗粒[3]。由于其分子结构的差异,直链淀粉与支链淀粉在糊化特性、凝胶形成能力和老化行为等方面表现出显著不同的性质,这使得直链淀粉含量成为影响稻米品质的核心因素。早在20世纪90年代,研究人员就开始认识到直链淀粉含量与米饭质地之间的密切关联,并通过系统研究逐步将其确立为稻米品质分类与评价的重要参数[4−5]。
近年来,关于直链淀粉含量对稻米理化特性影响的研究已形成较为系统的认识。多项研究表明,直链淀粉含量与稻米的糊化特性、吸水能力、凝胶性质及消化行为等均存在明确关联[6−7]。Xu等[8]研究了6种不同稻米理化性质与直链淀粉含量的关系,发现随着直链淀粉含量的变化,稻米的糊化特性、热特性、体外消化性均发生了不同程度的变化。随着基础研究的深入,该领域的研究重心逐渐向应用层面延伸,开始聚焦于直链淀粉含量对不同米制品加工适应性的影响。研究表明,直链淀粉含量通过影响淀粉的凝胶特性、老化行为及凝胶网络结构形成,进而调控各类米制品的质构与加工性能。例如,在挤压重组米[9]、米面包[10]、寿司[11]等产品中,适宜的直链淀粉含量被证实有助于米粉在挤压机内部适度糊化并快速冷却老化,对米粒具有积极的影响,可以使米面包具有更好的比容、面包芯结构和持水力,使寿司米富有咀嚼性和适宜的风味,而含量过高或过低均可能导致加工适应性下降。综上所述,尽管这些研究从理化特性和产品加工适应性的角度深化了对直链淀粉功能特性的认识,但仍缺乏对“直链淀粉含量-理化特性-产品品质”的系统综述。
稻米中直链淀粉含量是影响稻米性质和加工的重要因素。目前,大量研究表明,直链淀粉含量对稻米性质有显著影响,不同的米制品需要不同直链淀粉含量的稻米满足其加工特性需求。然而,目前缺乏稻米中直链淀粉含量对稻米不同理化性质影响及影响机制的系统描述,直链淀粉含量对米制品品质的影响总结不足。基于此,本文系统综述直链淀粉含量对稻米主要理化特性(包括糊化行为、老化回生、流变学特性、消化特性、膨胀率等)的影响及其作用机制,并进一步探讨其在米饭、米线、米面包等常见米制品品质形成中的具体作用。通过对已有文献的系统比较与分析,旨在为不同直链淀粉含量稻米的科学应用提供理论支撑,为米制品专用原料筛选与加工工艺优化提供参考,从而助力稻米品质提升与产业可持续发展。
稻米中的直链淀粉是由葡萄糖单元通过α-1,4糖苷键线性连接而成的线性聚合物[3](图1)。聚合度(DP>100,以线性α-1,4-糖苷键连接为主)是直链淀粉链的典型特征[12],研究表明,从非糯性大米淀粉中纯化的直链淀粉重量平均聚合度(DPw)为2750~3320,数平均聚合度(DPn)为980~1110,平均链长(CL)为250~370[13],重均流体力学半径(Rh)范围为13.4~17.6 nm[14]。与玉米、小麦、高梁、豌豆中等来源的直链淀粉相比,典型的玉米直链淀粉分子链相对较短,DPn为930~990,DPw为2270~2550,平均链长约300~335[15],而小麦中DPn范围波动较大(830~1570),分支程度较高,平均每分子链含5.5~6.5个α-1,6-分支键[16]。典型的高粱淀粉因其支链淀粉含量较高(70%~85%),但其分子量与大米、玉米相近,并无显著优势[17],豌豆淀粉直链淀粉含量在常见的淀粉中总体偏高,且其直链淀粉的分子量相对较小[17]。稻米直链淀粉的水溶性较差,但在加热至80 ℃以上时可逐渐溶解于水,不溶于脂肪[18]。综上所述,直链淀粉的线性分子构型及其高聚合度,是其影响稻米糊化、老化及凝胶等理化特性的内在结构根源。
支链淀粉是一种具有高度分支的线性聚合物,主要由α-1,4糖苷键连接的D-吡喃葡萄糖组成,并含有5%~6%由α-1,6糖苷键连接的支链聚合物[19](图2a)。糯米淀粉含有约63%的双螺旋支链淀粉,而玉米、豌豆、马铃薯、木薯粉和小麦淀粉中双螺旋物质含量从32%~64%不等[3]。这说明糯米淀粉中富含支链淀粉,几乎不含直链淀粉,因此其结晶行为主要归因于支链淀粉分子外链之间形成的双螺旋结构,直链淀粉对糯米中淀粉结晶度的贡献度可忽略不计[20]。大米支链淀粉Rh范围为66.1~83.8 nm[14]。聚合度(DP≤100)对应于支链淀粉的链长分布[12]。为了更准确地研究支链淀粉的精细结构,可将支链淀粉的支链分为三种:A链、B链和C链[21]。A链(DP 6~12)在最外侧通过α-1,6糖苷键连接到B链,B链是被其他链替代,进一步分类B1链(DP 13~24)、B2链(DP 25~36)和B3链(DP≥37)[22]。C链是整个支链淀粉分子的主链还含有唯一的还原基团,且每个支链分子只含有一条C链。其中连接两个分支点的链段,位于分子内部的分支网络中称为内链,而从最外层分支点延伸至分子末端的链段,暴露于分子表面称为外链(图2b)。根据单元链长度的不同,可将支链淀粉划分为短支链(DP 6~36)和长支链(DP>36)。其中,短链在糊化冷却的过程中,通过分子内氢键作用,两条平行的α-1,4糖苷键卷曲形成左手双螺旋结构,并参与淀粉颗粒的晶体形成。Wang等[22]通过高效阴离子色谱法测量了三种不同直链淀粉含量的糯米、粳米、籼米的支链淀粉链长,发现三种稻米的支链淀粉链长差异显著,与籼米相比,粳米和糯米中短A链所占比例较大,中B1链和长B3链所占比例较小。Zhang等[23]对不同直链淀粉含量的籼米品种进行支链淀粉链长的测定,直链淀粉含量较高的样品,其A链占比较小,B链占比较多,支链淀粉单元链比值最低。Tao等[12]通过尺寸排阻色谱的方法,得到了直链淀粉含量2%~31.4%的稻米支链淀粉链长,直链淀粉含量最高的样品短支链占比较低(10~28),而长支链占比较高(DP>31)。综上所述,直链淀粉含量较高的稻米,其短支链占比较低而长支链占比较高。直、支链淀粉在结构与链长分布上的这些差异与协同作用,共同决定了淀粉颗粒的溶胀、糊化及老化等行为,进而调控稻米的宏观理化性质。
直链淀粉含量对稻米的糊化特性具有显著影响,直链淀粉含量越高,稻米的糊化温度越高。在糊化过程中,水分子渗入淀粉颗粒内部,破坏淀粉分子间氢键,促使淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀,直链淀粉被浸出,并形成一个围绕颗粒的网络,从而抑制了淀粉颗粒的膨胀,因此需要吸收更多的热量来延续糊化过程的进行,最终导致糊化温度升高,峰值粘度降低,在长时间的加热和剪切力的作用下,氢键网络结构被破坏,最终导致谷值粘度降低(图3)。Zhu等[7]提取了直链淀粉含量在8.9%~30.3%范围内的四种淀粉,通过差示扫描量热仪对其热特性进行测定,结果表明含有高直链淀粉样品的起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度均要高于低直链淀粉样品。这是由于高直链淀粉含量的稻米,在糊化过程中需要更高的温度才能破坏分子间的相互作用使淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀并破裂。Chung等[24]的研究也证实了这一观点,他们通过测定直链淀粉含量在4.2%~27.2%的四种大米淀粉的热特性,结果表明,起始温度随着直链淀粉含量的升高而逐渐升高,其中直链淀粉含量最高(27.2%)的长粒淀粉拥有最高的峰值温度和终止温度,这表明糊化温度随着直链淀粉含量的增高而升高。而蜡质大米淀粉中出现较低的糊化温度可能是由于蜡质大米淀粉中短支链比例高,导致形成双螺旋的稳定性差,最终使糊化温度较低。
直链淀粉含量还对稻米的峰值粘度和谷值粘度产生影响。直链淀粉与峰值粘度、谷值粘度呈负相关。有研究发现[24],通过快速粘度分析仪测量并对比高直链淀粉、中等直链淀粉、蜡质淀粉之间峰值粘度和谷值粘度,发现蜡质淀粉中的峰值粘度和谷值粘度最高,这可能是因为蜡质淀粉中支链淀粉含量极高,缺少直链淀粉,难以形成直链淀粉-脂质复合物,因此淀粉颗粒迅速膨胀且膨胀程度较高,导致峰值粘度和谷值粘度较高。Xu等[8]通过对比六种大米淀粉的糊化特性,他们发现直链淀粉含量最高的样品(SK118)的峰值粘度最低,这可能是由于直链淀粉链的存在限制了淀粉颗粒的膨胀,导致峰值粘度降低[2]。此外,稻米的糊化特性还与支链淀粉分子的大小有关。Tao等[2]通过比较样品NG46和样品S5038中直链淀粉含量,发现尽管二者具有相似且较低的直链淀粉含量但其糊化特性却不尽相同,样品S5038的峰值粘度和谷值粘度低于其他直链淀粉含量较高的样品,这是因为样品S5038中的支链淀粉分子大小更大,较大的支链分子更容易缠结,这有助于维持淀粉的完整性,从而降低吸水和膨胀的能力,最终降低峰值和谷值粘度。综上所述,稻米的直链淀粉含量升高会显著提高稻米的糊化温度,但会降低其峰值与谷值粘度,这主要归因于直链淀粉网络对淀粉颗粒膨胀的抑制作用。此外,支链淀粉分子大小也会对稻米的糊化特性产生影响。
短期老化是指淀粉糊化后,在储存初期(通常是几小时到几天内)溶解的直链淀粉分子会逐渐通过氢键重新排列,从无序的分散状态向有序的结晶结构转变,形成双螺旋结构的过程[26]。直链淀粉含量是淀粉短期老化的一个重要指标[11]。直链淀粉主要参与在几小时内快速发生的短期老化,老化值、老化焓、最终粘度可以表征淀粉老化的程度。直链淀粉含量对淀粉的老化起关键作用,直链淀粉含量越高,淀粉短期老化速率越快,更易发生短期老化。Tao等[2]的研究发现较高的直链淀粉含量会加快短期老化的速率,并且直链淀粉的含量与最终粘度和老化值正相关。Chakraborty等[27]也证实了这一观点,通过蒸煮五种不同直链含量的稻米,分别将其在4 ℃和-20 ℃的环境下进行6 h和12 h储藏。最终发现直链淀粉含量为23.56%的样品更容易发生短期老化,拥有最高的短期老化值。这与直链淀粉的线性结构密切相关,糊化后的直链淀粉分子由无序重新变为有序,直链淀粉含量越高,形成的B型微晶越多,在较低水分和95 ℃的高温下,也会形成A型微晶,共同导致回生硬化[28]。
淀粉的链长分布是影响其老化行为的关键因素之一。研究表明,在直链淀粉含量较高的大米淀粉中,直链淀粉的短链和长链相对较短,而相对较长的支链淀粉中长链(DP 29~94)具有较快的短期老化速率[29]。Li等[29]在对28种不同直链淀粉含量的稻米进行蒸煮后分析发现,高直链淀粉含量结合上述链长特征会显著加快淀粉的短期老化,从而使米饭质地偏硬、粘性下降。该结论得到了Tao等[2]研究的支持,他们通过对不同品种稻米的直链淀粉链长进行拟合,并分析其糊化特性,指出直链淀粉链能够提供更多键点,分子间可以重新缔合形成稳定的双螺旋结构,从而增加凝胶强度和硬度。这些结果共同表明,淀粉链长结构对老化过程具有重要调控作用。
长期老化是指淀粉糊化后,在低温或室温储存较长时间下,支链淀粉缓慢通过分子链扩散和有序重排形成稳定的结晶结构,并伴随着直链淀粉与支链淀粉协同作用,最终导致淀粉体系硬度持续升高、持水性下降的分子重排过程[30]。直链淀粉含量对长期老化行为具有显著影响,但其作用机制较短期老化更为复杂。
直链淀粉可促进支链淀粉的长期老化进程。研究表明,在39.2 ℃下储藏31周后,高直链淀粉含量(23%~25%)的样品比低直链淀粉含量(9%~11%)样品表现出更高的硬度和黏附值[31]。Li等[32]的研究进一步证实,具有一定直链淀粉含量的非糯米淀粉,其老化焓变值(ΔH)反而高于几乎不含直链淀粉的糯米淀粉,说明适量直链淀粉的存在能够提高支链淀粉分子的老化速率和程度。这是因为低直链淀粉含量的淀粉中,支链淀粉分子数量更多;与直链淀粉分子相比,支链淀粉单位质量的葡萄糖密度显著更高,因此在长期老化过程中可提供更密集的成核位点,导致老化程度加深[33]。然而,直链淀粉对长期老化的促进作用存在双向调控特性。Li等[32]的研究发现,虽然直链淀粉可加速老化初期的凝胶网络形成,但当直链淀粉含量超过一定阈值时,其分子与支链淀粉的竞争性结合反而会抑制完善结晶结构的形成。该研究对直链淀粉含量在9.6%~26.9%范围内的大米淀粉进行分析,发现中等直链淀粉含量(约18%)样品的老化焓最高,而含量过高(>25%)或过低(<5%)均会降低老化程度。
值得注意的是,淀粉的链长分布是影响长期老化行为的关键因素。Wu等[34]的研究表明,支链淀粉超长链(DP 36~100)比例较高的稻米样品老化程度更高。在淀粉酶的作用下,超长链被逐渐分解为中短链,提高长期老化的速率和程度[35]。这说明长期老化过程不仅受直链淀粉含量的调控,更取决于直链淀粉与支链淀粉链长特征的协同作用。
直链淀粉含量对稻米的流变学特性有着显著的影响,具体表现在动态和静态流变参数上。一般认为,储能模量G'与样品的弹性相关,损耗模量G''与样品的黏性相关,G''与G'的比值叫做动态流变损失系数tanδ,其值越大表明样品的黏性越强,越易流动[36]。在动态剪切测试中,高直链淀粉体系通常表现出较高的G'和较低的tanδ,表明其具有更强的弹性。在研究8个水稻品种的米糊的G'、G''和tanδ的变化情况时,发现直链淀粉含量相对较高的样品表现出较高的G'值,且直链淀粉含量最低的样品在整个降温过程中表现出最高的tanδ值[37]。这一现象被归因于直链淀粉含量较高的淀粉当淀粉吸水溶胀时,能够浸出更多的直链淀粉分子,从而分散在完全膨胀的支链淀粉中并相互缠绕交联,起到支撑的作用,增强米糊的刚性结构。Sodhi等[38]研究发现,在加热条件下,直链淀粉含量最高的样品PR-113淀粉的G'和G''峰值最高,分别为4524 Pa和483 Pa,而直链淀粉含量最低的样品PR-103淀粉的G'和G''峰值最低,分别为2630 Pa和350 Pa。这表明淀粉中直链淀粉含量的差异能显著影响样品的黏度与弹性。其原因可能是高直链淀粉含量促使G'在反应体系中的活化能降低或淀粉微观结构的有序度增加,从而形成理想的弹性凝胶结构[38]。除了动态流变特性,稳态剪切测试也显示高直链淀粉糊体通常具有较高的屈服应力(σ0)和剪切稀化指数,表明其内部结构更为致密且对剪切更为敏感。Zhong等[39]的研究为直链淀粉含量对淀粉糊稳态流变学特性的影响提供了直接证据。在65 ℃下对热淀粉糊进行稳态剪切测试时,直链淀粉含量最高的样品L205(24.7%)其零剪切粘度η0和σ0均显著高于其他品种。具体而言,经蛋白酶分离的L205淀粉其η0和σ0分别高达246 kPa·s和41.8 Pa;而直链淀粉含量最低的蜡质品种Calmochi(1.6%),其对应值则仅为46.0 kPa·s和22.7 Pa。这表明淀粉中直链淀粉含量的增加能显著增强糊体在静止状态下的抗流动能力与类固体性质。其原因在于,在糊化过程中浸出的直链淀粉分子相互交织,形成了一个更为致密和坚固的三维网络结构,该网络能够有效地锁住水分,并赋予糊体更高的初始粘度和必须被克服的屈服应力,从而表现出更显著的固态特性[40]。由此可见,直链淀粉含量的变化能够改变淀粉样的黏性和弹性,从而显著影响样品的流变行为。
淀粉根据0~20、20~120和>120 min不同时间内消化的淀粉总量分为快速消化淀粉(Rapidly Digestible Starch,RDS)、慢速消化淀粉(Digestible Starch,SDS)和抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)[41]。在人体内的消化过程中,淀粉首先进入口腔,在唾液淀粉酶的作用下微弱分解RDS中少量的短链结构,之后进入胃中,胃酸使淀粉酶失活,淀粉在胃的蠕动作用下混合后进入小肠,小肠是RDS和SDS的主要消化场所,胰淀粉酶将RDS和SDS分解为葡萄糖,其中RDS可以快速被消化,迅速提高餐后的血糖水平,SDS可以完全被消化,但是需要更长的时间。由于RS的不可消化性,其未被水解,最终RS在大肠中被肠道微生物群发酵成代谢产物,如短链脂肪酸、气体、有机酸,因此具有较高的RS对于餐后血糖水平波动较小。
SDS随着直链淀粉含量的增加而增加,RDS随着直链淀粉含量的增加而下降,RS受直链淀粉含量影响较小。Krishnan等[42]研究发现,黑米的消化率最高,最高值达到94.9%,白米次之,红米最低。这是由于黑米中直链淀粉含量最低,含有更多的RDS,而红米中直链淀粉含量最高,含有更多的SDS。这与Zhang等[43]的研究一致,对低、中、高不同直链淀粉含量的黑米的体外消化性研究,结果表明高直链淀粉含量的黑米中RS、SDS含量明显高于低、中直链淀粉含量的黑米,而直链淀粉含量最低的黑糯米具有最高的RDS。值得一提的是,他们还发现三种米的RDS含量均增加而RS含量降低,这说明在蒸煮的过程中,米粒吸水后体积膨胀,直链淀粉浸出,与酶接触后加速了淀粉分子的分解。这与Zhang等[43]的研究不同,他们认为熟米中RS含量相较于生米中含量有所增加,主要可能是由淀粉-脂肪复合物的生成和未完全糊化淀粉所导致的。
直链淀粉链长较短,较多的短直链淀粉链会导致消化速率较慢。Zhao等[44]对18种直链淀粉含量相近稻米样品的体外消化率研究发现,澳大利亚野生稻(Australian wild rices,AWRs)较其他常规品种的消化速率更慢,样品AWRs淀粉中含有更多较长的直链短链(100 <DP<500)和更短的直链长链(500<DP<6000),但超长直链链长(DP>6000)的含量低于常规栽培的品种。这解释了为什么样品AWRs消化率最低。支链淀粉分子含量更高的稻米中,消化率更高。Wang等[22]发现糯米中的消化率均高于籼米和粳米,与二者相比,糯米的SDS、RDS较高、RS较低,这说明糯米中因为其极低的直链淀粉含量而拥有更多的支链淀粉分子,这些分子更容易受到淀粉酶的攻击,从而导致消化率更高。此外,直链淀粉-脂质复合物的形成也会降低淀粉的消化率。
直链淀粉具有抗溶胀性,因此它在水中的膨胀能力有限。根据Atkin等[45]的理论,淀粉颗粒的膨胀可分为两种模式:径向膨胀和切向膨胀。由于切向膨胀是垂直于径向方向的膨胀,这一方向分子间作用力较弱,水分子更容易渗透并破坏氢键,且支链淀粉分子呈高度分支状能快速与水分子结合沿切向扩张,打破层状束缚,因此切向膨胀是膨胀的先决条件。这一过程的分子基础可以借助Bertoft等[18]提出的“构建块主链模型”来解释,进一步研究认为支链淀粉分子的主链在淀粉颗粒的无定形层片中,并大致沿颗粒的切线方向延伸,而从主链上径向伸出的短链则相互缠绕形成双螺旋,并进一步形成结晶层片。在加热过程中,结晶层片中的双螺旋首先熔解、劣化,表现为在偏光显微镜下“马耳他十字”现象的消失。此阶段之后,维持颗粒完整性的关键结构转变为无定形层片中支链淀粉主链相互连接形成的柔性网络。该网络能够像弹簧一样沿切线方向伸展,吸收水分,从而实现颗粒的宏观径向膨胀。只要主链之间彼此接触,颗粒就能作为一个整体膨胀而不破裂。然而,直链淀粉分子如同贯穿在这个柔性网络中的“支柱”,它们通过与支链淀粉主链的相互作用,限制了网络的切向伸展,从而抑制了颗粒的溶胀[46](图4)。这解释了为何高直链淀粉含量的颗粒溶胀度较低。当加热持续,支链淀粉主链间的连接最终断裂,颗粒完整性丧失,便会发生崩解。
在相同条件下,直链淀粉含量低的稻米比高直链淀粉含量的稻米具有更高的膨胀率[47]。Techawipharat等[48]研究了不同直链淀粉含量稻米的溶胀能力,结果表明,直链含量最低的糯米淀粉具有最高的膨胀强度,表现出更大的柔韧性,膨胀时更易破裂。这与Chung等[24]的研究一致,他们发现糯米淀粉比非糯米淀粉膨胀程度更大。这是因为糯米淀粉中含有较多的支链淀粉,容易吸水膨胀且短A链和B1链比例较高,形成的结晶结构较弱,利于膨胀[24]。此外,他们在比较两个具有相近直链淀粉溶出率的样品时发现,其中一个样品直链淀粉含量略高,这可能是因为直链淀粉与脂质会发生相互作用,形成淀粉-脂质复合物[49]。
稻米的膨胀率随着温度的升高而增加,在低温下(50~70 ℃)淀粉溶胀受支链淀粉的影响,在高温下(80~90 ℃)淀粉溶胀受直链淀粉的影响较大[50]。这可能是因为随着温度的升高,大量的直链淀粉被溶出,形成凝胶网络结构,抑制了淀粉颗粒的膨胀。Zhang等[43]的研究发现,在不同温度(80、90、100 ℃)三种不同淀粉含量黑米蒸煮的过程中,高直链淀粉含量的吸水率和体积膨胀率要低于其他两个品种,低、中直链淀粉的两个品种之间吸水率和膨胀率差异不大。这与Wang等[22]的发现一致,他们通过测定糯米、粳米、籼米三种类型的稻米在50~90 ℃下的溶胀力,结果表明在90 ℃下,籼米的溶胀力最大。
膨胀率与蒸煮时间有着密切的关系,不同直链淀粉含量的稻米在不同的蒸煮时间下,膨胀率变化规律不尽相同[24]。Zhang等[51]的研究发现,当高、中、低直链淀粉含量的稻米在开始蒸煮时,膨胀率均显著提高,这主要是因为在高温下,淀粉颗粒的迅速膨胀。当蒸煮时间从10 min增加到30 min,三种类型的稻米膨胀率发生了些微变化。其中较高直链淀粉含量的稻米膨胀率低于另外两种稻米,其可能时因为直链淀粉分子从颗粒溶出后,通过氢键快速形成网状结构,限制颗粒进一步吸水膨胀。
支链淀粉短链(DP 6~12)会增加膨胀,长B3链(DP≥37)会抑制淀粉的膨胀[24]。Li等[52]的研究印证了这一观点,他们分析了支链淀粉内部结构参数并通过Person相关性分析表明,支链淀粉A链(DP 6~12)含量较高会形成短且不稳定的双螺旋,导致淀粉更容易膨胀。而在最新的研究中发现[53],稻米淀粉颗粒的膨胀分为两个阶段,直链淀粉对在55 ℃和85 ℃左右发生第一个阶段的膨胀没有影响,较短的支链淀粉增加了淀粉颗粒在55~65 ℃内的膨胀能力。在第二阶段,当温度从95~125 ℃时,直链淀粉降低了膨胀强度。综上所述,稻米的膨胀特性不仅受直链淀粉含量的直接影响,还与支链淀粉结构、温度、蒸煮时间及组分间相互作用密切关联,这些因素的协同作用共同决定了最终产品的质构特性。
直链淀粉含量较高的稻米,对酶水解具有低敏感性,水解程度较低。Govindaraju等[54]测量10种直链淀粉含量为12.30%~28.58%的稻米的葡萄糖当量(DE),结果发现所有样品中DE达到最大值时,直链淀粉含量为28.58%和26.53%的样品水解率最低。这可能是由于直链淀粉含量与内部的氢键密度呈正比,紧密堆积的氢键很好地维持了其有序结构,阻止了酶的渗入和接触α-1,4糖苷键[55]。而造成直链淀粉含量较低、稻米水解程度高的原因是A型淀粉具有多个支链淀粉侧链,容易嵌入直链淀粉单螺旋内使α-1,4糖苷键暴露[56]。
相对结晶度与直链淀粉含量呈负相关,这是因为直链淀粉的存在破坏了支链淀粉的结晶堆积和双螺旋结构,使相对结晶度降低[57]。这表明支链淀粉是淀粉结晶性质的主要贡献者。短程有序性一般用傅里叶变换红外光谱法进行研究,用1047 cm−1/1022 cm−1的比率来衡量短程有序性水平,R值越高表示短程有序性水平越高[54]。研究证明,直链淀粉含量较高,尽管其结晶度低,但其短程有序性强,更多的直链淀粉形成了双螺旋结构,阻碍了水解酶的介入[58]。
在不同加工方式下米制品中直链淀粉含量对其品质的影响如表1。直链淀粉含量为2%左右的稻米品种通常为糯米,适合用于制作米年糕、米蛋糕、米酒、米醋。Lü等[59]研究发现使用糯米制作而成的米年糕具有一定硬度和弹性,具有很强的粘性,符合消费人群对于年糕的感官期待。Wang等[60]用籼米、粳米、糯米来替代低筋面粉来制作米蛋糕,结果发现当糯米粉添加量为75%时,蛋糕的感官评分最高,形状最为齐整,质地柔软,弹性好。而反观籼米添加比例较高时,蜂窝状结构不均匀,弹性差,容易形成碎屑。Wang等[61]研究发现用糯米进行发酵可以获得较低含量的高级醇便于控制米酒中的酒精度,获得更好的口感,还可以产生更多的乙酸用来制作米醋[62],尤其是用黑糯米进行发酵后,会增加米醋中抗氧化活性。直链淀粉含量为18.2%~19.9%左右的稻米品种适合制作米粥,其制作的米粥口感顺滑,黏度较低,不易老化[63]。Seong等[64]使用直链淀粉含量为5.89%~40.39%的稻米品种制作米粉冰淇凌,结果发现直链淀粉含量12.0%和17.4%的稻米品种制作的冰淇淋具有一定的粘度和硬度,有米饭特有的香气,感官评分较高。通常选用直链淀粉含量为13%~20%之间的稻米品种制作米饭[65],Cai等[66]的研究发现,直链淀粉含量在30%左右的稻米品种制得的米饭硬度高,粘性低。而直链淀粉含量在14.5%~17.4%的稻米品种,制得米饭的硬度较低,粘性较高,饮食和烹饪质量较好且具有较低的消化率,符合人体健康需求。Jeong等[67]的研究发现,直链淀粉含量在10%~20%的面团制作的米面包具有良好的膨胀率和比容,直链淀粉含量较高的面团往往具有更高的G',能够保持面团在醒发的过程中形成的泡沫结构不被破坏。值得注意的是,制作面包时面团的直链淀粉含量不得低于7%,否则其烘烤过程中,面包中心会发生坍塌[67]。直链淀粉含量对挤压米线的蒸煮品质和感官特性有很大影响。Sim等[68]运用流变学方法分别对三种直链淀粉含量为25.5%、17.7%、10.2%进行理化表征,结果发现25.5%的稻米品种所制得挤压米线具有更大的弹性、质地紧实。Wei等[69]在研究四种直链淀粉含量为21%~23.91%的稻米品种制作的米线时发现,直链淀粉含量较高的米线具有较低的蒸煮损失率和破损率,硬度、嚼劲、弹性也相对较高,但也应适当考虑蛋白质等其他因素对感官特性的影响。
米饭质构决定了米饭的食用品质,而直链淀粉含量是影响米饭质构的主要因素。一般来讲,稻米直链淀粉含量较低时,蒸煮的米饭较软;当米饭的直链淀粉含量较高时,米饭较硬,口感不佳。Li等[65]选用了25种直链淀粉含量13%~20%籼稻进行蒸煮并对其蒸煮后的直链淀粉、蛋白质含量以及质构特性进行了测量,发现直链淀粉含量较高稻米中,硬度较高更有嚼劲,有着更高的凝聚力和弹性,其可能是直链淀粉与支链淀粉发生纠缠或共结晶,抑制了煮饭过程中淀粉的膨胀和溢出。此外该研究还发现稻米的质构特性与蛋白含量无显著的相关性。Liu等[70]研究了105种粳稻品种,并建立了直链淀粉、蛋白含量与食味品质之间的联系,结果发现直链淀粉含量(7.35%≤AC≤19.98%)和蛋白质含量(6.04%≤PC≤9.32%)在较宽区间内与稻米品质显著相关,协调直链淀粉和蛋白质之间的平衡是提高食味品质的关键。直链淀粉含量较低会使米饭在消化过程中水解速度更快,从而导致RDS产生增加。这与Zhang等[51]的研究一致,分别对熟制后低、中、高直链淀粉含量的稻米品种进行淀粉消化率的测定后发现,低、中直链淀粉含量的稻米RS含量急剧下降,而RDS含量大幅上升,这是因为在蒸煮过程中,淀粉分子充分糊化,绝大部分淀粉被淀粉酶迅速消化为RDS而高直链淀粉含量的稻米RS含量仍然较高,这可能是由于溶出的直链淀粉螺旋状结构内部具有疏水性,包裹脂质分子,通过疏水相互作用形成了直链淀粉-脂质复合物,结构紧密,淀粉酶难以接近或切断其糖苷键或在分子间作用力的影响下,仍有部分未完全糊化的淀粉其天然结晶结构对酶解具有抵抗力。此外,Zhang等[71]的研究还发现,在两组直链淀粉含量相近且食味品质较高的稻米中,具有更多的短链支链淀粉(DP 6~12),这与短支链分子间通过氢键形成的结晶结构较弱,在蒸煮的过程中,稻米具有更低的糊化温度,米饭的淀粉颗粒能够充分、均匀的糊化,提升了米饭的柔软度并且在米饭冷却过程中,溶出的短支链淀粉会发生短期老化,使米饭富有弹性有关[72]。
直链淀粉含量被认为是影响挤压米线品质的关键因素之一。普遍观点认为,较高的直链淀粉含量有助于形成更具弹性、结构更稳定的米线产品[73]。Wu等[74]比较了五种不同直链淀粉含量(15.96%~21.88%)的糙米,发现直链淀粉含量较高(20.45%和21.88%)的样品制成的米线在弹性、感官评价和蒸煮品质上表现更优。这一发现与Zhang等[23]的研究相一致,他们指出直链淀粉含量在23%~24%的籼米能赋予挤压米线更理想的硬度、抗拉强度、弹性和复水性。此外,Huang等[75]通过系统聚类分析,将适合制作高品质米线的稻米品种特征进一步精确为直链淀粉含量约22%且胶稠度小于40 mm。这些研究表明,在一定范围内,提升直链淀粉含量对改善米线品质具有积极作用。这种作用可能源于直链淀粉分子在糊化与回生过程中形成的稳定凝胶网络结构[73]。由于直链淀粉分子比支链淀粉分子具有更小的空间位阻和更高的分子流动性[76],因此直链淀粉含量越高,米线的内部微观结构越容易聚集成弹性的凝胶网络。值得注意的是,淀粉的精细结构,特别是支链淀粉的链长分布,也对米线品质有着协同影响。Zhang等[23]在对比直链淀粉含量相近的样品时发现,支链淀粉中较短的单元链(B1链)比例更高,淀粉的溶胀性受到抑制。这表明,最终产品的品质是直链淀粉含量的宏观贡献与支链淀粉微观结构共同作用的结果。
米面包的质构与结构稳定性深受其直链淀粉特性的影响。Yano等[63]的研究表明,当直链淀粉含量从0%增加至20%时,米面团的膨胀性能与G'均呈现上升趋势,且在含量低于7%时面包中心易坍塌。他们认为面糊是由水溶液中的直链淀粉颗粒构成,含有高直链淀粉的面糊会向周围的水中溶出大量的直链淀粉,这些直链淀粉会像“分子骨架”增强面糊粘弹性,有效包裹气体,从而支撑面包体积。这一发现得到了多项研究的支持:Aoki等[77]在更宽的样本范围(直链淀粉含量9.6%~22.3%)内证实,高直链淀粉含量与更大的面包比容和更低的孔隙率相关;Roman等[78]的品种比较研究则从反面提供了证据,即缺乏直链淀粉的糯米粉所制面包比容最低(1.83 mL/g)。然而,直链淀粉的作用并非简单的“含量越高,品质越好”。Roman等[78]同样指出,直链淀粉含量为25.6%的样品会带来硬度高、弹性差的不良质构。更为关键的是,他们的研究揭示了分子结构的重要性:当直链淀粉的聚合度接近700时,强烈的分子间相互作用可能导致面包质地硬化。这说明,除了绝对含量,直链淀粉的分子链长等结构特性同样是决定最终品质的关键变量,过度的分子交联可能对质构产生负面影响。
直链淀粉含量对其他米制品品质也有不同的影响。直链淀粉含量与米酒中高级醇含量之间存在着极强的相关性,多采用糯米作为生产米酒的原料。Wang等[61]通过对比糯米和非糯米在发酵过程中高级醇的形成,发现糯米品种制成的米酒产生的高级醇较低(低于350 mg/L),表明选择直链淀粉含量极低的稻米有助于控制米酒工业中高级醇的形成。Lai等[79]对普通米酒和糯米酒进行发酵研究,结果表明,粳米酒的水溶性糖上升至169.3 mg/g,乙醇含量上升至6.5%,而糯米酒水溶性糖含量上升至194.4 mg/g,乙醇含量上升至8.9%,这些变化表明糯米酒品质要高于普通米酒。糯米以支链淀粉为主,几乎不含直链淀粉。由于直链淀粉高度分支结构使其在淀粉酶的作用下脱支并快速水解,最终转化为葡萄糖,而普通大米中具有较多的直链淀粉,与支链淀粉交织形成部分的结晶区,阻碍了支链淀粉的充分水解[80]。此外,在过滤的酒糟中发现,糯米酒糟的咀嚼性和胶粘性均高于粳米酒糟,这可能是因为糯米中支链淀粉含量较高的缘故。
在米醋制品中,含有较高支链淀粉含量的糯米具有更高的产酸性能,多被用作米醋发酵的原料。Gong等[81]分析比较了糯米醋和粳米醋在发酵过程中理化性质变化以及不同阶段挥发性成分,发现与粳米醋相比,糯米醋的成分和香气物质更丰富,形成食醋的风味更浓郁醇厚,这可能是因为糯米中支链淀粉含量较高,其高度分支结构使其在发酵过程中更容易被酶解,能短时间释放出大量的还原糖。这些还原糖与氨基酸发生美拉德反应,经过一系列复杂的化学变化,如糖胺缩合重排后产生1-氨基-2-脱氧-2-酮糖,再经过脱胺、糖分解、逆向醛化等过程形成多种风味化合物(羟基丙酮、环烯、二羟基丙酮等),这些化合物对糯米醋浓郁醇厚风味的形成起到了重要作用[82]。此外,糯米的高支链淀粉含量还可能影响发酵过程中的微生物代谢和食醋的质构等,进而影响风味[62]。Samuch等[62]的研究也印证了这一观点,他们采用传统的固态发酵法以糯米、黑糯米、粳米、黑香米为原料发酵制作米醋,结果表明在最优的条件下糯米发酵后具有最高的产酸量,其中黑糯米发酵后还具有更多的酚类化合物,有助于提高米醋的抗氧化活性。
在米粥中,直链淀粉含量较高的米粥质地较为粗糙,口感较差,易老化变硬而直链淀粉含量较低的米粥口感顺滑,流动性高。Sim等[68]分别用高、中、低直链淀粉含量的稻米制作米粥,并对比不同直链淀粉含量下米粥的黏度、质构以及感官特性后发现,直链淀粉含量最高的样品,具有较高的回生值。这是由于直链淀粉与氢键形成了双螺旋结构,并进一步堆叠成有序的晶体,这些晶体堆积在一起形成了三维网状结构,将水分包裹其中导致淀粉糊从粘状流体逐渐变为凝胶状[83]。
直链淀粉含量是影响稻米理化特性与米制品品质的关键因素。高直链淀粉含量通常导致较高的糊化温度、较强的凝胶形成能力、较低的消化速率与膨胀潜力,同时加速老化进程;而低直链淀粉含量则赋予稻米更高的黏度、更好的溶胀性及更顺滑的质构特性。这些影响不仅由直链淀粉的绝对含量决定,还与其分子链长、空间构象以及支链淀粉的精细结构密切相关。在米制品应用中,不同产品对直链淀粉含量具有明确需求,如高直链淀粉适于制作米线等弹性要求高的产品,而低直链淀粉更适合用于米糕与米酒等追求黏软质构的食品。
近年来,研究已从简单的直链淀粉表观含量与产品品质相关性分析,深入到分子机制层面。通过系统比较不同直链淀粉含量稻米的理化特性,研究者明确了直链淀粉含量与糊化温度、老化速率、凝胶强度等关键指标之间的量化关系,并揭示了直链淀粉分子通过形成螺旋结构和凝胶网络影响这些特性的分子基础。最新研究表明,直链淀粉的功能特性不仅取决于其绝对含量,更受到其分子链长、分支度等结构参数的影响,同时与支链淀粉的精细结构形成协同效应。例如,支链淀粉中长B链的比例被发现与直链淀粉共同决定稻米的长期老化。
未来研究需聚焦以下方向:一是当前研究多集中于直链淀粉含量这一宏观变量,而对直链/支链淀粉的链长分布、分子量及空间排列等精细结构参数关注不足。例如,不同研究中相同直链淀粉含量样品表现出迥异的老化行为,可能源于支链淀粉中长B链比例或直链淀粉平均链长的差异。未来应结合先进分析技术(如排阻色谱与结构建模),系统解析淀粉分子精细结构,建立多尺度构效关系模型,阐明其对糊化、老化及消化等过程的调控机制;二是稻米品质不仅取决于淀粉,蛋白质、脂质等组分亦通过相互作用影响最终品质。例如,直链淀粉-脂质复合物的形成可显著改变淀粉消化性与流变特性,但在不同加工条件下的形成规律尚不明确。未来应重视多组分体系研究,探讨在热、力、水等加工场中淀粉与蛋白、脂质的互作机制,揭示其对产品质构、风味与稳定性的协同影响;三是随着研究数据的积累,利用人工智能与机器学习方法构建“组成-结构-加工-品质”关联模型已成为可能。未来可整合多源数据,建立直链淀粉相关品质预测平台,为原料筛选、工艺优化与产品创新提供数字化工具,推动稻米产业向智能化和精准化方向发展。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070208
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
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    哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028

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马春敏(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:大豆,谷物化学与加工机理研究,E-mail:。
张娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物化学与粮食高值化利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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