Article(id=1320880365431009650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080296, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852019889, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852019889, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852019889, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852019889, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=515, endPage=524, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880365670084979, articleId=1320880365431009650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Exploring the Immune-regulating Mechanisms of Ginseng Sea Buckthorn Complex Based on Network Pharmacology, columnId=1320880301220410188, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Nutrition and Health Benefits, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the immune-regulating mechanism of the ginseng sea buckthorn complex (GSC) using network pharmacology, molecular docking, cellular experiments, and animal experiments. Network pharmacology was applied to predict potential immune-regulating pathways and key targets of GSC. Molecular docking was performed to assess the binding properties between GSC components and these key targets. Cellular and animal experiments were designed to verify the immune-regulating effect of GSC. Results showed that network pharmacology predicted GSC might regulate immune function by acting on signaling pathways such as lipid and atherosclerosis and MAPK signaling pathway, as well as key targets including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Molecular docking results indicated that GSC components exhibited good binding properties with the key target TNF, with all binding energies below −6.00 kcal/mol. Cellular experiments demonstrated that GSC increased TNF-α secretion in RAW264.7 macrophages: Low, medium, and high doses elevated TNF-α secretion from 1201.96 pg/mL to 1908.63 pg/mL (P<0.001), 1859.04 pg/mL (P<0.001), and 1737.38 pg/mL (P<0.001), respectively. In animal experiments, GSC showed a significant immune-enhancing effect: The spleen index was increased to 0.3273% (P<0.05), the optical density difference was raised to 0.06 (P<0.001), the toe thickness difference was increased to 0.58 mm (P<0.001), and the half-hemolysis value was enhanced to 106.10 (P<0.01). In conclusion, GSC may exert immune-regulating effects by modulating signaling pathways such as lipid and atherosclerosis, MAPK signaling pathway to affect immune cell activity, while regulating TNF-α concentration.

, authors=Hailin HUANG1, Liyi LU2, Shijia LIU2, Junlong CHEN2, Faming PENG1, Shiyun FENG2, Yecheng GAO2, *, Guo XIE1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Hailin HUANG, Liyi LU, Shijia LIU, Junlong CHEN, Faming PENG, Shiyun FENG, Yecheng GAO, Guo XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yecheng GAO, Guo XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880369373655432, articleId=1320880365431009650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于网络药理学探究人参沙棘复合物调节免疫作用机制, columnId=1320880301400765262, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品营养与健康功效, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究拟选择人参沙棘复合物(ginseng sea buckthorn complex,GSC)作为研究对象,借助网络药理学、分子对接及细胞和动物实验探究其调节免疫的作用机制。利用网络药理学预测GSC调节免疫潜在作用通路及关键靶点;通过分子对接评估GSC成分与关键靶点的结合性能;设计细胞、动物实验验证GSC调节免疫作用。结果表明,网络药理学预测GSC可能通过作用于脂质及动脉粥样硬化、MAPK等信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)等关键靶点进一步调节免疫功能。分子对接结果显示GSC中成分与关键靶点TNF结合特性较好,结合能均低于−6.00 kcal/mol。细胞实验表明,GSC提高了巨噬细胞RAW264.7的TNF-α分泌量,低、中、高剂量分别将TNF-α分泌量由1201.96 pg/mL提高至1908.63 pg/mL(P<0.001)、1859.04 pg/mL(P<0.001)、1737.38 pg/mL(P<0.001),在动物实验中,GSC显示出较好增强免疫作用,脾脏指数提高至0.3273%(P<0.05),光密度差值增加至0.06(P<0.001)、足趾厚度差值增加至0.58 mm(P<0.001)、半数溶血值增加至106.10(P<0.01)。综上,GSC可能通过调节脂质与动脉粥样硬化、MAPK等信号通路影响免疫细胞活性,同时调节TNF-α浓度发挥调节免疫作用。

, authors=黄海林1, 陆丽仪2, 刘士佳2, 陈君龙2, 彭法铭1, 丰时运2, 高业成2, *, 谢果1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=黄海林, 陆丽仪, 刘士佳, 陈君龙, 彭法铭, 丰时运, 高业成, 谢果, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高业成, 谢果, authorNote=

黄海林(2000−),男,硕士,研究方向:天然产物活性与功能开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
高业成(1985−),男,博士,中级食品工程师,研究方向:药理药效和安全性评价,E-mail:。
谢果(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物新产品新技术研发,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=n1zSplawDcai7hUnli8VeQ==, magXml=6444LwDhvvrb6uf19304xg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=mH9Uoi69yBoWLfNvQYkXeA==, pdfFileSize=9438737, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Kogb4UhhGPgalB7nnadf+g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GEpzPlVya26bfWV22pDOsA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880369897943443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=20231120283@stu.gzucm.edu.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880369965052309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, authorId=1320880369897943443, language=EN, stringName=Hailin HUANG, firstName=Hailin, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320880370069909910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, authorId=1320880369897943443, language=CN, stringName=黄海林, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1广州中医药大学中药学院,广东广州 510000, bio={"content":"

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Phytomedicine, 2025, 142: 156763., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880369608536457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880369616925066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, companyId=1320880369608536457, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880369625313675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, companyId=1320880369608536457, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广州中医药大学中药学院,广东广州 510000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880369713394060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880369721782669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, companyId=1320880369713394060, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Perfect (Guangdong) Commodity Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528451, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880369730171278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, companyId=1320880369713394060, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2完美(广东)日用品有限公司,广东中山 528451)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880369814057359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880369822445968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, companyId=1320880369814057359, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan 528402, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880369830834577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, companyId=1320880369814057359, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3电子科技大学中山学院,广东中山 528402)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880375249875399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=GSC-Immunity intersection target map, figureFileSmall=A8hYecYCtg0SbpRmwyY7RQ==, figureFileBig=Kogb4UhhGPgalB7nnadf+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880375308595656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GSC-Immunity交集靶点图, figureFileSmall=A8hYecYCtg0SbpRmwyY7RQ==, figureFileBig=Kogb4UhhGPgalB7nnadf+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880375526699465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=GSC component-target network diagram, figureFileSmall=T0dmHO7b0IPkqs9EN2YGVw==, figureFileBig=cfm36ZC9KKoBSkHzYECg/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880377187643850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=CN, label=图2, caption=GSC成分-靶点网络图, figureFileSmall=T0dmHO7b0IPkqs9EN2YGVw==, figureFileBig=cfm36ZC9KKoBSkHzYECg/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880377275724235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Intersection target PPI network diagram, figureFileSmall=7zqoRX75FQriI8CtKVFKyg==, figureFileBig=B5oIxaF4mbmqia/+J0XuJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880377351221708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=CN, label=图3, caption=交集靶点PPI网络图, figureFileSmall=7zqoRX75FQriI8CtKVFKyg==, figureFileBig=B5oIxaF4mbmqia/+J0XuJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880377430913485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=GSC regulates immune core target map, figureFileSmall=TXuLgihB8LIQ9h9xm0y/nA==, figureFileBig=3KTkPTk3AdRV9ghWRXhrFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880377498022350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=CN, label=图4, caption=GSC调节免疫核心靶点图

注:颜色越深代表评分越高。

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注:A. GO生物过程;B. GO分子功能;C. GO细胞组分;D. KEGG通路。

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注:A. Rg3-TNF;B. Rf-TNF;C. Rg5-TNF;D. Rh2-TNF;E. Rg5-STAT3,对接重复次数为20次。

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注:**、***分别代表与0 μg/mL组相比,该组统计学差异为P<0.01,P<0.001,n=4。

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注:***代表与Con组相比,该组统计学差异为P<0.001,n=3。

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注:*、**、***分别代表与Con组相比,该组统计学差异为P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.001,n=8。

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Databases and software used in network pharmacology and molecular docking research

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据库与软件网址或版本号
TCMSPhttps://www.tcmsp-e.com/
Uniprothttps://www.uniprot.org/
Pubchemhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Swiss Target Predictionhttp://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/
PharmMapperhttps://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/
Genecardhttps://www.genecards.org/
OMIMhttps://www.omim.org/
Venny 2.1.0https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/
STRINGhttps://cn.string-db.org/
PDBhttps://www.rcsb.org/
cytoscape3.10.3
R4.5.1
Pymol3.1.6.1
Autodock vina1.5.7
), ArticleFig(id=1320880378592735708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

网络药理学及分子对接研究所用数据库与软件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据库与软件网址或版本号
TCMSPhttps://www.tcmsp-e.com/
Uniprothttps://www.uniprot.org/
Pubchemhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Swiss Target Predictionhttp://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/
PharmMapperhttps://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/
Genecardhttps://www.genecards.org/
OMIMhttps://www.omim.org/
Venny 2.1.0https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/
STRINGhttps://cn.string-db.org/
PDBhttps://www.rcsb.org/
cytoscape3.10.3
R4.5.1
Pymol3.1.6.1
Autodock vina1.5.7
), ArticleFig(id=1320880378659844573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Types of ginsenosides contained in GSC

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编号皂苷名称分子式来源
1人参皂苷Rg1C42H72O14人参
2人参皂苷RfC42H72O14人参
3人参皂苷RoC48H76O19人参
420(R)-人参皂苷Rg2C42H72O13人参
520(S)-人参皂苷Rg2C42H72O13人参
6人参皂苷F3C41H70O13人参
720(S)-人参皂苷Rh1C36H62O9人参
8人参皂苷RdC48H82O18人参
9人参皂苷F1C36H62O9人参
10人参皂苷Rg6C42H70O12人参
1120(S)-人参皂苷Rg3C42H72O13人参
1220(R)-人参皂苷Rg3C42H72O13人参
1320(S)-原人参三醇C30H52O4人参
14人参皂苷Rg5C42H70O12人参
15人参皂苷Rk1C42H70O12人参
16人参皂苷C-KC36H62O8人参
17人参皂苷Rh2C36H62O8人参
), ArticleFig(id=1320880378739536350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GSC中含有的人参皂苷种类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号皂苷名称分子式来源
1人参皂苷Rg1C42H72O14人参
2人参皂苷RfC42H72O14人参
3人参皂苷RoC48H76O19人参
420(R)-人参皂苷Rg2C42H72O13人参
520(S)-人参皂苷Rg2C42H72O13人参
6人参皂苷F3C41H70O13人参
720(S)-人参皂苷Rh1C36H62O9人参
8人参皂苷RdC48H82O18人参
9人参皂苷F1C36H62O9人参
10人参皂苷Rg6C42H70O12人参
1120(S)-人参皂苷Rg3C42H72O13人参
1220(R)-人参皂苷Rg3C42H72O13人参
1320(S)-原人参三醇C30H52O4人参
14人参皂苷Rg5C42H70O12人参
15人参皂苷Rk1C42H70O12人参
16人参皂苷C-KC36H62O8人参
17人参皂苷Rh2C36H62O8人参
), ArticleFig(id=1320880378815033823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880365431009650, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Core component scorecard

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排名名称评分
1Rf40
2Rh139
3Rg138
3Rd38
5Rh237
5Rg537
5F137
5Rg337
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核心成分评分

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1Rf40
2Rh139
3Rg138
3Rd38
5Rh237
5Rg537
5F137
5Rg337
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Results of core target scoring

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排名名称评分
1TNF38
2EGFR37
3STAT335
4AKT133
5IL1B33
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核心靶点评分结果

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排名名称评分
1TNF38
2EGFR37
3STAT335
4AKT133
5IL1B33
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基于网络药理学探究人参沙棘复合物调节免疫作用机制
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黄海林 1 , 陆丽仪 2 , 刘士佳 2 , 陈君龙 2 , 彭法铭 1 , 丰时运 2 , 高业成 2, * , 谢果 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 食品营养与健康功效 2026,47(18): 515-524
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食品工业科技 |食品营养与健康功效 2026 , 47 (18) : 515 -524
基于网络药理学探究人参沙棘复合物调节免疫作用机制
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黄海林1 , 陆丽仪2, 刘士佳2, 陈君龙2, 彭法铭1, 丰时运2, 高业成2, * , 谢果1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1广州中医药大学中药学院,广东广州 510000
  • 2完美(广东)日用品有限公司,广东中山 528451
  • 3电子科技大学中山学院,广东中山 528402
通讯作者:
高业成(1985−),男,博士,中级食品工程师,研究方向:药理药效和安全性评价,E-mail:。
谢果(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物新产品新技术研发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄海林(2000−),男,硕士,研究方向:天然产物活性与功能开发,E-mail:

Exploring the Immune-regulating Mechanisms of Ginseng Sea Buckthorn Complex Based on Network Pharmacology
Hailin HUANG1 , Liyi LU2, Shijia LIU2, Junlong CHEN2, Faming PENG1, Shiyun FENG2, Yecheng GAO2, * , Guo XIE1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • 2Perfect (Guangdong) Commodity Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528451, China
  • 3Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan 528402, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080296
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本研究拟选择人参沙棘复合物(ginseng sea buckthorn complex,GSC)作为研究对象,借助网络药理学、分子对接及细胞和动物实验探究其调节免疫的作用机制。利用网络药理学预测GSC调节免疫潜在作用通路及关键靶点;通过分子对接评估GSC成分与关键靶点的结合性能;设计细胞、动物实验验证GSC调节免疫作用。结果表明,网络药理学预测GSC可能通过作用于脂质及动脉粥样硬化、MAPK等信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)等关键靶点进一步调节免疫功能。分子对接结果显示GSC中成分与关键靶点TNF结合特性较好,结合能均低于−6.00 kcal/mol。细胞实验表明,GSC提高了巨噬细胞RAW264.7的TNF-α分泌量,低、中、高剂量分别将TNF-α分泌量由1201.96 pg/mL提高至1908.63 pg/mL(P<0.001)、1859.04 pg/mL(P<0.001)、1737.38 pg/mL(P<0.001),在动物实验中,GSC显示出较好增强免疫作用,脾脏指数提高至0.3273%(P<0.05),光密度差值增加至0.06(P<0.001)、足趾厚度差值增加至0.58 mm(P<0.001)、半数溶血值增加至106.10(P<0.01)。综上,GSC可能通过调节脂质与动脉粥样硬化、MAPK等信号通路影响免疫细胞活性,同时调节TNF-α浓度发挥调节免疫作用。

人参沙棘复合物  /  免疫调节  /  肿瘤坏死因子  /  网络药理学  /  分子对接

This study aimed to investigate the immune-regulating mechanism of the ginseng sea buckthorn complex (GSC) using network pharmacology, molecular docking, cellular experiments, and animal experiments. Network pharmacology was applied to predict potential immune-regulating pathways and key targets of GSC. Molecular docking was performed to assess the binding properties between GSC components and these key targets. Cellular and animal experiments were designed to verify the immune-regulating effect of GSC. Results showed that network pharmacology predicted GSC might regulate immune function by acting on signaling pathways such as lipid and atherosclerosis and MAPK signaling pathway, as well as key targets including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Molecular docking results indicated that GSC components exhibited good binding properties with the key target TNF, with all binding energies below −6.00 kcal/mol. Cellular experiments demonstrated that GSC increased TNF-α secretion in RAW264.7 macrophages: Low, medium, and high doses elevated TNF-α secretion from 1201.96 pg/mL to 1908.63 pg/mL (P<0.001), 1859.04 pg/mL (P<0.001), and 1737.38 pg/mL (P<0.001), respectively. In animal experiments, GSC showed a significant immune-enhancing effect: The spleen index was increased to 0.3273% (P<0.05), the optical density difference was raised to 0.06 (P<0.001), the toe thickness difference was increased to 0.58 mm (P<0.001), and the half-hemolysis value was enhanced to 106.10 (P<0.01). In conclusion, GSC may exert immune-regulating effects by modulating signaling pathways such as lipid and atherosclerosis, MAPK signaling pathway to affect immune cell activity, while regulating TNF-α concentration.

ginseng sea buckthorn complex (GSC)  /  immune regulation  /  tumor necrosis factor (TNF)  /  network pharmacology  /  molecular docking
黄海林, 陆丽仪, 刘士佳, 陈君龙, 彭法铭, 丰时运, 高业成, 谢果. 基于网络药理学探究人参沙棘复合物调节免疫作用机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 515 -524 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080296
Hailin HUANG, Liyi LU, Shijia LIU, Junlong CHEN, Faming PENG, Shiyun FENG, Yecheng GAO, Guo XIE. Exploring the Immune-regulating Mechanisms of Ginseng Sea Buckthorn Complex Based on Network Pharmacology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 515 -524 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080296
免疫功能是机体识别并清除外来病原体与异常细胞,进而维持内环境稳定的关键生理功能。在日常生理过程中,罹患疾病、环境毒素暴露及年龄增长等因素可通过多种途径诱发免疫抑制[1−3],具体机制包括免疫效应细胞异常凋亡、免疫抑制细胞过度增殖、抗炎细胞因子过量释放、免疫检查点异常表达及线粒体功能障碍等[4−5]。免疫抑制状态会进一步加剧恶性肿瘤患病风险,并引发免疫系统紊乱等不良后果,因此,精准调控免疫功能对维持机体稳态、抵御疾病侵袭具有不可替代的重要意义。
中医理论强调,疾病的发生、发展、转归与正气盛衰密切相关:当正气充沛且运行如常时,既能有效抵御外邪侵袭,又可促进自身功能修复,这一认知与现代医学中免疫调节的核心机制高度契合。作为药食同源的代表性中药,人参具有显著的补气功效。现有研究证实,部分稀有皂苷如人参皂苷Rh2(ginsenoside Rh2,Rh2)、人参皂苷Rg3(ginsenoside Rg3,Rg3)具备优异的免疫调节活性[6],但此类成分在天然人参中的含量极低。为解决这一问题,物理、化学及生物转化等技术手段被广泛应用于提高稀有皂苷的富集效率。本研究团队前期通过沙棘果酸转化人参提取物,成功制备得到人参沙棘复合物,该工艺已被证实可显著提升产物中稀有皂苷的含量,且相关皂苷的种类及相对含量已通过前期研究明确[7]。然而,该复合物发挥免疫调节作用的具体分子机制仍有待深入阐明。
近年来,网络药理学在中药复杂成分的药效研究中应用日益广泛。该技术通过构建药物成分与疾病靶点的关联网络,不仅能清晰揭示成分间的协同作用机制,还可基于交集靶点信息进一步挖掘药物成分可能涉及的潜在信号通路及关键作用靶点,在阐明中药复方的整体疗效及作用机制方面展现出独特优势。李石飞等[8]通过网络药理学研究发现,参芪扶正注射液调节免疫功能可能与脂质及动脉粥样硬化等信号通路相关,并推测TNF等靶点为其核心作用靶点。岳珠珠等[9]的研究则表明,黄精可能通过AMPK等信号通路参与免疫调节过程,该研究进一步利用脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型证实,黄精可通过显著调节一氧化氮的释放,进而发挥免疫调节作用。基于上述研究基础,本研究拟结合前期已报道的人参沙棘复合物成分,采用网络药理学与分子对接技术探究其潜在的免疫调节作用机制,并通过设计相关细胞实验及动物实验,进一步验证该复合物的免疫调节活性。
RAW.264.7细胞 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司,编号:CL-0190;SPF级C57BL/6小鼠 8周龄,24只,雌性,体重(20±2)g,广东省医学实验动物中心(生产许可证号:SCXK(粤)2022-0002)。饲养于完美(广东)日用品有限公司,温度22±2 ℃,湿度50%±10%,24 h内进行昼夜更替;人参水提物干粉(GE) 广东青云山药业有限公司制备,经人参水提、浓缩、喷雾干燥工艺制得;人参沙棘复合物干粉(GSC) 完美(广东)日用品有限公司生命健康科技研究院制备,由上述人参水提物干粉加入沙棘果汁,经加热转化人参皂苷后喷雾干燥制得;百令胶囊(BL) 杭州中美华东制药有限公司;增健口服液(Y) 已上市某品牌口服液,具有调节免疫保健功能;DMEM培养基、胎牛血清 美国Gibco公司;PBS缓冲溶液 美国HyClone公司;噻唑蓝(methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide,MTT)、绵羊红细胞(sheep red blood cell,SRBC)、SA缓冲溶液 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO) 分析纯,天津大茂化学试剂厂;TNF-α试剂盒 欣博盛生物科技有限公司;RPMI1640完全培养液 上海盈湾生物科技有限公司;刀豆蛋白A(concanavalin A,ConA) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;Hank's平衡液 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;都氏试剂 析标生物科技(福建省)有限公司。
CCL-170B-8型CO2细胞培养箱、AC2-4S1型生物安全柜 新加坡ESCO公司;MS1003S型电子天平 瑞士Mettler Toled公司、AxioVert A1型倒置显微镜 德国Zeiss公司;Countess Ⅱ型全自动细胞计数仪 美国Thermo公司;SYNERGY H1型荧光酶标仪 美国BioTek公司。
收集既往发表文献[7]中GSC相关的所有人参皂苷类型,为GSC后续的网络药理学研究及分子对接研究奠定基础。
在运用网络药理学及分子对接技术预测GSC调节免疫机制的过程中,所使用的数据库及软件详见表1。
在TCMSP数据库中检索已收集的GSC人参皂苷,借助Mol ID获取其对应的蛋白质靶点信息,随后在Uniprot数据库中转换基因名。之后在Pubchem数据库中获取上述所收集人参皂苷的SMILES号,将其导入Swiss Target Prediction数据库以预测潜在活性靶点,筛选条件设定为Probability>0;与此同时,依据Pubchem数据库中人参皂苷的2D结构数据,在PharmMapper数据库中预测其作用靶点,筛选条件为Norm Fit>0.3。汇总上述各数据库的预测结果并剔除重复值,最终得到GSC的潜在活性靶点。
以“immunity”为关键词,在Genecard与OMIM数据库中进行检索以获取相关靶点。从Genecard数据库中筛选出相关性分数≥10的靶点,随后将OMIM与Genecard数据库的靶点结果进行合并,去除重复项,最终确定免疫调节相关靶点。
将GSC的潜在活性靶点与免疫调节相关靶点导入Venny网站,得到二者的交集靶点。
整理GSC的成分、作用靶点及免疫调节靶点相关信息后,将这些数据导入Cytoscape软件进行可视化操作,以此构建GSC-成分-靶点网络图。利用Cytoscape软件中的Cytohubba插件开展网络分析工作,从中筛选出评分位列前五的关键活性成分。
将GSC调节免疫潜在活性靶点与免疫调节靶点的共有靶点输入STRING网站,限定物种为人类,设置相互作用阈值为0.4,获取蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络数据。借助Cytoscape软件的Cytohubba插件选取富集得分最高的前5个靶点作为核心靶点。
利用R中的“clusterProfiler、DOSE、topGO、pathview、org.Hs.eg.db、ggplot2、dplyr”工具包,对GSC-Immunity交集靶点开展基因本体(gene ontology,GO)及京都基因与基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析。将筛选标准设定为P<0.05,通过R完成结果的输出及可视化呈现。
选取处于对数生长期的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,用PBS缓冲液润洗2次后,加入3 mL DMEM完全培养液,将细胞收集至离心管中。调整细胞浓度到8×104个/mL,接种于96孔板,设置4个复孔,每孔加入100 μL细胞液,于37 ℃、5% CO2孵育过夜。设置空白组(Con)、百令胶囊阳性药组(BL)、人参提取物组(GE)、人参沙棘复合物组(GSC)。Con组加入100 μL细胞培养液,BL、GE、GSC组加入100 μL相应浓度受试物(浓度均为15.625、31.25、62.5、125、250、500、1000 μg/mL)的培养液,调零孔不接种细胞,仅加入100 μL PBS缓冲液,继续培养24 h。结束后,每孔加入10 μL MTT(5 mg/mL)溶液,37 ℃避光孵育3 h,弃去上清液,每孔加入150 μL DMSO,振荡5 min使结晶物充分溶解,随后在酶标仪570 nm波长处测定各孔OD值,计算细胞存活率:
$ \mathrm{C}=\frac{{\text{OD}}_{1}-{\text{OD}}_{2}}{{\text{OD}}_{3}-{\text{OD}}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:C表示细胞存活率,%;OD1表示样品孔OD值;OD2表示调零孔OD值;OD3表示空白孔OD值。
将细胞以5×105个/mL的密度接种于24孔板,设置3个复孔,每孔加入800 μL细胞悬浮液,于37 ℃、5% CO2孵育过夜。设置空白组(Con)、百令胶囊阳性药低(10 ng/mL)、中(100 ng/mL)、高(1 μg/mL)剂量组(BL)、人参提取物低(100 ng/mL)、中(1 μg/mL)、高(10 μg/mL)剂量组(GE)、人参沙棘复合物低(1 μg/mL)、中(10 μg/mL)、高(100 μg/mL)剂量组(GSC)。每孔给药体积为800 μL,每组设置3个复孔,继续培养24 h,收集细胞培养上清液至EP管中,依据TNF-α试剂盒说明书测定TNF-α含量。
适应性喂养一周后,将24只C57BL/6小鼠分为空白对照组(Con)、人参沙棘复合物组(GSC)、阳性组(Y),每组8只,GSC组按0.9 g/kg给药灌胃人参沙棘复合物;Y组按5 mL/kg给药灌胃某品牌增健口服液;Con组给予同体积生理盐水,每天定时定量给药1次,每次灌胃0.1 mL/10 g,连续给药30 d。本研究经完美(广东)日用品有限公司动物伦理委员会批准(伦理编号:WM-GD-DW030)。
第30 d将小鼠处死后测定体重、脾脏和胸腺重量后,计算器官指数:
$ \mathrm{H}=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:H表示器官指数,%;m1表示器官重量,g;m2表示体重,g。
利用SRBC刺激诱导T淋巴细胞增殖成致敏淋巴细胞,具体方法为第26 d通过腹腔注射0.2 mL 2% SRBC对动物进行免疫。免疫4 d后测量小鼠左后足跖部厚度,再于该部位皮下注射20 μL 20% SRBC,注射24 h后再次测量厚度,记录增厚厚度。
利用ConA刺激诱导T细胞发生增殖反应,具体方法为收集第30 d无菌脾组织,在Hank's平衡液进行研磨制成单细胞悬浮液,经过滤后用Hank's平衡液进行洗涤,离心,重新悬浮细胞并调整细胞浓度到3×106个/mL。将细胞分两孔加入24孔板中,每孔1 mL,其中一孔再加入75 μL ConA(100 μg/mL)进行诱导,另一孔作为对照。培养68 h后,吸取700 μL上清液,加入700 μL不含胎牛血清RPMI1640培养液和50 μL MTT(5 mg/mL),培养4 h后加入1 mL DMSO溶解,转移至96孔板中测定570 nm处吸光度。
取第30 d将收集到的血液分离得到血清,血清用SA缓冲溶液稀释200倍后取1 mL加入至试管中,加入10% SRBC 0.5 mL、补体1 mL(SA缓冲溶液1:8稀释),另外设置SA缓冲溶液作为对照,置于37 ℃恒温水浴中20 min,冰浴终止反应后2000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液加入3 mL都氏试剂,同时半数溶血孔加入一半体积0.25 mL SRBC、4 mL都氏试剂,混匀反应10 min,测定540 nm下吸光度,计算半数溶血值:
$ {\text{HC}}_{50}=\frac{{\text{OD}}_{4}}{{\text{OD}}_{5}}\text{×k} $
式中:HC50表示半数溶血值;OD4表示样品光密度值;OD5表示半数溶血时光密度值;k表示样品稀释倍数。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.4.0软件进行统计处理,结果表述为$ \overline{\mathrm{x}}\pm \mathrm{s} $,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05视为差异具有统计学意义。
根据前期已发表的文献[7],GSC包含17种人参皂苷(表2)。本研究以这些人参皂苷作为GSC的药效成分基础,进行网络药理学及分子对接研究。
以GSC中所收集的17种人参皂苷成分为基础,通过TCMSP数据库得到8个活性靶点;利用PharmMapper预测出383个活性靶点,通过Swiss TargetPrediction预测出101个潜在靶点。对上述各类靶点进行去重与汇总处理后,共获得451个潜在活性靶点。
在GeneCards、OMIM数据库中得到了550个与免疫调节相关的靶点。运用Venny工具对GSC的活性靶点和免疫调节靶点展开交集运算,最终得到51个共同靶点,结果如图1所示。
收集GSC和免疫调节的共同靶点,以及这些靶点所对应的人参皂苷成分信息。使用Cytoscape软件绘制GSC的成分-靶点网络图,如图2所示,该图显示出GSC中的人参皂苷成分和免疫调节相关靶点有着密切的关联。利用CytoHubba插件对核心成分进行筛选,按照评分高低排序后,排名前5的核心成分如表3所示,分别为人参皂苷Rf(ginsenoside Rf,Rf)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1(20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1,20(S)-Rh1)、人参皂苷Rg1(ginsenoside Rg1,Rg1)、人参皂苷Rd(ginsenoside Rd,Rd)、人参皂苷Rg5(ginsenoside Rg5,Rg5)、人参皂苷F1(ginsenoside F1,F1)、Rh2及Rg3。
将GSC与免疫调节的共同靶点导入STRING网站数据库后,生成了共同靶点的PPI网络图数据,利用Cytoscape软件适当编辑得到PPI网络图,如图3所示。在此过程中,还获取了蛋白互作信息,涉及51个靶点的498项互作信息,这些信息被导入Cytoscape软件进行分析结果见图4和表4,从中筛选出评分前5的关键靶点,依次为TNF、EGFR、STAT3、AKT1、IL1B。
采用R语言对GSC与免疫调节的共同靶点进行GO、KEGG富集分析。其中,GO富集分析中细胞组分富集出338个条目;分子功能富集出865个条目和生物过程富集出5494个条目,将得分前10结果进行可视化,如图5A~图5C所示。生物学过程涉及对肽激素的应答、白细胞细胞间黏附、磷代谢过程的正向调控。分子功能主要涉及组蛋白激酶活性、组蛋白H3激酶活性、组蛋白H2AX激酶活性。细胞组分主要涉及囊泡腔、分泌颗粒腔、胞质囊泡腔。对共同靶点进行KEGG通路富集,得到279条信号通路,将得分前15结果进行可视化,如图5D所示。GSC调节免疫主要通路富集在脂质与动脉粥样硬化、MAPK、Ras等信号通路。
进一步研究GSC关键成分与关键靶点结合情况,选取GSC调节免疫得分前5的8种核心成分Rf、20(S)-Rh1、Rg1、Rd、Rh2、Rg5、F1及Rg3与5个核心靶点TNF、EGFR、STAT3、AKT1和IL1B利用Autodock Vina分别进行分子对接,得出40组对接结果,如图6所示,关键成分与关键靶点分子对接结合能均小于−6.00 kcal/mol,普遍观点认为,结合能若低于−5.00 kcal/mol,其结合活性被视作较佳;当结合能降至−7.00 kcal/mol以下时,则说明两者存在较强的对接活性。由此可进一步推测GSC具有良好的免疫调节作用。其中GSC中所含关键皂苷与TNF靶点结合能较低,说明GSC关键成分可能有较好调节TNF靶点及相应特性。将对接结合能最小的5个对接模型进行可视化展示,如图7所示。关键成分与关键靶点在结合过程中形成了多个氢键,其中Rg3与TNF结合形成4个氢键;Rf与TNF结合形成5个氢键;Rg5与TNF结合形成4个氢键;Rh2与TNF结合形成4个氢键;Rg5与STAT3结合形成5个氢键;表明GSC中核心成分与免疫调节核心靶点之间具有良好的结合性能。
利用MTT实验进一步探究GSC对RAW264.7细胞活力影响及GSC给药浓度。结果如图8所示,GSC在0~15.625 μg/mL浓度范围内,细胞活力呈现下降趋势(P=0.49),在15.625~125 μg/mL浓度范围内,细胞活力呈现上升趋势,0~125 μg/mL浓度范围内,细胞存活率均大于90%,在此范围内选择1、10、100 μg/mL给药浓度进行进一步实验。GE在0~15.625 μg/mL浓度范围内,细胞活力呈现下降趋势(P=0.11),细胞存活率大于90%,在此范围内选择100、1000、10000 ng/mL给药浓度进行进一步实验。当BL作用浓度为15.625 μg/mL时,可观察到较小细胞毒性(P<0.01),为规避毒性影响,后续实验选用低于该浓度的10、100、1000 ng/mL作为给药浓度。
为了进一步探究GSC是否通过网络药理学所预测的TNF靶点发挥作用以调节免疫,利用RAW264.7细胞测定细胞外分泌TNF-α浓度以探究GSC对免疫作用影响,如图9所示,结果显示,与Con组相比,阳性对照BL组(10 ng/mL、100 ng/mL、1 μg/mL)均能极显著上调TNF-α含量(P<0.001);GSC 低、中、高剂量(1、10、100 μg/mL)可将 TNF-α 分泌量分别提升至 1908.63、1859.04、1737.38 pg/mL,GE组(100 ng/mL、1 μg/mL、10 μg/mL)各浓度也均能极显著上调TNF-α含量(P<0.001)。
为了探究GSC对小鼠免疫功能产生影响,选择脾脏指数、胸腺指数、迟发性免疫反应足跖厚度差值、脾淋巴细胞增殖系数和半数溶血值指标评价GSC免疫调节作用。结果如图10所示,与Con组相比,GSC 组和 Y 组均能显著升高脾脏指数,其中 GSC 组脾脏指数提升至 0.3273%(P<0.05),极显著增加迟发性免疫反应足跖厚度差值,GSC 组足趾厚度差值达 0.58 mm(P<0.001),同时 GSC 组淋巴细胞转化相关光密度差值增加至 0.06(P<0.001),体液免疫相关半数溶血值提升至106.10(P<0.01),Y 组对应指标同步显著改善,以上结果均表明GSC增强了小鼠免疫功能。
人参作为传统“四大仙草”之一,在功能性食品领域应用历史悠久且备受青睐,同时,因其显著的药理活性,在中医药研究领域的关注度亦持续攀升。现有研究证实,人参中的稀有人参皂苷具有明确的免疫调节作用[10],然而此类稀有皂苷在人参天然生长过程中积累速率缓慢且含量极低,极大限制了其应用潜力。近年来,通过物理、化学、生物等转化技术将常规皂苷转化为稀有人参皂苷的方法已日趋成熟。本研究所采用的人参沙棘复合物为前期人参提取物与沙棘果汁的物理转化工艺制备而成,利用果汁中的天然有机酸实现温和转化,不仅具有环保优势,且转化产物可直接应用于功能性食品开发。因此,深入探究该复合物的免疫调节机制,可为其产业化应用提供重要理论支撑。在本研究中,首先系统收集了人参沙棘复合物中17种人参皂苷的成分信息,以此为基础开展网络药理学与分子对接研究。网络分析结果初步推断,该复合物中的核心皂苷包括Rf、20(S)-Rh1、Rg1、Rd、Rh2、Rg5、F1、Rg3等,其中20(S)-Rh1、Rh2、Rg5、Rg3为稀有人参皂苷,且其含量在转化过程中得到显著提升。进一步分子对接结果显示,Rh2、Rg5、Rg3与免疫调节核心靶点的对接结合能较低,提示上述三种稀有皂苷可能是人参沙棘复合物发挥免疫调节作用的关键活性成分。
TNF作为关键的促炎细胞因子,在免疫应答与炎症反应中发挥核心调控作用[11]。其通过调控免疫及炎症相关信号通路参与类风湿关节炎、阿尔茨海默病等多种疾病的病理过程[12−13]。TNF可通过磷酸化激活信号转导与转录激活STAT3,并上调STAT3靶基因的表达水平[14];同时,TNF可与IL-6、CD4、EGFR及IL1B等靶点协同作用,共同参与PI3K-Akt及MAPK信号通路的调控,进而影响细胞凋亡、T细胞激活及氧化应激等重要生物学过程[15]。EGFR作为一种受体酪氨酸激酶,主要参与细胞增殖、存活及迁移的调控[16]。研究表明,EGFR可通过激活EGFR-STAT3信号轴,促进IL-6、TNF-α等炎症标志物的表达[17];此外,EGFR还可与STAT3、AKT1等靶点协同调控PI3K-Akt及MAPK信号通路,在细胞凋亡抑制及T细胞激活过程中发挥重要作用[18]。STAT3作为重要的转录因子,广泛参与细胞增殖、存活及免疫调节过程[19]。在炎症反应中,STAT3的激活可促进IL-6、TNF-α、BCL2等靶基因的转录,从而影响细胞存活状态[20]。AKT1作为PI3K-Akt信号通路的核心分子,其功能涉及细胞存活、增殖及代谢的调控[21−22]。IL1B属于促炎细胞因子家族,主要参与炎症反应与免疫调节,其异常表达与类风湿性关节炎等炎症性疾病密切相关,是多种疾病进程中的共享炎症调控靶点[23]。
GO富集分析的生物过程结果显示,GSC调节免疫功能涉及的生物学过程包括对肽激素的应答、白细胞间黏附、磷代谢过程的正向调控等,这些过程均与体内免疫细胞功能的精准调控密切相关。其中,对肽激素的应答与免疫调节存在紧密关联,该过程可与炎症反应调控、细胞迁移/黏附的正向调控、活性氧代谢调控等免疫相关通路协同作用,共同参与免疫网络的调节[24]。在Th17细胞分化信号通路中,肽激素可通过影响炎症介质对TRP通道的调控参与免疫应答过程[25]。白细胞间黏附作为免疫调节的核心环节,直接参与T细胞活化、淋巴细胞活化调控等适应性免疫应答反应[26]。此外,蛋白磷酸化的正向调控与免疫调节存在密切联系,该过程可与细胞黏附、迁移的调控共同参与炎症反应[24],并通过影响T细胞受体信号通路等途径参与免疫细胞的活化[27]。上述生物学过程与KEGG富集结果高度吻合。KEGG分析显示,GSC参与的免疫调节信号通路包括脂质与动脉粥样硬化、MAPK信号通路、Ras信号通路等。其中,脂质与动脉粥样硬化与脂质代谢异常及炎症反应密切相关[28]。MAPK/ERK通路作为T细胞受体信号下游的关键通路,其抑制会显著降低T细胞的增殖、活化及细胞毒活性[29],而抑制Cbl-b可增强MAPK/ERK通路的激活,从而维持T细胞的活化状态[30],Xu等[31]的研究亦证实,蝉花多糖可通过MAPK-NF-κB信号通路发挥免疫调节作用。Ras作为MAPK通路的上游调控因子,其通路突变可激活MAPK-ERK级联反应,在B细胞和T细胞白血病中已证实该机制与免疫细胞的异常增殖相关[32]。综合上述结果推测,GSC可能通过调控脂质与动脉粥样硬化通路、MAPK信号通路等关键途径,影响体内T细胞的增殖与活化过程,进而实现对机体免疫功能的调节作用。
网络药理学与分子对接结果显示,TNF靶点在网络筛选中评分较高,且在分子对接实验中与核心皂苷的对接结合能较低,提示其可能是GSC发挥免疫调节作用的关键候选靶点。为进一步验证GSC的免疫调节功能,本研究在RAW.264.7巨噬细胞模型中考察其对TNF-α分泌的调控效应。实验结果表明,与空白对照组相比,1、10及100 μg/mL浓度的GSC干预均能显著促进细胞TNF-α分泌,这一发现与网络药理学的预测结果高度一致。同时,针对网络药理学中预测结果,GSC可能通过调控T细胞增殖与活化发挥免疫调节作用,本研究在小鼠模型中开展了脾淋巴细胞转化实验,并以足趾增厚程度作为评估迟发性超敏反应的量化指标。结果显示,GSC处理组的脾淋巴细胞增殖系数及足趾增厚差值均显著升高,同时,用于衡量体液免疫的半数溶血值也在GSC处理后显著上升。上述实验结果共同证实,GSC可通过调控免疫细胞功能,进而实现对机体免疫功能的增强作用。
然而,不可忽略的是,相比于对脾脏指数的影响,GSC对胸腺指数的影响更小。这可能是因为GSC对T细胞增殖的影响有限,而对脾脏中T细胞活化的影响程度更大[33]。相似研究也表明,人参总皂苷可通过影响脾脏TLR/NF-κB信号通路改善免疫功能,这暗示脾脏可能是GSC调节免疫的关键靶器官[34]。因此,针对GSC调节免疫的分子机制,可从脾脏组织入手开展进一步探究。
综上所述,本研究整合网络药理学、分子对接技术及细胞与动物实验手段,探究了GSC的免疫调节活性及其潜在作用机制。通过网络药理学预测发现,GSC可能通过其关键皂苷成分Rf、Rg3、Rh2、Rg5与核心靶点TNF、EGFR、STAT3、AKT1、IL1B的特异性结合,进而调控脂质与动脉粥样硬化通路及MAPK信号通路影响免疫细胞活性,最终发挥免疫调节效应。在后续的细胞与动物实验中,网络药理学预测的GSC对TNF靶点的调控作用及对免疫细胞功能的影响得到验证,GSC可促进RAW.264.7细胞中TNF-α的分泌并增强淋巴细胞功能,体现出明确的免疫增强活性。综上,GSC作为一种具有天然免疫增强作用的复合物具有广阔的开发前景,本研究对其免疫调节机制的初步揭示,为GSC在功能性食品及相关健康领域的深入开发与应用提供了重要的实验依据和理论支撑。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080296
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27
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    1广州中医药大学中药学院,广东广州 510000
    2完美(广东)日用品有限公司,广东中山 528451
    3电子科技大学中山学院,广东中山 528402

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高业成(1985−),男,博士,中级食品工程师,研究方向:药理药效和安全性评价,E-mail:。
谢果(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物新产品新技术研发,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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