Article(id=1320880307750945096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080156, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755187200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852006137, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852006137, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852006137, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852006137, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=603, endPage=613, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880308019380554, articleId=1320880307750945096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Effects of Exposure Doses of Artificial Sweeteners on Diseases, columnId=1320880307935494473, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Frontier Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Artificial sweeteners (ASs), high-intensity substitutes for sugar with minimal calories, are used extensively in foods. In recent years, their potential health risks to humans have gradually attracted more attention as consumption levels increase. This systematic review examines how different doses of artificial sweeteners affect the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, liver, and tumor development, along with their underlying mechanisms. Research indicates that common sweeteners like sucralose and aspartame generally increase the risks of colitis, atherosclerosis, fatty liver disease, and tumors by disrupting gut microbiota, raising intestinal permeability, and inducing chronic inflammation. Although individual artificial sweeteners show minor protective effects within acceptable daily intake (ADI) limits or at specific doses, overall negative health effects tend to dominate. The review also highlights that current ADI standards, based only on short-term exposure assessments, significantly underestimate the cumulative and combined health risks from long-term, mixed exposures in real-world settings. Therefore, future efforts should incorporate multi-omics and systems toxicology approaches to develop a dynamic risk assessment system based on real-world exposure levels and population variability. This framework will provide scientific evidence for the safe use and regulation of artificial sweeteners.

, authors=Jing CHEN1, 2, Jun YANG1, Yanmin JU2, Yu CAO1, Xin JIN1, *, authorsList=Jing CHEN, Jun YANG, Yanmin JU, Yu CAO, Xin JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880310745678162, articleId=1320880307750945096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=人工甜味剂的暴露剂量对疾病影响的研究进展, columnId=1320880308124238155, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=前沿综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

人工甜味剂(Artificial Sweeteners,ASs)作为高甜度、低热量的糖类替代品,在食品中广泛使用。近年来,随着添加量的上升,其潜在健康风险逐渐引起关注。本文系统综述了不同暴露剂量人工甜味剂对胃肠道、心血管系统、肝脏及肿瘤发生的影响及相关机制。研究表明,三氯蔗糖、阿斯巴甜等常见甜味剂普遍通过破坏肠道菌群、增加肠漏和诱发慢性炎症,从而加剧结肠炎、动脉粥样硬化、脂肪肝及肿瘤风险,尽管个别人工甜味剂在每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake,ADI)内或特定剂量下表现出轻微保护作用,但整体仍呈现负面健康效应。综述进一步指出,现行ADI标准基于单一的短期暴露评估,严重低估了现实世界中长期、混合暴露带来的累积与协同健康风险。因此,未来应结合多组学与系统毒理学手段,建立基于真实世界的暴露剂量与人群差异的动态风险评估体系,为人工甜味剂的安全使用与监管提供科学依据。

, authors=陈静1, 2, 杨军1, 鞠艳敏2, 曹玉1, 金鑫1, *, authorsList=陈静, 杨军, 鞠艳敏, 曹玉, 金鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=金鑫, authorNote=

陈静(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食药安全监管与检验,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
金鑫(1988−),男,博士,副主任药师,研究方向:食药安全监管与检验,E-mail:。
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The Journal of Nutrition, 2020, 150(7): 1773−1781., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880310980559187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880310988947796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, companyId=1320880310980559187, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Nanjing Food and Drug Supervision and Inspection Institute, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880310997336405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, companyId=1320880310980559187, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京市食品药品监督检验院,江苏南京 211198)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880311056056662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880311064445271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, companyId=1320880311056056662, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880311072833880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, companyId=1320880311056056662, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国药科大学,江苏南京 211198)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880314986119551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Chemical structure of artificial sweeteners, figureFileSmall=1gH2QVWqOa41u7qrRFhP5w==, figureFileBig=kiiO23BQzDnh2p72tXziWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880315061617024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=CN, label=图1, caption=人工甜味剂的化学结构, figureFileSmall=1gH2QVWqOa41u7qrRFhP5w==, figureFileBig=kiiO23BQzDnh2p72tXziWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880315262943617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Mechanism of artificial sweeteners on gastrointestinal disorders, figureFileSmall=kzqc3zS6hHmPrqYlqWVevQ==, figureFileBig=ZY/PdfNUganemDV70Y7+2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880315334246786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=CN, label=图2, caption=人工甜味剂对胃肠道疾病的作用机制, figureFileSmall=kzqc3zS6hHmPrqYlqWVevQ==, figureFileBig=ZY/PdfNUganemDV70Y7+2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880315388772739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Artificial sweeteners and non-gastrointestinal diseases, figureFileSmall=Rw+KOEVXzTJnM0BIL3X4Vg==, figureFileBig=Ov+j0Slz6DVqhuGPlX5QFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880315460075908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=CN, label=图3, caption=人工甜味剂与非胃肠道疾病, figureFileSmall=Rw+KOEVXzTJnM0BIL3X4Vg==, figureFileBig=Ov+j0Slz6DVqhuGPlX5QFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880315531379077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical properties and safety profiles of artificial sweeteners

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名称化学式甜度
(相对蔗糖)
ADI
(mg/kg/d)
IARC分级
(致癌性)
糖精C7H5NO3S300~50053类
甜蜜素C6H12NNaO3S30~40113类
阿斯巴甜C14H18N2O5200402B类
安赛蜜C4H4KNO4S200153类
三氯蔗糖C12H19Cl3O86005未分类
纽甜C20H30N2O57000~130002未分类
爱德万甜C24H30N2O72000032.8未分类
阿力甜C14H25N3O4S2000未分类
), ArticleFig(id=1320880315598487942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

人工甜味剂化学性质及安全指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称化学式甜度
(相对蔗糖)
ADI
(mg/kg/d)
IARC分级
(致癌性)
糖精C7H5NO3S300~50053类
甜蜜素C6H12NNaO3S30~40113类
阿斯巴甜C14H18N2O5200402B类
安赛蜜C4H4KNO4S200153类
三氯蔗糖C12H19Cl3O86005未分类
纽甜C20H30N2O57000~130002未分类
爱德万甜C24H30N2O72000032.8未分类
阿力甜C14H25N3O4S2000未分类
), ArticleFig(id=1320880315669791111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of artificial sweeteners on gastrointestinal disorders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称实验对象实验剂量对肠道菌群的影响对胃肠道疾病的影响参考文献
糖精小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)5 mg/kg/d→0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
增加有益菌Mucispirillum、Alistipes;改善微生态失衡缓解结肠炎[20]
糖精小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)5 mg/kg/d→0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
显著降低粪便细菌负荷缓解结肠炎[17]
糖精体外培养的肠道细菌及来自克罗恩病患者的肠黏膜微生物群0.1%(w/v或v/v)(高于ADI)对菌F. prausnitzii生长有抑制作用加重克罗恩病[21]
糖精澳大利亚、香港和中国大陆的274名CD患者、82名一级亲属、83名家庭成员和92名健康无关对照组0.6 mg/kg/d(ADI范围内)可能改变肠道菌群结构,促进促炎菌群生长,减少抗炎菌群(如Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)加重克罗恩病[18]
阿斯巴甜小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)40 mg/kg/d(ADI上限)改变肠道微生物群组成加重结肠炎[29]
阿斯巴甜澳大利亚、香港和中国大陆的274名CD患者、82名一级亲属、83名家庭成员和92名健康无关对照组1.9 mg/kg/d(ADI范围内)促进促炎菌群(如变形菌门Proteobacteria)的生长,可能改变微生物组成,导致黏膜层破坏加重克罗恩病[18]
阿斯巴甜13名健康成年人500 mg(在ADI范围内)增加乙酸和丙酸产量、促进双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)生长、抑制大肠杆菌(E. coli)生长导致肠道炎症[42]
安赛蜜小鼠150 mg/kg/d(高于ADI)菌群失调导致促炎因子升高、肠屏障
损伤
产生结肠炎[22]
三氯蔗糖小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)5 mg/kg/d→0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
增加有益菌Mucispirillum、Alistipes;改善微生态失衡缓解结肠炎症[20]
三氯蔗糖小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)1.5 mg/mL(高于ADI)改变肠道菌群组成,使有益菌减少,有害菌增加;破坏肠道屏障,加重肠道
损伤
加重结肠炎[16]
三氯蔗糖C57BL/6小鼠(AOM/DSS诱导的模型)1.5 mg/mL(高于ADI)Ficmicures、放线菌、口消化链霉菌、共生梭菌和厌氧消化链霉菌的显著增加以及变形菌的减少加重结肠炎[19]
三氯蔗糖体外培养的肠道细菌及来自克罗恩病患者的肠黏膜微生物群0.1%(w/v或v/v)(高于ADI)对菌F. prausnitzii生长有抑制作用加重克罗恩病[21]
三氯蔗糖澳大利亚、香港和中国大陆的274名CD患者、82名一级亲属、83名家庭成员和92名健康无关对照组0.8 mg/kg/d(ADI范围内)促进变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的增殖,破坏肠道微生物平衡加重克罗恩病[18]
三氯蔗糖13名健康成年人50% ADI增加戊酸(Valeric acid)产量、增加大肠杆菌/志贺菌(Escherichia/Shigella)和嗜硫菌(Bilophila)丰度导致肠道炎症[42]
纽甜体外细胞和细菌模型细胞(0.01 µmol/L~
10 mmol/L)
细菌(0.1 µmol/L~
1 mmol/L)
(在ADI范围内)
通过T1R3信号通路影响肠道上皮细胞功能,增加细菌生物膜形成和细胞毒性增加肠易激综合征的风险[11]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880315749482888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

人工甜味剂对胃肠道疾病的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称实验对象实验剂量对肠道菌群的影响对胃肠道疾病的影响参考文献
糖精小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)5 mg/kg/d→0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
增加有益菌Mucispirillum、Alistipes;改善微生态失衡缓解结肠炎[20]
糖精小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)5 mg/kg/d→0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
显著降低粪便细菌负荷缓解结肠炎[17]
糖精体外培养的肠道细菌及来自克罗恩病患者的肠黏膜微生物群0.1%(w/v或v/v)(高于ADI)对菌F. prausnitzii生长有抑制作用加重克罗恩病[21]
糖精澳大利亚、香港和中国大陆的274名CD患者、82名一级亲属、83名家庭成员和92名健康无关对照组0.6 mg/kg/d(ADI范围内)可能改变肠道菌群结构,促进促炎菌群生长,减少抗炎菌群(如Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)加重克罗恩病[18]
阿斯巴甜小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)40 mg/kg/d(ADI上限)改变肠道微生物群组成加重结肠炎[29]
阿斯巴甜澳大利亚、香港和中国大陆的274名CD患者、82名一级亲属、83名家庭成员和92名健康无关对照组1.9 mg/kg/d(ADI范围内)促进促炎菌群(如变形菌门Proteobacteria)的生长,可能改变微生物组成,导致黏膜层破坏加重克罗恩病[18]
阿斯巴甜13名健康成年人500 mg(在ADI范围内)增加乙酸和丙酸产量、促进双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)生长、抑制大肠杆菌(E. coli)生长导致肠道炎症[42]
安赛蜜小鼠150 mg/kg/d(高于ADI)菌群失调导致促炎因子升高、肠屏障
损伤
产生结肠炎[22]
三氯蔗糖小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)5 mg/kg/d→0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
增加有益菌Mucispirillum、Alistipes;改善微生态失衡缓解结肠炎症[20]
三氯蔗糖小鼠(DSS诱导的结肠炎模型)1.5 mg/mL(高于ADI)改变肠道菌群组成,使有益菌减少,有害菌增加;破坏肠道屏障,加重肠道
损伤
加重结肠炎[16]
三氯蔗糖C57BL/6小鼠(AOM/DSS诱导的模型)1.5 mg/mL(高于ADI)Ficmicures、放线菌、口消化链霉菌、共生梭菌和厌氧消化链霉菌的显著增加以及变形菌的减少加重结肠炎[19]
三氯蔗糖体外培养的肠道细菌及来自克罗恩病患者的肠黏膜微生物群0.1%(w/v或v/v)(高于ADI)对菌F. prausnitzii生长有抑制作用加重克罗恩病[21]
三氯蔗糖澳大利亚、香港和中国大陆的274名CD患者、82名一级亲属、83名家庭成员和92名健康无关对照组0.8 mg/kg/d(ADI范围内)促进变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的增殖,破坏肠道微生物平衡加重克罗恩病[18]
三氯蔗糖13名健康成年人50% ADI增加戊酸(Valeric acid)产量、增加大肠杆菌/志贺菌(Escherichia/Shigella)和嗜硫菌(Bilophila)丰度导致肠道炎症[42]
纽甜体外细胞和细菌模型细胞(0.01 µmol/L~
10 mmol/L)
细菌(0.1 µmol/L~
1 mmol/L)
(在ADI范围内)
通过T1R3信号通路影响肠道上皮细胞功能,增加细菌生物膜形成和细胞毒性增加肠易激综合征的风险[11]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880315824980361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of artificial sweeteners on other diseases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称实验对象实验剂量疾病作用机制参考文献
糖精雄性C57BL/6J小鼠0.3 mg/mL(高于ADI)肝炎糖精摄入→改变肠道菌群组成(有害菌增多,有益菌减少)→促炎功能基因富集(LPS合成、鞭毛装配、毒素产生)→粪便代谢产物紊乱(抗炎代谢物减少,促炎代谢物增加)→激活宿主TLR信号通路→肝脏促炎基因(TNF-α、iNOS)表达上调→慢性肝脏炎症发生[45]
糖精雌性C57BL/6小鼠0.1 mg/mL(ADI
上限)
NAFLD消耗A. muciniphila→破坏肠屏障完整性
降低AhR配体水→抑制AhR通路
LPS入血→全身炎症→NAFLD
[56]
糖精雄性Wistar大鼠0.5 mg/mL(高于ADI)ALD乙醇+高脂饮食→肠道菌群紊乱(厚壁菌门↓/拟杆菌门↑/变形菌门↑)
菌群失调与血清LPS、肝脂质沉积正相关
[57]
糖精MASLD模型:雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠; ALD模型:雄性Wistar大鼠0.5 mg/mL(高于ADI)ALD、MASLDMASLD:拟杆菌门↑,厚壁菌门↓
ALD:蓝藻菌门↑,疣微菌门↑
[58]
糖精人卵巢癌细胞(Ovcar-3细
胞系)
12.5 mmol/L卵巢癌(上皮性)抑制碳酸酐酶IX→癌细胞pH↓→激活caspase-3[62]
糖精症状性/无症状颈动脉粥样硬化患者、健康人−颈动脉粥样硬化糖精降低粪便丁酸及Faecalibacterium丰度[51]
糖精雌性SD大鼠5 mg/kg/d(ADI
上限)
多囊卵巢综合征激活T1R2/T1R3味觉受体→通过“肠道-胰腺轴”和“卵巢局部”两条通路→共同加剧胰岛素抵抗与高雄激素血症→恶化PCOS[63]
糖精美国成年人低于ADI心血管疾病、癌症、糖尿病、可能通过代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗、炎症反应等途径[53]
阿斯巴甜小鼠(0.15%w/w)动脉粥样硬化阿斯巴甜通过放大“胰岛素→内皮CX3CL1表达↑→骨髓CX3CR1信号→动脉粥样硬化”这一轴线的活性,在高脂血症背景下加剧动脉粥样硬化[46]
阿斯巴甜ApoE-/-小鼠、食蟹猴、人内皮细胞(0.15%w/w)动脉粥样硬化、心血管疾病激活迷走神经→升高胰岛素→上调内皮细胞CX3CL1→促进单核细胞黏附/炎症→加剧斑块形成[47]
阿斯巴甜103388名法国成年人−总体心血管疾病、冠心病、脑血管疾病未明确机制,但提示甜味剂可能直接促进心血管病变[52]
阿斯巴甜102865名法国成年人(前瞻性队列)远低于ADI总体癌症、乳腺癌、肥胖相关癌症可能通过肥胖相关代谢紊乱、DNA损伤、肠道菌群失调或直接致癌作用[61]
阿斯巴甜1881例结直肠癌、1510例乳腺癌、972例前列腺癌、351例胃癌、109例慢性淋巴细胞白血病及3629名健康对照−结直肠癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、胃癌、慢性淋巴细胞白血病未明确直接机制,但提出假设:
肠道菌群改变(尤其糖尿病患者)
代谢紊乱(肥胖、糖尿病作为中介)
[66]
阿斯巴甜计算模型(网络毒理学)、人类遗传数据(孟德尔随机化)−肝癌激活坏死性凋亡(Necroptosis)、NF-κB和TNF信号通路;上调CASP1表达(内皮细胞中最高)[60]
安赛蜜ApoE-/-小鼠、HepG2细胞15 mg/kg/d
(ADI上限)
动脉粥样硬化、高脂血症促进肝脏脂生成抑制β-氧化→血脂异常[48]
安赛蜜症状性/无症状颈动脉粥样硬化患者、健康人−颈动脉粥样硬化安赛蜜钾与白细胞计数正相关[51]
安赛蜜怀孕C57BL/6J小鼠12.5 mmol/L葡萄糖耐受不良、肥胖相关代谢疾病、胎儿发育异常下调胰岛素受体(IR)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)表达;增加脂肪细胞肥大;缩短妊娠期[68]
安赛蜜102865名法国成年人(前瞻性队列)远低于ADI总体癌症、乳腺癌、肥胖相关癌症可能通过肥胖相关代谢紊乱、DNA损伤、肠道菌群失调或直接致癌作用[61]
安赛蜜103388名法国成年人−总体心血管疾病、冠心病、脑血管疾病未明确机制,但提示甜味剂可能直接促进心血管病变[52]
三氯蔗糖雄性C57BL/6J小鼠0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
肝炎三氯蔗糖摄入→改变菌群结构与功能→粪便代谢组紊乱(如脂类、氨基酸类物质)→肝组织促炎基因上调→慢性炎症发生[44]
三氯蔗糖C57BL/6小鼠0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
NAFLD肠道菌群-胆汁酸轴:拟杆菌/梭菌↑→脱氧胆酸↑→抑制肝脏FXR信号→脂质合成↑→NAFLD[54]
三氯蔗糖C57BL/6小鼠+HepG2细胞500 ppm饲料
(≈5 mg/kg/d)(ADI上限)
NAFLDT1R3-ROS-内质网应激轴:三氯蔗糖激活肝脏T1R3受体→ROS↑→内质网应激→脂质合成基因↑→脂肪堆积[55]
三氯蔗糖雌性C57BL/6小鼠0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
NAFLD消耗A. muciniphila→破坏肠屏障完整性降低AhR配体水→抑制AhR通路LPS入血→全身炎症→NAFLD[56]
三氯蔗糖103388名法国成年人−总体心血管疾病、冠心病、脑血管疾病未明确机制,但提示甜味剂可能直接促进心血管病变[52]
三氯蔗糖102865名法国成年人(前瞻性队列)远低于ADI总体癌症、乳腺癌、肥胖相关癌症可能通过肥胖相关代谢紊乱、DNA损伤、肠道菌群失调或直接致癌作用[61]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880315904672138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880307750945096, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

人工甜味剂对其他疾病的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称实验对象实验剂量疾病作用机制参考文献
糖精雄性C57BL/6J小鼠0.3 mg/mL(高于ADI)肝炎糖精摄入→改变肠道菌群组成(有害菌增多,有益菌减少)→促炎功能基因富集(LPS合成、鞭毛装配、毒素产生)→粪便代谢产物紊乱(抗炎代谢物减少,促炎代谢物增加)→激活宿主TLR信号通路→肝脏促炎基因(TNF-α、iNOS)表达上调→慢性肝脏炎症发生[45]
糖精雌性C57BL/6小鼠0.1 mg/mL(ADI
上限)
NAFLD消耗A. muciniphila→破坏肠屏障完整性
降低AhR配体水→抑制AhR通路
LPS入血→全身炎症→NAFLD
[56]
糖精雄性Wistar大鼠0.5 mg/mL(高于ADI)ALD乙醇+高脂饮食→肠道菌群紊乱(厚壁菌门↓/拟杆菌门↑/变形菌门↑)
菌群失调与血清LPS、肝脂质沉积正相关
[57]
糖精MASLD模型:雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠; ALD模型:雄性Wistar大鼠0.5 mg/mL(高于ADI)ALD、MASLDMASLD:拟杆菌门↑,厚壁菌门↓
ALD:蓝藻菌门↑,疣微菌门↑
[58]
糖精人卵巢癌细胞(Ovcar-3细
胞系)
12.5 mmol/L卵巢癌(上皮性)抑制碳酸酐酶IX→癌细胞pH↓→激活caspase-3[62]
糖精症状性/无症状颈动脉粥样硬化患者、健康人−颈动脉粥样硬化糖精降低粪便丁酸及Faecalibacterium丰度[51]
糖精雌性SD大鼠5 mg/kg/d(ADI
上限)
多囊卵巢综合征激活T1R2/T1R3味觉受体→通过“肠道-胰腺轴”和“卵巢局部”两条通路→共同加剧胰岛素抵抗与高雄激素血症→恶化PCOS[63]
糖精美国成年人低于ADI心血管疾病、癌症、糖尿病、可能通过代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗、炎症反应等途径[53]
阿斯巴甜小鼠(0.15%w/w)动脉粥样硬化阿斯巴甜通过放大“胰岛素→内皮CX3CL1表达↑→骨髓CX3CR1信号→动脉粥样硬化”这一轴线的活性,在高脂血症背景下加剧动脉粥样硬化[46]
阿斯巴甜ApoE-/-小鼠、食蟹猴、人内皮细胞(0.15%w/w)动脉粥样硬化、心血管疾病激活迷走神经→升高胰岛素→上调内皮细胞CX3CL1→促进单核细胞黏附/炎症→加剧斑块形成[47]
阿斯巴甜103388名法国成年人−总体心血管疾病、冠心病、脑血管疾病未明确机制,但提示甜味剂可能直接促进心血管病变[52]
阿斯巴甜102865名法国成年人(前瞻性队列)远低于ADI总体癌症、乳腺癌、肥胖相关癌症可能通过肥胖相关代谢紊乱、DNA损伤、肠道菌群失调或直接致癌作用[61]
阿斯巴甜1881例结直肠癌、1510例乳腺癌、972例前列腺癌、351例胃癌、109例慢性淋巴细胞白血病及3629名健康对照−结直肠癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、胃癌、慢性淋巴细胞白血病未明确直接机制,但提出假设:
肠道菌群改变(尤其糖尿病患者)
代谢紊乱(肥胖、糖尿病作为中介)
[66]
阿斯巴甜计算模型(网络毒理学)、人类遗传数据(孟德尔随机化)−肝癌激活坏死性凋亡(Necroptosis)、NF-κB和TNF信号通路;上调CASP1表达(内皮细胞中最高)[60]
安赛蜜ApoE-/-小鼠、HepG2细胞15 mg/kg/d
(ADI上限)
动脉粥样硬化、高脂血症促进肝脏脂生成抑制β-氧化→血脂异常[48]
安赛蜜症状性/无症状颈动脉粥样硬化患者、健康人−颈动脉粥样硬化安赛蜜钾与白细胞计数正相关[51]
安赛蜜怀孕C57BL/6J小鼠12.5 mmol/L葡萄糖耐受不良、肥胖相关代谢疾病、胎儿发育异常下调胰岛素受体(IR)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)表达;增加脂肪细胞肥大;缩短妊娠期[68]
安赛蜜102865名法国成年人(前瞻性队列)远低于ADI总体癌症、乳腺癌、肥胖相关癌症可能通过肥胖相关代谢紊乱、DNA损伤、肠道菌群失调或直接致癌作用[61]
安赛蜜103388名法国成年人−总体心血管疾病、冠心病、脑血管疾病未明确机制,但提示甜味剂可能直接促进心血管病变[52]
三氯蔗糖雄性C57BL/6J小鼠0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
肝炎三氯蔗糖摄入→改变菌群结构与功能→粪便代谢组紊乱(如脂类、氨基酸类物质)→肝组织促炎基因上调→慢性炎症发生[44]
三氯蔗糖C57BL/6小鼠0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
NAFLD肠道菌群-胆汁酸轴:拟杆菌/梭菌↑→脱氧胆酸↑→抑制肝脏FXR信号→脂质合成↑→NAFLD[54]
三氯蔗糖C57BL/6小鼠+HepG2细胞500 ppm饲料
(≈5 mg/kg/d)(ADI上限)
NAFLDT1R3-ROS-内质网应激轴:三氯蔗糖激活肝脏T1R3受体→ROS↑→内质网应激→脂质合成基因↑→脂肪堆积[55]
三氯蔗糖雌性C57BL/6小鼠0.1 mg/mL
(ADI上限)
NAFLD消耗A. muciniphila→破坏肠屏障完整性降低AhR配体水→抑制AhR通路LPS入血→全身炎症→NAFLD[56]
三氯蔗糖103388名法国成年人−总体心血管疾病、冠心病、脑血管疾病未明确机制,但提示甜味剂可能直接促进心血管病变[52]
三氯蔗糖102865名法国成年人(前瞻性队列)远低于ADI总体癌症、乳腺癌、肥胖相关癌症可能通过肥胖相关代谢紊乱、DNA损伤、肠道菌群失调或直接致癌作用[61]
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人工甜味剂的暴露剂量对疾病影响的研究进展
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陈静 1, 2 , 杨军 1 , 鞠艳敏 2 , 曹玉 1 , 金鑫 1, *
食品工业科技 | 前沿综述 2026,47(18): 603-613
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食品工业科技 |前沿综述 2026 , 47 (18) : 603 -613
人工甜味剂的暴露剂量对疾病影响的研究进展
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陈静(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食药安全监管与检验,E-mail:

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陈静1, 2 , 杨军1, 鞠艳敏2, 曹玉1, 金鑫1, *
作者信息
  • 1南京市食品药品监督检验院,江苏南京 211198
  • 2中国药科大学,江苏南京 211198
通讯作者:
金鑫(1988−),男,博士,副主任药师,研究方向:食药安全监管与检验,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈静(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食药安全监管与检验,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Effects of Exposure Doses of Artificial Sweeteners on Diseases
Jing CHEN1, 2 , Jun YANG1, Yanmin JU2, Yu CAO1, Xin JIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Nanjing Food and Drug Supervision and Inspection Institute, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080156
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人工甜味剂(Artificial Sweeteners,ASs)作为高甜度、低热量的糖类替代品,在食品中广泛使用。近年来,随着添加量的上升,其潜在健康风险逐渐引起关注。本文系统综述了不同暴露剂量人工甜味剂对胃肠道、心血管系统、肝脏及肿瘤发生的影响及相关机制。研究表明,三氯蔗糖、阿斯巴甜等常见甜味剂普遍通过破坏肠道菌群、增加肠漏和诱发慢性炎症,从而加剧结肠炎、动脉粥样硬化、脂肪肝及肿瘤风险,尽管个别人工甜味剂在每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake,ADI)内或特定剂量下表现出轻微保护作用,但整体仍呈现负面健康效应。综述进一步指出,现行ADI标准基于单一的短期暴露评估,严重低估了现实世界中长期、混合暴露带来的累积与协同健康风险。因此,未来应结合多组学与系统毒理学手段,建立基于真实世界的暴露剂量与人群差异的动态风险评估体系,为人工甜味剂的安全使用与监管提供科学依据。

人工甜味剂  /  剂量-效应关系  /  每日允许摄入量  /  肠道菌群  /  胃肠道疾病  /  安全性评估

Artificial sweeteners (ASs), high-intensity substitutes for sugar with minimal calories, are used extensively in foods. In recent years, their potential health risks to humans have gradually attracted more attention as consumption levels increase. This systematic review examines how different doses of artificial sweeteners affect the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, liver, and tumor development, along with their underlying mechanisms. Research indicates that common sweeteners like sucralose and aspartame generally increase the risks of colitis, atherosclerosis, fatty liver disease, and tumors by disrupting gut microbiota, raising intestinal permeability, and inducing chronic inflammation. Although individual artificial sweeteners show minor protective effects within acceptable daily intake (ADI) limits or at specific doses, overall negative health effects tend to dominate. The review also highlights that current ADI standards, based only on short-term exposure assessments, significantly underestimate the cumulative and combined health risks from long-term, mixed exposures in real-world settings. Therefore, future efforts should incorporate multi-omics and systems toxicology approaches to develop a dynamic risk assessment system based on real-world exposure levels and population variability. This framework will provide scientific evidence for the safe use and regulation of artificial sweeteners.

artificial sweeteners  /  dose-response  /  acceptable daily intake (ADI)  /  intestinal flora  /  gastrointestinal diseases  /  security assessment
陈静, 杨军, 鞠艳敏, 曹玉, 金鑫. 人工甜味剂的暴露剂量对疾病影响的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 603 -613 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080156
Jing CHEN, Jun YANG, Yanmin JU, Yu CAO, Xin JIN. Research Progress on the Effects of Exposure Doses of Artificial Sweeteners on Diseases[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 603 -613 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080156
受慢性代谢性疾病激增以及人们愈发关注自身健康水平的影响,人工甜味剂依靠其“零卡路里”特点和比蔗糖甜度更高的优势代替传统糖,在许多食品、饮料中被大量使用[1−4]。常见的人工甜味剂包括糖精(Saccharin)、三氯蔗糖(Sucralose)、阿斯巴甜(Aspartame)和安赛蜜(Acesulfame)等,如图1所示。美国FDA、欧洲EFSA等监管机构均将这些人工甜味剂列为“公认安全”(Generally Recognized As Safe,GRAS)的产品类别[5−7]。因有促进体重控制及血糖控制等益处,人工甜味剂在全球范围获得广大消费者青睐。据市场调研公司统计,截至2024年,约60%以上的美国市场包装食品、饮料中有添加人工甜味剂,另外有42%成人偏爱选用低热量甜味剂以实现体重控制和血糖管理的目的[8]。瑞典和其他欧洲国家的废水检测也发现,三氯蔗糖的使用量在逐年增加,每年会上升约20%,而糖精以及安赛蜜钾也在逐渐被大量地运用,全球市场需求不断扩大[9]。
然而人工甜味剂被大量使用的过程中也产生了部分安全隐患问题。虽然许多国家都认定人工甜味剂是安全的添加剂之一,但却没有确切的数据证实人工甜味剂的长期食用是否对人的身体会产生影响,相关机制亦未完全阐明。在安全性评估中,仅以“是否为安全添加剂”进行简单划分已难以反映其真实风险,应更加重视剂量水平与暴露时长等因素的影响。因此引入了毒理学的核心观点,即“剂量-效应关系”,来评定人工甜味剂的风险。并且应该注意到较低到较高的暴露水平所持有的研究数据。越来越多的证据表明,在特定剂量或模型下,人工甜味剂可能通过多种机制干扰人体生理稳态,潜在诱发包括代谢紊乱、炎症反应及免疫失衡在内等一系列健康问题,在这些方面尤其是一些对于胃肠道的影响早已引起了人们极大的兴趣,目前这也是较受人们关注的问题之一[1,10−13]。
在讨论潜在风险的同时,也需要关注国际上对人工甜味剂的安全性评估方法。在安全评估中,每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake,ADI)是一项关键指标。ADI是指在不会对健康产生不利影响下,人的一生中每天可以摄入的某种食品添加剂的量(以标准体重60 kg成年人计算)[14]。1957年,联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)下属的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives,JECFA)第一次会议上提出,确定食品添加剂在食品中的用量时应注意“要有一个适当的安全限值把威胁消费群体健康的危害降到最低”。JECFA通过设定ADI鼓励在技术可行的范围内尽量使用最低水平的添加剂。目前,学界普遍认为ADI值是食品添加剂风险评估的基础,但并非绝对安全阈值,因为个体差异、摄入累积效应以及多种甜味剂叠加使用可能导致实际暴露量超过ADI。各种人工甜味剂的ADI见表1[15]。
近期的研究表明人工甜味剂的摄入在一定条件会影响结肠炎的发生发展、促进胃肠道炎症[16−19]。现有证据提示,在不同暴露剂量条件的人工甜味剂可能会改变人体内肠道菌群组成及代谢活性,从而影响宿主炎症反应与免疫功能[16,20−22]。但是研究的结果仍不尽相同,并且由同一种人工甜味剂在不同的暴露剂量下作用于不同实验模型以及基础菌群下所呈现的生物效应也可能完全不同甚至完全相反,体现出两面性[16,20]。也需要注意到将人工甜味剂实验剂量与ADI做比较分析十分必要。另外除了对人体胃肠道的危害外,长期摄入还易引起糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)、心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)等代谢综合征[23−24],但这些关联在遵循ADI的日常摄入中是否成立仍需进一步研究总结。
在当前的研究趋势下,不少学者逐渐意识到需要采用“剂量–反应–机制”这样一个完整的分析框架,要将不同种类的甜味剂按其ADI范围内、超过ADI的不同情况来区别对待,同时应当通过菌群、代谢产物、免疫信号通路等多个维度来进行评价。基于此,本文将重点总结不同暴露剂量下人工甜味剂对多种疾病的多效性,并推测可能的作用机制以供后续的机制探究和风险评价参考。
随着人工甜味剂应用范围的日益扩大,其在人体内的潜在危害也逐渐引起重视。尽管人工甜味剂可以发挥低糖、调节血糖代谢的作用,但大量的实验结果提示,人工甜味剂长期摄入可能对胃肠道功能产生不良影响。人工甜味剂摄入后,首先到达胃肠道,胃肠道是营养吸收和免疫应答的主要场所,也是调控全身代谢和炎症反应的主要门户,且肠道菌群是胃肠道微生态系统的最重要组成部分之一,在人体生理过程中能发挥多种功能,主要包括为机体供能、维持上皮屏障完整、抵御病原体入侵及调节局部和全身免疫反应等。当人体肠道菌群在体内处于一种平衡的状态时,会以共生菌(例如拟杆菌属、乳酸杆菌属和双歧杆菌属等)为主导,来维持肠道菌群结构稳定及生态平衡,一旦菌群失衡将引发菌群紊乱并出现炎症[25−28](表2)。越来越多的研究表明,人工甜味剂对肠道炎症的影响具有复杂的生物学特征。总体上,多数的人工甜味剂不管是动物实验还是人群研究表现出了促炎作用,只有少量的人工甜味剂在某种程度和某种剂量下具有保护作用,这一现象提示,人工甜味剂对于肠道稳态的影响并不是简单线性的剂量-效应关系,是受甜味剂种类、暴露剂量以及宿主体内微生态影响的结果。
从已有的研究结果来看,人工甜味剂具有较强的促炎作用。如动物实验证实,给小鼠饲喂1.5 mg/mL(高于ADI:5 mg/kg/day)的三氯蔗糖可使其葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导的结肠炎模型的炎症症状加重[16,19]。同时,相较于未给予三氯蔗糖干预的对照组而言,高于ADI剂量的(1.5 mg/mL)三氯蔗糖干预组的小鼠存在明显的体重下降及便血、腹泻情况,且疾病活动指数更高。组织学检查显示,三氯蔗糖干预组的结肠黏膜结构毁坏得更加严重,存在更多隐窝消失、炎性细胞浸润以及上皮脱落的现象,并且结肠长度较未给予三氯蔗糖干预的对照组更短,提示炎症程度更重。与此类似,其他常见甜味剂也表现出促炎效应。例如,阿斯巴甜在接近ADI上限剂量(40 mg/kg/d)时也会出现肠道菌群失衡、开启炎症信号通路、破坏肠上皮屏障来加重结肠炎症状[29]。同样地,安赛蜜(150 mg/kg/d,高于ADI:15 mg/kg/d)会引起肠道菌群失调、促炎因子水平升高以及肠道屏障受损,并且可以使淋巴细胞迁移到肠粘膜上并加重炎症反应[22]。但也有相关研究指出有部分人工合成甜味剂即便处在ADI范围之内,还是会存在一些不良反应。以纽甜为例,在体外模型中,纽甜(0.01 µmol~10 mmol,10 mmol相当于ADI:2 mg/kg/d)作用于受体T1R3增强细菌生物膜形成和细胞毒性,可能增加肠易激综合征风险[11]。
流行病学和临床研究也表明人工甜味剂摄入与肠道炎症性疾病间可能存在联系。高于ADI的三氯蔗糖和糖精摄入对肠道菌群产生影响,对肠黏膜微生物产生作用,致使免疫紊乱加剧,引起克罗恩病等疾病的发生发展[21]。在克罗恩病患者实验中,阿斯巴甜(1.9 mg/kg/d,低于ADI:40 mg/kg/d)可促进变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)类潜在致病菌的生长,引起微生态失调;三氯蔗糖(0.8 mg/kg/d,低于ADI:5 mg/kg/d)促进变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)的增殖,破坏肠道菌群,诱发肠道炎症;糖精(0.6 mg/kg/d,低于ADI:5 mg/kg/d)可能改变肠道菌群结构,促进致病菌的生长,并抑制有益菌(如Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)的生长[18]。这个结果表明即使摄入量处于ADI的范围之内,人们所常见的阿斯巴甜、三氯蔗糖、糖精等人工甜味剂都可在一定程度上通过影响肠道菌群的作用来促进克罗恩病的发生和发展。除此之外,人工甜味剂与功能性胃肠病如肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)也有显著关联。有大型前瞻性队列研究显示,长期摄入阿斯巴甜、三氯蔗糖和糖精会增加IBS发病的风险[30],摄入阿斯巴甜、三氯蔗糖和安赛蜜钾与胃肠道症状发生存在时间关联[31]。
尽管总体上呈现促炎倾向,但是部分研究指出在某些剂量和微生态条件下,可能存在某类甜味剂具有缓解肠道炎症的可能。例如在动物实验中,三氯蔗糖(0.1 mg/mL相当于ADI:5 mg/kg/d),研究证明该成分能缓解DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎模型的症状,表现为减轻肠黏膜组织炎症损伤,Th17/Treg免疫平衡恢复,上调有益菌属Mucispirillum和Alistipes水平增加,上调miR-15b水平下调RECK/miR-15b的表达可下调MMP-9表达,能通过上皮屏障介导AKT/NF-κB信号通路的下调而发挥对DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎的作用[20]。糖精也在类似剂量(0.1 mg/mL相当于ADI:5 mg/kg/d)下表现出改善菌群组成,其在体外肠道模型中可以通过上皮屏障保护机制抑制促炎因子IL-6、IL-17A的产生来缓解结肠炎的症状[17,20]。
这些结果说明,人工甜味剂的生物学效应可能是双向性的,即多数人工甜味剂在不同的动物试验以及人群的研究中出现促炎作用,但也有少数人工甜味剂在一定剂量或者条件下具有保护作用。具体引起不同的反应机制还不清楚,但可能存在以下几点原因。首先,不同的甜味剂具有不同的化学结构,也会生成不同的代谢产物,因而与肠道菌群发生作用的方式有所不同,导致了不同的结果。比如三氯蔗糖具有较强的氯取代基团稳定性,在肠道内几乎不被吸收,从而直接产生调节菌群的作用以起到保护效果。而阿斯巴甜则会在代谢时释放出苯丙氨酸及甲醇这两种物质,可以直接作用于上皮细胞的代谢过程和氧化应激状态,最终引起机体产生炎症反应。其次,对肠道菌群有选择性调节作用的小分子甜味剂极有可能决定甜味剂的双向性影响,低于ADI的剂量时可能促进部分有益菌生长或代谢平衡恢复,而高于ADI时则更容易造成对益生菌的抑制,诱导出条件致病菌的扩增。第三,对宿主免疫系统起到的相互作用也可能成为不同表现的重要原因之一。已有研究表明某些人工甜味剂可通过T1R3、TAS1R2等甜味受体参与黏膜免疫信号调控作用,在低剂量情况下能够诱发耐受或者抗炎通路,而在高剂量情况下就会刺激促炎通路。因此,人工甜味剂在ADI附近出现促炎或保护效应的差异,实质上反映了其在剂量-菌群-宿主免疫三者间复杂的动态平衡。
需要指出的是,上面所说的双向性主要反映不同人工甜味剂在剂量与宿主背景下的效应差异,而即便在相似的炎症结局下,各种人工甜味剂的作用机制也是不一样的。由于不同人工甜味剂的化学结构和代谢特性决定了人工甜味剂在肠道内的稳定性、与菌群之间的相互作用形式和对上皮屏障的作用路径,进一步比较不同结构类型的人工甜味剂有助于阐明其作用于肠道介导的炎症调控的多种机制。以最具代表性的阿斯巴甜[32]、纽甜[33]与爱德万甜[34]为例,这3种二肽类甜味剂结构中都是由天冬氨酸和苯丙氨酸甲酯组成,只是它们由不同的化学修饰得到了3种完全不同的甜味剂。阿斯巴甜分子结构相对简单,易被水解;纽甜以阿斯巴甜为母体结构,引进了3,3-二甲基丁基,这样使甜度提升且更稳定;爱德万甜则进一步在苯丙氨酸甲酯部分连接4-甲氧基苯乙基基团,使其甜度可达蔗糖的20000~37000倍(图1)。而这些逐步加强的分子稳定性决定其肠道内代谢行为、与微生物间的相互作用,最终产生不同的潜在生理作用。在低于ADI的剂量下,三者均被认为具有良好的系统性和安全性。但近年来的研究表明,有关其对胃肠道的作用机制可能并不完全相同[27,35−36]。阿斯巴甜在肠道中迅速分解为苯丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和甲醇[37],这些代谢产物被宿主吸收,并且不能直接被肠道微生物利用[38]。但在炎症易感状态下(如结肠炎模型),阿斯巴甜或可加重肠损害,并且促进促炎细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6)的表达(基于动物模型研究推断)[29,39]。另外,它的代谢产物可能会干扰短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)生成及黏液层稳定性,进而影响肠屏障稳态[40]。纽甜由于分子结构比阿斯巴甜更为稳定,体内代谢缓慢,且有部分中间代谢产物不能完全代谢。因此,在体内纽甜会有一部分化合物没有被完全代谢而在肠道内直接与肠腔菌群接触。动物实验表明,长期低剂量纽甜摄入可明显地改变小鼠的肠道菌群分布情况,比如Firmicutes相对含量下降、Bacteroidetes相对含量上升,并出现肠道代谢产物谱紊乱(包括SCFA相关代谢产物等)[41]。体外研究发现,在肠上皮细胞和菌群共培养模型中,纽甜能够损伤肠道黏膜屏障结构、提高上皮通透性,推测其可以通过“微生态-上皮-炎症”的途径破坏肠屏障稳态,而非主要依赖系统性代谢产物的方式发挥作用[11]。目前关于爱德万甜的研究很少,其分子的空间位阻以及苯基部分使它在肠道中的停留时间延长,有可能与肠道菌群发生更多的物理接触并干扰它们的代谢过程或者毒素清除能力,扰乱菌群稳态而最终导致黏膜完整性下降。
从机制层面来看,不同类型的人工甜味剂以多种途径作用于肠道菌群,导致胃肠道疾病的产生与发展(图2)。一方面,人工甜味剂会影响肠道菌群结构,有益菌如双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)和乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)的显著减少,而一些与炎症相关的拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)等相对丰度升高[12−42]。但是由于不同类型的人工甜味剂对于肠道菌群中微生物有着独特的选择作用,在临床上会对肠道菌群产生不同程度的影响。部分人工甜味剂如安赛蜜等能短时间内提高肠道菌群的种类,然而会造成肠道内微生态平衡性变差以及菌群代谢网络稳定性丧失,发生菌群失衡[43]。而菌群失衡打破肠道微生态平衡,会导致致病菌定植以及毒素产生,继而引发黏膜损伤。菌群结构改变也会影响其产生的代谢产物,例如SCFAs、胆汁酸代谢物及芳香族胺类化合物等。SCFA(如丁酸)为结肠上皮细胞提供能量来源并发挥屏障维持、调节Treg细胞、抗炎因子的作用,而人工甜味剂诱导SCFAs合成下降可削弱这些保护性机制,促进炎症反应[44]。人工甜味剂还可以增强肠壁通透性,刺激肠道局部黏膜免疫活性等,加重肠道炎症反应。例如,安赛蜜会诱导肠上皮结构破坏和肠黏膜淋巴细胞的过度迁移,这一过程与促炎趋化因子(如CCL20)上调及局部免疫细胞活化密切相关[22]。与此同时,甜味剂通过调节微生物功能通路,如芳香族氨基酸代谢、硫代谢、鞭毛合成及ABC转运蛋白表达,参与微生态和宿主免疫交互调控[42]。不同的甜味剂对肠道生态以及宿主免疫的影响可能存在差别。三氯蔗糖在多项动物实验中加重DSS诱导的结肠炎并伴随菌群多样性的减少及致病菌富集,其对丁酸菌的抑制作用可能是其发挥促进炎症的因素之一[44]。而糖精虽在某些模型中显示负面效应,但也有研究表明其可通过抑制病原菌以及改善代谢通路而对实验性结肠炎产生缓解作用,具有一定的剂量依赖性和宿主差异[45]。
总之,人工甜味剂对胃肠道疾病的影响与暴露剂量关系密切,并且与化学结构、暴露时长、饮食构成以及可能存在炎症等状态相关联。人工甜味剂摄入低于ADI水平时,以糖精为0.1 mg/mL、三氯蔗糖为0.1 mg/mL的摄入量水平为例[17,20],少数表现为温和调节菌群结构,还能改善SCFAs代谢、增强免疫耐受,维护肠道屏障功能并可能缓解炎症。但是即使剂量处于低于ADI水平(例如三氯蔗糖0.8 mg/kg/d、阿斯巴甜1.9 mg/kg/d、糖精0.6 mg/kg/d等都在ADI范围内)[18],在特定宿主微生态背景下或者疾病状态中可能会产生成分致病的细菌而产生紊乱,甚至引起炎症。当摄入量超过ADI(如三氯蔗糖1.5 mg/mL[16]、安赛蜜150 mg/kg/d[22])时,则可能破坏菌群多样性,增加致病菌丰度,抑制丁酸生成,并激活促炎信号通路(如TLR4/NF-κB),导致黏膜损伤和慢性低度炎症。因此,ADI不仅是安全性的评价标准之一,也为理解人工甜味剂在肠道微生态中产生不同效应提供了剂量依据。在IBD、克罗恩病或肠易激综合征患者中,即便剂量低于ADI的人工甜味剂也可能放大其促炎反应并导致黏膜损伤。这表明,ADI值虽然为一般人群提供安全参考,但对于微生态易感个体而言其阈值可能低于常规ADI,还需要针对人群状态加以评估。从临床和公共健康角度来看,将甜味剂摄入量与ADI结合分析,在一定程度上可以看到其安全范围和危害程度。如果长期摄入量靠近或者高于ADI值,尤其在伴随高脂饮食或抗生素使用的背景下,可能会造成菌群失衡,出现肠粘膜屏障破坏的情况,发生慢性炎症。但是对于IBD或肠道菌群失衡患者,不能盲目停掉全部的甜味剂,应该谨慎分析是否具有过量或者长时间高剂量暴露。
大量研究表明人工甜味剂存在心血管方面的风险,许多研究指出某些人工甜味剂可能在特定条件下会促进动脉粥样硬化发展。阿斯巴甜在临床前模型下反复被证明通过胰岛素刺激引发的炎症反应促进动脉粥样硬化发展,并且该过程可能是经由放大“胰岛素-内皮CX3CL1表达-骨髓CX3CR1信号”轴活性的方式实现的[46−47]。安赛蜜钾在动物模型中通过引起肝脏脂生成增多及β-氧化减少导致高脂血症发生,最终促进动脉粥样硬化的发展,其实验剂量为15 mg/kg/d(接近人类ADI:15 mg/kg/d),提示效应可能依赖于高暴露水平[48]。最近的研究结果指出,上述作用可能源于人工甜味剂对肠道菌群结构和功能的影响。人工甜味剂通过改变有益菌与致病菌的比例、SCFA生成量以及肠上皮屏障通透性的变化来调节动脉粥样硬化的形成和发展。其中,部分试验动物模型研究结果显示三氯蔗糖或糖精可诱发肠道菌群失衡,激活肠道促炎通路,造成全身慢性低度炎症状况,而慢性低度炎症同样是动脉粥样硬化及心脑血管疾病的诱发因素之一[44,49−50]。但是这些动物实验用到的剂量(如三氯蔗糖0.1 mg/mL饮用水)往往较高,需谨慎外推至人类日常摄入的三氯蔗糖ADI值(5 mg/kg/d)。临床研究进一步支持这一关联,对于有症状的颈动脉粥样硬化患者血浆中糖精和安赛蜜钾含量明显升高[51]。大型人群队列研究显示人工甜味剂(特别是阿斯巴甜、安赛蜜钾和三氯蔗糖)的总摄入量与心血管疾病总体风险增加相关,包括冠心病和脑血管疾病,但是该队列中多数人的人工甜味剂摄入量都处于“远低于ADI”的状态,意味着长期低剂量的接触可能造成心血管疾病的风险的增加[52]。此外,糖精的摄入量也与美国成年人的心血管疾病死亡风险成正比[53]。
总之,人工甜味剂在ADI范围内对心血管疾病的影响呈现剂量依赖性和累积效应。接近或低于ADI的三氯蔗糖能改变肠道菌群、损害肠屏障并产生轻度慢性炎症,阿斯巴甜和安赛蜜则可能通过胰岛素-内皮轴或脂质代谢紊乱引起血脂异常及动脉粥样硬化。即使是在低剂量下,其因肠道菌群、炎症及代谢通路而产生的长期毒性可能会累加并增加心血管风险,而高于ADI时会出现明显的副作用(显著炎症、血脂异常和动脉粥样硬化加速)(表3、图3)。
在肝脏健康与代谢领域,人工甜味剂亦被认为具有潜在的生理影响。有研究显示三氯蔗糖能够通过激活味觉受体T1R3,扰乱肠道菌群及其代谢物(例如脱氧胆酸),加剧高脂饮食导致的肝脏脂肪变性,促进NAFLD的发生发展[54−55],这些实验设计给药剂量0.1 mg/mL饮用水或500 ppm饲料,大概相当于ADI:5 mg/kg/d;糖精也有实验表明可在动物体内可能通过肠道菌群(如嗜粘蛋白阿克曼菌)改变和芳烃受体信号途径参与NAFLD的发生发展过程[56]。即使在酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease,ALD)模型和代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease,MASLD)模型中,作为常用对照的糖精也有肠道菌群改变及肝损伤指标改变的现象[57−58],表明其可能通过肠道-肝轴路径作用于肝脏。
在部分动物模型或体外研究中,即使接近或甚至低于ADI水平的长期摄入,人工甜味剂可能通过一定机制影响肿瘤的发生发展。例如,已证实即使高于ADI(5 mg/kg/d)的三氯蔗糖(1.5 mg/mL)也能促进结肠炎相关的结直肠癌发生,原因可能是肠道菌群产生更多的致癌性代谢产物以及促进炎症微环境的维持和恶化[19]。同时,最新研究发现三氯蔗糖还可能通过免疫途径影响肿瘤发生过程。在接近ADI(5 mg/kg/d)浓度下的长期摄入三氯蔗糖可显著抑制T细胞增殖、分化,下调T细胞受体介导的信号传导与Ca2+流动,导致CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤效应下降,并促进小鼠模型上肿瘤的生长;但在T细胞介导自身免疫模型上则有炎症减轻,疾病改善的作用[59]。人工甜味剂对肿瘤风险的影响呈现出复杂且存在争议的局面。有一些实验室和人群研究发现人工甜味剂可能与肿瘤之间有关联,比如大分子信息网络预测阿斯巴甜可通过上调CASP1蛋白来提升肝癌风险[60];阿斯巴甜等人工甜味剂总摄入量高者患乳腺癌风险更大[61],并且所摄入的是“远低于ADI”水平,提示即使低剂量也可能有微弱效应。此外,在体外试验中糖精(12.5 mmol)能降低Ovcar-3卵巢癌细胞碳酸酐酶IX活性,降低细胞内pH,激活caspase-3通路,抑制癌细胞增殖[62]。有研究表明糖精(5 mg/kg/d,ADI:5 mg/kg/d)可以通过激活味觉受体在动物模型中加剧多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)病理进程[63],这从临床的角度证明了人若长期低量食用人工甜味剂可能会通过恶化PCOS的内分泌代谢环境(如加剧胰岛素抵抗与高雄激素血症的恶性循环),间接引起女性子宫内膜癌的发生概率增加。另有研究发现,即使是低于ADI的糖精摄入也会增加成人癌症死亡率[53]。也有研究发现人工甜味剂会影响肠道微生物,且因此会促进肿瘤的发生。另外发现,人工甜味剂(如阿斯巴甜、糖精及三氯蔗糖)会改变肠道微生物群构成和多样性,降低有益细菌数量而提高致病细菌比例,进而减少SCFAs的产生。这种变化可导致肠道屏障功能障碍以及“肠漏”发生,使内毒素(如LPS)进入血液循环并经TLR4/NF-κB信号通路激活诱导产生系统性慢性炎症反应,而慢性炎症已被广泛认为是包括乳腺癌在内多种肿瘤发生和发展的重要驱动因素[64]。流行病学发现低热量人工甜味剂(如阿斯巴甜、三氯蔗糖、安赛蜜和糖精)摄入可导致脂多糖结合蛋白及可溶性CD14水平升高,这两者是常用的肠漏和内毒素转移标志物,提示人工甜味剂可能会通过引起肠道屏障损伤加重和机体炎症状况的恶化,从而促进机体患癌风险[65]。但是并非所有的研究都得出了人工甜味剂增加癌症风险的结论[66]。综合性的毒理学和流行病学综述认为目前没有确切证据说明人工甜味剂有致癌风险[67],阿斯巴甜促肝癌的机制也主要基于预测,需更多实验验证[60]。
总体而言,就人工甜味剂和肿瘤的风险而言,两者的关系仍然非常复杂且存有争议。有研究显示不论是高于ADI的剂量还是接近或低于ADI的长期摄入,某些甜味剂(如三氯蔗糖、阿斯巴甜、糖精)都可能通过影响肠道菌群、免疫功能、炎症反应或内分泌代谢等多途径参与肿瘤的发生与发展;但是也有些证据表明二者没有关联或者没有充足证据证明人工甜味剂能引起机体癌症发生。因此,目前不能简单认定人工甜味剂一定致癌,但鉴于部分实验提示潜在风险,由于它们的种类不同、作用剂量各异、敏感的人群也各不相同,需加以分类,从种类、剂量以及是否存在相关代谢或疾病情况的角度做出评价。避免在高危人群中长期大量食用,更要在实验室、动物实验取得令人信服的结果后,再评价肿瘤的危险度(表3、图3)。
从食品科学的角度来看,人工甜味剂的应用一方面充满希望;另一方面又存在不确定性和风险。虽然替代糖类可以降低卡路里,但由于每个人的体质差异,它们对于健康的影响并不一致。现有研究显示大多数人工甜味剂在符合或超过ADI值的条件下,在动物模型或人群研究中可能与某些疾病的发生或加重相关。但是少量的人工甜味剂可能会在特定条件下起到保护作用。因此人工甜味剂的剂量—效应关系呈非线性提醒人工甜味剂的安全性评价不能依赖传统毒理学观点,应扩大至多元的生理作用,综合判断人工甜味剂的风险高低。
虽然目前的毒理学评估表明,在ADI范围内的人工甜味剂摄入通常被认为风险较低,但这种结论仅来源于单个化合物、短时间暴露和动物试验,在人类日常生活中的长期、混合适应情况下和不同的群体之间存在着许多局限性。实际生活中人们会以低剂量、长周期、混合作用等多种甜味剂摄入形成“混合暴露”,可能会出现协同或叠加效应而使现有的ADI不能反映出人体的真实情况。传统的ADI只是基于一种暴露来估计毒理学风险,忽略了各种甜味剂之间的交互以及个体间差异问题。另外,现代人群中还存在着饮食不合理、菌群结构多样性和代谢紊乱的“易感”体质状况,甚至平时低剂量服用甜味剂也可能出现患病的情况,长期多源暴露可能通过代谢残留或慢性炎症等途径产生隐性危害,所以传统的ADI值参考具有一定的局限性,不能完全代表真实生活状态下膳食的影响。
未来的相关研究需要打破过去传统静态毒理学的局限,建立基于真实世界的人群暴露和个体差异的动态风险评估系统。还要用多种组学相结合的方式研究多甜味剂联合作用引起的肠道微生态紊乱、代谢紊乱和免疫调节作用的长期损伤效应,在此基础上根据儿童、孕妇、老年人、慢性病患者等特殊人群特点建立分级分类的风险模型。应对人工甜味剂从是否安全向如何科学安全添加使用上转变,科学指导食品工业发展及维护人民群众的身体健康。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080156
  • 接收时间:2025-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-15
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作者信息
    1南京市食品药品监督检验院,江苏南京 211198
    2中国药科大学,江苏南京 211198

通讯作者:

金鑫(1988−),男,博士,副主任药师,研究方向:食药安全监管与检验,E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spgykj/CN/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080156
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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