Article(id=1320880263085802459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851995487, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851995487, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851995487, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851995487, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=169, endPage=180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880263295517660, articleId=1320880263085802459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation, Characterization, and in Vitro Activity of American Ginseng Nanoparticles, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study prepared American ginseng saponins/flavonoids/polysaccharides/soy protein isolate nanoparticles (AG Nps) by the reverse solvent precipitation method. The response surface method was used to optimize the preparation process of AG Nps. The particle size analysis, Zeta potential determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, differential scanning calorimetry analysis and thermogravimetric analysis of AG Nps were carried out. The in vitro antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic activities of AG Nps were evaluated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions for the preparation of AG Nps were reverse solvent phase concentration 16 mg/mL, solvent phase concentration 15 mg/mL, volume ratio 39:1. The encapsulation efficiency of AG Nps under these conditions was 90.14%±1.03%, and drug loading was 1.11%±0.07%. The average particle size was 318.60±5.60 nm with uniform distribution, and Zeta potential was −33.05±0.50 mV. The thermostability and antioxidant capacity of nanoparticles improved. The half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of pancreatic lipase and cholesterol micelles was 7.29 mg/mL and 6.32 mg/mL respectively, indicating that AG Nps had certain inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase and cholesterol micelles and better cholate binding abilities. The inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase significantly increased (P<0.05), with IC50 values of 3.21 mg/mL and 5.33 mg/mL respectively. In conclusion, AG Nps possess great in vitro hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities. These findings provide valuable theoretical and technical insights for the development of functional products of American ginseng.

, authors=Xindi ZHANG1, 2, Kunlun WANG1, 2, Ling ZHU1, 2, Yaxi HAN1, 2, Qing CHEN1, 2, Nina JI3, Xinmiao YAO1, 2, Ye ZHOU1, 2, Lijun GUAN1, 2, *, authorsList=Xindi ZHANG, Kunlun WANG, Ling ZHU, Yaxi HAN, Qing CHEN, Nina JI, Xinmiao YAO, Ye ZHOU, Lijun GUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lijun GUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880267112334321, articleId=1320880263085802459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=西洋参纳米颗粒的制备、表征及体外活性研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究采用反溶剂沉淀法制备西洋参皂苷/黄酮/多糖/大豆分离蛋白纳米颗粒(AG Nps)。利用响应面法优化AG Nps的制备工艺,并对AG Nps进行粒径分析、Zeta电位测定、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、差示扫描量热分析和热重分析,最后对AG Nps的体外抗氧化、降血脂和降血糖活性进行评价。结果表明,AG Nps的最佳制备条件为反溶剂相浓度16 mg/mL、溶剂相浓度15 mg/mL,体积比39:1,此条件下AG Nps的包封率为90.14%±1.03%,载药量为1.11%±0.07%。该纳米颗粒的平均粒径为318.60±5.60 nm,且分布均匀,Zeta电位为−33.05±0.50 mV。纳米颗粒的热稳定性提高,并且具有良好的抗氧化能力。AG Nps对胰脂肪酶和胆固醇胶束活性的半抑制质量浓度(IC50)分别为7.29 mg/mL和6.32 mg/mL,说明它对胰脂肪酶和胆固醇胶束有一定抑制作用,并且具有较好的胆酸盐结合能力。AG Nps对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制活性显著增加(P<0.05),IC50值分别为3.21 mg/mL和5.33 mg/mL,综上,AG Nps具有较好的体外降血脂降血糖活性,本研究为西洋参功能性产品的开发提供理论支持与技术参考。

, authors=张馨笛1, 2, 王崑仑1, 2, 朱玲1, 2, 韩亚希1, 2, 陈晴1, 2, 季妮娜3, 姚鑫淼1, 2, 周野1, 2, 管立军1, 2, *, authorsList=张馨笛, 王崑仑, 朱玲, 韩亚希, 陈晴, 季妮娜, 姚鑫淼, 周野, 管立军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=管立军, authorNote=

张馨笛(1997−),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:食药同源食品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
管立军(1983−),男,博士,正高级研究员,研究方向:食药同源食品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WM+0kJk8JbRTG6Se6z3WBA==, magXml=JWytDOq9MdUgKmYKHuOWCw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bmstqYrk9dq0+Y1udHPG7w==, pdfFileSize=7277203, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=GAav0YKhKAOMAMakVv1ANQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=keoHmKzjNMsB8Uwey8XuEQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880267598873596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhangxindi97@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880267686953983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, authorId=1320880267598873596, language=EN, stringName=Xindi ZHANG, firstName=Xindi, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Food Processing Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
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American ginseng fruit: Antioxidant capacity, bioactive components, and biosynthesis mechanism during development[J]. Food Research International, 2025, 203: 115884., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880276645986396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG Rong, ZHANG Yougang, CHEN Shanjun, et al. Identification of key pharmacodynamic markers of American ginseng against heart failure based on metabolomics and zebrafish model[J]. 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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图9同。

, figureFileSmall=3iwwlqudZRaBuR9+ndR5hA==, figureFileBig=GAav0YKhKAOMAMakVv1ANQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880272661397567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Contour and response surface plots showing the interactive effect of variables on encapsulation efficiency, figureFileSmall=oLTHTkhy/z91pktVSdb1Pg==, figureFileBig=JxgzcilF9BTYEuItxmG1KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880272736895040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两因素交互作用对包封率影响的等高线与曲面图, figureFileSmall=oLTHTkhy/z91pktVSdb1Pg==, figureFileBig=JxgzcilF9BTYEuItxmG1KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880274360090689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Contour and response surface plots showing the interactive effect of variables on 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Response surface test factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A反溶剂相浓度(mg/mL)101520
B溶剂相浓度(mg/mL)101520
C反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比30:140:150:1
), ArticleFig(id=1320880275639353426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A反溶剂相浓度(mg/mL)101520
B溶剂相浓度(mg/mL)101520
C反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比30:140:150:1
), ArticleFig(id=1320880275706462291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standard curves of saponins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分回归方程R2线性范围(mg/mL)
人参皂苷Rg1y=38.053x+0.73400.9960.22~2.22
人参皂苷Rey=49.241x+0.81010.9980.23~1.94
人参皂苷Rb1y=38.056x+0.73410.9990.30~2.25
人参皂苷Rg2y=67.803x+0.02790.9980.05~0.60
人参皂苷Rcy=46.459x+0.12640.9950.05~0.56
人参皂苷Rh1y=72.002x+0.31410.9990.02~1.24
人参皂苷Roy=53.921x+0.05860.9970.03~0.30
人参皂苷Rb2y=43.575x+0.17340.9940.05~0.58
人参皂苷F1y=75.454x+0.11560.9950.03~0.35
人参皂苷Rdy=49.523x+1.17870.9950.20~2.15
人参皂苷Rg3y=59.901x+0.02460.9990.03~0.30
人参皂苷CKy=91.097x+0.2290.9980.05~0.60
人参皂苷S-Rh2y=93.628x−0.01340.9980.002~0.015
人参皂苷R-Rh2y=84.054x+0.04440.9970.002~0.020
), ArticleFig(id=1320880275777765460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

皂苷的标准曲线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分回归方程R2线性范围(mg/mL)
人参皂苷Rg1y=38.053x+0.73400.9960.22~2.22
人参皂苷Rey=49.241x+0.81010.9980.23~1.94
人参皂苷Rb1y=38.056x+0.73410.9990.30~2.25
人参皂苷Rg2y=67.803x+0.02790.9980.05~0.60
人参皂苷Rcy=46.459x+0.12640.9950.05~0.56
人参皂苷Rh1y=72.002x+0.31410.9990.02~1.24
人参皂苷Roy=53.921x+0.05860.9970.03~0.30
人参皂苷Rb2y=43.575x+0.17340.9940.05~0.58
人参皂苷F1y=75.454x+0.11560.9950.03~0.35
人参皂苷Rdy=49.523x+1.17870.9950.20~2.15
人参皂苷Rg3y=59.901x+0.02460.9990.03~0.30
人参皂苷CKy=91.097x+0.2290.9980.05~0.60
人参皂苷S-Rh2y=93.628x−0.01340.9980.002~0.015
人参皂苷R-Rh2y=84.054x+0.04440.9970.002~0.020
), ArticleFig(id=1320880275857457237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Program and experimental results of response surface methodology

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试验号ABCY1:包封率(%)Y2:载药量(%)
111076.61±2.520.69±0.07
2−1−1062.84±2.490.43±0.11
300089.31±0.811.10±0.11
4−11085.99±2.050.51±0.06
5−10−175.54±2.890.54±0.12
6−10171.83±2.690.64±0.11
701174.52±1.730.69±0.11
800091.70±1.131.13±0.17
900090.40±2.251.06±0.12
100−1−177.36±1.870.73±0.09
111−1075.91±2.310.85±0.18
1200089.41±1.111.04±0.11
1300090.96±2.121.10±0.24
1410179.67±2.420.66±0.12
150−1180.43±1.770.80±0.07
1610−188.48±2.030.87±0.09
1701−190.15±2.670.84±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1320880275928760406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面分析方案与试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABCY1:包封率(%)Y2:载药量(%)
111076.61±2.520.69±0.07
2−1−1062.84±2.490.43±0.11
300089.31±0.811.10±0.11
4−11085.99±2.050.51±0.06
5−10−175.54±2.890.54±0.12
6−10171.83±2.690.64±0.11
701174.52±1.730.69±0.11
800091.70±1.131.13±0.17
900090.40±2.251.06±0.12
100−1−177.36±1.870.73±0.09
111−1075.91±2.310.85±0.18
1200089.41±1.111.04±0.11
1300090.96±2.121.10±0.24
1410179.67±2.420.66±0.12
150−1180.43±1.770.80±0.07
1610−188.48±2.030.87±0.09
1701−190.15±2.670.84±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1320880276000063575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Variance analysis of encapsulation efficiency regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均差F值P值显著性
模型1136.029126.2239.950.0031significant
A75.03175.035.910.0453*
B117.811117.819.290.0187*
C78.12178.126.160.0421*
AB125.441125.449.890.0163*
AC6.516.50.510.4972
BC87.42187.426.890.0342*
A2325.691325.6925.670.0015**
B2208.981208.9816.470.0048**
C252.17152.174.110.0822
残差88.81712.69
失拟项71.4323.85.470.0672not significant
纯误差17.4144.35
总离差1224.8416
R20.9275
R2Adj0.9495
), ArticleFig(id=1320880276083949656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

包封率回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均差F值P值显著性
模型1136.029126.2239.950.0031significant
A75.03175.035.910.0453*
B117.811117.819.290.0187*
C78.12178.126.160.0421*
AB125.441125.449.890.0163*
AC6.516.50.510.4972
BC87.42187.426.890.0342*
A2325.691325.6925.670.0015**
B2208.981208.9816.470.0048**
C252.17152.174.110.0822
残差88.81712.69
失拟项71.4323.85.470.0672not significant
纯误差17.4144.35
总离差1224.8416
R20.9275
R2Adj0.9495
), ArticleFig(id=1320880276151058521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Variance analysis of drug loading capacity regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均差F值P值显著性
模型0.7890.08644.29<0.0001significant
A0.1110.1158.90.0001**
B7.03×10−417.03×10−40.360.5669
C4.66×10−314.66×10−32.390.1660
AB0.01510.0157.450.0293*
AC0.02510.02513.060.0086**
BC0.01310.0136.670.0363*
A20.3210.32165.69<0.0001**
B20.1510.1576.89<0.0001**
C20.07410.07438.010.0005**
残差0.01471.95×10−3
失拟项8.28×10−332.76×10−32.060.2478not significant
纯误差5.35×10−341.34×10−3
总离差0.7916
R20.9827
R2Adj0.9606
), ArticleFig(id=1320880276222361690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880263085802459, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

载药量回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均差F值P值显著性
模型0.7890.08644.29<0.0001significant
A0.1110.1158.90.0001**
B7.03×10−417.03×10−40.360.5669
C4.66×10−314.66×10−32.390.1660
AB0.01510.0157.450.0293*
AC0.02510.02513.060.0086**
BC0.01310.0136.670.0363*
A20.3210.32165.69<0.0001**
B20.1510.1576.89<0.0001**
C20.07410.07438.010.0005**
残差0.01471.95×10−3
失拟项8.28×10−332.76×10−32.060.2478not significant
纯误差5.35×10−341.34×10−3
总离差0.7916
R20.9827
R2Adj0.9606
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西洋参纳米颗粒的制备、表征及体外活性研究
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张馨笛 1, 2 , 王崑仑 1, 2 , 朱玲 1, 2 , 韩亚希 1, 2 , 陈晴 1, 2 , 季妮娜 3 , 姚鑫淼 1, 2 , 周野 1, 2 , 管立军 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(15): 169-180
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (15) : 169 -180
西洋参纳米颗粒的制备、表征及体外活性研究
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张馨笛1, 2 , 王崑仑1, 2, 朱玲1, 2, 韩亚希1, 2, 陈晴1, 2, 季妮娜3, 姚鑫淼1, 2, 周野1, 2, 管立军1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1黑龙江省农业科学院食品加工研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086
  • 2黑龙江省食品加工重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086
  • 3黑龙江省农业科学院大豆研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086
通讯作者:
管立军(1983−),男,博士,正高级研究员,研究方向:食药同源食品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张馨笛(1997−),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:食药同源食品加工,E-mail:

Preparation, Characterization, and in Vitro Activity of American Ginseng Nanoparticles
Xindi ZHANG1, 2 , Kunlun WANG1, 2, Ling ZHU1, 2, Yaxi HAN1, 2, Qing CHEN1, 2, Nina JI3, Xinmiao YAO1, 2, Ye ZHOU1, 2, Lijun GUAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Food Processing Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
  • 2Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
  • 3Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080081
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本研究采用反溶剂沉淀法制备西洋参皂苷/黄酮/多糖/大豆分离蛋白纳米颗粒(AG Nps)。利用响应面法优化AG Nps的制备工艺,并对AG Nps进行粒径分析、Zeta电位测定、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、差示扫描量热分析和热重分析,最后对AG Nps的体外抗氧化、降血脂和降血糖活性进行评价。结果表明,AG Nps的最佳制备条件为反溶剂相浓度16 mg/mL、溶剂相浓度15 mg/mL,体积比39:1,此条件下AG Nps的包封率为90.14%±1.03%,载药量为1.11%±0.07%。该纳米颗粒的平均粒径为318.60±5.60 nm,且分布均匀,Zeta电位为−33.05±0.50 mV。纳米颗粒的热稳定性提高,并且具有良好的抗氧化能力。AG Nps对胰脂肪酶和胆固醇胶束活性的半抑制质量浓度(IC50)分别为7.29 mg/mL和6.32 mg/mL,说明它对胰脂肪酶和胆固醇胶束有一定抑制作用,并且具有较好的胆酸盐结合能力。AG Nps对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制活性显著增加(P<0.05),IC50值分别为3.21 mg/mL和5.33 mg/mL,综上,AG Nps具有较好的体外降血脂降血糖活性,本研究为西洋参功能性产品的开发提供理论支持与技术参考。

西洋参  /  纳米颗粒  /  皂苷  /  大豆分离蛋白  /  体外抗氧化活性  /  体外降血脂活性  /  体外降血糖活性

This study prepared American ginseng saponins/flavonoids/polysaccharides/soy protein isolate nanoparticles (AG Nps) by the reverse solvent precipitation method. The response surface method was used to optimize the preparation process of AG Nps. The particle size analysis, Zeta potential determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, differential scanning calorimetry analysis and thermogravimetric analysis of AG Nps were carried out. The in vitro antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic activities of AG Nps were evaluated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions for the preparation of AG Nps were reverse solvent phase concentration 16 mg/mL, solvent phase concentration 15 mg/mL, volume ratio 39:1. The encapsulation efficiency of AG Nps under these conditions was 90.14%±1.03%, and drug loading was 1.11%±0.07%. The average particle size was 318.60±5.60 nm with uniform distribution, and Zeta potential was −33.05±0.50 mV. The thermostability and antioxidant capacity of nanoparticles improved. The half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of pancreatic lipase and cholesterol micelles was 7.29 mg/mL and 6.32 mg/mL respectively, indicating that AG Nps had certain inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase and cholesterol micelles and better cholate binding abilities. The inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase significantly increased (P<0.05), with IC50 values of 3.21 mg/mL and 5.33 mg/mL respectively. In conclusion, AG Nps possess great in vitro hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities. These findings provide valuable theoretical and technical insights for the development of functional products of American ginseng.

American ginseng  /  nanoparticles  /  saponin  /  soy protein isolate  /  in vitro antioxidant activity  /  in vitro hypolipidemic activity  /  in vitro hypoglycemic activity
张馨笛, 王崑仑, 朱玲, 韩亚希, 陈晴, 季妮娜, 姚鑫淼, 周野, 管立军. 西洋参纳米颗粒的制备、表征及体外活性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 169 -180 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080081
Xindi ZHANG, Kunlun WANG, Ling ZHU, Yaxi HAN, Qing CHEN, Nina JI, Xinmiao YAO, Ye ZHOU, Lijun GUAN. Preparation, Characterization, and in Vitro Activity of American Ginseng Nanoparticles[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 169 -180 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080081
西洋参(American ginseng,AG)作为一种珍贵的食药同源植物,富含皂苷、黄酮、多糖等多种活性成分。现代药理学研究证实,其具有抗氧化、调节免疫、降血脂及降血糖等多种生理功能,在预防与改善慢性代谢性疾病方面展现出广阔的应用前景[1−3]。目前已从西洋参中分离出了100多种人参皂苷类成分,研究表明西洋参皂苷可以通过调节MAPK通路的关键下游靶点改善慢性心力衰竭[4−5]。西洋参多糖通过增加葡萄糖-6-磷酸酯酶的活性和胰岛敏感性起到降血糖的作用[6]。尽管这些活性成分功能显著,它们在实际应用中却普遍面临热稳定性差等问题,这可能会限制西洋参功能产品的开发。因此,提高它们的热稳定性是至关重要的。
研究表明纳米递送体系能够解决活性物质稳定性差等问题,同时也可以改变它们的功能特性[7−8]。通常采用反溶剂沉淀法制备纳米颗粒,该方法具有操作简便、条件温和等优点[9]。大豆分离蛋白(Soybean protein isolate, SPI)具有良好的两亲性、乳化性和生物相容性,常被用作纳米载体材料[10−11]。此外,多糖的引入不仅能与蛋白质通过相互作用增强纳米结构的稳定性,还可带来功能上的协同效应[12]。现有研究多集中于西洋参单一成分的纳米化,然而这种方式难以充分发挥西洋参的保健功效[13]。因此,构建一种能够同时包载皂苷、黄酮和多糖的复合纳米递送体系,并系统评价其生物活性,对于深入挖掘西洋参的资源价值并提升其功能特性具有重要意义。
基于此,本研究创新性地以西洋参活性提取物(富含皂苷、黄酮与多糖)为核心,与大豆分离蛋白通过反溶剂沉淀法制备西洋参复合纳米颗粒(AG Nps)。以包封率和载药量作为指标,在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面优化AG Nps的制备工艺,通过粒径、Zeta电位、红外光谱分析、差示扫描量热法和热重分析对其结构和理化性质进行表征,并对其体外抗氧化性、降血脂和降血糖活性进行评价,以期为西洋参纳米复合物的开发与综合利用提供新的理论依据和技术支持。
西洋参 黑龙江省东渡参业有限公司;十二烷基硫酸钠、含蛋白酶的人工胃肠液 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;乙醇 天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;大豆分离蛋白、甲醇、亚硝酸钠、氢氧化钠、月桂酸4-硝基苯脂 上海化学试剂公司;亚硝酸钠、乙腈、胃蛋白酶(3000 U/mg)、胰蛋白酶(2500 U/mg)、牛磺胆酸钠、胆固醇、α-葡萄糖苷酶(50 U/mg)、α-淀粉酶(50 U/mg)、阿卡波糖 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;硫酸 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rg2、Rc、Rh1、Ro、Rb2、Rd、Rg3、S-Rh2、R-Rh2、F1、CK 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
HJ-4磁力搅拌器 常州丹瑞实验仪器设备有限公司;90PLUSPALS激光粒度仪 美国NanoBrook仪器公司;KQ-400KDE超声波清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;3-18K冷冻离心机 德国SIGMA公司;RV10旋转蒸发器 岐昱实业上海有限公司;Q2000差示扫描量热仪 美国TA公司;Nicolet IS20傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司。
称取1 g西洋参粉(American ginseng powder,AGP),于50 mL锥形瓶中,向其中加入20 mL 0.5%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液,微波功率300 W,超声功率300 W,提取30 s。将提取后得到粗提物(American ginseng extraction,AGE)经8000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液,加入无水乙醇醇沉,再离心15 min,上清液60 ℃旋蒸,冻干后得到人参皂苷与黄酮的混合物(黄酮、多糖、皂苷浓度分别为2.26、68.14、135.72 mg/g)。同时收集沉淀部分粗多糖,用热乙醇多次冲洗,除去SDS后冷冻干燥,得到粗多糖粉末。
参考李晓晖等[14]的方法作适当修改,利用反溶剂沉淀法制备纳米颗粒,称取一定量的西洋参皂苷和黄酮混合粉末溶于适量无水乙醇中,不断搅拌(700 r/min,15 min);将相同质量的多糖和大豆分离蛋白溶于适量蒸馏水中,以1 mL/min的速率缓慢地滴入皂苷-黄酮乙醇溶液中并不断搅拌(5000 r/min),45 ℃减压除去无水乙醇,4000 r/min离心10 min,将沉淀冷冻干燥,即为西洋参皂苷/黄酮/多糖/大豆分离蛋白纳米粒(AG Nps)。
固定溶剂相西洋参多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度15 mg/mL,反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比30:1,考察反溶剂相西洋参皂苷/黄酮浓度5、10、15、20、25 mg/mL对AG Nps的包封率和载药量的影响。
固定反溶剂相西洋参皂苷/黄酮浓度20 mg/mL,反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比30:1,考察溶剂相西洋参多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度5、10、15、20、25 mg/mL对AG Nps的包封率和载药量的影响。
固定反溶剂相西洋参皂苷/黄酮浓度20 mg/mL,溶剂相西洋参多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度15 mg/mL,考察反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比10:1、20:1、30:1、40:1、50:1对AG Nps的包封率和载药量的影响。
在单因素实验基础上选取西洋参皂苷/黄酮浓度(A)、西洋参多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度(B)、反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比(C),以包封率和载药量为指标,根据Box-Behnken原理,通过Design-Expert 8.0.6软件优化试验设计,进行3因素3水平共17组试验,以期得到准确的二次回归方程,阐释各因素对响应值的交互作用,响应面试验因素水平见表1。
皂苷浓度测定参考陈晗等[15]的方法稍作修改。色谱条件:色谱柱为Waters C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)柱;检测波长为203 nm;柱温为40 ℃;流速为1.0 mL/min;流动相为乙腈-水溶液;梯度洗脱程序为:0~25 min,乙腈-水(20:80);25~60 min,乙腈-水(40:60);60~90 min,乙腈-水(55:45);90~120 min,乙腈-水(55:45)。精密称取标准品若干(人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rg2、Rc、Rh1、Ro、Rb2、Rd、Rg3、S-Rh2、R-Rh2、F1、CK),置于容量瓶中,用甲醇溶液定容,0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤,即得对照品溶液。14种皂苷线性回归方程如表2所示,样品进样量为20 μL,依据标准曲线计算样品中人参皂苷含量,总皂苷的含量为各皂苷之和。
采用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝比色法测定黄酮的浓度[16]。样品中加入60%乙醇稀释至5 mL。加入5%的亚硝酸钠溶液 0.3 mL,摇匀,静置8 min,再加10%硝酸铝溶液0.3 mL,摇匀,静置10 min,加入4%的氢氧化钠溶液4 mL,用60%乙醇定容。摇匀静置10 min,以相应试剂为空白对照,在510 nm处测量吸光度。以芦丁质量浓度为横坐标,吸光值为纵坐标,绘制芦丁标准曲线为:y=0.1196x+0.0076,R2=0.9993。
根据张欣等[17]的方法测定复合纳米颗粒的包埋率与载药量,精密称取0.1 g AG Nps,加入无水乙醇10 mL,超声30 min后无水乙醇定容至25 mL,8000 r/min离心15 min使复合纳米颗粒破碎以释放出包埋的皂苷、黄酮、多糖,取上清液溶液,计算溶液中总皂苷和黄酮的浓度,离心后的沉淀为多糖,称量其质量。按照1.2.4含量测定方法计算皂苷和黄酮的浓度,代入以下公式:
${ \begin{split} \rm{包封率}({\text{%}})=\frac{{皂苷黄酮浓度和(mg/mL)\times 乙醇体积(mL)+多糖质量(mg)}}{{总添加量(mg)}}\times 100 \\ \rm 载药量({\text{%}})=\frac{{皂苷黄酮浓度和(mg/mL)\times 乙醇体积(mL)+多糖质量(mg)}}{{纳米粒总质量(mg)}}\times 100 \end{split}}$
参考胡夏恬等[18]的方法并略有修改,将制备的AG Nps稀释至合适浓度后,置于样品池中,采用激光粒度分析仪测定AG Nps的粒径、多分散指数(Particle distribution index,PDI)和Zeta电位。
分别取AG Nps、SPI、西洋参皂苷黄酮和粗多糖各2 mg,与200 mg 的溴化钾粉末混合研匀,压片,利用红外光谱仪测定400~4000 cm−1范围内的透光率。
参考Hosseini等[19]的方法并略有修改,以空铝坩作为空白,在铝坩中分别放置5 mg的AGP和AG Nps,N2为吹扫气,以10 ℃/min的升温速度,在20~300 ℃温程内进行差示扫描量热分析。
利用热重分析仪测定AGP和AG Nps的热稳定性和组分。取适量样品,温度从40 ℃逐渐程序上升至800 ℃,升温速率10 ℃/min。
分别吸取2 mL各浓度VC对照溶液、AG Nps、AGP和AGE溶液,加入2 mL的DPPH溶液,充分混合均匀后,密封且避光放置30 min,在517 nm处测定各样品的吸光度值,A0为DPPH溶液的吸光度,A1为样品溶液的吸光度,A2为样品和DPPH溶液的吸光度,代入以下公式:
$ \rm {DPPH自由基清除率}({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{2}-{\text{A}}_{1}}{{\text{A}}_{0}}\right) \times 100 $
取4.8 mL ABTS试液,分别加入0.2 mL各浓度VC对照溶液、AG Nps、AGP和AGE溶液,密封避光反应30 min,空白用1 mmol/L pH为7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液调零,在734 nm波长下检测各试样的吸光度,A0为ABTS溶液的吸光度,A1为样品溶液的吸光度,A2为样品和ABTS溶液的吸光度,代入以下公式:
$ \rm {{ABTS}}^+{自由基清除率}({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{2}-{\text{A}}_{1}}{{\text{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
参考王威振等[20]的方法,取3 mL PBS(pH7.4)和3 mL 0.08%的月桂酸4-硝基苯脂溶液于锥形瓶中,混匀后放置在37 ℃恒温培养箱,10 min后,分别与AG Nps、AGP和AGE混合均匀,配制成浓度为3、6、9、12、15、18 mg/mL的样品溶液,然后加入3 mL 1 mg/mL猪胰脂肪酶,在37 ℃恒温水浴中30 min,以奥利司他为阳性对照,在410 nm处测定吸光度值A,A1为不加酶液的样品组吸光度值,A0为不加酶液组的吸光度值,A2为无酶液无样品组的吸光度值,计算公式如下:
$ \rm 胰脂肪酶抑制率({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{\text{A}-{\text{A}}_{1}}{{\text{A}}_{0}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}\right)\times 100 $
参照何旭华等[21]的研究方法,取0.5 g AGP、AGE、AG Nps,加入3 mL胃蛋白酶(10 mg/mL),1 mL 0.01 mol/L的盐酸,在37 ℃恒温水浴中振荡消化1 h,模拟胃部消化的作用。用0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液调节溶液的pH至6.3,加入4 mL的胰蛋白酶(10 mg/mL),在37 ℃恒温水浴中振荡消化1 h,模拟肠道消化的作用。向样品中加入4 mL甘氨胆酸钠(0.5 mmol/L),4 mL牛磺胆酸钠(0.5 mmol/L)和4 mL胆酸钠(0.5 mmol/L),在37 ℃恒温水浴中振荡消化1 h。将混合溶液在10000 r/min下离心20 min,取上清液。以0.25 mg/mL的辛伐他汀为阳性对照,在387 nm波长处测定吸光度值以计算胆酸盐结合能力,分别绘制甘氨胆酸钠(y=2.8473x+0.0319,R2=0.9973)、牛磺胆酸钠(y=1.8793x+0.1544,R2=0.9914)与胆酸钠(y=1.2413x+0.019,R2=0.9948)的标准曲线。胆酸盐结合率计算公式如下:
$ \rm 胆酸盐结合率({\text{%}})=\frac{{胆酸盐加入量-胆酸盐剩余量}}{{胆酸盐加入量}}\times 100 $
参考冯丹丹等[22]的方法,配制胆固醇胶束溶液: 精确称取7.7 mg胆固醇、53.8 mg牛磺胆酸钠、77.1 mg氯化钠和14.1 mg油酸,溶于2.5 mmol/L pH7.4 的磷酸盐缓冲液中。随后,将混合溶液在160 W功率下超声均质50 min。取不同浓度的AGP、AGE、AG Nps溶液与胶束溶液等体积混合,在37 ℃下振荡培养2 h,在14000 r/min下离心20 min,收集上清液。采用比色法测定胆固醇含量,样品溶液的胆固醇溶解度为A,A0为蒸馏水与胆固醇胶束的吸光度值,胆固醇胶束溶解度抑制率计算公式如下:
$ \rm {胆固醇胶束溶解度抑制率}({\text{%}})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{0}-\text{A}}{{\text{A}}_{0}}\times 100 $
参考Chen等[23]的方法,取40 μL不同浓度的AGP、AGE、AG Nps溶液,加入40 μL的1 U/mL的α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液均匀混合,于37 ℃水浴中混合反应10 min,再加入20 μL 7.5 mmol/L的p-NPG溶液,在37 ℃水浴中反应30 min,再加入0.1 mol/L的碳酸钠溶液100 μL终止反应。在410 nm处测定吸光度值A,用阿卡波糖做阳性对照,将不加入α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液的作为样品空白,记为A0;将未受抑制的酶作为空白对照,记为A1。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率计算公式如下:
$ \alpha {\text{-}}葡萄糖苷酶抑制率({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{\text{A}-{\text{A}}_{0}}{{\text{A}}_{1}}\right)\times 100 $
取20 μL不同质量浓度的AGP、AGE、AG Nps分别与100 μL的1 U/mL的α-淀粉酶溶液在37 ℃水浴中混合反应10 min,再加入300 μL的1%的可溶性淀粉溶液,于37 ℃水浴中混合反应10 min,之后加入50 μL的DNS显色剂,混匀,在100 ℃水浴反应5 min,冷却后,用PBS缓冲液稀释至10 mL,于540 nm处测量吸光度A,将不加入α-淀粉酶溶液的作为样品空白,记为A0;将不加样品未受抑制的酶作为对照,记为A1,α-淀粉酶抑制率计算公式如下:
$ \alpha {\text{-}}淀粉酶抑制率({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{\text{A}-{\text{A}}_{0}}{{\text{A}}_{1}}\right)\times 100 $
每个实验至少重复三次,结果表示为“平均值±标准差”,采用Origin 2019软件作图,Excel数据处理,使用SPSS 26软件对数据进行方差分析,统计差异通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA)确定,使用软件 Design-Expert 12对响应面优化试验数据进行分析。
如图1A所示,随着皂苷/黄酮浓度的升高,包封率和载药量出现先上升后下降的趋势,当浓度达到15 mg/mL时包封率和载药量达到最大值,分别为85.21%±2.80%和0.88%±0.07%。初始的上升趋势归因于体系过饱和度增加,加速了晶核的形成,并且与载体材料相互作用增强[24−25]。然而,当浓度超过临界值后,体系变得不稳定,导致包封率和载药量下降。这可能是由于过高的浓度导致了颗粒的快速、无序聚集,导致一部分皂苷/黄酮游离在外[26]。因此,西洋参皂苷/黄酮浓度选择10、15、20 mg/mL进行后续响应面优化设计。
如图1B所示,多糖与大豆分离蛋白浓度对AG Nps的包封率与载药量具有显著影响(P<0.05)。当浓度升高至15 mg/mL时,多糖与大豆分离蛋白对皂苷黄酮具有更好的包埋和保护作用,包封率与载药量上升[27]。然而,当浓度超过15 mg/mL后,过量的多糖和大豆分离蛋白可能会发生自聚集[28],减少了交联位点,从而导致包封率呈现下降趋势。因此,多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度选择10、15、20 mg/mL 进行后续响应面优化设计。
如图1C所示,两相体积比在40:1时包封率和载药量达到最大值,分别为85.22%±2.31%和0.89%±0.09%。体积比较小时,体系内活性物质被高效地包封在颗粒内部,包封率和载药量逐渐上升。然而,当体积比超过40:1后,过度的稀释会降低多糖/大豆分离蛋白的浓度,并可能在高剪切环境下破坏了纳米颗粒的稳定性[29],从而导致包封率与载药量的下降。综上,两相体积比选择30:1、40:1、50:1进行后续响应面优化设计。
根据表1中的因素与水平,通过软件Design Expert进行17次试验,在中心点进行5个重复实验(用于估计试验误差),优化西洋参纳米颗粒制备工艺条件。每个实验重复进行三次,以减少系统误差的变异性的影响。BBD试验设计与结果见表3。
响应面分析采用非线性拟合的方法,得到拟合方程。对表3 Y1包封率拟合的方程如下:Y1=91.14+3.06A+3.84B−3.13C−5.60AB−1.28AC−4.68BC−8.80A2−7.05B2−3.52C2。在方程式中,A代表西洋参皂苷/黄酮浓度,B代表西洋参多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度,C代表反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比。方程式中各个数值的绝对值大小及正负为各个因素对Y1值的影响程度及方向。从方程式中可以看出,A、B和C的系数绝对值分别为3.06、3.84和3.13。由此可以得出,对包封率影响的顺序为B>C>A,也就是说,多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度>体积比>皂苷/黄酮浓度。如表4所示,A、B、C的P值均小于0.05,说明以上三个因素对模型影响显著。AB和BC对包封率的影响显著。模型项的F=39.95,P<0.01,说明模型显著。失拟项的F=5.47,P=0.0672,失拟项不显著,说明模型设计合理。相关系数R2=0.9275,调整后R2Adj=0.9495的高值表明实际结果与模型预测数据之间的一致性,说明模型可靠性良好。能很好说明包封率与上述三种因素水平之间的内在联系,因此,可用得到的回归方程进行预测和分析。同时对表3的数据进行二元多次回归拟合,A、B、C三个因素对包封率值(Y1)的交互作用关系见图2。三维响应面图开口向下,等高线呈椭圆形,表明因素间交互作用明显。响应曲面的趋势与单因素的实验结果一致。一般响应曲线越陡峭,等高线越密集,该工艺条件对响应值影响越显著,交互作用越强。
对Y2载药量拟合的方程如下:Y2=1.09+0.12A−0.009B−0.024C−0.060AB−0.080AC−0.057BC−0.28A2−0.19B2−0.13C2。A、B和C的系数绝对值分别为0.12、0.009和0.024,对载药量影响的顺序为皂苷/黄酮浓度>反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比>多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度。如表5所示,AC、AB和BC 对载药量的影响显著。模型项的F=44.29,P<0.0001,说明模型显著。失拟项的F=2.06,P=0.2478,失拟项不显著,说明模型设计合理。相关系数R2=0.9827,调整后R2Adj=0.9606,说明该模型对实验数据的拟合度良好,能很好说明载药量与上述三种因素水平之间的内在联系,因此,可用得到的回归方程进行预测和分析。如图3所示,三维响应面图开口向下,等高线呈椭圆形,表明因素间交互作用明显,响应曲面的趋势与单因素的实验结果一致。
通过响应面试验得到西洋参纳米颗粒最佳制备工艺分别为西洋参皂苷/黄酮浓度为16.21 mg/mL、西洋参多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度为14.80 mg/mL和反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比为38.45:1。此模型预测的包封率为91.67%,载药量为1.10%。根据实际操作需要,现实最佳工艺条件调整为西洋参皂苷/黄酮浓度16 mg/mL、西洋参多糖/大豆分离蛋白浓度15 mg/mL和反溶剂相/溶剂相体积比39:1,得到包封率90.14%±1.03%,载药量为1.11%±0.07%,实际值与理论值相近,说明该响应面方法应用可靠。
如图4所示,AG Nps的平均粒径为318.60±5.60 nm,PDI为0.287±0.032。粒径和PDI一定程度上可以反映体系是否均匀,判断体系的物理稳定性。研究表明,粒径越小且粒度分布越均匀,体系越稳定[30]。PDI值在0~0.3之间表明AG Nps具有较好的分散均匀性[31]。Zeta电位用于评价西洋参纳米粒的表面物理性能,根据双电层理论,一定的电荷能够抑制微粒之间相互聚集,从而提升制剂的物理稳定性[32]。一般认为,当Zeta电位的绝对值大于30 mV时,静电的相互排斥使得纳米粒子具有良好的稳定性[33]。AG Nps的Zeta电位为-33.05±0.50 mV,说明AG Nps稳定性较好。
如图5所示,SPI和AGE分别在3419、3407 cm−1处存在-OH拉伸振动吸收峰,在1624、1615 cm−1处存在C=O拉伸吸收峰[31]。此外,SPI在1365 cm−1处存在COO-拉伸振动[27]。与AGE的红外图谱相比,AG Nps在1222和2920 cm−1处的特征吸收峰显著减弱,这表明活性成分已被成功包埋于纳米颗粒内部。
AGE和AG Nps的DSC如图6所示。AGE和AG Nps分别在158.93 ℃和172.63 ℃出现一个向下的吸热峰,表明AG Nps热稳定性高于AGE。
图7是AGE和AG Nps的热重检测图谱。AGE与AG Nps的质量损失在200 ℃以前都有一段缓慢下降的过程,在200~500 ℃期间进入快速失重阶段,在500 ℃后趋于平稳。AG Nps起始分解温度为208.44 ℃,AGE的起始分解温度为150.97 ℃,并且AG Nps的质量损失更小,说明AG Nps热稳定高于AGE,这与DSC结果一致。
如图8A所示,在1~80 mg/mL浓度范围内,AGP、AGE和AG Nps对DPPH自由基的清除能力均呈现剂量依赖性。可以看出,在相同浓度下,对于DPPH自由基的清除能力强弱为:AG Nps >AGE>AGP(P<0.05),证明纳米化有效提高了AGE的抗氧化能力。此外,AGP、AGE和AG Nps的IC50分别为36.87、25.08和14.30 mg/mL,表明AG Nps的DPPH自由基清除能力最强。
如图8B所示,AGP、AGE和AG Nps均具有一定的ABTS+自由基清除能力,且随着浓度的增加,ABTS+自由基清除能力就越强。AGP、AGE和AG Nps的IC50分别为45.88、35.27、16.01 mg/mL,表明AG Nps的ABTS+自由基清除能力最强,这与DPPH自由基清除能力结果一致。主要原因可能是纳米颗粒可以提升其稳定性,减少了活性物质的分解,从而提高其体外抗氧化性[31]。
胰脂肪酶是消化系统中分解甘油三酯的关键酶,由胰腺分泌,在小肠中发挥核心作用,因此抑制胰脂肪酶的活性是减少脂肪摄入的关键[34]。如图9A所示,AGP、AGE和AG Nps抑制胰脂肪酶活性的IC50值分别为16.21、12.69和7.29 mg/mL。AGP、AGE和AG Nps对胰脂肪酶的抑制作用随浓度升高而增强,其中AG Nps的抑制能力最强,浓度在18 mg/mL时,抑制率达到81.69%±1.26%,而AGP和AGE对胰脂肪酶的抑制率为53.91%±2.57%和69.61%±1.29%,显著低于AG Nps(P<0.05)。Joaquín等[35]证实皂苷、多酚类物质可以通过抑制胰脂肪酶的活性来改善高血脂症,而纳米结构可以提高活性物质的稳定性,从而发挥更好的作用。
胆酸盐在脂质消化、吸收和转运中发挥核心作用,它的两亲性结构可以帮助脂肪水解的产物穿过水相被吸收,因此胆酸盐的结合能力直接影响脂质代谢。如图9B所示,结合胆酸盐的能力由高到低的顺序:AG Nps>AGE>AGP,AG Nps对于甘氨胆酸钠、牛磺胆酸钠和胆酸钠的结合率分别为68.45%±2.39%、75.36%±1.97%和70.45%±2.15%,纳米结构的高比表面积、可调控的表面电荷和功能基团可显著增强对胆酸盐的吸附能力[36]。研究表明,蛋白质在消化过程中能有效结合胆酸盐,降低了脂肪消化的效率[37]。从图中也可清晰地看出样品与牛磺胆酸钠的结合率最高,这是由于牛磺胆酸钠中磺酸基的强电离性和氢键供受体能力,比胆酸钠和甘氨胆酸钠更易与样品形成稳定复合物[38]。
胆固醇是人体必需的脂类物质,参与细胞膜构建、激素合成和胆汁酸生成等关键生理功能。然而,过量的胆固醇会引发糖尿病、心脏病、心血管疾病、心梗、慢性肾炎等继发性疾病[39]。研究表明,黄酮类物质可通过降低胆固醇的溶解度来发挥降血脂的作用[40]。如图9C结果显示,AGP、AGE和AG Nps抑制胆固醇胶束溶解度的IC50值分别为15.11、12.11和6.32 mg/mL。AGP、AGE和AG Nps对胆固醇胶束溶解度的抑制作用随浓度升高而增强,AG Nps抑制能力显著高于AGP和AGE(P<0.05),浓度在18 mg/mL时抑制率达到91.69%±1.25%。
食物中的碳水化合物在消化过程中首先被α-淀粉酶分解为低聚糖,随后α-葡萄糖苷酶进一步水解低聚糖的非还原末端α-1,4-糖苷键,生成可被小肠吸收的葡萄糖等单糖,这些单糖通过钠依赖性葡萄糖协同转运蛋白进入小肠上皮细胞。因此,降糖类化合物通过抑制α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,能够减少葡萄糖的释放并延缓其吸收,从而有效控制餐后血糖水平[41]。
图10A结果显示,随着溶液浓度的增大,AGP、AGE和AG Nps对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率均不断上升,当浓度达到25 mg/mL时抑制率分别为66.07%±1.01%、77.2%±1.55%和85.24%±0.62%,AGP、AGE和AG Nps抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的IC50值分别为15.79、7.69 和3.21 mg/mL,AG Nps对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制能力显著高于其他两组(P<0.05)。结果表明,纳米结构能显著增强西洋参提取物抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的能力。
如图10B所示,AG Nps对α-淀粉酶抑制活性最强,浓度在25 mg/mL时抑制率为85.04%±1.43%,其次是AGE,AGP抑制效果最差,AGP、AGE和AG Nps抑制α-淀粉酶活性的IC50值分别为16.37、8.40和5.33 mg/mL,说明西洋参纳米颗粒更能发挥抑制α-淀粉酶的活性。研究表明,纳米粒可以保护胰岛β细胞提高对葡萄糖的刺激耐量,控制α-淀粉酶或α-葡萄糖苷酶活力[42]。
本研究采用反溶剂法制备西洋参皂苷/黄酮/多糖/大豆分离蛋白纳米颗粒(AG Nps),结果表明AG Nps的最佳制备工艺为反溶剂相浓度16 mg/mL、溶剂相浓度15 mg/mL,体积比39:1,包封率90.14%±1.03%,载药量为1.11%±0.07%。AG Nps的平均粒径为318.6±5.60 nm,PDI为0.287±0.032,Zeta电位为−33.05±0.50 mV。红外分析表明AG Nps对活性物质有良好的包埋效果,同时具有良好的热稳定性。体外抗氧化结果表明AG Nps的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力最强,IC50分别为14.30 mg/mL和16.01 mg/mL。体外降血脂结果表明,AG Nps具有较强的胆酸盐的吸附能力,可以显著抑制胰脂肪酶活性和胆固醇溶解度(P<0.05),对胰脂肪酶和胆固醇胶束活性的IC50分别为7.29 mg/mL和6.32 mg/mL。体外降血糖结果表明AG Nps对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性的IC50值分别为3.21 mg/mL和5.33 mg/mL,说明纳米结构能显著增强西洋参活性物质对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性的抑制能力(P<0.05)。综上,AG Nps具有良好的体外抗氧化、体外降血脂和体外降血糖能力。本研究可为西洋参功能性产品的研究和应用提供实验依据。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080081
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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    1黑龙江省农业科学院食品加工研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086
    2黑龙江省食品加工重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086
    3黑龙江省农业科学院大豆研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086

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管立军(1983−),男,博士,正高级研究员,研究方向:食药同源食品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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