Article(id=1320880408418431668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764864000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852030137, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852030137, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852030137, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852030137, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880408733004470, articleId=1320880408418431668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Advances on the Release Mechanism and Regulation Technology of Food Aromas Based on Interface Chemistry, columnId=1320880408649118389, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Guest Editor Column—Frontiers and Applications of Food Flavor Perception‌ (Guest Editors: LIU Yuan, SUN Jinyuan, KOU Xingran, CHENG Huan; Industry Advisor: CHEN Li), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aroma was a key determinant of food quality and a major driver of consumer preference. The release of aroma compounds occurs across complex multiphase interfaces. Understanding the interactions between food interfaces and aromas was therefore crucial for elucidating the mechanisms governing aroma release and perception. Emphasizing the central role of interfacial chemistry in these processes, this review systematically examines thermodynamic equilibrium and kinetic models describing aroma release. The effects of complex matrix interfacial properties and dynamic interfacial changes during oral processing on aroma release are clarified. Key parameters, including interfacial density, mechanical properties, and surface charge, are identified as primary factors determining the partitioning behavior and release kinetics of aroma compounds among different phases. Strategies for aroma regulation are categorized into interfacial barrier and interfacial adsorption approaches. In addition, analytical techniques for investigating food interfaces and aroma release are summarized, including interfacial characterization methods, artificial oral processing simulations, dynamic aroma-release monitoring, and computational modeling. Overall, this review provides theoretical guidance for the precise regulation and perception of food aromas from an interfacial chemistry perspective, supporting the development of flavorful, healthy, and personalized foods.

, authors=Zizheng LI, Xin HUANG, Yunchong ZHANG, Qinfei KE*, Xingran KOU*, authorsList=Zizheng LI, Xin HUANG, Yunchong ZHANG, Qinfei KE, Xingran KOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qinfei KE, Xingran KOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880410683355844, articleId=1320880408418431668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于界面化学的食品香气释放机制与调控技术研究进展, columnId=1320880408842056375, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—食品风味感知前沿与应用(客座主编:刘源、孙金沅、寇兴然、程焕;产业顾问:陈丽), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

香气是决定食品品质、影响消费者偏好的重要因素。香气化合物的释放环境由多相接触界面构成,探究食品界面与香气的相互作用,对解析香气释放及感知机制至关重要。本文聚焦界面化学在食品香气释放过程中的核心作用,系统综述了香气释放的热力学平衡与动力学模型,阐明了复杂基质的界面特性及口腔加工中动态界面变化对香气释放的影响规律。界面的致密性、力学性能、电荷数量等关键参数,直接影响香气化合物在不同相间的分配系数与释放动力学曲线。本文将香气调控技术划分为界面屏障型和界面吸附型两大类,并梳理了食品界面与香气释放研究的分析技术,包括界面性质表征技术、人工口腔模拟技术、香气释放实时监测技术及计算模拟技术,旨在从界面化学视角,为食品香气的精准调控与感知提供理论参考,助力美味、健康且个性化的食品开发。

, authors=李资政, 黄鑫, 张云崇, 柯勤飞*, 寇兴然*, authorsList=李资政, 黄鑫, 张云崇, 柯勤飞, 寇兴然, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=柯勤飞, 寇兴然, authorNote=

李资政(1997−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:香料香精化妆品,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
柯勤飞(1963−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性芳香新材料与应用,E-mail:。
寇兴然(1986−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然香料稳态化与功效评价,E-mail:。
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Journal of Food Engineering, 2007, 82(2): 189−198., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880435295531897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880408418431668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=120, rfOrder=123, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BENJAMIN O, SILCOCK P, KIESER J A, et al. Development of a model mouth containing an artificial tongue to measure the release of volatile compounds[J]. 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Suzhou: Suzhou University, 2025.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880435446526843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880408418431668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=121, rfOrder=125, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Y H. Research on the characteristics of food oral digestion and aroma release based on biomimetic oral chewing model[D]. 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Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2019, 152: 127−138., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880435811431295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880408418431668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=125, rfOrder=129, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Honghui, YAO Haohong, ZHANG Mingen, et al. Microencapsulation and molecular simulation of menthol with various β-cyclodextrins: Effects of embedding structures on stability[J]. LWT, 2025, 231: 118338., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880435882734464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880408418431668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=126, rfOrder=130, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Dan, LIU Lin, LIU Tanghui, et al. Microcapsules stabilized by cellulose nanofibrils/whey protein complexes and modified with cinnamaldehyde: Characterization and release properties[J]. 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注:a. 液相向气相迁移;b. 气相向液相迁移。

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注:(a)来自Xu等[115];(b)为AM2咀嚼模拟器[116];(c)为咀嚼机器人[117];(d)来自Akihide等[118];(e)来自Salles等[119]。

, figureFileSmall=9sdPPGdpl5e/e0hYar72Zg==, figureFileBig=s4ETNxydKvyaGcly0/u1mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880418258268921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880408418431668, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of aroma release kinetic models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型方程适用场景参考文献
零级动力学 $\rm \dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=kt $释放速率近似恒定的体系[15,19]
一级动力学 $\rm \dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=1-{e}^{(-kt)} $扩散释放、浓度驱动 释放速率与剩余香气含量成正比的过程[15,20]
Higuchi模型 $ \rm\dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=\sqrt{kt} $扩散主导释放且扩散系数接近恒定[21]
Rigter–Peppas模型 $\rm \dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=k{t}^{n} $复杂基质的早期释放阶段[18]
Peppas–Sahlin模型 $ \rm\dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}={k}_{1}{t}^{m}+{k}_{2}{t}^{2m} $同时存在 Fick 扩散与基质结构松弛,用于区分两种贡献的模型[22]
Weibull模型 $\rm \dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=1-{\text{e}}^{(-{{\text{at}}^{\text{b}}})} $经验性描述复杂或多阶段释放行为的全程拟合模型[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880418375709434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880408418431668, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

香气释放动力学模型总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型方程适用场景参考文献
零级动力学 $\rm \dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=kt $释放速率近似恒定的体系[15,19]
一级动力学 $\rm \dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=1-{e}^{(-kt)} $扩散释放、浓度驱动 释放速率与剩余香气含量成正比的过程[15,20]
Higuchi模型 $ \rm\dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=\sqrt{kt} $扩散主导释放且扩散系数接近恒定[21]
Rigter–Peppas模型 $\rm \dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=k{t}^{n} $复杂基质的早期释放阶段[18]
Peppas–Sahlin模型 $ \rm\dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}={k}_{1}{t}^{m}+{k}_{2}{t}^{2m} $同时存在 Fick 扩散与基质结构松弛,用于区分两种贡献的模型[22]
Weibull模型 $\rm \dfrac{Mt}{M\mathrm{\infty }}=1-{\text{e}}^{(-{{\text{at}}^{\text{b}}})} $经验性描述复杂或多阶段释放行为的全程拟合模型[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880418459595515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880408418431668, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of microcapsule interface barrier types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微胶囊类型制备方法壳层材料芯材参考
文献
单壳层复凝聚明胶、卡拉胶柑橘精油[89]
绿豆蛋白分离物、果胶玫瑰精油[90]
喷雾干燥辛烯琥珀酸酸酐、阿拉伯胶玉米薄荷油[91]
多壳层双层组装β-环糊精、海藻酸钠薰衣草精油[92]
阿拉伯胶、尿素、甲醛丁香油[93]
层层自组装壳聚糖、海藻酸钠百里香精油[93]
β-环糊精、壳聚糖、果胶、CaCl2肉桂醛[94]
界面自组装纤维素纳米晶体、聚二甲基硅氧烷、单宁酸、多巴胺柠檬烯[95]
多孔结构
壳层
喷雾干燥α-乳白蛋白、阿拉伯胶L-薄荷醇[96]
阿拉伯胶、麦芽糊精、β-环糊精玫瑰油精[97]
冷冻干燥大豆蛋白、麦芽糊精花椒皮油树脂[98]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880418535092988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880408418431668, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微胶囊界面屏障类型总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微胶囊类型制备方法壳层材料芯材参考
文献
单壳层复凝聚明胶、卡拉胶柑橘精油[89]
绿豆蛋白分离物、果胶玫瑰精油[90]
喷雾干燥辛烯琥珀酸酸酐、阿拉伯胶玉米薄荷油[91]
多壳层双层组装β-环糊精、海藻酸钠薰衣草精油[92]
阿拉伯胶、尿素、甲醛丁香油[93]
层层自组装壳聚糖、海藻酸钠百里香精油[93]
β-环糊精、壳聚糖、果胶、CaCl2肉桂醛[94]
界面自组装纤维素纳米晶体、聚二甲基硅氧烷、单宁酸、多巴胺柠檬烯[95]
多孔结构
壳层
喷雾干燥α-乳白蛋白、阿拉伯胶L-薄荷醇[96]
阿拉伯胶、麦芽糊精、β-环糊精玫瑰油精[97]
冷冻干燥大豆蛋白、麦芽糊精花椒皮油树脂[98]
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基于界面化学的食品香气释放机制与调控技术研究进展
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李资政 , 黄鑫 , 张云崇 , 柯勤飞 * , 寇兴然 *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—食品风味感知前沿与应用(客座主编:刘源、孙金沅、寇兴然、程焕;产业顾问:陈丽) 2026,47(18): 1-13
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—食品风味感知前沿与应用(客座主编:刘源、孙金沅、寇兴然、程焕;产业顾问:陈丽) 2026 , 47 (18) : 1 -13
基于界面化学的食品香气释放机制与调控技术研究进展
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李资政 , 黄鑫, 张云崇, 柯勤飞* , 寇兴然*
作者信息
  • 上海应用技术大学香料香精化妆品学部,上海 201418
通讯作者:
柯勤飞(1963−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性芳香新材料与应用,E-mail:。
寇兴然(1986−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然香料稳态化与功效评价,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李资政(1997−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:香料香精化妆品,E-mail:

Research Advances on the Release Mechanism and Regulation Technology of Food Aromas Based on Interface Chemistry
Zizheng LI , Xin HUANG, Yunchong ZHANG, Qinfei KE* , Xingran KOU*
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Flavour Fragrance and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120068
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香气是决定食品品质、影响消费者偏好的重要因素。香气化合物的释放环境由多相接触界面构成,探究食品界面与香气的相互作用,对解析香气释放及感知机制至关重要。本文聚焦界面化学在食品香气释放过程中的核心作用,系统综述了香气释放的热力学平衡与动力学模型,阐明了复杂基质的界面特性及口腔加工中动态界面变化对香气释放的影响规律。界面的致密性、力学性能、电荷数量等关键参数,直接影响香气化合物在不同相间的分配系数与释放动力学曲线。本文将香气调控技术划分为界面屏障型和界面吸附型两大类,并梳理了食品界面与香气释放研究的分析技术,包括界面性质表征技术、人工口腔模拟技术、香气释放实时监测技术及计算模拟技术,旨在从界面化学视角,为食品香气的精准调控与感知提供理论参考,助力美味、健康且个性化的食品开发。

界面化学  /  香气释放  /  香气调控技术  /  挥发性物质  /  口腔加工

Aroma was a key determinant of food quality and a major driver of consumer preference. The release of aroma compounds occurs across complex multiphase interfaces. Understanding the interactions between food interfaces and aromas was therefore crucial for elucidating the mechanisms governing aroma release and perception. Emphasizing the central role of interfacial chemistry in these processes, this review systematically examines thermodynamic equilibrium and kinetic models describing aroma release. The effects of complex matrix interfacial properties and dynamic interfacial changes during oral processing on aroma release are clarified. Key parameters, including interfacial density, mechanical properties, and surface charge, are identified as primary factors determining the partitioning behavior and release kinetics of aroma compounds among different phases. Strategies for aroma regulation are categorized into interfacial barrier and interfacial adsorption approaches. In addition, analytical techniques for investigating food interfaces and aroma release are summarized, including interfacial characterization methods, artificial oral processing simulations, dynamic aroma-release monitoring, and computational modeling. Overall, this review provides theoretical guidance for the precise regulation and perception of food aromas from an interfacial chemistry perspective, supporting the development of flavorful, healthy, and personalized foods.

interface chemistry  /  aroma release  /  aroma regulation  /  volatile compounds  /  oral processing
李资政, 黄鑫, 张云崇, 柯勤飞, 寇兴然. 基于界面化学的食品香气释放机制与调控技术研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120068
Zizheng LI, Xin HUANG, Yunchong ZHANG, Qinfei KE, Xingran KOU. Research Advances on the Release Mechanism and Regulation Technology of Food Aromas Based on Interface Chemistry[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120068
食品香气是由食物基质释放的挥发性物质,其经嗅觉系统识别后可引发愉悦的感官体验。除赋予食品独特风味外,部分香气成分还能调节神经系统与脑内神经递质水平[1],缓解紧张、焦虑等负面情绪,具有潜在健康效应[2−4]。因此,阐明香气释放与感知机制,是实现风味精准设计、提升食品品质的前提。
香气感知强度并非与化合物在食品中的含量直接相关。同一种香气化合物在乳液、凝胶、粉体等不同基质中,释放速率与鼻后感知存在显著差异,这一过程涉及复杂的物理传质与界面动态变化[5−6]。界面是不同相态的接触边界,也是食品体系中物质与能量传递的核心枢纽。食品中的界面并非简单的相分界层,多由蛋白质、多糖、胶体颗粒等表面活性物质构成复杂微观结构,其机械强度、致密性、表面电荷及粘弹性,直接影响香气分子的迁移通量[7]。
香气化合物从食品基质中释放,需克服疏水作用、氢键、共价结合等分子间作用力,穿透分散相与连续相的多层界面屏障,最终进入外部环境[8]。此外,食品在口腔加工过程中,经咀嚼、混合、吞咽等动作,静态界面平衡被打破,转变为口腔环境主导的动态界面体系。该过程通过界面持续更新、口腔黏膜吸附滞留、蛋白质竞争结合及口鼻气体交换等途径,调控香气释放行为。由此可见,界面的物理化学性质,是决定香气在食品基质与口腔微环境中释放速率、传递路径及最终感知强度的核心因素[9−10]。基于界面工程原理设计食品界面结构,实现香气控释,已成为食品风味领域的研究热点,乳液、微胶囊、多孔材料等是该领域的常用技术[11−12]。
当前食品香气研究多聚焦于特征化合物表征、提取工艺及呈香通路,缺乏从界面化学角度对香气释放过程的系统阐述。需要指出的是,食品体系中存在多种界面形态,包括气液、液液、气固、液固和固固界面。但在大多数香气形成过程中,气液界面是分布最广泛且与香气释放关联最为紧密的界面。因此,本综述以气液界面为研究对象,从热力学分配、界面性质、口腔动态过程三个密切相关的维度,解析界面化学在食品香气释放中的核心作用,归纳香气调控技术与界面表征模拟技术,旨在风味产品研发提供精准解决方案,也为香料香精的科学研究提供参考。
香气化合物在相间的分布与跨界面迁移,本质是热力学平衡过程,其分配行为由挥发性、亲疏水性、极性、分子量及溶解度等理化性质主导[13−14]。香气释放受热力学与动力学因素共同调控[15]。热力学机制决定香气释放的极限程度[14,16],核心是平衡状态下的相间分配,常用分配系数描述,见公式(1):
$\rm {K}^{CC}=\frac{1}{{H}_{CC}}=\frac{{C}_{G}}{{C}_{L}} $
其中,KCC为分配系数(亨利挥发系数,即亨利溶解度系数HCC的倒数);CG和CL分别为气相、液相中香气物质的浓度。
当液相为油水混合物时,香气化合物总体浓度,可通过组分质量平衡方程表示,见公式(2):
$\rm K_{GL}^{CC}=\frac{{C}_{G}}{{C}_{W}{F}_{W}+{C}_{O}{F}_{O}} $
其中,$\rm K_{GL}^{CC} $为按总浓度定义的气液分配系数;FW和FO分别为水相、油相的质量分数;CW和CO分别为水相、油相的香气化合物浓度。
当食品基质中引入蛋白质、糖等非挥发性化合物时,香气的气液分配不再仅由挥发性与溶解度决定,而是由结合态与游离态的比例重新定义。以蛋白饮料为例,Andriot等[17]将液相香气划分为游离态与结合态,明确只有游离态香气才对顶空气相浓度有贡献,并引入有效分配系数代替传统分配系数,见公式(3):
$\rm {K}_{有效}=\frac{C_{G}^{\text{eq}}}{C_{\text{f}}^{\text{eq}}}=\frac{K_{GL}^{CC}}{1+{\kappa }_{\text{b}}{C}_{\text{b}}} $
其中,$\rm K_{GL}^{CC} $为按总浓度定义的气液分配系数;$\rm C_{G}^{\text{eq}} $为平衡顶空浓度;$\rm C_{\text{f}}^{\text{eq}} $为液相游离态香气浓度;$ {\kappa }_{\text{b}} $为整体平衡结合常数;$\rm {C}_{\text{b}} $为液相结合态香气浓度。
香气释放的速率由动力学因素决定,关键驱动力是食品内部与顶空气体的香气浓度差。同时,食品基质的粘度、界面致密性及结构变化,会影响有效扩散系数与传质阻力,使释放曲线偏离单一幂律或指数形式,呈现多阶段动力学特征[18]。为评估不同载体或工艺的香气释放规律,可采用零级、一级、Higuchi等动力学模型拟合数据,判别释放机理,各模型的方程及适用场景见表1。需注意的是,这些模型是基于特定控速假设对复杂过程的等效表征,模型参数是扩散、界面阻力、基质溶胀、侵蚀等因素的综合体现,对多相耦合的复杂食品体系存在应用局限。
绝大多数加工食品属于复杂多相体系,如乳液、悬浮液、凝胶、泡沫等。体系内的油水、气水、液固界面,是决定香气初始分布与后续释放行为的关键部位[24]。蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物等食品主要成分,通过改变体系极性、粘性及分子作用位点,调控香气的跨界面迁移特性。
蛋白质对香气化合物界面迁移的调控,主要通过三种途径实现,如图1所示。
当蛋白质吸附于界面时,会形成致密的界面膜,其表面剪切模量与膨胀模量远高于普通界面,可直接阻碍香气分子跨界面传质[25]。Rogacheva等[26]以中链甘油三酸脂-水体系为模型,证明β-乳球蛋白吸附在油水界面处可直接降低苯甲醛和2-壬酮的界面通量。
若蛋白质吸附带相反电荷的多糖、蛋白等电解质,可构建更厚的多层复合界面膜。复合界面具有强烈的静电吸附和空间位阻作用,一方面可延长香气化合物的扩散路径,另一方面能通过疏水作用增强对挥发物质的保留[27]。β-酪蛋白可通过疏水作用与静电作用,使乙基麦芽酚、香兰素的释放抑制率分别达到58.41%和53.64%[28]。复合界面膜的机械强度、弹性与粘度相比于单一蛋白质界面具有明显优势。淀粉纳米晶体-苋菜蛋白复合薄膜的拉伸强度相较于单一蛋白提高了4.7倍[29]。酪蛋白钠-硫酸葡聚糖钠复合物的膨胀弹性模量与粘性模量较单一溶液提高2倍[30]。此外,复合界面膜可用作环境响应型开关。改变盐离子浓度及pH等条件,可调控多层膜的吸附与脱附行为,实现香气的可控释放[31]。
蛋白质结构中的氨基酸侧链、末端基团及疏水口袋上的多种结合位点,可直接通过疏水氨基酸、氢键及π–π相互作用等方式与香气化合物结合,从分子层面改变香气化合物的分配行为和释放动力学[32-33]。Seuvre等[34]研究发现,β-乳清蛋白水合引发结构松弛,然后通过非共价作用结合醛类和酮类香气化合物,避免其氧化与降解,提升风味稳定性。
脂质一般不与香气化合物发生化学反应,主要作为溶解基质调控香气释放。多数香气化合物为疏水性(lgP>1),与脂质的高亲和力可提高其油水分配系数,使香气更易滞留于油相,降低向水相或气相的释放驱动力。脂质构成的油相占比增加会使疏水性香气的释放动力学曲线趋于平缓。同理,脂质环境中的亲水性香气化合物则更易释放[35]。油相粘度是调控香气释放动力学的关键要参数。粘度升高会降低香气在油相中的扩散系数,导致界面处香气浓度难以迅速恢复,使整体释放速率由界面瞬时平衡控制转变为油相扩散传质控制。此外,脂质在界面结晶或油相形成晶体网络结构时,界面及近界面区域的刚性显著提升,传质阻力进一步增大,造成香气释放延迟,释放动力学特征也随之改变[36-37]。
碳水化合物对香气的影响具有双向性,可根据体系条件实现香气保留或释放,作用效果复杂且难以预测[38]。多糖容易通过蛋白残基、疏水片段及带电糖链的伸展形成界面膜,在气液或气固界面构建稳定屏障,降低香气传质系数[27]。同时,多糖可与香气化合物形成包覆物,提高界面粘弹性与机械性能,是优良的风味载体与封装材料[39−40]。
与之相反,单糖、蔗糖等小分子糖具有强水合能力,可通过形成氢键网络结合水分子,降低体系水分活度,提升液相中香气的活度系数。在饮料模型中,高浓度蔗糖与转化糖通过这种“盐析效应”提高自由水中的香气浓度,从而促进芳樟醇、L-薄荷酮及己酸乙酯等化合物的释放[41]。Piccone等[42]发现,向浓缩咖啡中添加蔗糖,可显著提高呋喃类、酚类化合物的挥发性,但对吡嗪类香气起保留作用,这一差异与香气化合物的极性密切相关。与此类似,盐类通过水分活度调控与离子效应间接影响香气释放。多项研究表明,在食品挥发性物质检测前添加氯化钠,可有效提高顶空气体中挥发性物质的浓度[43−44]。
部分香气化合物兼具疏水骨架与极性基团,在气液或液液界面可表现出表面活性剂特性,通过降低体系表面张力,调控自身分布与释放行为[45−46]。分子动力学模拟显示,芳樟醇等香气化合物可自发定位于气液界面,通过削弱界面氢键网络降低界面自由能[47]。
与传统非挥发性表面活性剂不同,香气化合物的界面吸附是动态非稳态过程:其动态表面张力不仅受体相向界面的扩散速率控制,还受自身挥发行为的显著影响[48],如图2所示。在开放环境中,界面吸附的香气会持续向气相迁移,导致界面覆盖率随时间下降,表面张力回升;在密闭环境中,液相挥发通量与气相溶解通量最终达到平衡,界面吸附保持稳定,表面张力趋于恒定[49]。Soboleva等[48]证实,芳樟醇、苄基乙酸酯可在毫秒至秒级时间内显著降低气液界面张力,但10 min内会出现张力回升的动态特征。与常规表面活性剂SDS的单向吸附机制相比,两亲性香气化合物的界面作用本质是扩散吸附-挥发脱附的竞争过程。这一特性表明,香气释放并非仅由相间分配决定,还受界面覆盖率、分子排列方式及体系开放程度等因素的协同调控。
口腔加工过程中,挥发性化合物从食物基质释放至口腔、鼻腔,是香气感知的核心环节。咀嚼、唾液混合等动作通过改变界面状态,从多维度调控香气释放,如图3所示。
咀嚼通过界面影响香气释放的途径有三种,分别是界面重塑、黏膜滞留和气流泵送。咀嚼时牙齿及口腔摩擦产生的机械力会破坏食物的质构和内部微观结构,与唾液混合形成可安全吞咽的食团,从而将液固与气液界面持续重塑[50]。咀嚼导致固体、半固体食物的细胞破裂或基质暴露,是香气释放的关键触发因素。舌部的剪切作用会破坏酸奶、果酱和冰淇淋等食品的乳液结构或凝胶网络,此过程中会发生一定程度的破乳,进而释放出原本包裹在油滴内的香气化合物[51]。
香气化合物在口腔中的迁移具有双向性。食团与口腔黏膜接触时,部分香气化合物会吸附滞留于黏膜界面。这种滞留效应促使吞咽后香气仍能持续挥发,向鼻咽通路扩散,形成鼻后感知[52−53]。Doyennette等[52]建立了一个可预测咀嚼食品口腔加工过程中风味释放的模型,该模型证实口腔、咽部、鼻腔黏膜对2-壬酮的滞留作用显著。口腔黏膜细胞中的外源代谢酶与香气化合物结构中的醛基和羰基等官能团结合,对特定结构的香气分子进行代谢转化。在口腔黏膜细胞的作用下,辛醛经酶促还原为1-辛醇,2,3-己二酮则代谢为两种羟基酮,并伴随浓度的快速下降,而未被代谢的化合物依靠黏膜的吸附作用主导尾端香气感知[54]。
咀嚼动作中下颌的开闭引起口腔体积周期变化,促使口腔和咽部的空气交换,产生气泵效应,使香气化合物随咀嚼节奏脉冲性进入鼻后腔[55−56]。Hodgson等[56]通过肌电图和涡轮气流计等设备同步实时监测咀嚼、吞咽、呼吸和鼻后香气浓度。结果表明,咀嚼行为影响鼻腔气流,每次咀嚼可促使约26 mL空气从口腔泵入咽部,且香气浓度波动与咀嚼节奏一致。而吞咽过程中鼻腔无气流,但吞咽后香气释放显著增强。
唾液中富含黏蛋白、免疫球蛋白、α-淀粉酶、碳酸酐酶和多种小分子蛋白以及电解质,从多个层面改变界面环境,调控香气释放。
唾液的稀释作用降低了亲水性香气化合物的浓度,导致其迁移到气相中的驱动力变弱[57,58]。Jourdren等[59]通过质子转移反应质谱(PTR-MS)表征面包食团样本,发现高孔隙率与高吸水能力的面包食团的顶空香气释放量较低。而疏水性香气化合物则因更多分配于油相,其释放行为难以仅通过稀释作用解释。
唾液中的黏蛋白等表面活性成分,可与食物中的乳化剂在油水界面发生竞争吸附或置换作用,形成蛋白质冠,改变界面层组成和渗透性。乳化剂的电荷性质决定了不同唾液黏蛋白的吸附行为。Sillettie等[60]研究发现带正电的溶菌酶稳定乳液主要吸附黏蛋白MUC5B,而带负电的β-乳球蛋白优先结合MUC7和中低分子量蛋白。高分子量黏蛋白通过静电或疏水作用吸附于油滴表面,可能促使油滴聚集,增大乳液颗粒尺寸,进而抑制香气释放[61]。
唾液中的α-淀粉酶对香气释放的影响是双向的。一方面,α-淀粉酶通过切割α-1,4糖苷键水解淀粉,使淀粉基食品由连续凝胶转变为低聚糊精分散相,黏度与弹性模量下降,释放先前被物理包埋或与淀粉分子形成包合物的香气化合物[62];另一方面,α-淀粉酶作为球状蛋白,其疏水结构域可结合香气化合物,这对lgP较高的疏水性香气化合物影响较大。在模拟口腔系统中,向四季豆添加模拟唾液后,淀粉降解增强,2-甲基丙醛、2-甲基丁醛的释放量显著增加,而1-辛烯-3-醇的释放量则显著低于未加唾液组。由此可见,α-淀粉酶对香气化合物的调控,是在酶活、食品淀粉含量及香气亲疏水性共同作用下,淀粉基质降解释放香气与蛋白质疏水保留香气的综合结果[63]。
唾液在舌腭挤压和牙齿剪切等口腔运动下快速引入空气,其表面活性成分在气液界面吸附形成大量气泡与泡沫。该过程使得食物与唾液界面扩展为唾液与空气的接触界面,极大地提高了香气释放的比表面积。Guo等[64]以薄荷口香糖为模型,连续监测气泡形态和呼气中的薄荷醇含量。结果表明,相对于加入消泡剂的口香糖,常规口香糖咀嚼时气泡持续生成与塌陷,呼气中薄荷醇浓度保持较高水平,显著增强清凉感。
香气化合物与鼻腔中嗅觉受体结合,是激发大脑感知的核心步骤[65]。香气分子主要通过鼻前通路与鼻后通路两条路径接触嗅觉受体。鼻前通路是指食品或环境的气味经鼻孔直接传递至嗅觉受体;而鼻后通路则是指香气在口腔加工后,经口腔-咽喉-鼻腔通路逆向传递至嗅觉受体[66−67]。
鼻前通路是嗅觉感知的直接路径[68]。吸入空气在抵达嗅觉区域前会被加温、加湿,为香气化合物的稳定传输提供条件。此过程中,香气的空气-黏液分配系数是决定其在嗅觉区域分布的关键因素,直接影响最终感知体验[69−70]。高疏水性香气不易被鼻腔黏液截留,感知强度高但持续时间短[71−72];而亲水性香气易吸附于黏膜,但传输速率慢、响应时间长,甚至可能因滞留和代谢而难以被嗅觉受体检测[71,73−74]。
鼻后通路的香气传质受呼吸模式、口腔气流、食团停留时间等多种因素调控[65,75]。从界面化学角度看,食团与口腔顶部空气形成的气液界面是香气进入鼻后通路的关键传质界面。界面面积、温度以及香气存在状态,共同决定鼻后香气的释放通量[76−77]。界面面积受咬合力与剪切角度调控,咀嚼与舌部搅拌可增大食物颗粒间传质界面,促进香气释放[78];界面温度接近人体体温,高于环境温度,可提高香气化合物的挥发性[65,79]。此外,呼吸道闭合与咀嚼动作产生的气溶胶颗粒,可裹挟香气分子,增强其向嗅觉区域的传递效率,同时通过黏膜粘附实现对嗅觉受体的持续性刺激[80−81]。
现代食品工业已经开发出多种香气调控技术,基于界面对香气释放调控的主导机制,可将其分为界面屏障型和界面吸附型两大类,前者主要通过物理阻隔作用,后者依靠分子间相互作用调控释放。
界面屏障技术的基本原理,是构建具有特定厚度与力学强度的界面层,降低香气化合物的有效扩散系数,从而精准调控香气释放速率与释放时间。乳液和微胶囊是该类技术的典型代表。
乳液是典型的多相分散体系,广泛应用于疏水性香气的负载与稳定。油水界面的组成与结构,是决定香气释放的核心因素。根据界面稳定剂的差异,食品乳液界面可分为低分子乳化剂界面、生物大分子界面以及固体颗粒稳定界面三类,其界面结构如图4所示。
低分子乳化剂分子量通常小于1 kDa,具有明确的两亲性结构,可快速降低界面张力。但其形成的界面层厚度仅几纳米,流动性强、机械强度弱,对香气的阻隔作用有限,易导致香气快速释放[82]。食品中常用的低分子乳化剂有单甘油脂肪酸酯、司盘、吐温、卵磷脂、山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯及聚甘油脂肪酸酯等[83−84]。
相比之下,由蛋白质、多糖聚集形成的生物大分子界面,厚度可达几十纳米,具有优异的弹性与粘性,可延长香气的扩散路径。相比单层界面,蛋白和多糖形成的复合界面则通过多种屏障机制控制香气释放。蛋白质和多糖由于静电作用和空间位阻作用,使得两者结合形成的复合界面膜更为致密,厚度增大,渗透性降低。同时,复合界面的高粘弹性增强了力学稳定性,可有效抑制香气的快速迁移。从热力学的角度看,复合界面膜提高了香气向气相转移的自由能壁垒,显著增加传质阻力。Bortnowska等[85]研究发现,蛋白-多糖双层界面构筑的乳液内聚能可从不足1 J·m−3提高至约30~47 J·m−3;冷藏12 d后,体系香气保留率达0.34~0.77,且随多糖浓度升高而提高,香气释放速率常数降低至6.21~102×10−3/d。在高直链淀粉构建的蛋白-多糖双层乳液凝胶中,香气释放速率常数可降低35%~72%,证实界面结构致密化是复合界面实现香气缓释的关键。
与生物大分子材料界面不同,固体颗粒稳定的皮克林乳液通过在油水界面的不可逆吸附构建刚性界面层,对于香气释放的调控主要体现在界面空间结构和分子间作用力的协同作用。固体颗粒在界面上形成连续的覆盖层,香气难以垂直穿透界面,只能从颗粒间隙迁移,传质阻力显著增大;同时,固体颗粒还可通过与香气化合物的键合作用,增强界面对香气的固定效果。例如,大豆蛋白/壳聚糖复合物可通过疏水作用与氢键,将2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、糠醛等烤牛肉香气锚定在油相及界面层,减少自由扩散[86]。
需强调的是,乳液界面屏障是动态结构,其完整性与致密性会随离子强度、pH、剪切力、口腔加工等环境条件变化,因此乳液界面不仅可作为香气的阻隔层,还可设计为香气释放的动态调控开关。
与乳液相比,微胶囊通过引入壳核结构来强化界面屏障作用。香气化合物被包埋于核内,释放需依次经历内部扩散、壳层渗透、外界环境稀释三个阶段。食品中常见微胶囊壁材包括蛋白质、多糖及其复合体系,其形成的壳层的壁材种类、厚度、孔隙结构和交联程度直接决定了香气化合物的穿透路径和控释模式。根据界面屏障的构建方式,食品香气控释微胶囊可分为单壳层型、多壳层型、多孔结构壳层型三类,如表2所示。
单层壳层微胶囊通过复凝聚、喷雾干燥等方法形成连续致密的壳层,香气需要通过分子间隙缓慢扩散渗透,表现为典型的缓释行为,适合需要长期留香的食品体系。食品香气控释领域中严格意义的单层致密壳层体系相对少见,更多的是先通过复凝聚形成单层壳,然后利用硬化或者交联的方式改善壳层的抗渗透性和耐加工性[87−88]。
多壳层型微胶囊通过层层自组装或双层包覆等方式构建多重界面结构,香气释放过程需连续跨越多个界面屏障。多重界面的串联效应可显著放大屏障作用,实现香气的分阶段控释。该类微胶囊在抑制初期突释方面优势显著,适用于对香气释放时序要求较高的食品体系。
多孔结构微胶囊的壳层中通常存在一定数量的孔道或缺陷结构,其孔径大小、连通性及分布会显著影响香气释放特性。高孔隙率或高连通性的壳层,会导致香气在初期快速释放,表现出突释特征;随着香气含量降低或壳层结构重排,释放行为逐渐转变为扩散受限过程。因此,该类微胶囊的香气释放对壳层结构变化高度敏感。
通过设计界面层的组成,可以选用不同类型的蛋白质、多糖及复合乳化剂,构建出对特定环境刺激具有响应性的壁材。温度响应型微胶囊采用相变材料或温敏聚合物作为壁材,可在特定温度下触发香气释放[99]。Wei等[100]以热响应聚合物单硬脂酸山梨醇酯为载体负载薄荷醇,40 ℃下可稳定薄荷醇15 d;温度升至80 ℃时,体系仍可实现稳定气体释放。此外,可以设计唾液淀粉酶响应型微胶囊,其壁材在咀嚼过程中被酶解,从而触发香气释放。这种策略不仅可提升香气化合物利用率,还能通过调控释放速率与时间梯度,营造出层次丰富的动态风味特征。
与界面屏障型技术不同,界面吸附型香气调控技术的原理并非通过改变扩散路径长度,而是利用分子间相互作用力实现香气在界面的可逆吸附与解析,控制释放强度与持续时间。常见材料有脂质体、多孔材料和凝胶等。
脂质体是由磷脂双分子层构成的囊泡结构,可同时吸附亲水与疏水性香气化合物,生物相容性优异,适用于功能食品与天然食品的风味调控。疏水性香气化合物主要嵌入脂肪链附近的双层疏水区,其释放形态受脂质相态、膜流动性和疏水基团数量影响。在亲水界面,双分子层表面的亲水区域含有磷酸基团和氨基等,通过氢键、静电作用吸附亲水性香气化合物。因此,脂质体更像是香气的界面储存库,而非单纯的扩散屏障。
食品脂质体常用大豆磷脂、卵磷脂、磷脂酰胆碱等作为制备材料,添加胆固醇可提高双分子层的有序度与刚性,降低小分子穿膜渗透。通过蛋白质或多糖在脂质体外层吸附交联,构建次级界面结构,可增强吸附稳定性。在含盐、糖及风味物质的复杂饮料基质中,添加经乳清分离蛋白涂层的脂质体,风味贮藏稳定性从16 d延长至40 d[101]。该涂层通过空间阻隔与电荷屏蔽作用,抑制体系中钙离子诱导的磷脂絮凝及膜融合,缓解因渗透压梯度导致的膜张力与内容物泄漏。
多孔材料依靠高比表面积与丰富孔道结构,通过物理吸附或毛细作用富集香气化合物。香气化合物吸附于孔道内壁,或填充于孔腔中,释放行为受孔隙尺寸、分子结构及环境湿度调控。食品领域常用的多孔材料包括环糊精、无机多孔材料及金属有机框架等。γ-环糊精金属有机框架(γ-CD-MOF)作为食用级多孔材料,不仅具备优异的香气负载能力,也避免了传统MOF在食品应用上的安全顾虑。其多级微孔与环糊精孔壁提供了丰富的吸附位点,对酯类香气化合物的负载量为γ-环糊精的3倍,并实现了14 d的稳定缓释,释放行为符合零级动力学模型[102]。与萜烯类化合物遵循的Weibull释放模型相比,含羰基的酯类更容易与孔壁形成氢键等作用实现平稳释放,说明香气化合物官能团与孔隙作用位点的匹配度决定了释放动力学特征。因此,在设计香气控释多孔材料时,除关注比表面积外,还应开发与目标香气分子官能团相匹配的界面材料,实现不同种类香气的控释。
凝胶的三维网络结构为香气化合物提供了大量吸附位点,除通过聚合物网络的氢键、疏水作用及静电作用在界面处吸附香气分子外,其网络孔径与交联程度可调控香气化合物的扩散路径。多数香气化合物在弱凝胶中表现出更高的气-凝胶分配系数,顶空浓度大。而强凝胶因致密的网络结构产生的空间位阻和非极性空腔,更容易保留香气化合物[103]。多糖凝胶通过氢键、离子交联形成的网络结构,可吸附并滞留香气分子[104]。而蛋白凝胶则通过疏水作用与共价交联,实现香气的稳定负载与可控释放。提高蛋白含量使凝胶网络更致密,气-凝胶分配系数与释放速率同步降低。凝胶的界面吸附具有环境响应性,pH、温度、离子强度的变化可触发凝胶网络的收缩或溶胀,进而调控香气的解析与释放。
在实际体系中,界面屏障和界面吸附两种机制往往同时存在,共同决定香气释放曲线特征。屏障型微胶囊的壳层材料同时提供疏水口袋和氢键位点吸附香气化合物。而吸附型的多孔材料,其孔道结构本身也构成了对香气化合物扩散的物理屏障。
在食品界面变化和香气释放研究中,分析技术对于界面性质的表征、香气化合物的精确定量以及界面与化合物的分子作用力解析极为重要。本文从界面表征技术、人工口腔模拟技术、香气释放实时监测技术和计算机模拟技术四个方面进行梳理,这些技术可为我们提供从宏观到微观、从静态到动态的全面视角。
两相之间的界面张力γ是决定液滴尺寸、乳液结构、动力学及稳定性的重要物理性质。界面张力仪通过Yong-Laplace方程来拟合液滴或气泡轮廓计算表面张力,常用方法有Wilhelmy板法、悬滴法、最大气泡压力法和吊环法。对于可作为表面活性剂的两亲性香气化合物,界面张力仪可通过γ随时间的变化侧面反映香气化合物在界面处的吸附行为和释放动力学[48]。在负载香气化合物的纳微乳液中,界面张力仪可评估界面的致密性对香气释放的屏障作用,若和香气检测技术联用可建立动力学和释放行为的相关性。
流变仪在食品界面的表征中被广泛应用。其原理是通过振荡、剪切等测试模式,测定食品界面的弹性模量、表观粘度和储能模量等界面参数,可量化食品粘弹性等基础质构属性及动态演化过程。主要测试方法有稳态剪切测试、动态剪切测试和摩擦测试。通过加装摩擦学单元测量模块,流变仪可采用速度梯度、载荷梯度以及间隙梯度模拟口腔中复杂的加工过程[105]。以淀粉基乳液为例,通过流变仪摩擦学测试发现,界面吸附的柔性颗粒层或高分子层可显著降低在模拟口腔条件下的摩擦系数,使低油含量下的乳液表现出接近高油脂产品的滑腻感[106]。改性淀粉通过疏水基团结合在界面处,形成较厚的吸附膜,延缓香气化合物向气相的迁移[107]。
耗散型石英晶体微天平(Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation,QCM-D)是一种基于石英晶体压电效应的测量方法。当在晶体两侧施加交变电场时,晶体发生厚度剪切振动,其谐振频率对表面质量变化极其敏感[108]。纳米材料或者生物材料吸附在晶体表面时,导致谐振频率降低。该频率和界面负载质量变化之间的关系可由Sauerbrey方程近似线性描述,实现纳克级的质量检测,具体原理如图5所示[109]。在食品体系当中,吸附层多为有机分子层、聚合物、细胞、微生物等含水量高的粘弹性层,只能引起晶体微弱振动,仅用频率的变化解释吸附质量会出现失真现象[109−110]。因此,需引入能量耗散来反映界面层的柔软度、结构松散性和动态特性。本课题组[111]利用单宁酸在油水界面协调纤维素纳米晶体和NH2-PDMS-NH2的共组装,通过QCM-D测定其粘附机制。该研究发现,椭球形微胶囊的附着力优于球形微胶囊。目前,QCM-D已被广泛应用于原位表征食品中界面的吸附、聚合及重排行为,包括凝胶和乳液表面吸附、微胶囊的凝聚与组装以及聚合物界面膜之间的相互作用[111−113]。在这些研究基础上,将具有选择性吸附能力的材料修饰QCM-D电极可实现关键香气化合物定量检测。Ali等[114]采用聚二甲基硅氧烷涂层修饰QCM传感器用于吸附芒果中的香气化合物。相比于β-石竹烯和呋喃醇,聚二甲基硅氧烷表面的疏水结构对3-蒎烯具有高度选择性,对传感响应的贡献度在46.32%以上,在可实现芒果中3-蒎烯的有效检测,且QCM响应趋势与GC-MS测定值呈现一致。
由于口腔加工的界面动态变化及个体差异,真实口腔环境中的香气化合物释放特性难以准确测量。开发能够真实还原口腔加工过程的仿生系统,是研究食品质构与香气释放机制的关键。目前针对口腔模拟技术的研究主要在基础咀嚼轨迹、力学同步监测和口腔界面仿生材料等方面,如图6所示。在力学模拟方面,Xu等[115]采用四连杆和六连杆结构搭配牙齿实现精准的咬合功能。该装置可通过调节连杆长度实现多种咀嚼轨迹,但食团颗粒相较于真实口腔仍存在一定差异。AM2咀嚼模拟器改善了这一问题,通过圆盘同心旋转与同轴平移运动的组合来模拟咀嚼动作,并配备了唾液供给系统。该装置生成的花生和胡萝卜食团与健全受试者咀嚼得到的食团相似,且食团粒径中位数与受试者无显著差异[116]。Lee等[117]采用线性执行器来模拟人类咀嚼肌的运动机制,在上颌人工牙齿上安装了超微型传感器,可以直接测量门齿、犬齿和臼齿间的相互作用力,并且实现了连续咬合运动和牙齿研磨运动。
针对生物界面仿生材料和食品香气在口腔内的动态释放过程,相关的模拟装置也得到了一定的开发。日本学者开发的机器人口腔模拟器配备了刚性的牙齿和柔软的舌头,通过压力传感器同步测量咀嚼过程中的咬合力和舌部压力分布,精确计算出甜甜圈的质构特性[118]。Salles等[119]开发的口腔咀嚼模拟器能够模拟人体口腔的大部分功能,采用环形聚醚醚酮加工成下颌骨,准确重现剪切强度、压缩强度及舌头功能,同时通过大气压电离质谱监测风味释放的动态变化。相对于金属材料,聚醚醚酮对大多数的挥发性物质消耗不显著,在清洗后无气味残留,是理想的模拟口腔材料。Benjamin等[120]设计的口腔模拟器则结合了温度和唾液流量因素。通过PTR-MS原位监测该装置中的香气化合物浓度,结果发现,玻璃材料能产生与人类舌头相似的压力分布模式,且对挥发性成分具有吸附惰性。徐元浩[121]利用自主搭建的仿生口腔咀嚼装置咀嚼奶酪,发现随咀嚼次数增加,食团的剪切粘度、硬度和弹性指数显著下降,香气释放量随之提高。
现有的研究通过仿生材料和力学模拟构建了口腔环境内的复杂界面环境,但是模拟口腔的界面动态变化与真实口腔的生物界面仍存在差异。未来模型设计需进一步纳入吞咽、喉咙动作等生理功能,提升模拟的真实性。
在线监测技术是揭示香气化合物动态迁移与释放规律的有力工具。PTR-MS能够实时捕捉呼吸或鼻腔中的挥发性成分浓度动态变化,具有无需样品前处理、检测限低、时间分辨率高等优势[122]。反应监测模式和鼻内嗅闻法相结合,使得研究者能够在咀嚼、吞咽和呼吸等动态过程中获得原位香气释放数据,从而实现与感官感知的同步对比。除了PTR-MS,选择性离子流管质谱(SIFT-MS)也因其良好检测速度和定量性能被用于在线检测[123]。Vendel等[124]将SIFT-MS用于草莓采后挥发性有机化合物的快速、无损和定量测量,分析时间比GC-MS方法缩短了11倍。
由于食品基质和反应的复杂性,分子对接和分子动力学模拟(Molecular dynamics,MD)成为研究食品界面与香气化合物相互作用的重要工具。分子对接可通过能量匹配相互识别机制,识别香气小分子与界面材料之间的最佳结合模式与结合位点。MD可在纳秒至微秒内表征界面与香气分子的动态重排过程,并通过均方根波动、均方根偏差、氢键数量及回旋半径等指标揭示主要相互作用力的类型,对真实实验进行验证。Guo等[125]通过MD解析喷雾干燥制备β-环糊精薄荷醇微胶囊的结合状态。发现相比于β-环糊精,β-环糊精聚合物与薄荷醇之间形成了氢键,结合能为−5.019 kcal/mol,并且在热重分析和差示扫描量热测试中展现出良好热稳定性和缓释性能。Wang等[126]使用肉桂醛修饰细菌纤维素纳米纤维与乳清分离蛋白构建的微胶囊。分子动力学结果表明,肉桂醛引起微胶囊氢键数量增加,新产生的氢键主要发生在肉桂醛的醛基与乳清分离蛋白的苏氨酸和谷氨酰胺残基之间。氢键数量增加和疏水作用使微胶囊的复合壁材更为紧密,有效抑制了香气化合物的扩散。由此可见,MD可以在分子层面模拟预测香气分子与界面的结合扩散行为,有助于更为准确地设计稳定且环境响应的食品界面。
从食品体系的静态界面,到口腔加工的动态生物界面,界面的理化性质是调控香气分配、传质及最终感官体验的核心因素。本文结合具体研究案例,系统阐述了界面化学在食品香气释放中的作用,阐明了咀嚼、唾液相互作用、鼻后腔传质等界面变化对香气感知的影响机制。在食品加工和递送体系中科学运用界面工程技术,调控香气的迁移路径和速率,可实现对香气的保护与控释。
尽管界面化学在香气控释研究中已取得一定进展,但仍面临诸多挑战。食品加工过程的多样性,使香气在动态界面的行为难以准确描述和预测;多组分相互作用、非平衡态过程、多尺度耦合,已成为当前研究的重点和难点。个体间唾液流速、成分、嗅觉受体基因型,以及饮食经验、文化背景的差异,导致普适性香气感知模型难以建立。另外,实时、原位、无损地监测口腔加工过程中微观界面上香气化合物浓度和状态变化的分析技术,目前尚不成熟。尽管现有的鼻内质谱技术可以实时监测呼出气体中的香气浓度,但仍难以用来分析香气在食糜和唾液界面上的微观行为。
未来基于界面化学开展食品香气释放和感知的研究应聚焦以下方向:一是开展多尺度建模与仿真,结合化学计量学、分子动力学模拟和计算流体力学,构建界面传质的定量模型,以精准预测香气的释放过程;二是借鉴材料领域的微环境工程理念,开发响应口腔特定生物信号的智能食品材料和结构;三是融合神经科学与感官科学,将传统的感官评价方法与脑电、功能性磁共振成像等神经科学技术相结合,深入挖掘香气感知背后的神经编码机制。这不仅为风味食品制造提供以脑响应为基础的数据支撑,还能设计出既满足营养需求又符合个人感官偏好的健康食品。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120068
  • 接收时间:2025-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-05
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    上海应用技术大学香料香精化妆品学部,上海 201418

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柯勤飞(1963−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性芳香新材料与应用,E-mail:。
寇兴然(1986−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然香料稳态化与功效评价,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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