Article(id=1320880435807244441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080123, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852036668, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852036668, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852036668, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852036668, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=580, endPage=592, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880436012765338, articleId=1320880435807244441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Probiotic Microencapsulation: Delivery Mechanisms, Material Development, and Applications in Food Systems, columnId=1320880307935494473, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Frontier Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Probiotic microencapsulation technology is essential for enhancing the gastrointestinal delivery efficiency and the targeted colonization capacity of live bacterial strains, as different materials and fabrication methods enable the construction of microcapsules with distinct characteristics. This review systematically examines the delivery mechanisms, material systems, and advancements in food applications of probiotic microencapsulation. In terms of the delivery mechanism, it begins with an elaboration of multiscale encapsulation techniques such as extrusion, internal emulsification, and microfluidic technology, highlighting its advantages and applicable context in delivery mechanisms. In the field of materials science, the structural-functional properties and protective efficacy of polysaccharides, proteins, and intelligent responsive wall materials are analyzed. At the application level, it summarizes the key influencing factors and current application status of microcapsules in dairy products, fruit and vegetable beverages, and functional dietary supplements. The review clarifies the compatibility patterns between encapsulation technologies, such as extrusion, and various wall materials, demonstrating their potential to enhance probiotic stress resistance and improve food functionality. It also reveals the gap between theoretical development and industrial application in this field, providing valuable insights for industry-academia-research collaboration and precise regulation of microbial communities. Finally, the review envisions future research needs, including the development of low-cost, eco-friendly wall materials, personalized strain-material compatibility strategies, and innovations in large-scale continuous manufacturing processes, to facilitate the transition of probiotic microencapsulation from laboratory-scale research to industrial implementation.

, authors=Zhaosen YUAN1, Chunyan JIA1, Ming WU1, Ning CHEN2, Na ZHANG1, Xiaofei LIU1, *, authorsList=Zhaosen YUAN, Chunyan JIA, Ming WU, Ning CHEN, Na ZHANG, Xiaofei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaofei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880437547880617, articleId=1320880435807244441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=益生菌微胶囊化技术:递送机制、材料开发与食品领域应用进展, columnId=1320880308124238155, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=前沿综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

益生菌微胶囊化技术是提升活菌胃肠道递送效率及靶向定植能力的核心策略,通过不同材料与制作方法能够构建具有不同特性的微胶囊。本文系统综述了益生菌微胶囊化的递送机制、材料体系及食品应用进展。在递送机制方面,详述了挤压法、内源乳化法、微流控技术等多尺度包埋方法的优势与适配场景;在材料领域,分析了多糖、蛋白及智能响应壁材的结构功能特性与保护效能;在应用层面,总结了微胶囊在乳制品、果蔬饮料及功能膳食补充剂领域中影响因素与应用现状。研究明确挤压法等微胶囊化技术及多种壁材的适配规律,其能提升益生菌抗逆性并强化食品功能性,同时揭示该领域理论与产业化矛盾,为产学研融合及菌群精准调控提供关键参考。未来需聚焦于低成本绿色壁材开发、个体化菌株-壁材匹配策略及规模化连续生产技术的创新,以推动益生菌微胶囊从实验室研究向产业化应用的跨越。

, authors=袁照森1, 贾春艳1, 吴鸣1, 陈宁2, 张娜1, 刘晓飞1, *, authorsList=袁照森, 贾春艳, 吴鸣, 陈宁, 张娜, 刘晓飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘晓飞, authorNote=

袁照森(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:益生菌微胶囊化,E-mail:

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刘晓飞(1980−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:稻米高值化利用,E-mail:。
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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 164: 114985., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880463141523765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=71, rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SANTONI M, MICCINI F, BATTELLI N. Gut microbiota, immunity and pain[J]. Immunology Letters, 2021, 229: 44−47., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880463246381366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Jiayu, PIAO Xiangshu, MAHFUZ S, et al. The interaction among gut microbes, the intestinal barrier and short chain fatty acids[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2022, 9: 159−174., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880463334461751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=73, rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAEDI S, DERAKHSHAN S, HASANI A, et al. Recent advances in gut microbiome modulation: Effect of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease prevention and treatment[J]. Current Microbiology, 2024, 82(1): 12., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880463439319352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=74, rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Jianxia, LIU Yiwen, LIU Juhong, et al. Synbiotic formulation of fermented yak milk by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei YT805 and inulin and its efficacy on gut microbiota modulation[J]. LWT, 2025, 230: 118185., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880463523205433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=75, rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAMELO-SILVA C, MOTA E SOUZA B, VICENTE R, et al. Polyfunctional sugar-free white chocolate fortified with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG co-encapsulated with beet residue extract (Beta vulgaris L.)[J]. Food Research International, 2024, 179: 114016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880463590314298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=76, rfOrder=79, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MACHADO VASCONCELOS L I, DA SILVA-BUZANELLO R A, KALSCHNE D L, et al. Functional fermented sausages incorporated with microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum BG 112 in Acrycoat S100[J]. LWT, 2021, 148: 111596., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880463670006075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=77, rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG Bingde, GAN Lei, TIAN Liyuan, et al. Protein/polysaccharide-based hydrogels loaded probiotic-mediated therapeutic systems: A review[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 253: 126841., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880463753892156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=81, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HERNÁNDEZ-BARRUETA T, MARTÍNEZ-BUSTOS F, CASTAÑO-TOSTADO E, et al. Encapsulation of probiotics in whey protein isolate and modified huauzontle’s starch: An approach to avoid fermentation and stabilize polyphenol compounds in a ready-to-drink probiotic green tea[J]. 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articleId=1320880435807244441, language=CN, label=图7, caption=益生菌微胶囊在食品领域的应用, figureFileSmall=sa6DZ1fMIX5kErNYG8OCVw==, figureFileBig=HYo+vF5NnRMjbNWHoYmEBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880448868307175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of experimental results of preparation of probiotic microcapsules by internal emulsification method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标菌种包埋材料包埋率微胶囊大小(μm)实验结论
双歧杆菌海藻酸钠、人乳低
聚糖
>90%无人乳低聚糖:297.46
添加人乳低聚糖:308.07
补充人乳低聚糖的微胶囊表现出更稳定的冻干形式和热稳定性,模拟胃液中益生菌细胞活力显着改善。发现微胶囊摄入后能够明显提升肠道菌群的短链脂肪酸产生量[8]。
嗜酸乳杆菌/植物乳植杆菌明胶>81%嗜酸乳杆菌:26.08
植物乳植杆菌:21.56
通过水包油乳化技术将菌种在明胶中微胶囊化,5 ℃和25 ℃下可稳定储存120 d,稳定性优异[21]。
鼠李糖乳酪杆菌海藻酸钠、乳清蛋白、大米蛋白/豌豆蛋白>93%大米蛋白/豌豆蛋白:18.07至29.68乳清蛋白、大米蛋白/豌豆蛋白的添加提高了包埋效率和热性能[22]。
双歧杆菌海藻酸钠和乳清蛋白>83%−微胶囊具有良好的耐酸性和肠溶性,在4 ℃下储存时保持稳定[23]。
乳双歧杆菌/两歧双歧杆菌/长双歧杆菌长亚种/长双歧杆菌婴儿
亚种
脱脂乳粉、海藻糖、海藻酸钠四种菌均>50%−对多种菌运用了多种方法微胶囊化,对比发现静电喷雾微胶囊的存活率、粘附性能优于内源乳化微胶囊[24]。
青春双歧杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌海藻酸钠、巯基化羧甲基纤维素钠>72%−益生菌双菌微胶囊具有良好的耐酸性和肠溶性。在人工肠液中,微胶囊180 min时释放率达到86.3%,基本完全释放[25]。
植物乳植杆菌乳清蛋白、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、磷虾油>85%数十微米,添加磷虾油后粒径显著降低添加磷虾油可以形成更致密的聚合物,并提高益生菌在环境压力下的存活率[26]。
长双歧杆菌长亚种/短双歧杆菌/两歧双歧
杆菌
果胶/藻酸盐、牛乳骨桥蛋白果胶微胶囊效果最优>90%藻酸盐基:210
果胶基:138
使用牛乳骨桥蛋白作为微胶囊化的赋形剂,可以提高益生菌不利条件下的活力;降低细胞外钙离子浓度,防止过量游离钙离子对益生菌细胞壁损害[27]。
动物双歧杆菌乳亚种海藻酸钠、氯化钙、黄原胶、角叉菜胶、果胶、菊粉、葡萄糖>98.6%−海藻酸盐与角叉菜胶共同微胶囊化,并以牛奶代替水时包埋率与微胶囊保护能力最佳。在低温与体外消化模拟中表现良好[28]。
), ArticleFig(id=1320880448947998952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分运用内源乳化法制备益生菌微胶囊的实验结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标菌种包埋材料包埋率微胶囊大小(μm)实验结论
双歧杆菌海藻酸钠、人乳低
聚糖
>90%无人乳低聚糖:297.46
添加人乳低聚糖:308.07
补充人乳低聚糖的微胶囊表现出更稳定的冻干形式和热稳定性,模拟胃液中益生菌细胞活力显着改善。发现微胶囊摄入后能够明显提升肠道菌群的短链脂肪酸产生量[8]。
嗜酸乳杆菌/植物乳植杆菌明胶>81%嗜酸乳杆菌:26.08
植物乳植杆菌:21.56
通过水包油乳化技术将菌种在明胶中微胶囊化,5 ℃和25 ℃下可稳定储存120 d,稳定性优异[21]。
鼠李糖乳酪杆菌海藻酸钠、乳清蛋白、大米蛋白/豌豆蛋白>93%大米蛋白/豌豆蛋白:18.07至29.68乳清蛋白、大米蛋白/豌豆蛋白的添加提高了包埋效率和热性能[22]。
双歧杆菌海藻酸钠和乳清蛋白>83%−微胶囊具有良好的耐酸性和肠溶性,在4 ℃下储存时保持稳定[23]。
乳双歧杆菌/两歧双歧杆菌/长双歧杆菌长亚种/长双歧杆菌婴儿
亚种
脱脂乳粉、海藻糖、海藻酸钠四种菌均>50%−对多种菌运用了多种方法微胶囊化,对比发现静电喷雾微胶囊的存活率、粘附性能优于内源乳化微胶囊[24]。
青春双歧杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌海藻酸钠、巯基化羧甲基纤维素钠>72%−益生菌双菌微胶囊具有良好的耐酸性和肠溶性。在人工肠液中,微胶囊180 min时释放率达到86.3%,基本完全释放[25]。
植物乳植杆菌乳清蛋白、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、磷虾油>85%数十微米,添加磷虾油后粒径显著降低添加磷虾油可以形成更致密的聚合物,并提高益生菌在环境压力下的存活率[26]。
长双歧杆菌长亚种/短双歧杆菌/两歧双歧
杆菌
果胶/藻酸盐、牛乳骨桥蛋白果胶微胶囊效果最优>90%藻酸盐基:210
果胶基:138
使用牛乳骨桥蛋白作为微胶囊化的赋形剂,可以提高益生菌不利条件下的活力;降低细胞外钙离子浓度,防止过量游离钙离子对益生菌细胞壁损害[27]。
动物双歧杆菌乳亚种海藻酸钠、氯化钙、黄原胶、角叉菜胶、果胶、菊粉、葡萄糖>98.6%−海藻酸盐与角叉菜胶共同微胶囊化,并以牛奶代替水时包埋率与微胶囊保护能力最佳。在低温与体外消化模拟中表现良好[28]。
), ArticleFig(id=1320880449006719209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Application of partial wall materials in probiotic microencapsulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
所用材料是否添加至食品微胶囊化方法包埋菌种包埋率微胶囊大小
(μm)
释放效率参考文献
海藻酸钠、壳聚糖可作为食品添加剂挤压法植物乳植杆菌>97%3960>88%[55]
海藻酸钠、果胶、大豆分离蛋白可作为食品添加剂/直接食用电喷雾植物乳植杆菌>95%−>92%[34]
羟丙基甲基纤维素、海藻酸钠、微晶纤维素限制性食用/可作为食品添加剂Pickering乳液/喷雾干燥植物乳植杆菌>94%8.2>69%[56]
β-葡聚糖、海藻酸盐限量食用/可作为食品添加剂喷雾干燥嗜酸乳杆菌>97%0.8>88%[57]
乙基纤维素、麦芽糖糊精、甘油不可食用/直接食用喷雾干燥双歧杆菌>90%8.21−[58]
邻苯二甲酸羟丙甲纤维素、羟丙甲纤维素限量食用/可作为食品添加剂喷雾干燥植物乳植杆菌>91%5.37>77%[59]
海藻酸盐、壳聚糖、粘蛋白、明胶可作为食品添加剂/直接食用挤压法植物乳植杆菌>96%1294>72%[47]
海藻酸钠、壳聚糖可作为食品添加剂逐层包埋鼠李糖乳酪杆菌−3000>60%[60]
羟丙基甲基纤维、海藻糖、乳清蛋白限制性食用/可作为食品添加剂/直接食用电喷雾植物乳植杆菌>96%1.34>77%[36]
乳清蛋白、麦芽糊精、玉米粉直接食用美拉德反应鼠李糖乳酪杆菌>92%−>62%[61]
鹰嘴豆蛋白、麦芽糊精直接食用喷雾干燥副干酪乳酪杆菌>57%4.60>90%[56]
虫胶与乳清分离蛋白为食品添加剂/直接食用喷雾干燥鼠李糖乳酪杆菌>20%−−[62]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880449094799594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880435807244441, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分壁材材料在益生菌微胶囊化中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
所用材料是否添加至食品微胶囊化方法包埋菌种包埋率微胶囊大小
(μm)
释放效率参考文献
海藻酸钠、壳聚糖可作为食品添加剂挤压法植物乳植杆菌>97%3960>88%[55]
海藻酸钠、果胶、大豆分离蛋白可作为食品添加剂/直接食用电喷雾植物乳植杆菌>95%−>92%[34]
羟丙基甲基纤维素、海藻酸钠、微晶纤维素限制性食用/可作为食品添加剂Pickering乳液/喷雾干燥植物乳植杆菌>94%8.2>69%[56]
β-葡聚糖、海藻酸盐限量食用/可作为食品添加剂喷雾干燥嗜酸乳杆菌>97%0.8>88%[57]
乙基纤维素、麦芽糖糊精、甘油不可食用/直接食用喷雾干燥双歧杆菌>90%8.21−[58]
邻苯二甲酸羟丙甲纤维素、羟丙甲纤维素限量食用/可作为食品添加剂喷雾干燥植物乳植杆菌>91%5.37>77%[59]
海藻酸盐、壳聚糖、粘蛋白、明胶可作为食品添加剂/直接食用挤压法植物乳植杆菌>96%1294>72%[47]
海藻酸钠、壳聚糖可作为食品添加剂逐层包埋鼠李糖乳酪杆菌−3000>60%[60]
羟丙基甲基纤维、海藻糖、乳清蛋白限制性食用/可作为食品添加剂/直接食用电喷雾植物乳植杆菌>96%1.34>77%[36]
乳清蛋白、麦芽糊精、玉米粉直接食用美拉德反应鼠李糖乳酪杆菌>92%−>62%[61]
鹰嘴豆蛋白、麦芽糊精直接食用喷雾干燥副干酪乳酪杆菌>57%4.60>90%[56]
虫胶与乳清分离蛋白为食品添加剂/直接食用喷雾干燥鼠李糖乳酪杆菌>20%−−[62]
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益生菌微胶囊化技术:递送机制、材料开发与食品领域应用进展
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袁照森 1 , 贾春艳 1 , 吴鸣 1 , 陈宁 2 , 张娜 1 , 刘晓飞 1, *
食品工业科技 | 前沿综述 2026,47(18): 580-592
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食品工业科技 |前沿综述 2026 , 47 (18) : 580 -592
益生菌微胶囊化技术:递送机制、材料开发与食品领域应用进展
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袁照森1 , 贾春艳1, 吴鸣1, 陈宁2, 张娜1, 刘晓飞1, *
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
  • 2哈尔滨商业大学药学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
通讯作者:
刘晓飞(1980−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:稻米高值化利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

袁照森(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:益生菌微胶囊化,E-mail:

Probiotic Microencapsulation: Delivery Mechanisms, Material Development, and Applications in Food Systems
Zhaosen YUAN1 , Chunyan JIA1, Ming WU1, Ning CHEN2, Na ZHANG1, Xiaofei LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
  • 2College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080123
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益生菌微胶囊化技术是提升活菌胃肠道递送效率及靶向定植能力的核心策略,通过不同材料与制作方法能够构建具有不同特性的微胶囊。本文系统综述了益生菌微胶囊化的递送机制、材料体系及食品应用进展。在递送机制方面,详述了挤压法、内源乳化法、微流控技术等多尺度包埋方法的优势与适配场景;在材料领域,分析了多糖、蛋白及智能响应壁材的结构功能特性与保护效能;在应用层面,总结了微胶囊在乳制品、果蔬饮料及功能膳食补充剂领域中影响因素与应用现状。研究明确挤压法等微胶囊化技术及多种壁材的适配规律,其能提升益生菌抗逆性并强化食品功能性,同时揭示该领域理论与产业化矛盾,为产学研融合及菌群精准调控提供关键参考。未来需聚焦于低成本绿色壁材开发、个体化菌株-壁材匹配策略及规模化连续生产技术的创新,以推动益生菌微胶囊从实验室研究向产业化应用的跨越。

益生菌  /  微胶囊化  /  壁材设计  /  作用机制  /  产品应用

Probiotic microencapsulation technology is essential for enhancing the gastrointestinal delivery efficiency and the targeted colonization capacity of live bacterial strains, as different materials and fabrication methods enable the construction of microcapsules with distinct characteristics. This review systematically examines the delivery mechanisms, material systems, and advancements in food applications of probiotic microencapsulation. In terms of the delivery mechanism, it begins with an elaboration of multiscale encapsulation techniques such as extrusion, internal emulsification, and microfluidic technology, highlighting its advantages and applicable context in delivery mechanisms. In the field of materials science, the structural-functional properties and protective efficacy of polysaccharides, proteins, and intelligent responsive wall materials are analyzed. At the application level, it summarizes the key influencing factors and current application status of microcapsules in dairy products, fruit and vegetable beverages, and functional dietary supplements. The review clarifies the compatibility patterns between encapsulation technologies, such as extrusion, and various wall materials, demonstrating their potential to enhance probiotic stress resistance and improve food functionality. It also reveals the gap between theoretical development and industrial application in this field, providing valuable insights for industry-academia-research collaboration and precise regulation of microbial communities. Finally, the review envisions future research needs, including the development of low-cost, eco-friendly wall materials, personalized strain-material compatibility strategies, and innovations in large-scale continuous manufacturing processes, to facilitate the transition of probiotic microencapsulation from laboratory-scale research to industrial implementation.

probiotics  /  microencapsulation  /  wall material design  /  mechanism of action  /  product application
袁照森, 贾春艳, 吴鸣, 陈宁, 张娜, 刘晓飞. 益生菌微胶囊化技术:递送机制、材料开发与食品领域应用进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 580 -592 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080123
Zhaosen YUAN, Chunyan JIA, Ming WU, Ning CHEN, Na ZHANG, Xiaofei LIU. Probiotic Microencapsulation: Delivery Mechanisms, Material Development, and Applications in Food Systems[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 580 -592 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080123
肠道菌群是指定植于人体肠道内的庞大微生物群落,具有种类丰富、功能多样的特点,与人体形成共生关系,在人体消化吸收、免疫调节、代谢合成、屏障保护等方面具有积极影响。近年来,随着对肠道菌群的不断深入研究,研究人员逐步揭示了肠道菌群失调与多种疾病的密切关系。调节肠道菌群的动态平衡及菌种结构,有助于维持机体健康状态,并对相关疾病具有改善作用。
益生菌是一类对人体健康有益的微生物,在调节肠道菌群方面具有重要作用。若有足够数量的外来益生菌在肠道中稳定定植,能够改变原有菌群组成,改善肠道环境,进而带来健康效益。但是在实际应用中存在诸多问题,局限了益生菌的应用:在加工存储环节,益生菌受到环境胁迫,导致其失去活性;口服益生菌进入人体后,胃肠道的极端环境会导致大量菌体失活,从而显著降低其生物功效。因此,对益生菌进行包埋保护,提升益生菌在极端条件下的抗逆性,帮助益生菌靶向递送至肠道,进而帮助治疗各类疾病的益生菌微胶囊化技术应运而生。
本文从益生菌微胶囊化技术的方法及机制;益生菌微胶囊化的不同类壁材运用原理及选择;益生菌微胶囊化在食品领域中的应用三个方面进行系统梳理和总结,为拓宽益生菌微胶囊应用,对未来益生菌微胶囊化技术研究提供参考,有助于推动我国微胶囊产业更深层次发展。
益生菌微胶囊化研究可追溯到20世纪80年代,早期聚焦于乳制品中乳酸菌的微胶囊化。发展至今,已针对不同菌株特性形成差异化微胶囊工艺,包含喷雾干燥、挤压包埋、乳化凝胶及静电纺丝等多种技术。当前研究聚焦于新型生物相容性材料(如抗性淀粉、植物多酚复合物)的开发,其核心目标在于实现益生菌递送系统的定制化功能,与产业化应用需求高效适配[1]。
益生菌细胞的粒径通常介于1到10微米之间,部分针对维生素、植物色素或甾醇等小分子活性物质颗粒的微胶囊化技术,难以直接适用于益生菌。此外,微胶囊粒径会影响食物感官质量与消化利用效率[2]:小粒径微胶囊比表面积大、生物粘附性高;大粒径微胶囊则易产生砂砾质地、影响口感,且摄入后释放速度变慢、释放时间延长。
益生菌微胶囊化技术有两种主要形式:一种是用聚合物材料形成单层或多层保护壳,完整包埋菌体;另一种是将菌体均匀分散在海绵状聚合物网络中,制成内外结构均一的产品[3]。微胶囊能保护益生菌,增强其在加工、储存及胃肠道递送中的抗逆性,提升生物利用度并帮助益生菌有效定植。此外,部分特殊材料微胶囊可利用结肠特殊pH环境与肠道菌群分泌的特异性酶,实现靶向释放。微胶囊从生产至释放流程见图1。
益生菌微胶囊化加工过程主要分为三个阶段:第一阶段,将益生菌掺入固体(凝聚或吸附)或液体(溶解或分散)基质中;第二阶段,对溶液进行分散或喷射;第三阶段,通过物理(蒸发、混凝和团聚)、化学(聚合)或物理化学(凝胶)方法稳定系统[2]。微胶囊制成后需进行干燥,以去除溶剂、降低水分、延长其保质期。不同微胶囊化技术的概念、操作方法及产物性质不同,且各有优缺点[4]。益生菌微胶囊化技术分类多样,其中之一是依据对芯材状态不同进行分类,主要可分为三种,储层型(将单独益生菌作为芯材,运用不同材料分别进行微胶囊化)[5],基质型(将益生菌作为芯材均匀掺入壁材基质中)[6],包裹基质型(将含有益生菌的基质作为芯材,外部用不同材料包埋)[2],详见图2。此外,也可按照加工方式(喷雾干燥型[7]、低温冻干型[8]、离子交联型[9]等)或微胶囊成品状态(水凝胶[6]、Pickering乳液[10]等)分类。
喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥是主流的干燥工艺,也是常见的微胶囊化技术。喷雾干燥成本低,操作流程是将菌体与保护材料溶液混合后,通过喷嘴雾化为微小液滴,进入干燥罐快速脱水。微小液滴中的水分在一秒内蒸发,形成固态微胶囊。该方法产量大,速度快,但是菌体会短时间内暴露于高温环境中,对益生菌活性产生负面影响。Tao等[7]选用5种多糖作为壁材,与干酪乳酪杆菌共同微胶囊化后,进行喷雾干燥,最终发现含有阿拉伯树胶的微胶囊具有最大包埋效率(高达97.1%);掺入海藻酸钠或羧甲基纤维素钠的微胶囊具有较高的存活率,模拟胃肠道条件后存活率超过6.5 log CFU/g。
冷冻干燥常用真空低温工艺。该技术先将含有益生菌的溶液分散处理,再利用水分在不同压力下沸点的不同,低温低压环境中进行脱水处理。相比喷雾干燥,冷冻干燥对菌体的损伤较小。但工艺中存在的极端环境仍会对菌体造成物理冲击,可能干扰细胞正常代谢,导致部分菌体失活或死亡。实验证明,溶液中添加保护剂或优化冷冻干燥程序,可有效提升菌体存活率[11]。现有益生菌冷冻保护剂主要分为三类:稳定剂(解吸过程中替代水)、高分子多糖及其聚合物(提高溶液玻璃化转变温度)、抗氧化剂(限制储存时的氧化反应)[12]。冷冻干燥因干燥时间长,导致该方法使用成本较高,产率较低,限制了其大批量生产运用[13]。实际应用中需结合微胶囊的性质与成本等因素,选用适合的干燥方法。
挤压法(又称锐孔法)利用喷嘴分散含有益生菌与壁材的混合液,小液滴在交联剂中相变后形成微胶。具体工艺为:将益生菌与壁材溶液混合后,通过喷嘴或针头喷出,在空中由重力、表面张力、冲量和摩擦力等相互作用形成液滴,液滴进入交联剂后迅速转化为固体颗粒。挤压法的壁材常选藻酸盐、角叉菜胶、明胶和壳聚糖等水胶体材料作为壁材,交联剂多为氯化钙、氯化铝等多价阳离子盐[14]。以海藻酸钠为例,含有的游离羧基能够与多种金属阳离子发生交联反应形成凝胶。二价金属阳离子(如Ca2+、Cu2+等)与海藻酸钠高度亲和,相邻两条糖链上的四个残基合围形成配体空腔,通过盐桥键束缚二价金属离子,形成稳定的“egg-box”结构,详见图3。挤压法微胶囊的大小和形状取决于聚合物黏度、喷嘴直径、交联剂浓度、喷嘴和硬化槽之间距离、凝胶化时间等[15]。目前已衍生出旋转喷嘴的离心挤压与用于高黏度原料的热熔挤压等新型技术。挤压法具有两个显著优点:加工过程不需要有害溶剂、操作条件不需要极端环境(极端pH与极端温度)。这两个优点使加工过程中菌体损伤降低,显著提高了菌存活率,被认为是封装热敏性生物活性物质(如益生菌和益生元共同微胶囊化)的理想技术[16]。
Athayde等[9]用挤压与乳化法制作了含有鼠李糖乳酪杆菌的壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微胶囊,两种微胶囊在极端环境条件下具有保护效果(冷藏28 d存活率仍有82%),同时还拥有高耐热性。挤出法包埋率(86.01%)略优于乳化法(74.43%)。图3以海藻酸钠为例,介绍了挤压法制备海藻酸钠-壳聚糖微胶囊的生产流程及机理。
内源乳化法利用乳液中分散相的均一小液滴,相变后形成微胶囊。具体工艺为:将益生菌加入多相不互溶溶液,加乳化剂制稳定乳液,利用不同相间的不互溶性,芯材作为分散相均匀分布于连续相中。通过添加交联剂或调节已有交联剂的连续相pH,使H+透过两相界面,释出多价阳离子,在分散相内侧成球并固化为微胶囊。微胶囊制成后常用冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥延长储藏期[17]。内源乳化法加工参数会显著影响微胶囊的粒径与形状:溶液粘稠度、pH、温度和搅拌速度等。同时,微胶囊壁材的选择、有机溶液浓度以及益生菌的品种差异,也会对最终包埋率产生直接影响[18]。相比于其他微胶囊化技术,内源乳化法有效解决了微胶囊成型过程中常见的颗粒结块问题,进而使制得的微胶囊具备多重优势:颗粒粒径更小,分布更均匀,包埋率更高,表面孔隙更少,尺寸分布范围更广,形状更接近标准球形,且表面光滑度更优。图4以海藻酸钠为例,运用内源乳化法制备微胶囊。
常柳依等[19]添加寡糖与藻酸盐寡糖制备两种长双歧杆菌长亚种微胶囊。通过体外模拟消化实验证明壳寡糖对长双歧杆菌长亚种的保护作用更优,处理后仍能保持106 CFU/g以上的活菌数,调节肠道菌群效果更佳。Annan等[20]将双歧杆菌与明胶分散在海藻酸钠与植物油制成的乳液中,加入含有混凝剂Ca2+的水相,沉积在微胶囊表面获得了明胶涂层,并证明了明胶涂层对微胶囊降解具有缓冲作用。更多内源乳化法制备益生菌微胶囊实验结果与对比详见表1。
Pickering乳液是一种颗粒构成的稳定乳液,与利用多相液体极性差异的普通乳液不同,Pickering乳液两相相间由颗粒构成屏障。随着Pickering乳液从低内相向高内相转变,乳液中的颗粒形态由液态逐步向固态过渡,内相越高的Pickering乳液颗粒越接近于固态[29]。Pickering乳液法制备微胶囊需用干燥益生菌粉,而非其他微胶囊化技术常见的含菌溶液。其核心工艺为:将菌粉均匀分散至水相或油相后,加入含有固体颗粒的另一相,通过超声振荡、高压均质等物理手段混合,使Pickering颗粒吸附于两相界面,最终实现体系的动力学与热力学稳定[30]。与内源乳化法相比,Pickering乳液法不含低分子量的表面活性剂,且固体颗粒在油水界面处具有极大的解离自由能,不可逆吸附性极高,可构建安全、稳定且环保的保护系统[31]。在Pickering乳液构建过程中,可通过测量颗粒在三相边界处的接触角θ(颗粒和界面交点切线与界面形成的夹角)来判断其乳液类型(水包油型W/O或油包水型O/W),具体详见图5。同时,接触角θ越接近90°,固体颗粒在两相界面处形成的乳液稳定性越强,在θ=90°时,具有最高的不可逆吸附性[30]。由于Pickering乳液构建时常选用非可食用材料,因此在食品领域较为少见。
Ruan等[10]和Xie等[32]构建了不同的W/W Pickering乳液,前者选择进行交联,制成羟丙基甲基纤维素-葡聚糖乳液,后者则利用纤维素纳米晶体间的静电斥力来构建乳液。羟丙基甲基纤维素-葡聚糖乳液稳定性十分优异,90 d仍不分层。纤维素纳米晶体乳液应用范围更广,可以通过调整离子强度和系统的pH控制其相分离速率,可用于封装液相色谱池,能够通过调节相组成来控制乳液内的分布,未来应用潜力巨大。
复合凝聚法利用了带相反电荷生物聚合物(复合凝聚材料)的静电力。将复合物溶解于水中,发生聚集作用,系统自由能逐渐降低。自由能变化促使复合物的物理特性发生改变:尺寸缩小、表面性质转变,最终从溶解状态转变为不溶状态。在此过程中会产生分层现象,从而实现微胶囊化[30]。复合凝聚法的成型效果受多个关键参数调控:环境温度直接影响反应速率;溶液均质程度影响结构均匀性与包埋率;pH决定电荷互作强度;溶液中离子强度影响分子间结合力;复合物浓度高低控制着微胶囊密度与生产时间;生物大分子的分子量及其混合比例显著影响最终包埋质量。复合凝聚法具有较强的适应性与良好的生物相容性,既不需要任何有机溶剂,也不需要极端的反应条件。考虑到生产过程需保障对益生菌活性与微胶囊食用安全性,常选用蛋白质或多糖作为复合凝聚材料。
Zhao等[33]设计了具有高凝聚pH的A型明胶/阿拉伯树胶/蔗糖益生菌基质,将植物乳植杆菌微胶囊化后,对其形态、水分含量、动态蒸汽吸收和细胞活力进行了比较,证明蔗糖添加和凝聚可有效保护益生菌免受环境胁迫,中性凝聚pH更有利于确定细胞对环境压力时的活力。
多层包埋也称为逐层包埋,基于聚合物材料之间氢键和静电相互作用,将带正电的材料浸入阴离子聚电解质溶液中,从而在涂层之间组装层,原理与复合凝聚法类似。在益生菌微胶囊涂层时,利用不同材料携带的异种电荷(正电荷与负电荷),促使材料间发生黏附与聚集,通过自组装在微胶囊表面形成稳定涂层[34]。多层包埋法具备显著技术优势:能够改变不同结构微胶囊的表面特性,通用性高,常作为其他微胶囊化方法的补充步骤;还可以控制壁材厚度与产品粒径,避免影响口感。但是,多层包埋法静电吸附和沉积需要较长时间,此过程中也可能发生聚集现象,减少微胶囊后续黏附时可用的表面积,导致涂层效率降低。图6展示了以植物乳植杆菌为芯材,利用菌与果胶的表面负电荷与玉米醇溶蛋白纳米颗粒的表面正电荷,运用多层包埋法制备多层微胶囊。
Huang等[34]与Krasaekoopt等[35]以海藻酸钠微胶囊为基础,分别在壁材表面添加了大豆分离蛋白涂层与壳聚糖/聚-L-赖氨酸涂层,得到两种微胶囊。发现保护能力均有提升,环境胁迫下的菌种活力显著上升。前者在模拟消化中存活率高达92.53%±0.33%,后者的活菌数达到1.3×106 CFU/g。
电流体法是指将带有壁材聚合物的溶液注入毛细管,管口处施加静电,带电液滴通过静电作用被拉伸、拉长,随后经干燥和吸附后,收集到金属收集器中[36]。在生产过程中,通过调控聚合物溶液的理化性质(如浓度)、加工条件(如电压)和环境参数(如温度、湿度),可制备出微米到纳米尺度的材料、纤维和颗粒[30]。与传统微胶囊技术相比,电流体法兼具干燥技术优势:能在单一步骤中形成干燥的微米-纳米级的产品,且无需极端温度或冷冻处理。这一优势使其适用范围覆盖热敏性与低温敏感性生物活性原料[16]。电流体法生产出的产品通常均匀分散,具有较高的负载能力与较低的组件损失。理论上,带电液滴间的电排斥现象可避免颗粒聚集,但在实际应用中,因溶剂蒸发不充分(尤其使用水溶液时),颗粒聚集现象仍较常见。电流体法制备的微胶囊虽表面积较大、有效包封率极高,但是应用于益生菌时,需用纤维将单个菌逐层包埋,导致生产效率较低。同时,该技术对设备要求较高,目前仍局限于实验室研究阶段。
Ma等[36]运用乳清浓缩蛋白为壁材,通过电喷雾法将植物乳植杆菌与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯共同微胶囊化,多糖与多酚的掺入显著增加了微胶囊的热稳定性、抗氧化性、保护能力与储藏能力。
微流控技术利用微流控芯片,通过精准操控微升至皮升级的流体,在微通道内实现液滴/颗粒的均一化制备,并以固定尺寸精确控制每个液滴,最终制成大小均一、表面光滑的微胶囊。与依赖乳液体积特性的传统乳化技术相比,微流控技术能在更低的能耗下,微米尺度上,生成具有所需分散性和尺寸的不同乳液。通过精确控制流体动力学,微流体技术能够实现高度单分散和可控尺寸的乳液液滴。
Zhang等[37]利用同轴流为主的微流控技术,生成具有良好单分散性和高度可调性质的油包水油(O/W/O)结构液滴,并利用海藻酸盐的交联性能,进一步制备具有高包封率和靶向肠道释放的微胶囊,包埋率均在95%左右。
消化道是一个复杂的环境,微胶囊从口服进入体内,到结肠中释放,益生菌需要抵抗不同区域的不利环境和各种酶的作用(胃酸、胆汁盐和消化酶等)。同时,益生菌对温度、湿度和氧气等外部环境参数表现出显著的敏感性,微胶囊化时须考虑处理方法与所处环境,因此壁材的选择变得尤为重要。壁材直接决定了微胶囊的抗逆性、释放特性、在肠道的留存时间等重要性质。
由于制备的微胶囊大多由口服摄入进入人体,因此首先要保证天然或合成的壁材无毒无害,并能够与所包埋益生菌相容。其次,壁材应能足够抵抗胃肠道的不利环境(低pH环境,胆汁盐等),保护益生菌到达结肠区域。最后,微胶囊应确保在结肠的留存时间内释放出足量的益生菌,通常菌应到达109 CFU/mL水平才能发挥出足够的功效[3]。根据结肠的环境条件以及菌群产物,为实现微胶囊的靶向递送,研究人员发现了多种响应性壁材:pH响应类壁材(利用消化道系统中仅结肠pH偏碱性的特性)、酶响应类壁材(利用仅存于结肠的特殊酶进行分解壁材)等。在满足其他基本要求的前提下,构建靶向递送类微胶囊具有释放准确性高,释放效率强等优势[38]。
多糖由单糖通过糖苷键连接组成,带有丰富的羟基和带电荷的基团,二者赋予了多糖特有的胶凝特性、离子剂交联、抗酸降解和结肠特异性,克服了口服益生菌递送的限制。多糖构建的微胶囊递送体系通常具有良好的生物相容性、生物降解性和粘膜粘附性[39]。
海藻酸盐又称海藻酸胶、褐藻酸盐或藻酸盐,是海藻酸的盐类,最常见的是海藻酸钠。由β-1,4糖苷键交联D-甘露糖醛酸和α-1,4糖苷键交联古洛糖醛酸组成的线性多糖,分子链上含有大量羧酸自由基,可以通过离子交联与二价阳离子反应形成“egg-box”结构的水凝胶,将益生菌包埋其中,具体机理可见图4。海藻酸盐水凝胶能够模仿生物膜的细胞外基质,在酸性条件下,海藻酸盐残基质子化,形成-COOH,产生保护作用,防止胃液渗透和益生菌在酸性胃环境中的活性损失[40]。同时,海藻酸钠微胶囊有较好的粘膜粘附特性,在结肠的碱性环境中能够持久的崩解,释放益生菌。但是,海藻酸盐是一种多孔材料,单独的海藻酸盐水凝胶构建的微胶囊表面具有较大空隙,在pH6~9以外的环境中保护效果不佳[41],易导致菌活性大量丧失。因此常用其他材料与海藻酸盐复配构建微胶囊,如利用壳聚糖与海藻酸钠静电吸附,使海藻酸钠微胶囊的表面更致密。Kareem等[42]研究了包埋植物乳植杆菌的海藻酸钠/壳聚糖与海藻酸钠/纳米壳聚糖微胶囊,发现二者包埋率分别为86.41%至91.09%,在模拟胃液中存活率分别为81%与87%,远大于未包埋菌(29%)。壳聚糖微胶囊电镜下呈形态致密的光滑圆珠;纳米壳聚糖微胶囊则呈开裂状,熔点更高,可达141 ℃。Ming等[43]利用不同比例的海藻酸钠/壳聚糖/三赞胶构建复合微胶囊,用于包埋植物乳植杆菌。三赞胶是由甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、鼠李糖和葡萄糖组成的食用性多糖,低浓度下表现出高粘度以及优异的酸性凝胶特性和乳化性能。该复合微胶囊的包埋率高达97.66%,三赞胶的添加赋予微胶囊更优异的耐酸性,突出该递送体系在酸性环境中的应用潜力。
纤维素是一种由吡喃葡萄糖通过β-1,4葡萄糖苷键连接而成的多糖。天然纤维素无法被人体自身分泌的消化酶分解,难以消化。在口服摄入后,口腔、胃的酸性环境和相关酶对其基本无影响,经过小肠消化吸收小部分后,未被消化吸收的纤维到达结肠。可溶性纤维与部分半纤维素受到肠道中拟杆菌、厚壁菌、双歧杆菌等分泌的多糖水解酶降解,生成短链脂肪酸,进而产生保护肠道屏障、调节菌群结构、影响代谢吸收、抵抗炎症反应、促进矿物质吸收等有益影响。不可溶性纤维素,如木质素等则从小肠开始持续吸水膨胀进入粪便,影响粪便体积并软化粪便,促进排便[44]。纳米晶体纤维素是从天然纤维中提取的纳米级晶体,由于其低密度和界面吸附性,常作为乳化剂使用,Frakolaki等[28]制作了多种壁材的微胶囊,并对其性质进行比较,发现添加了纳米晶体纤维素后,微胶囊在冷藏与模拟肠道中表现更优异,有利于维持微胶囊的机械强度,防止递送过程中胃液的渗透。除天然纤维素外,醋酸纤维素是用乙酰基取代羟基纤维素制备的纤维素衍生物。醋酸纤维素的机械强度高,适用于静电纺丝法制备益生菌微胶囊[40]。Çanga等[45]采用静电纺丝技术,将醋酸纤维素和聚乙烯醇制成杂化纤维,用于包埋大肠杆菌,制得的微胶囊成功增强了对菌的保护能力,经过体外模拟胃肠道消化后大肠杆菌仍保有105 CFU/mL的活性。在水溶性纤维素中,羧甲基纤维素钠和硫酸纤维素较为常见,前者在肠道中具有良好的溶解性,并对胃酸具有抗性;后者带有大量的硫酸基团,在胃酸中能够缓冲氢离子对益生菌的胁迫。Zhang等[37]构建了青少年双歧杆菌为内层,枯草芽孢杆菌为外层,硫醇化羧甲基纤维素钠为壁材的双层微胶囊。验证发现,硫醇化羧甲基纤维素钠显著提升了双歧杆菌的定植效率,两种菌的共同作用还能缓解细菌性肠道炎症,修复炎症引发的肠道菌群紊乱。Lupascu等[46]将硫酸纤维素用于包埋干酪乳酪杆菌,避免胃蛋白酶和溶菌酶对干酪乳酪杆菌的胁迫。相比之下,未包埋的干酪乳酪杆菌活力降低了8 log CFU/mL。
壳聚糖是甲壳素的脱乙酰化产物,由β-1,4糖苷键连接的无氢-D-氨基葡萄糖和无氢-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖组成。除了由于官能团的质子化和去质子化而产生对胃酸的抵抗外,壳聚糖还表现出极大的粘膜粘附力,能够延长其微胶囊在肠道中的释放时间。壳聚糖的氨基质子化使其带有正电荷,因此能够与其他带有负电荷的材料发生静电相互作用,常用作微胶囊外层壁材的补充层(如海藻酸钠微胶囊)。此外,壳聚糖链的迁移性有利于与粘蛋白缠绕形成链缠结,增强粘膜粘附特性。Zhu等[47]对比了明胶-粘蛋白-海藻酸盐和壳聚糖-粘蛋白-海藻酸盐两种微胶囊的多种性质,发现后者具有更优异的环境抗逆性与肠道黏附能力,验证了壳聚糖与粘蛋白的特殊适配性。壳聚糖在通过改性与交联后,能够改善或突出部分微胶囊性质。Huang等[48]将壳聚糖与京尼平(栀子苷经β-葡萄糖苷酶水解后的产物)作为壁材包埋植物乳植杆菌,制作出的微胶囊表面光滑,生物活性高,包埋率达90.8%。Luo等[49]将半胱氨酸的硫醇基团嫁接到壳聚糖上,与细菌表面和粘膜上的半胱氨酸残基形成二硫键,运用微流控的方法构建双歧杆菌微胶囊,实现了益生菌粘附和粘膜粘附的双重功能,包埋率达80%。硫醇化壳聚糖薄膜的处理率比未改性壳聚糖薄膜提高了1.33倍。壳聚糖不仅具有胃肠道环境抗逆性和粘膜粘附能力,而且已被证实可以抑制脂多糖引起的炎症反应,作为微胶囊壁材也可以发挥治疗和调节功能。
蛋白质是具有优异乳化性、生物相容性和生物活性的可再生天然材料,已广泛应用于包埋药物、天然生物活性物质、精油、益生菌等材料。各类蛋白质性质不同,对应的微胶囊制作方法同样具有差异。由于蛋白质在极端环境中易变性,因此单一蛋白质制备的微胶囊较少,常与其他材料复合使用。
单蛋白基微胶囊,常用的有大豆蛋白、豌豆分离蛋白和蚕豆蛋白,可以通过离子诱导与热处理自组装,制成有pH和离子强度依赖性的空心微胶囊[50]。该方法利用正电荷降低蛋白质表面电荷,减少静电排斥,使非共价键作用占据主导,出现蛋白质絮凝。随后利用加热使蛋白质变性,逐渐凝胶化,形成微胶囊。由于该方法通常需要加热到60 ℃以上,易对菌种活性产生影响,因此应用较少。Zhao等[51]研究了蛋白质聚集体在加热80 ℃后蛋白质絮状向微胶囊转化过程中的形态演变。发现NaCl有助于蛋白质簇和不规则蛋白质絮凝形成;絮凝体直径小于4.4 μm有利于形成微胶囊;同时验证了离子诱导相分离和热诱导凝胶化现象均与特定蛋白质组分无关。此外,玉米醇溶蛋白、乳清蛋白、酪蛋白和明胶等蛋白质因其溶解性、乳化、凝胶化、发泡和保水特性而常用作特异性微胶囊壁材。Liu等[52]利用了在不同乙醇浓度下玉米醇溶蛋白溶解度不同的特性,以及果胶与玉米醇溶蛋白带有的相反电荷,通过多层包埋法与静电吸附研究了不同包埋层数的果胶-玉米醇溶蛋白微胶囊性质。发现果胶作为最外层能够在加热过程中增强细胞活力,三层与五层的微胶囊冻干后包埋率高达93.6%。
蛋白复合型壁材最为常见,如麦芽糊精、果胶、阿拉伯树胶和淀粉等多糖,由于其胶凝、增稠和稳定性的特点,常与蛋白质复配使用,运用喷雾干燥法产生美拉德反应生成外壳,构建蛋白-多糖微胶囊。通过蛋白质与多糖的非共价和共价相互作用,形成具有特定结构和功能的复合物。作为微胶囊壁材,添加多糖能够有效改善单蛋白基微胶囊热不稳定和pH敏感的问题,二者复配能够显著提高封装效率与安全性。添加多糖后蛋白质微胶囊的结构特性会发生改变,包括形态、粒径、流变性、溶解度和玻璃化转变温度等性质[50]。相比于单蛋白基微胶囊,蛋白-多糖微胶囊表面更加光滑,皱纹和裂纹减少,能够有效阻止气体和水分进入,进而增强对芯材的保护作用。Zhao等[51]运用羟丙基甲基纤维素和乳清蛋白浓缩物将植物乳植杆菌与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯共包埋,构建出表面光滑的多元微胶囊,在储存28 d后活性仍高于107 CFU/g。除多糖外,也有蛋白-蛋白类微胶囊。常用的复合蛋白质有乳清蛋白、明胶、大米蛋白和酪蛋白等。然而,双蛋白微胶囊系统面临挑战,由于乳清蛋白的界面活性和尺寸形态,会在微胶囊壁中产生分子间空隙,导致包埋率降低。Guo等[53]将带有益生菌的乳脂作为芯材,利用乳清分离蛋白原纤维的高黏度和良好的乳化能力,结合抗氧化剂(表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯;谷胱甘肽)制备了具有S/O/W(水包油固体)乳液结构的微胶囊,在冷冻干燥、模拟消化、加热和常温储存等方面性质显著提升。
由于对益生菌微胶囊的使用场景要求,研究人员利用肠道中的特殊环境(消化吸收过程中唯一pH偏碱性环境)与仅存在于肠道的特异性酶,发掘出能够在肠道中智能响应(靶向释放)的材料,并添加益生元作为共包埋物质或复合壁材。常见智能响应型壁材有虫胶、低聚异麦芽糖(IMO)、丙烯酸树脂、羧甲基壳聚糖等。
环境响应壁材以虫胶为例,虫胶是羟基脂肪酸(如桐油酸、虫胶酸)与倍半萜烯酸的酯化缩合物,是唯一已知的动物树脂。不溶于中性酸性水溶液,溶于碱性水溶液与乙醇,具有成膜性、阻隔性与热稳定性。作为壁材,常与多糖(能够降低冻干损伤)、益生元(促进益生菌定植增殖)等其他材料复配。由于其独特的溶解性,口服虫胶微胶囊后,经过口腔与胃的酸性环境时具有优异的保护能力,到达结肠后,偏碱性的环境能够使其迅速分解,益生菌靶向释放,递送效率高。
酶响应壁材以IMO为例,IMO是一类由α-1,6糖苷键连接的寡糖混合物,主要成分为异麦芽糖、潘糖、异麦芽三糖及更高聚合度的分支寡糖。作为益生元低聚糖,与明胶结合能够形成糖基化偶联物。人体缺乏分解IMO的酶,口服摄入后经过消化道到达肠道,仅有结肠中的双歧杆菌与乳酸杆菌能够利用IMO发酵,生成短链脂肪酸。可借助此特性,制作出在结肠中靶向释放的益生菌微胶囊。IMO与海藻酸钠复配壁材,能够提升凝胶持水性,减少冻干损伤;与乳清蛋白共包埋,能够作为益生元促进益生菌定植,竞争抑制产气荚膜梭菌等致病菌生长[50]。
Jia等[54]制作了单/双层两种靶向释放微胶囊:植物乳植杆菌与植物提取物为芯材,明胶与IMO复配构建了单层微胶囊,包埋率65.32%,释放率达95.39%,说明能够完全释放。其次在前者的基础上,将虫胶与玉米醇溶蛋白作为第二层壁材构建了双层微胶囊,包埋率85.32%,释放率为51.82%~72.26%之间,说明虫胶-玉米醇溶蛋白的外层能够延缓该微胶囊的释放时间。表2列举了部分壁材材料在益生菌微胶囊化中的应用情况。
益生菌微胶囊在乳制品中的研究具有悠久历史。发展至今,乳制品中益生菌微胶囊化研究主要集中在功能性产品,延长保质期,改善产品品质等方面。常见的益生菌产品中,来自乳酸菌属和双歧杆菌属的菌株是最常用的。此外,存在于宿主肠道或组织中的其他非致病性微生物也正被逐步开发为益生菌[4]。在食品生产、储存和运输过程中,益生菌会受到各种环境压力,在摄入之前易出现菌体损失。发酵过程或储存期间高含量的氧气和相对湿度对部分厌氧或微需氧的益生菌菌株有害,严重损害它们的活力[30]。
大多益生菌微胶囊在乳制品领域的应用集中在产品,即在原料的基础上添加益生菌微胶囊进行加工,制得产品。可滴定酸度和pH是乳制品质量的关键指标,二者在乳酸发酵过程中呈负关系。发生发酵时,乳酸菌将乳糖转化为乳酸,从而增加酸度并降低pH。加入益生菌后,因其代谢活动,易导致储存过程中产品加剧酸化,通过微胶囊化减缓益生菌的释放,能有效缓解酸化速度[55]。此外,产品的水分、持水能力等因素也会受到益生菌代谢活动的影响,进而改变乳制品品质与质量。添加益生菌微胶囊时,需注意壁材性质和菌种本身的代谢物质与产品间的影响(尤其是对酸奶与奶酪发酵时的影响)。通过将含Cr2O3-的芯材微胶囊添加至酸奶中,可制得兼具益生菌与健康矿物质的新型乳制品。微胶囊的添加未改变酸奶的蛋白质与脂肪含量,且对其感官评分、质地、气味、色泽及整体品质均无显著影响[63]。Lopes等[63]将嗜酸乳杆菌微胶囊化后加入奶酪中,对其检测发现奶酪的硬度、胶质、弹性降低;聚集力、黏性、益生菌存活率增加;颜色更偏黄。通过添加微胶囊最终改善了产品的质量参数与品质。
益生菌微胶囊除了直接运用于制作产品,也可运用在生产端,以提升产量或解决特定问题。Wu等[64]通过将凝结魏茨曼氏菌和布拉酵母菌的混合物包埋在凝胶中,以海藻酸钠和β-环糊精为复合壁材,壳聚糖作为表面层,制得微胶囊。奶牛摄入后,肠道中有害菌显著减少,有益菌(如双歧杆菌)生长速度加快,产品质量有所提升,乳脂含量增加了4.5%,牛奶蛋白含量增加了92.5%,牛奶尿素氮含量增加了3.5%,效果显著。
果蔬汁中的主要常量营养素是碳水化合物和膳食纤维,并含有丰富的维生素、矿物质、多酚、植物化学物质和抗氧化剂,不含过敏原、乳糖和胆固醇[4]。随着消费者对人体健康重视的加强,其对果蔬汁的偏好越发明显,通过添加益生菌微胶囊能够强化产品的功能性。在实际应用中,多种因素会对益生菌的存活率产生影响:菌种的选择(好氧和厌氧等);原料环境(pH、水分活度、抗菌化合物等);生产销售流程(巴氏消毒、高压均质、贮存条件、包装材料等)[65]。一般水果汁pH较低,而蔬菜汁接近中性,因此在菌种选择上,需考虑不同菌种的适宜pH范围进行应用。Marques等[66]采用复合凝聚法对嗜酸乳杆菌进行处理,与转谷氨酰胺酶进行交联反应,成功制备出复合型微胶囊。将微胶囊分别添加至苹果汁与橙汁中进行对比测试,证实了酸碱度与pH是维持菌体活性的关键指标。被包埋菌在63 d观察期内保持较高活力,证明了复合凝聚包裹技术与酶诱导交联处理相结合,能够对益生菌形成双重保护。Wang等[67]将植物乳植杆菌与Pickering乳液(鲑鱼副产品蛋白和海藻酸钠的稳定水包油液体)作为芯材,海带纳米纤维素和海藻酸钠为壁材,制作多层微胶囊。将微胶囊加入橙汁中,结果表明多层微胶囊可以更好地隔离橙汁中的柠檬酸、维生素C和其他抗菌剂,有效地保护了益生菌,维持了细胞的完整性。
除乳制品与蔬果制品外,益生菌微胶囊也在食品其他领域中有所应用。作为膳食补充剂,益生菌微胶囊主要通过肠溶胶囊、冻干粉剂及片剂等形态实现高效递送,其核心技术在于运用多层包埋、喷雾干燥/冷冻干燥工艺以及pH敏感型壁材构建物理屏障,保障益生菌在消化道环境中的高存活率,并实现结肠靶向释放[68]。膳食补充剂通过维持肠道菌群稳态发挥健康效应:释放的益生菌可竞争性抑制病原体定植、增强肠上皮紧密连接蛋白表达以降低肠道通透性[69];降解膳食纤维生成短链脂肪酸,进而调节免疫细胞(如Treg细胞)分化、抑制系统性炎症[70];通过影响神经递质(如5-羟叶酸)平衡调节“肠脑轴”[71];改善抗生素相关性腹泻、肠易激综合征症状、代谢综合征(如胰岛素抵抗)及焦虑情绪等方面展现出临床潜力[72]。常将益生元与益生菌共包埋,制备多元微胶囊作为膳食补充剂。相比于单元微胶囊,益生元可以为益生菌提供营养,促进其生长;益生菌和益生元的协同作用可以更有效地调节肠道微生物群,改善宿主健康[73]。Yang等[74]将副干酪乳酪杆菌与菊粉整合开发了一种合生元发酵牦牛乳,使发酵乳拥有了更高的持水能力。体外发酵发现该产品能够促进产生短链脂肪酸的相关菌种(酸氨球菌属、巨型球菌属、巨单胞菌属、副拟杆菌属)生长,并将短链脂肪酸水平提高了25%~90%,特别是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量。
在巧克力产品中,添加微胶囊能够给予其功能性,同时改变巧克力部分性质。Camelo-silva等[75]在无糖白巧克力中,添加鼠李糖乳酪杆菌与甜菜渣提取物共同微胶囊化。提取物中的活性成分能刺激益生菌的生长和新陈代谢,同时具有抗炎、抗癌和抗氧化特性,添加甜菜渣提取物的微胶囊由白色变为褐色。巧克力的水分增加、硬度降低、脆度升高,同时巧克力颜色更亮更深。
肉制品中,尤其是发酵肉制品,益生菌微胶囊具有潜在的应用潜力。Vasconcelos等[76]利用甲基丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物将植物乳植杆菌微胶囊化,制成能够对抗中性酸性环境、仅在碱性环境下靶向释放的微胶囊。按比例将微胶囊加入发酵香肠中,评估了其对微生物、化学、物理化学和感官特性的影响,确定添加后的发酵香肠具有可观功能性,同时在感官评价上与未添加的发酵香肠评分接近,无明显不良影响。
茶富含多酚,被发现具有多种促进健康的功效,多酚的存在能够提高氧敏感益生菌在水溶液中的存活率[77]。在储存过程中,益生菌可能会发酵,影响绿茶的感官可接受性。此外,绿茶中的多酚也会受到不利影响,导致其抗氧化活性丧失。Hernández等[78]将鼠李糖乳酪杆菌在乳清蛋白分离物和改性huauzontle(一种原产于墨西哥的藜科蔬菜植物)淀粉的基质中通过喷雾干燥微胶囊化。冷藏后,将其掺入绿茶饮料,同时补充抗坏血酸以防止细胞损失。在4 ℃下储存5周后,益生菌损失率低于10%,绿茶中益生菌的高活力(7 log CFU/mL)并且没有发酵迹象,制得的产品保质期可达23 d。图7展示了益生菌微胶囊在食品领域常见的应用产品。
肠道菌群与宿主的一生息息相关,通过代谢产物影响宿主的免疫调节、营养代谢及疾病防御。益生菌的出现为疾病治疗提供了新视角,可作为调控工具通过靶向递送和特定菌株干预,利用竞争抑制病原菌、增强屏障功能等方法恢复菌群稳态,现已在慢性炎症、各类癌症及精神疾病等方向展现出临床潜力。但由于益生菌口服递送效率低下,通过多种微胶囊化技术进行物理或化学包埋保护益生菌,能够显著提高其胃肠道存活率,并能够在目标点位靶向释放。本文总结了益生菌微胶囊化常见的制作方法,归纳了益生菌微胶囊化常见的壁材,并介绍了益生菌微胶囊目前在食品领域的多种应用与尝试,对未来益生菌微胶囊产业在生产加工与各领域应用中提供帮助。现有的研究仍面临不少挑战:菌群与疾病的因果关系尚未完全明确,个体间菌群差异导致疗效不稳定,益生菌递送技术亟需寻找出新的微胶囊化技术与材料。未来研究方向聚焦于对肠道菌群与益生菌微胶囊化技术的深度融合与创新突破,推动微胶囊益生菌在多领域的规模化应用,最终实现从“菌群精准调控”到“疾病根源干预”的跨越。此外,益生菌微胶囊化在理论研究层面已十分深入,但是在产业化中仅刚起步。微胶囊生产工艺复杂性高;生产流程稳定性差;实验生产设备难以规模化;生产成本高昂;附加值性价比不高;食品原料法规限制;消费者接受度等问题仍影响着微胶囊产业发展。学术界的研究往往聚焦于新原理、新材料、新结构的探索,而工业界则更关注稳定性、成本效益、合规性和规模化的可行性,二者方向的差异注定会出现目前的“撕裂”局面。未来应继续加深产学研深度融合,深挖应用导向型研究,加大对消费者宣传力度,以解决现实问题为目的,推动益生菌微胶囊产业不断发展。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080123
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-13
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    1哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
    2哈尔滨商业大学药学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028

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刘晓飞(1980−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:稻米高值化利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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