Article(id=1320880356786553564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070225, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752768000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852017827, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852017827, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852017827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852017827, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=316, endPage=327, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880357000463069, articleId=1320880356786553564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Quality Evolution and Flavor Formation Mechanisms of Grateloupia livida under Hot Air Drying, columnId=1320880262846722580, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Modern Analysis and Intelligent Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of hot air drying at 130 ℃ on the quality characteristics and flavor formation of Grateloupia livida. Drying kinetics, nutritional composition, rehydration capacity, microstructure, and the variation patterns of volatile flavor components and lipid substances were systematically investigated. Results indicated that 130 ℃ hot air drying achieved complete dehydration of G. livida within 24 min, driven primarily by internal moisture diffusion. The dried product exhibited excellent rehydration performance (rehydration ratio: 1200%~1250%), while principal nutrients (e.g. polysaccharides, proteins) were well retained. However, obvious collapse and pore shrinkage occurred in the microstructure. A total of 89 volatile compounds were identified. Among them, the key aroma-active compounds with an odor activity value (OAV)>1 including 1-octen-3-one, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, α-ionone, β-ionone and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal. Lipidomics analysis detected 3790 lipid species, dominated by saccharolipids (SL), glycerophospholipids (GP) and sphingolipids (SP). Twenty differential lipids (VIP>2), including PG (16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+ and PG (18:3_21:1)[M+H]+, were screened as potential flavor precursors, participating in thermal oxidative cleavage and Maillard reactions to drive characteristic flavor formation. This study elucidated the influence mechanisms of 130 ℃ hot air drying on the quality of G. livida, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of high-value flavored dried seaweed.

, authors=Jingna WU1, Yingshan QIU1, Hui HUANG1, Xiaoting CHEN2, Nan PAN2, Zhiyu LIU2, Lexuan QI1, Wencheng WANG3, authorsList=Jingna WU, Yingshan QIU, Hui HUANG, Xiaoting CHEN, Nan PAN, Zhiyu LIU, Lexuan QI, Wencheng WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880360372683500, articleId=1320880356786553564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=热风干燥下舌状蜈蚣藻品质演变与风味形成机制, columnId=1320880262997717526, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=现代分析与智能检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探究130 ℃热风干燥对舌状蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia livida)品质特性与风味形成的调控机制,重点考察舌状蜈蚣藻藻体干燥动力学、营养成分、复水性能、微观结构以及挥发性风味成分和脂质物质的变化规律。结果表明,采用130 ℃热风干燥可在24 min内实现舌状蜈蚣藻的完全干燥,干燥过程由内部水分扩散机制主导。干燥后产品复水比达1200%~1250%,主要营养成分(如多糖、蛋白质)保留率良好,但微观结构出现明显塌陷与孔隙收缩。共鉴定出89种挥发性风味物质,其中气味活度值(Odor Activity Value,OAV)>1的关键香气活性物质包括1-辛烯-3-酮、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、α-紫罗酮、β-紫罗兰酮和(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛5种关键香气活性物质(OAV>1)。脂质组学分析共检出3790种脂质,以鞘脂、甘油磷脂和糖脂为主,筛选出20种VIP>2的差异脂质(如PG(16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+、PG(18:3_21:1)[M+H]+等),推测其可能作为风味前体物参与热诱导氧化裂解与美拉德反应,驱动特征风味形成。本研究系统揭示了130 ℃热风干燥对舌状蜈蚣藻品质的影响机制,为其高附加值风味干制品的开发提供了理论支持。

, authors=吴靖娜1, 丘英珊1, 黄辉1, 陈晓婷2, 潘南2, 刘智禹2, 齐乐璇1, 王文成3, authorsList=吴靖娜, 丘英珊, 黄辉, 陈晓婷, 潘南, 刘智禹, 齐乐璇, 王文成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

吴靖娜(1984−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:海洋生物资源的高值化利用,E-mail:

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Food Chemistry, 2023, 417: 135914., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880360611758829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880360615953134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, companyId=1320880360611758829, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center for Marine Biomedical Resources at Xiamen Medical College/Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Xiamen 361023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880360624341743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, companyId=1320880360611758829, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1厦门医学院海洋生物医药资源福建省高校工程研究中心/厦门市海洋药用天然产物资源重点实验室,福建厦门 361023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880360691450608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880360699839217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, companyId=1320880360691450608, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Fisheries Research Institute, Xiamen 361013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880360708227826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, companyId=1320880360691450608, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省水产研究所,福建厦门 361013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880360779530995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880360787919604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, companyId=1320880360779530995, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880360796308213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, companyId=1320880360779530995, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3漳州职业技术学院,福建漳州 363000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880365347128105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Hot air drying characteristics of Grateloupia livida, figureFileSmall=Zo6Lq0bu/zaK1qUw2fHT2w==, figureFileBig=zZ647ibfUoxMdC2ZyVlngg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880365418431274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=图1, caption=舌状蜈蚣藻热风干燥特性

注:A. 热风干燥下舌状蜈蚣藻水分比随干燥时间的变化曲线;B. 热风干燥下舌状蜈蚣藻干燥速率随干燥时间的变化曲线。

, figureFileSmall=Zo6Lq0bu/zaK1qUw2fHT2w==, figureFileBig=zZ647ibfUoxMdC2ZyVlngg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880365598786347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Rehydration characteristics of dried Grateloupia livida, figureFileSmall=KGztQ0xEOTEQwze0s33Fqg==, figureFileBig=i3FUERaIaf8RTPbeov3INg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880365670089516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=图2, caption=干制舌状蜈蚣藻的复水特性

注:A复水曲线;B新鲜舌状蜈蚣藻的光学显微镜图像(10$ \times $40倍);C热风干燥舌状蜈蚣藻的光学显微镜图像(10$ \times $40倍)。

, figureFileSmall=KGztQ0xEOTEQwze0s33Fqg==, figureFileBig=i3FUERaIaf8RTPbeov3INg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880365741392685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of drying on the microstructure of Grateloupia livida, figureFileSmall=gqo4PNknWPSdsPyQQWEKrg==, figureFileBig=RJO6NB4Gb6tCHMlVZ8Kv/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880365808501550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=图3, caption=干燥对舌状蜈蚣藻微观结构的影响

注:A. 冷冻真空干燥舌状蜈蚣藻与热风干燥舌状蜈蚣藻的表面扫描电镜图;B. 冷冻真空干燥后的舌状蜈蚣藻与热风干燥舌状蜈蚣藻的横截面扫描电镜观察;从左到右的标尺依次为500、100、50 μm。

, figureFileSmall=gqo4PNknWPSdsPyQQWEKrg==, figureFileBig=RJO6NB4Gb6tCHMlVZ8Kv/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880365875610415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Analysis of volatile compounds in Grateloupia livida under different hot air drying times, figureFileSmall=ZAd1HuAPyA/+zPtQoFoLTw==, figureFileBig=z96Q+iTCCT6R/qvcdphNyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880365972079408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同热风干燥时间舌状蜈蚣藻的挥发性物质分析

注:A. 挥发性化合物种类环形图;B. 热风干燥过程中舌状蜈蚣藻挥发性化合物种类变化;C. 热风干燥过程中舌状蜈蚣藻挥发性化合物的相对含量变化;D. 主成分分析图。

, figureFileSmall=ZAd1HuAPyA/+zPtQoFoLTw==, figureFileBig=z96Q+iTCCT6R/qvcdphNyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880366102102833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Sankey diagram of characteristic volatile compounds of Grateloupia livida under different hot air drying times, figureFileSmall=oWlD56u3ZOj+wApHMiMtUw==, figureFileBig=HYfZUc9vLXI8vKYmiA5H8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880366169211698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同热风干燥时间舌状蜈蚣藻特征挥发性物质Sankey图, figureFileSmall=oWlD56u3ZOj+wApHMiMtUw==, figureFileBig=HYfZUc9vLXI8vKYmiA5H8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880366278263603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Lipidomics analysis of lipid composition differences in Grateloupia livida under different hot air drying times, figureFileSmall=Pll7P2KLIZfGxW7OUi/8UQ==, figureFileBig=QKgP/q23K/I+YYSZsp/m4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880366374732596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同热风干燥时间舌状蜈蚣藻的脂质组成差异的脂质组学分析

注:A为脂质总含量变化;B为脂质亚类总含量变化;C~F为0、8、16、24 min的脂质含量。

, figureFileSmall=Pll7P2KLIZfGxW7OUi/8UQ==, figureFileBig=QKgP/q23K/I+YYSZsp/m4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880366450230069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Screening of differential lipids, figureFileSmall=g6U19pgtAPU0ICUg9M1ajQ==, figureFileBig=17f05C+SzSPU3vADYTlbxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880366534116150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=图7, caption=差异脂质的筛选

注:A为不同脂质含量的主成分分析图;B为火山图;C~F为脂质干燥前后的维恩图,其中,C为0 min vs. 8 min,D为0 min vs.16 min,E为0 min vs. 24 min,F为8、16、24 min分别与0 min间脂质的比较;G为三组共同脂质(P<0.05,FC>2,和VIP>1.5)VIP得分图。

, figureFileSmall=g6U19pgtAPU0ICUg9M1ajQ==, figureFileBig=17f05C+SzSPU3vADYTlbxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880366597030711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Nutrient content of Grateloupia livida and other algae (on a dry basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称灰分
(g/100 g)
膳食纤维
(g/100 g)
粗蛋白质
(g/100 g)
粗脂肪
(g/100 g)
粗多糖
(g/100 g)
舌状蜈蚣藻12.20±0.0945.06±0.0722.60±0.340.71±0.005.23±0.18
带状蜈蚣藻[19]16.256.6022.772.18−
披针形
蜈蚣藻[20]
12.08~19.47−13.76~23.420.10~0.4732.2~63.8
琼枝麒麟菜[21]10.635.023.730.25−
龙须菜[22]11.168.2319.240.14−
红毛藻[23]3.7810.0039.4217.20−
海带[24]35.00~40.76.3~7.0010.00~10.70.3~1.70−
条斑紫菜[25]9.2−44.153.52−
), ArticleFig(id=1320880368278946616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

舌状蜈蚣藻和其他几种藻类的基本营养成分含量(以干基计)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称灰分
(g/100 g)
膳食纤维
(g/100 g)
粗蛋白质
(g/100 g)
粗脂肪
(g/100 g)
粗多糖
(g/100 g)
舌状蜈蚣藻12.20±0.0945.06±0.0722.60±0.340.71±0.005.23±0.18
带状蜈蚣藻[19]16.256.6022.772.18−
披针形
蜈蚣藻[20]
12.08~19.47−13.76~23.420.10~0.4732.2~63.8
琼枝麒麟菜[21]10.635.023.730.25−
龙须菜[22]11.168.2319.240.14−
红毛藻[23]3.7810.0039.4217.20−
海带[24]35.00~40.76.3~7.0010.00~10.70.3~1.70−
条斑紫菜[25]9.2−44.153.52−
), ArticleFig(id=1320880368346055481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Amino acid composition of Grateloupia livida

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
必需氨基酸质量分数(%)非必需氨基酸质量分数(%)
苏氨酸(Thr)0.86±0.03天冬氨酸(Asp)*1.75±0.05
缬氨酸(Val)0.94±0.03谷氨酸(Glu)*2.13±0.06
甲硫氨酸(Met)0.29±0.009甘氨酸(Gly)**0.92±0.03
异亮氨酸(Ile)0.79±0.02丙氨酸(Ala)**1.10±0.04
亮氨酸(Leu)1.31±0.05丝氨酸(Ser)**0.91±0.04
苯丙氨酸(Phe)0.80±0.03脯氨酸(Pro)**0.72±0.03
赖氨酸(Lys)1.00±0.04酪氨酸(Tyr)0.58±0.03
色氨酸(Trp)0.21±0.01组氨酸(His)0.25±0.01
EAA6.20精氨酸(Arg)2.09±0.06
总氨基酸(TAA)16.99胱氨酸(Gys)0.34±0.002
EAA/TAA36.49鲜味氨基酸(FAA)3.88
NEAA/TAA63.51甜味氨基酸(SAA)2.93
EAA/NEAA57.46总NEAA10.79
(FAA+SAA)/TAA40.08
), ArticleFig(id=1320880368446718778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

舌状蜈蚣藻的氨基酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
必需氨基酸质量分数(%)非必需氨基酸质量分数(%)
苏氨酸(Thr)0.86±0.03天冬氨酸(Asp)*1.75±0.05
缬氨酸(Val)0.94±0.03谷氨酸(Glu)*2.13±0.06
甲硫氨酸(Met)0.29±0.009甘氨酸(Gly)**0.92±0.03
异亮氨酸(Ile)0.79±0.02丙氨酸(Ala)**1.10±0.04
亮氨酸(Leu)1.31±0.05丝氨酸(Ser)**0.91±0.04
苯丙氨酸(Phe)0.80±0.03脯氨酸(Pro)**0.72±0.03
赖氨酸(Lys)1.00±0.04酪氨酸(Tyr)0.58±0.03
色氨酸(Trp)0.21±0.01组氨酸(His)0.25±0.01
EAA6.20精氨酸(Arg)2.09±0.06
总氨基酸(TAA)16.99胱氨酸(Gys)0.34±0.002
EAA/TAA36.49鲜味氨基酸(FAA)3.88
NEAA/TAA63.51甜味氨基酸(SAA)2.93
EAA/NEAA57.46总NEAA10.79
(FAA+SAA)/TAA40.08
), ArticleFig(id=1320880368534799163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fatty acid composition of Grateloupia livida

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饱和脂肪酸(SFA)质量分数(g/100 g)单不饱和脂肪(MUFA)质量分数(g/100 g)多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)质量分数(g/100 g)
C14:00.039±0.002C16:1-9c0.012±0.001C20:4 (ARA)0.089±0.01
C16:00.41±0.02∑ω-7 MUFA0.012±0.001∑ω-6 PUFA0.089±0.01
∑SFA0.45±0.02C18:1(cis)-9c0.041±0.002C20:5(EPA)0.087±0.09
∑ω-9 MUFA0.041±0.002∑ω-3 PUFA0.087±0.09
∑MUFA0.053±0.003∑PUFA0.18±0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1320880368606102332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

舌状蜈蚣藻的脂肪酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饱和脂肪酸(SFA)质量分数(g/100 g)单不饱和脂肪(MUFA)质量分数(g/100 g)多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)质量分数(g/100 g)
C14:00.039±0.002C16:1-9c0.012±0.001C20:4 (ARA)0.089±0.01
C16:00.41±0.02∑ω-7 MUFA0.012±0.001∑ω-6 PUFA0.089±0.01
∑SFA0.45±0.02C18:1(cis)-9c0.041±0.002C20:5(EPA)0.087±0.09
∑ω-9 MUFA0.041±0.002∑ω-3 PUFA0.087±0.09
∑MUFA0.053±0.003∑PUFA0.18±0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1320880368685794109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mass fraction of mineral elements in Grateloupia livida

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常量元素质量分数(mg/kg)微量元素质量分数(mg/kg)
K15436.17±125.34Fe77.16±1.12
Ca8922.76±56.99Cu2.46±0.02
Na11398.72±134.17Zn67.91±2.91
Mg8147.90±59.12SeND
P5581.68±116.15Mn13.18±0.17
), ArticleFig(id=1320880368761291582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

舌状蜈蚣藻矿物质元素质量分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常量元素质量分数(mg/kg)微量元素质量分数(mg/kg)
K15436.17±125.34Fe77.16±1.12
Ca8922.76±56.99Cu2.46±0.02
Na11398.72±134.17Zn67.91±2.91
Mg8147.90±59.12SeND
P5581.68±116.15Mn13.18±0.17
), ArticleFig(id=1320880368840983359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Characteristics of volatile substances in Grateloupia livida at different hot air drying times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物阈值(ng/g)OAV气味描述
0 min8 min16 min24 mim
1正己醛3.660.025±0.010.07±0.02NDND食用香料,呈生油脂、青草气及苹果香味。
21-辛烯-3-酮0.00311.21±3.29NDNDND蘑菇、土腥味
31-辛烯-3-醇10.06±0.0250.13±0.04NDND蘑菇、黄瓜、土腥味
4(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛0.023.01±0.593.17±0.49NDND香精,香料味
5α-紫罗酮0.40.91±0.331.05±0.370.61±0.480.82±0.54紫罗兰与木质香
6β-紫罗兰酮0.05793.64±1.034.18±1.292.40±0.352.64±1.80紫罗兰与木质香
7(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛0.061.18±1.53NDNDND食用香料,强烈的脂肪味花香
), ArticleFig(id=1320880368924869440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同热风干燥时间舌状蜈蚣藻的特征挥发性物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物阈值(ng/g)OAV气味描述
0 min8 min16 min24 mim
1正己醛3.660.025±0.010.07±0.02NDND食用香料,呈生油脂、青草气及苹果香味。
21-辛烯-3-酮0.00311.21±3.29NDNDND蘑菇、土腥味
31-辛烯-3-醇10.06±0.0250.13±0.04NDND蘑菇、黄瓜、土腥味
4(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛0.023.01±0.593.17±0.49NDND香精,香料味
5α-紫罗酮0.40.91±0.331.05±0.370.61±0.480.82±0.54紫罗兰与木质香
6β-紫罗兰酮0.05793.64±1.034.18±1.292.40±0.352.64±1.80紫罗兰与木质香
7(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛0.061.18±1.53NDNDND食用香料,强烈的脂肪味花香
), ArticleFig(id=1320880369000366913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Differences in lipids of Grateloupia livida under different hot air drying treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物分类P值VIPlog2FC
PG(16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+PG3.16×10−721.1411.94
PG(18:3_21:1)[M+H]+PG2.92×10−721.1111.93
ZyE(26:5)[M+NH4]+ZyE5.92×10−59.135.27
PI(54:6)[M−H]−PI2.46×10−67.2512.89
ZyE(28:5)[M+NH4]+ZyE3.15×10−56.963.75
Cer(t17:0_25:0+O)[M+HCOO]−Cer2.00×10−86.603.00
SQMG(16:0)[M−H]−SQMG3.03×10−66.582.10
DGMG(16:0)[M+HCOO]−DGMG8.85×10−86.412.62
MGMG(16:0)[M+HCOO]−MGMG2.48×10−66.112.33
Cer(d42:2+2O)[M+HCOO]−Cer2.83×10−115.892.44
Cer(t42:1+O)[M+HCOO]−Cer8.71×10−65.782.51
ZyE(16:2)[M+NH4]+ZyE4.49×10−45.773.48
ZyE(33:6)[M+NH4]+ZyE3.68×10−44.872.52
SQMG(20:4)[M−H]−SQMG1.80×10−64.753.78
ZyE(13:1)[M+NH4]+ZyE4.75×10−34.732.86
CL(87:13)[M−2H]²−CL1.88×10−34.383.26
PG(16:0_20:5)[M−H]−PG1.18×10−64.102.23
ZyE(28:6)[M+NH4]+ZyE1.34×10−43.974.38
MGDG(16:0_20:4)[M+Na]+MGDG4.53×10−33.973.15
LPG(16:0)[M−H]−LPG2.03×10−53.893.67
), ArticleFig(id=1320880369080058690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880356786553564, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同热风干燥处理下蜈蚣藻的差异脂质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物分类P值VIPlog2FC
PG(16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+PG3.16×10−721.1411.94
PG(18:3_21:1)[M+H]+PG2.92×10−721.1111.93
ZyE(26:5)[M+NH4]+ZyE5.92×10−59.135.27
PI(54:6)[M−H]−PI2.46×10−67.2512.89
ZyE(28:5)[M+NH4]+ZyE3.15×10−56.963.75
Cer(t17:0_25:0+O)[M+HCOO]−Cer2.00×10−86.603.00
SQMG(16:0)[M−H]−SQMG3.03×10−66.582.10
DGMG(16:0)[M+HCOO]−DGMG8.85×10−86.412.62
MGMG(16:0)[M+HCOO]−MGMG2.48×10−66.112.33
Cer(d42:2+2O)[M+HCOO]−Cer2.83×10−115.892.44
Cer(t42:1+O)[M+HCOO]−Cer8.71×10−65.782.51
ZyE(16:2)[M+NH4]+ZyE4.49×10−45.773.48
ZyE(33:6)[M+NH4]+ZyE3.68×10−44.872.52
SQMG(20:4)[M−H]−SQMG1.80×10−64.753.78
ZyE(13:1)[M+NH4]+ZyE4.75×10−34.732.86
CL(87:13)[M−2H]²−CL1.88×10−34.383.26
PG(16:0_20:5)[M−H]−PG1.18×10−64.102.23
ZyE(28:6)[M+NH4]+ZyE1.34×10−43.974.38
MGDG(16:0_20:4)[M+Na]+MGDG4.53×10−33.973.15
LPG(16:0)[M−H]−LPG2.03×10−53.893.67
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热风干燥下舌状蜈蚣藻品质演变与风味形成机制
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吴靖娜 1 , 丘英珊 1 , 黄辉 1 , 陈晓婷 2 , 潘南 2 , 刘智禹 2 , 齐乐璇 1 , 王文成 3
食品工业科技 | 现代分析与智能检测 2026,47(18): 316-327
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食品工业科技 |现代分析与智能检测 2026 , 47 (18) : 316 -327
热风干燥下舌状蜈蚣藻品质演变与风味形成机制
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吴靖娜1 , 丘英珊1, 黄辉1, 陈晓婷2, 潘南2, 刘智禹2, 齐乐璇1, 王文成3
作者信息
  • 1厦门医学院海洋生物医药资源福建省高校工程研究中心/厦门市海洋药用天然产物资源重点实验室,福建厦门 361023
  • 2福建省水产研究所,福建厦门 361013
  • 3漳州职业技术学院,福建漳州 363000
作者简介:

吴靖娜(1984−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:海洋生物资源的高值化利用,E-mail:

Quality Evolution and Flavor Formation Mechanisms of Grateloupia livida under Hot Air Drying
Jingna WU1 , Yingshan QIU1, Hui HUANG1, Xiaoting CHEN2, Nan PAN2, Zhiyu LIU2, Lexuan QI1, Wencheng WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center for Marine Biomedical Resources at Xiamen Medical College/Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Xiamen 361023, China
  • 2Fujian Fisheries Research Institute, Xiamen 361013, China
  • 3Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070225
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本研究旨在探究130 ℃热风干燥对舌状蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia livida)品质特性与风味形成的调控机制,重点考察舌状蜈蚣藻藻体干燥动力学、营养成分、复水性能、微观结构以及挥发性风味成分和脂质物质的变化规律。结果表明,采用130 ℃热风干燥可在24 min内实现舌状蜈蚣藻的完全干燥,干燥过程由内部水分扩散机制主导。干燥后产品复水比达1200%~1250%,主要营养成分(如多糖、蛋白质)保留率良好,但微观结构出现明显塌陷与孔隙收缩。共鉴定出89种挥发性风味物质,其中气味活度值(Odor Activity Value,OAV)>1的关键香气活性物质包括1-辛烯-3-酮、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、α-紫罗酮、β-紫罗兰酮和(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛5种关键香气活性物质(OAV>1)。脂质组学分析共检出3790种脂质,以鞘脂、甘油磷脂和糖脂为主,筛选出20种VIP>2的差异脂质(如PG(16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+、PG(18:3_21:1)[M+H]+等),推测其可能作为风味前体物参与热诱导氧化裂解与美拉德反应,驱动特征风味形成。本研究系统揭示了130 ℃热风干燥对舌状蜈蚣藻品质的影响机制,为其高附加值风味干制品的开发提供了理论支持。

舌状蜈蚣藻  /  热风干燥  /  营养成分  /  挥发性风味物质  /  脂质组学

This study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of hot air drying at 130 ℃ on the quality characteristics and flavor formation of Grateloupia livida. Drying kinetics, nutritional composition, rehydration capacity, microstructure, and the variation patterns of volatile flavor components and lipid substances were systematically investigated. Results indicated that 130 ℃ hot air drying achieved complete dehydration of G. livida within 24 min, driven primarily by internal moisture diffusion. The dried product exhibited excellent rehydration performance (rehydration ratio: 1200%~1250%), while principal nutrients (e.g. polysaccharides, proteins) were well retained. However, obvious collapse and pore shrinkage occurred in the microstructure. A total of 89 volatile compounds were identified. Among them, the key aroma-active compounds with an odor activity value (OAV)>1 including 1-octen-3-one, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, α-ionone, β-ionone and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal. Lipidomics analysis detected 3790 lipid species, dominated by saccharolipids (SL), glycerophospholipids (GP) and sphingolipids (SP). Twenty differential lipids (VIP>2), including PG (16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+ and PG (18:3_21:1)[M+H]+, were screened as potential flavor precursors, participating in thermal oxidative cleavage and Maillard reactions to drive characteristic flavor formation. This study elucidated the influence mechanisms of 130 ℃ hot air drying on the quality of G. livida, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of high-value flavored dried seaweed.

Grateloupia livida  /  hot air drying  /  nutritional components  /  volatile flavoring compounds  /  lipidomics
吴靖娜, 丘英珊, 黄辉, 陈晓婷, 潘南, 刘智禹, 齐乐璇, 王文成. 热风干燥下舌状蜈蚣藻品质演变与风味形成机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 316 -327 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070225
Jingna WU, Yingshan QIU, Hui HUANG, Xiaoting CHEN, Nan PAN, Zhiyu LIU, Lexuan QI, Wencheng WANG. Quality Evolution and Flavor Formation Mechanisms of Grateloupia livida under Hot Air Drying[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 316 -327 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070225
鲜海藻因其高含水量与季节性采收特性,而极易腐败变质,造成多糖分解、蛋白质降解和脂质氧化等突出问题,因此目前多以干制品形式流通与消费,干燥加工成为实现其资源高效利用的关键技术[1]。近年来,研究多聚焦褐藻(如海带、马尾藻)和绿藻(如浒苔)在不同干燥方式下宏观品质的变化,涵盖干燥动力学、色泽、质构以及部分营养成分保留率等方面[2],而对海藻干燥过程中的内在机制缺乏系统解析,尤其是脂质氧化与挥发性风味物质的转化关系,以及微观结构变化对多糖、蛋白等功能活性品质的影响机制。其中,脂质不仅是重要的营养物质,更是热加工中风味形成的关键前体物质,其氧化降解途径与风味的形成密切相关[3]。然而,这一过程在海藻热加工中的分子机制至今尚未被深入阐明。
目前应用于海藻的干燥技术包括热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、微波干燥和红外干燥等[4],其中热风干燥因其操作简便、成本低廉且适于规模化生产,在海藻干燥中应用广泛。然而,高温热风处理可能导致海藻细胞结构破坏、热敏性成分降解以及不良风味的形成[5]。LOEUFF等[6]对三种马尾藻的热风干燥(40 ℃)研究,发现其干燥动力学与生化成分发生显著变化,导致马尾藻中性糖损失超60%,蛋白质与多酚降解显著。YANG等[7]研究发现,热风干燥时间显著影响羊栖菜的抗氧化活性。TELLO-IRELAND等[8]探讨热风干燥温度对江蓠干燥动力学、功能特性、颜色、藻胆蛋白、抗氧化能力、质地及琼脂产量的影响,高温(70 ℃)虽能提高琼脂产量,但会降低藻胆蛋白含量、抗氧化活性及质地,而低温(50 ℃)有利于保留藻胆蛋白和部分功能特性。因此,系统阐明热风干燥对海藻营养品质与风味特性的影响机制,对提升其干制品品质具有重要意义。
蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia)隶属于红藻门(Rhodophyta)、真红藻纲(Florideophyceae)、杉藻目(Gigartinales)、海膜科(Halymeniaceae),是一类广泛分布的世界暖温性经济海藻,具有重要的食用和药用价值[9]。作为传统海洋中药材,蜈蚣藻富含多糖、蛋白质、牛磺酸、硫酸盐甾化物及多种微量元素等生物活性成分,表现出显著的抗氧化、抗病毒、抗凝血及降血压等药理活性[10]。在工业化生产中,130 ℃热风干燥已被应用于该藻的加工,但此温度条件下的品质变化尚不明确。基于此,本研究以舌状蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia livida)为对象,采用130 ℃热风干燥工艺,重点研究干燥过程中藻体的干燥特性、营养成分、复水特性、微观结构的变化规律,联合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)与超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱串联质谱联用(UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS)技术,解析挥发性风味物质与脂质分子的转化机制。本研究旨在阐明130 ℃热风干燥影响舌状蜈蚣藻综合品质的内在机制,为其干制品的工业化生产优化提供理论依据,并促进其在功能性食品中的高值化应用。
新鲜舌状蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia livida) 福建东山岛;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH,纯度≥97%) 山东西亚化学有限公司;氯化钠、二氯甲烷 分析纯,纯度≥99.5%,西陇科学股份有限公司;乙腈(纯度≥99.9%)、异丙醇(纯度≥99.5%)、甲醇(纯度≥99.9%) 色谱纯,Thermo Fisher公司;2,4,6-三甲基吡啶(纯度≥99%)、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE,色谱纯,纯度≥99.8%) Sigma公司。
DHG-9140OA电热鼓风干燥箱、HWS-28水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;ECLIPSE Ts2倒置荧光显微镜 日本尼康株式会社;Flex SEM 1000Ⅱ扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司;QP2020NX气相色谱-质谱联用仪、LC-30A超高效液相色谱仪、Q-Exactive Plus质谱仪 日本岛津公司;GR 12E冷冻离心机 湖南可成仪器设备有限公司;Q-Exactive Plus质谱仪 美国Thermo Scientific。
参考林鹏程等[11]的实验方法并加以改进,将蜈蚣藻表面泥沙等杂质清除后,挑选形状平整、厚度均匀(单片约2 mm)的藻片备用。称取100 g新鲜蜈蚣藻平铺于纱布上,置于电热鼓风干燥箱中进行热风干燥,设定条件为:风速1.5 m/s,进口处热风温度130±5 ℃。所有干燥试验均重复三次。干燥过程中,每隔4 min取出样品称重,记录其质量与时间后迅速放回烘箱继续干燥,直至达到恒重。干燥结束后,对所有达到恒重的样品进行营养成分、复水性及微观结构分析。基于干燥动力学结果,额外选取干燥时长为0、8、16及24 min的样品,进行挥发性风味物质和脂质物质分析。
任意干燥时刻t的干基含水率为Mt,计算式(1)如下:
$ {\text{M}}_{\text{t}}=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{t}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{d}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{d}}} $
式中:$ {\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}} $为蜈蚣藻在t时刻的干基含水率,g/g;$ {\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{t}} $为t时刻的蜈蚣藻质量,g;$ {\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{d}} $为蜈蚣藻干燥至恒重的质量,g。
水分比(Moisture ratio,MR)计算式(2)如下:
$ \mathrm{MR}=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:$ \text{MR} $为t时刻物料水分比,%;$ {\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}} $为t时刻干基含水率,g/g;$ {\mathrm{M}}_{0} $为物料初始干基含水率,g/g。
干燥速率(Drying rate,DR)计算式(3)如下:
$ \mathrm{D}{\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}}=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}}-{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\mathrm{i}-\mathrm{t}}\times 100$
式中:DRt为t时刻物料的干燥速率,%/min;$ {\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}} $、$ {\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{i}} $分别为t和i时刻物料的干基含水率,g/g;i、t为物料干燥时间,min。
灰分:参照GB 5009.4-2016的高温灰化法;膳食纤维:参照GB 5009.88-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中膳食纤维的测定》;蛋白质:参照GB 5009.5-2016的凯氏定氮法;粗脂肪和脂肪酸:参照AOAC996.06-2008的GC-FID法;粗多糖:参照《保健食品功效成分检测方法》第三章第一节;矿物质(铜、锌、磷、铁、镁、锰、钾、钠、钙及硒):参照GB/T 5009.268-2016;氨基酸:色氨酸参照SGS实验室内部方法SHTC-CHEM-SOP-1539-T,其余氨基酸参照GB 5009.124-2016。
复水比的测定参考WU等[12]的方法,取130 ℃热风干燥制得的蜈蚣藻样品0.1 g,于30 ℃的蒸馏水中浸泡复水,每隔1 min取出样品,吸水纸擦干表面水分并称重,随后重新浸入水中,直至样品重量接近饱和。复水比(Rehydration ratio,RR)按式(4)计算:
$ \text{RR=}\frac{{\text{W}}_{\text{t}}-{\text{W}}_{0}}{{\text{W}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:RR为复水比,%;$ {\text{W}}_{0} $为样品复水前的重量,g;$ {\text{W}}_{\text{t}} $为样品复水至t时刻时的重量,g。
采用倒置荧光显微镜观察并比较新鲜与复水后样品的微观结构。分别选取新鲜及复水后的干制藻片,平整固定于载玻片上,在$ {10}\times {40} $倍放大倍数下采集特征性微观结构图像,比较干燥前后样品微观结构的变化。
参考蒋蓉蓉等[13]的方法,采用SEM观察经130 ℃热风干燥处理的蜈蚣藻样品的表面及横截面微观结构。将干燥藻片用导电胶粘附于样品台,经真空喷金处理后置于电镜样品室内,在5 kV加速电压下观察其形貌。由于新鲜舌状蜈蚣藻含水量高、导电性差,需充分干燥并镀金后方可进行电镜观察。为尽可能保留其原始结构,选用冷冻真空干燥样品作为对照组,具体操作为:将新鲜样品迅速冷冻后,置于真空冷冻干燥机中,在低温(−50 ℃)与低真空条件下脱水至恒重,再进行后续制样与观察[14]。
参考WANG等[15]的方法,采用HS-SPME-GC-MS测定蜈蚣藻样品热风干燥过程中的挥发性物质。称取样品0.3 g置于20 mL顶空瓶中,加入0.2 g氯化钠和10 μL的内标物2,4,6-三甲基吡啶(0.01 mg/L二氯甲烷溶剂),密封。样品于55 ℃下平衡30 min,促进挥发物释放。同时,将DVB/CAR/PDMS SPME萃取头(5/30 μm)置于进样口老化30 min以去除杂质。平衡完成后,将老化好的萃取头插入顶空瓶中吸附30 min。随后,迅速将萃取头置于进样口解吸附5 min,进行GC-MS分析。
SH-Wax毛细管气相色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),入口温度为240 ℃。载气为氦气(99.999%),流速为0.7 mL/min。初始温度在40 ℃下保持3 min,在10 ℃/min时增加到90 ℃,保持5 min,在6 ℃/min时提高到240 ℃,然后保持2 min。质谱仪的扫描范围为电子冲击模式(0.1 kV)下的50~350 m/z。离子源温度和界面温度分别设置为230 ℃和240 ℃。
利用NIST 20文库进行初步检索匹配,同时,以C5~C30正构烷烃为参考,对保留指数(Retention index,RI)进行定性比较。
RI计算公式如式(5)所示:
$ \text{RI=100×n+100×}\frac{\text{Rt}-{\text{Rt}}_{\text{n}}}{{\text{Rt}}_{\text{n+1}}-{\text{Rt}}_{\text{n}}} $
式中:Rt为未知物质的保留时间,min;Rtn和Rtn+1为对应的正烷烃保留时间,min。
采用内标法进行定量分析。以2,4,6-三甲基吡啶为内标物,通过比较其与化合物的面积计算每种挥发性化合物的含量C。
计算公式如式(6)所示:
$ \text{C(ng/g)}=\frac{\text{A×m×1000}}{{\text{A}}_{1}\text{×M}} $
式中:A为挥发性化合物的峰面积;A1为2,4,6-三甲基吡啶峰面积;m为2,4,6-三甲基吡啶的重量,μg;M为样品的重量,g。
为评估各挥发性化合物对样品的整体风味轮廓的贡献,计算其气味活性值(Odor activity values,OAV)[16]。通常认为OAV≥1的化合物对样品风味有显著贡献,其浓度已达到或超过感官阈值。OAV计算公式如式(7):
$ \text{OAV}=\frac{\text{C}}{\text{T}}$
式中:C为任一挥发性物质的含量,ng/g;T为该挥发性物质的阈值,ng/g。
参考HU等[17]的方法,并稍作修改。取适量样本,加入200 μL水,涡旋混匀,加入800 μL MTBE,涡旋混合,加入240 μL预冷甲醇,涡旋混合,低温水浴中超声20 min,室温放置30 min,于10 ℃、14000×g条件下离心15 min,取上层有机相,氮气吹干,质谱分析时加入200 μL 90%异丙醇/乙腈溶液复溶,充分涡旋,取90 μL复溶液,于10 ℃、14000×g条件下离心15 min,取上清进样分析。
样品采用UHPLC Nexera LC-30A超高效液相色谱系统进行分离。C18色谱柱;柱温45 ℃;流速300 μL/min。流动相组成A:乙腈水溶液(乙腈:水=6:4,v/v),B:乙腈异丙醇溶液(乙腈:异丙醇=1:9,v/v)。梯度洗脱程序如下:0~2 min,B维持在30%;2~25 min,B从30%线性变化至100%;25~35 min,B维持在30%。整个分析过程中样品置于10 ℃自动进样器中。
分别采用电喷雾电离(ESI)正离子和负离子模式进行检测。样品经UHPLC 分离后采用Q Exactive系列质谱仪进行质谱分析。ESI源条件如下:加热器温度300 ℃,鞘气流量45 arb,辅助气体流量15 arb,扫气流量1 arb,喷雾电压3.0 kV,毛细管温度350 ℃,S-Lens RF Level 50%,MS1扫描范围:200~1800脂质分子和脂质碎片的质量电荷比,按照下列方法采集:每次全扫描后采集10个碎片图谱(MS2 scan,HCD)。MS1在M/Z200时分辨率为70000,MS2在M/Z200时分辨率为17500。
数据均以平均值±标准差(X±SD)表示,采用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),P>0.05时表示无显著差异,P<0.05时表示显著差异;采用Origin 2022软件进行线形图、柱状图、雷达图、Sankey图等的绘制。
图1显示了130 ℃热风干燥过程中舌状蜈蚣藻的水分比和干燥速率随时间的变化情况。由图1A可知,水分比在干燥初期迅速下降,从100%降至接近0%,大约在10 min后趋于稳定,这表明在干燥的前10 min内,物料中的大部分水分被迅速蒸发,之后水分含量变化不大。从图1B可知,干燥速率在初期(0~4 min)最高,此时表面水分快速蒸发。8 min后进入扩散控制阶段,水分迁移受内部结构限制。符合典型农产品干燥的“降速率曲线”,无恒速阶段,说明水分扩散为主导机制[18]。
舌状蜈蚣藻干燥后基本营养成分(以干基计)见表1,舌状蜈蚣藻干制品的灰分质量分数为12.20 g/100 g,与刘欢[10]的灰分质量分数检测结果13.32 g/100 g相近;膳食纤维质量分数为45.06 g/100 g,远高于其他几种海藻;粗脂肪质量分数为0.71 g/100 g,整体处于较低水平;粗多糖质量分数为5.23 g/100 g;粗蛋白质量分数虽低于红毛藻和条斑紫菜,但接近于带状蜈蚣藻,高于其余的藻类。由此可见,舌状蜈蚣藻干制品的膳食纤维含量较高,粗脂肪含量较低,并含有一定量的粗蛋白和粗多糖。
舌状蜈蚣藻的氨基酸检测结果见表2。舌状蜈蚣藻的总氨基酸(TAA)的质量分数为16.99%,与披针形蜈蚣藻的检测结果(17.31%)[22]较为接近;低于带状蜈蚣藻(22.24%)[19]和红毛藻(38.62%)[23];高于琼枝麒麟菜(3.5%)[21]、龙须菜(15.23%)[22]、海带(2.4%)[24]。舌状蜈蚣藻的必需氨基酸的质量分数为6.20%,占比总氨基酸的36.49%,接近于WHO/FAO推荐的理想标准蛋白质模式(EAA/TAA在40%左右[26]);必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为63.51%,大于WHO/FAO参考蛋白质模式(EAA/NEAA在60%以上)。表明舌状蜈蚣藻干制品的氨基酸组成比例合理,可提供优质蛋白。另外,舌状蜈蚣藻含有6种呈味氨基酸,占氨基酸总质量分数的40.08%,与龙须菜(43.99%)[22]、条斑紫菜(41.90%)[25]相近,说明舌状蜈蚣藻具有鲜甜风味特点,具有风味海藻食品开发的潜力。
舌状蜈蚣藻中脂肪酸组成及质量分数检测结果见表3。舌状蜈蚣藻干制品检出2种饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)、2种单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA)、2种多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA),质量分数分别为0.45、0.053和0.18 g/100 g。舌状蜈蚣藻的脂肪含量虽低(0.71 g/100 g),但SFA相对含量最多,占比大。在SFA中,以棕榈酸(C16:0)为主,质量分数达0.41 g/100 g,且含有少量豆蔻酸(C14:0)。据报道棕榈酸具有抗炎、镇痛、减弱细胞毒性等药理特性[27−28],能够改善消化、便秘等肠胃问题[29]。在MUFA中,只检测出油酸(C18:1(cis)-9c),棕榈烯酸(C16:1-9c);在PUFA中,检测出花生四烯酸(C20:4,ARA)和二十碳五烯酸(C20:5,EPA),质量分数分别为0.089 g/100 g、0.087 g/100 g,两者比例均衡(1:1)。ARA具有改善记忆和视力、预防心血管疾病和癌症、调节血糖血脂等作用[30]。EPA具有降血压、促进平滑肌收缩以及扩张血管等功能[31]。由此可知,舌状蜈蚣藻干制品的脂肪酸种类及质量分数较低,但仍具有一定的保健作用。
舌状蜈蚣藻的矿物质分析见表4,共检测出5种常量元素和4种微量元素,其含量均高于带形蜈蚣藻[19]、披针形蜈蚣藻[22]、红毛藻[23]。其中K质量分数最高(15436.17 mg/kg),其次是Na(11398 mg/kg)、Ca(8922.76 mg/kg)、Mg(8147.90 mg/kg)和P元素(5581.68 mg/kg)。其他检测出的Mn(13.18 mg/kg)、Fe(77.16 mg/kg)、Cu(2.46 mg/kg)、Zn(67.91 mg/kg)质量分数相对于检测出的总矿物元素含量较低。
Na、K在人体内主要起到维持体内酸碱平衡的作用,因Na能升高血压,K、Mg则能降低血压,改变Na、K比率较Na、K的单一改变对血压的影响更大[32],舌状蜈蚣藻的Na/K比值为0.7,这种低Na/K比值符合理想的膳食需求,有助于保护心血管,降低高血压风险;另外,K、Mg能够影响细胞参与能量代谢、蛋白质和核酸的合成,催化酶的激活和抑制等的多种生物功能[33−34];Ca可构成骨盐,对维持人体正常生理功能起着至关重要的调节作用;Fe参与人体氧的运输、血红蛋白和多种酶的合成,可以缓解贫血、保持血液循环和免疫细胞的正常工作,促进生物合成[35];Zn作为生物必要的微金属元素,能够促进生长发育及智力发育、维持身体的生理功能和正常代谢。同时至少300种酶以Zn为辅助因子参与糖类、脂质、蛋白质和核酸代谢[36]。综上所述,舌状蜈蚣藻富含人体所需补充的矿物元素。
由此可见,130 ℃热风干燥后舌状蜈蚣藻干制品仍保持高蛋白质、高膳食纤维、低脂肪特性,粗多糖含量高,氨基酸、脂肪酸组成合理,矿物元素丰富,营养价值突出。
复水是指使物料恢复到原来的新鲜状态,通常用来衡量干燥过程对物料的伤害程度。复水比是评价干制舌状蜈蚣藻品质的重要指标之一,复水比越大,其吸水性能越好,表示干燥过程中对其质构的破坏程度越小[37]。从图2A可知,复水0~2 min,舌状蜈蚣藻迅速吸水膨胀,增长趋势快,占整个复水过程总能力的81.6%,属于快速复水阶段;复水4~8 min,复水比变化不明显,吸水速度较缓慢,可能与干燥后舌状蜈蚣藻出现热收缩现象,其孔隙率低,微结构塌陷,阻碍了水分在藻类内部的流动有关。
采用倒置荧光显微镜观察复水后的微观结构,并与新鲜蜈蚣藻进行比较。从图2B可知,新鲜蜈蚣藻后舌状蜈蚣藻藻体细胞较饱满、排列较为紧密,细胞内容物未流出,仍能看出藻红素等色素。从图2C可知,与新鲜舌状蜈蚣藻相比,130 ℃干燥的样品复水后出现热收缩现象,水膜厚度较薄且出现多个明显的孔隙,有明显褐变现象。
从图3A的表面微观结构可知,冷冻真空干燥处理的舌状蜈蚣藻样品表面分布有大量孔隙,其大小均匀、孔壁清晰;而热风干燥样品表面则相对光滑,并可见多道细长裂痕,这可能是水分蒸发导致的组织皱缩与干裂所致[14]。如图3B所示,冷冻真空干燥样品横截面结构疏松且表面粗糙;而热风干燥样品横截面则较为平整、质地紧实,并伴有结构收缩。由此可见,高温热风干燥会引起舌状蜈蚣藻发生热收缩,导致细胞结构完整性低、微观结构塌陷及孔隙率减少,这与复水观察结果一致。
采用HS-SPME-GC-MS分析热风干燥过程中的风味变化。对干燥0、8、16、24 min后蜈蚣藻的挥发性物质组成进行分析,共检测出89种挥发性物质,具体见附表1(详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。将各干燥时间点检测到的挥发性化合物进行汇总,并按化合物名称去重后统计其种类构成,结果如图4A所示,种类最多的是醛类化合物,占22.5%;醇类、酮类、烃类和酯类化合物,分别占14.6%、14.6%、13.5%和9%;而醚类、酸类、胺类、酚类和杂环化合物种类相对较少。
舌状蜈蚣藻在干燥过程中挥发性物质种类的变化如图4B所示,在新鲜样品(0 min)中,共检出65种挥发性物质,主要成分为醛类(24.62%)、酮类(18.46%)、醇类(10.77%)和酯类(10.77%),值得注意的是,胺类化合物仅在此阶段被检测到。随着干燥进行,挥发性物质种类明显减少,干燥8 min时检出45种,16 min检出32种挥发性物质,至24 min时仅检出19种。与此同时,样品总挥发性物质总含量随干燥过程呈上升趋势(结果如图4C所示)。具体来说,酮类、醛类化合物的含量表现为先上升后下降趋势。酯类化合物的含量表现为下降趋势,醇类化合物的含量与干燥前相比差异不大,而烃类和酚类化合物的含量则增加,据文献[12]报道,海藻中不稳定的挥发性物质(如萜类化合物和杂环化合物)在干燥过程中易受热分解,生成更为稳定的烃类化合物,这可能是导致烃类含量增加的原因之一。
采用主成分分析(PCA)对四个干燥时间点的挥发性组分数据集进行降维处理,结果见图4D,通过特征值分解法提取前两个主成分,PC1和PC2贡献率分别为44.7%和20.5%,累计方差贡献率达65.2%。在PCA图中,8、16、24 min干燥组和0 min(新鲜舌状蜈蚣藻)存在于独立的象限;同时8 min样品组与其他分组样品间分离趋势明显,可能短时间内的干燥和含水量的快速减少引起独特的挥发物质转化;另外,16和24 min样品组分布部分空间重叠,所含的主要挥发性物质差异性不显著。
鉴于舌状蜈蚣藻的关键和特征性挥发性物质不能仅由HS-SPME-GC-MS分析获得的相对含量决定,本研究依据挥发性组分OAV大小来评价其对整体香气的贡献程度,从而筛选热风干燥过程中的关键挥发性物质。基于各风味物质的阈值[38]计算附表1中挥发性物质含量与其相应风味阈值的比值,得到OAV。最终筛选出OAV大于或接近1的挥发性组分,结果见表5。
如表5所示,在热风干燥过程的4个时间点,舌状蜈蚣藻样品共鉴定出7个OAV相对较高的挥发性组分:正己醛、1-辛烯-3-酮、1-辛烯-3-醇、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、α-紫罗酮、β-紫罗兰酮、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛。其中,0 min样品含有7种组分,8 min含5种,16和24 min分别含2种组分。这些化合物根据其气味特征可被归类为果香味、土腥味、清新草本味及油脂味[39−40]。当OAV>10时,表示该化合物对整体香气贡献极大。其中1-辛烯-3-酮(OAV>10)对舌状蜈蚣藻样品挥发性风味具有重要贡献。
为进一步评估关键香气物质及其在干燥过程中的变化,将表5数据可视化绘制成Sankey图(图5)。根据条带宽度最终鉴定出5个挥发性物质:1-辛烯-3-酮、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、α-紫罗酮、β-紫罗兰酮、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛。这些物质可能是舌状蜈蚣藻热风干燥过程中的关键挥发性风味物质。图5中清晰显示了不同干燥时间点样品中关键香气物质的分布及其相对贡献比例(条带越宽,贡献越大),0 min样品中关键挥发性物质的数量和相对贡献度最高,其次为8 min。值得注意的是,α-紫罗酮和β-紫罗兰酮在整个干燥过程中持续存在,这两种化合物具有紫罗兰与木质香型特征[41]。(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛则在0 min、8 min样品中被检出,而1-辛烯-3-酮、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛仅在0 min出现,随着热风干燥的进行,1-辛烯-3-酮消失。据文献[42]报道,1-辛烯-3-酮属于土腥味香型,对藻体的腥味特征有显著贡献,因此,这些物质的消失对改善舌状蜈蚣藻的整体风味具有积极作用。
舌状蜈蚣藻在130 ℃热风干燥过程中,各脂质的含量变化如图6A所示,主要包括糖脂(Saccharolipids,SL)、脂肪酰化物(Fatty Acyls,FA)、孕烯醇酮脂(Prenol lipids,PL)、固醇脂(Serol lipids,ST)、甘油酯(Glycerolipids,GL)、鞘脂(Sphingolipids,SP)和甘油磷脂(Glycerophospholipids,GP),脂质总含量在整个干燥过程中呈现先升后降的趋势:16 min达到峰值14114.69 μg/g,24 min 时降至12405.03 μg/g。这种变化可能归因于前期水分蒸发导致的浓度效应与持续高温引起的脂质氧化分解[43]。
上述脂质可进一步划分为37个亚类,其相对含量分布如图6B所示。为聚焦关键脂质组分,图6C~图6F依次展示了含量较高的6个脂质亚类在不同干燥时间点的相对含量的动态变化。其中SL总体占比较高,在干燥8 min时占脂质总量的44%(5647.82 μg/g)。SL亚类包括:单半乳糖基单酰基甘油(Monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol,MGMG)、单半乳糖基二酰基甘油(Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol,MGDG)、二半乳糖基单酰基甘油(Digalactosylmonoacylglycerol,DGMG)、磺基喹啉基单酰基甘油(Sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerol,SQMG)、磺基喹啉二酰基甘油(Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol,SQDG)、二半乳糖基二酰基甘油(Digalactosyldiacylglycerol,DGDG),其中SQDG、DGDG和MGDG占主导地位,均属于半乳糖脂类。在植物中,半乳糖脂是叶绿体膜的主要成分(占膜脂的70%~80%)[44],且研究表明其具有抗炎[45]、抗氧化[46]等生物活性。此外,GP含量在干燥过程中逐渐增加,SP含量在0~16 min内增加,24 min时略有下降,但仍高于新鲜样品,SP的积累可能与细胞膜降解释放鞘磷脂有关[47],GP增加则源于磷脂酶活化介导的甘油磷脂代谢重塑[48]。综上,蜈蚣藻脂质以SL、GP和SP为主要形式存在,其中SL和GP占主导地位,这2类脂质的氧化分解可产生大量的挥发性风味物质(如醛类、酮类等),是形成其特征风味的关键途径[49]。
不同热风干燥时间下蜈蚣藻脂质组成的PCA分析结果如图7A所示,前两个主成分(PC1和PC2)累积方差贡献率为62.1%(其中PC1:44.2%,PC2:17.9%)。各干燥组别在PCA的得分图中呈现明显分离趋势,说明不同干燥时间点的脂质含量存在差异。
差异脂质的筛选采用双阈值标准:差异倍数(Fold Change,FC)>2或<0.5,且显著性水平(P值)P<0.01。通过火山图(图7B)可视化差异脂质分布模式,纵坐标(log2(Fold Change))绝对值越大表明组间脂质含量差异越显著,横坐标(-log10(P值))表征统计显著性,识别出脂质水平下调(FC<0.5,P<0.01)和上调(FC>2,P<0.01)。
Venn图显示了新鲜和三个不同干燥程度的蜈蚣藻之间的组间比较,通过新鲜与不同干燥时间的比较和筛选(图7C~图7E),最后得出的73种差异脂质(图7F)。VIP>1.5的脂类化合物被认为是区分不同样品的重要组分,VIP评分越高,分类贡献越大,样本组间脂质分类效果越好[50]。对不同干燥程度的蜈蚣藻脂质VIP评分进行了评估,图7G和表6显示了筛选出VIP值最高的20个差异脂质,包含PG(16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+、PG(18:3_21:1)[M+H]+、ZyE(26:5)[M+NH4]+、PI(54:6)[M−H]−、ZyE(28:5)[M+NH4]+、Cer(t17:0_25:0+O)[M+HCOO]−、SQMG(16:0)[M−H]−、DGMG(16:0)[M+HCOO]−、MGMG(16:0)[M+HCOO]−、Cer(d42:2+2O)[M+HCOO]−、Cer(t42:1+O)[M+HCOO]−、ZyE(16:2)[M+NH4]+、ZyE(33:6)[M+NH4]+、SQMG(20:4)[M−H]−、ZyE(13:1)[M+NH4]+、CL(87:13)[M−2H]2−、PG(16:0_20:5)[M−H]−、ZyE(28:6)[M+NH4]+、MGDG(16:0_20:4)[M+Na]+和LPG(16:0)[M−H]−。上述脂质可作为区分不同干燥程度蜈蚣藻的标志物。PG(16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+、PG(18:3_21:1)[M+H]+、ZyE(26:5)[M+NH4]+、PI(54:6)[M−H]−对第三组的贡献较大,表明可能是区分深度干燥组和其他两组的潜在标志,是蜈蚣藻热风干燥后产生风味的关键脂质。
本文采用130 ℃热风干燥处理舌状蜈蚣藻,系统考察干燥动力学、理化性质、复水性能、微观结构及挥发性风味化合物与脂质的动态变化规律。结果表明,130 ℃的条件下,舌状蜈蚣藻可在24 min内达到完全干燥,干燥过程呈现典型的降速率特征,表明该过程主要由内部水分扩散机制主导。干燥后藻体仍保持较高的营养价值,但细胞结构塌陷、孔隙率下降。通过对不同干燥时间点(0、8、16、24 min)样品的分析,共鉴定出89种挥发性化合物,随干燥进程而减少(从65种降至19种),并鉴定出1-辛烯-3-酮、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、α-紫罗酮、β-紫罗兰酮和(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛5种关键香气活性物质(OAV>1),其中,α-紫罗酮和β-紫罗兰酮全程存在,而1-辛烯-3-酮仅存在于新鲜样品中。脂质组学分析共检测到3790种脂质化合物,以SL、GP和GL为主。通过组间比较筛选出的73种差异脂质,进一步鉴定出PG(16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+、PG(18:3_21:1)[M+H]+、ZyE(26:5)[M+NH4]+等20种脂质可作为区分干燥阶段的关键标志物,其中PG(16:0_21:1)[M+Na]+、PG(18:3_21:1)[M+H]+、ZyE(26:5)[M+NH4]+、PI(54:6)[M−H]−可能是风味形成的关键脂质。
本研究证实了高温短时干燥在蜈蚣藻加工中的可行性,并从挥发性风味物质与脂质的角度揭示了干燥品质形成的分子基础,为高品质蜈蚣藻干制工艺优化与产品开发提供了理论依据。后续仍需进一步验证脂质氧化的具体路径对风味的定量贡献。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070225
  • 接收时间:2025-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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    1厦门医学院海洋生物医药资源福建省高校工程研究中心/厦门市海洋药用天然产物资源重点实验室,福建厦门 361023
    2福建省水产研究所,福建厦门 361013
    3漳州职业技术学院,福建漳州 363000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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