Article(id=1320880250469339833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060329, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851992480, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851992480, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851992480, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851992480, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=194, endPage=203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880252272890554, articleId=1320880250469339833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Bacteriostatic Effects of Paenibacillus provencensis Metabolites and Their Influence on the Protein Characteristics of Litopenaeus vannamei, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

White-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is prone to spoilage and deterioration during storage due to microbial contamination and the action of endogenous enzymes. This study focused on white-leg shrimp, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila (S-1), and myofibrillar protein, the key quality component of shrimp, with the aim of multidimensionally exploring the inhibitory effect of the metabolites of Paenibacillus provencensis (PP-2) on S-1 and the effect on myofibrillar protein properties. By using techniques such as non-targeted metabolomics, it aimed to explore the preservative effects of the metabolites of Paenibacillus provencensis (PP-2) on white-leg shrimp from multiple dimensions. Using non-targeted metabolomics and other techniques, it was found that there were 20 antibacterial active substances in the metabolites of PP-2. When these metabolites acted on S-1, they could change the cell membrane permeability, resulting in the leakage of intracellular proteins and ultimately the death of bacteria, thus achieving antibacterial effects. Compared with the metabolites of Nisin, Kazachstania servazzii (3-D), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (7-C), and Lactobacillus plantarum, at the end of storage, the protein concentration in the group treated with PP-2 metabolites was relatively high, the sulfhydryl group content and Ca2+-ATPase activity were relatively high, and it had the best effect in maintaining the secondary structure of proteins. This study clarifies the antibacterial mechanism of PP-2 metabolites and their effects on the protein characteristics of white-leg shrimp, opening up a new path for the biological preservation technology of white-leg shrimp and providing a theoretical basis for the application of PP-2 metabolites in the field of aquatic product preservation.

, authors=Yuanyuan GUAN, Yingjie LIU, Xin GAO, Yong XUE, Yuanhui ZHAO*, authorsList=Yuanyuan GUAN, Yingjie LIU, Xin GAO, Yong XUE, Yuanhui ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanhui ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880254529426131, articleId=1320880250469339833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=普罗旺斯类芽孢杆菌代谢物的抑菌作用及其对南美白对虾蛋白特性的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

南美白对虾在贮藏中易因微生物污染和内源酶作用腐败变质。本研究以南美白对虾为对象,微嗜酸性寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila,S-1)和虾的关键品质成分肌原纤维蛋白为研究重点,多维度探究普罗旺斯类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus provencensis,PP-2)代谢物对S-1的抑制作用及对肌原纤维蛋白特性的影响。运用非靶向代谢组学等技术,发现PP-2代谢物中有20种抗菌活性物质,其作用于S-1时,可改变细胞膜通透性,致使胞内蛋白外泄,最终细菌死亡,实现抑菌。与乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)、瑟氏哈萨克斯坦酵母菌(Kazachstaniaservazzii,3-D)、酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae,7-C)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,L. plantarum)代谢物对比发现,贮藏末期PP-2代谢物处理组蛋白浓度相对较高,巯基含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活性较高,维持蛋白质二级结构效果最优。本研究明确了PP-2代谢物的抑菌机制及对南美白对虾蛋白特性的影响,为南美白对虾的生物保鲜技术开辟新路径,也为PP-2代谢物在水产品保鲜领域的应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=管媛媛, 刘颖洁, 高昕, 薛勇, 赵元晖*, authorsList=管媛媛, 刘颖洁, 高昕, 薛勇, 赵元晖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵元晖, authorNote=

管媛媛(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品高值化利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵元晖(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品高值化利用,E-mail:。
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LWT, 2019, 99: 156−165., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880254751724244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880254760112853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, companyId=1320880254751724244, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880254768501462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, companyId=1320880254751724244, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国海洋大学三亚海洋研究院,食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572025)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880258614678266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=HMDB classification of PP-2 metabolites, figureFileSmall=9Mc1c5DTcZv7WF51YzMm4Q==, figureFileBig=yiohvh1scxJrJHbhpDzwqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880258706952955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PP-2代谢物HMDB分类, figureFileSmall=9Mc1c5DTcZv7WF51YzMm4Q==, figureFileBig=yiohvh1scxJrJHbhpDzwqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880258929251068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Volcano plot of the number of differential metabolites, figureFileSmall=rZvxgzu111iu2Dv7V8zx9g==, figureFileBig=sKNmQVmzodFT5yDn5YBsGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880258987971325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=CN, label=图2, caption=差异代谢物数量火山图

注:A. 阳离子模式M VS L;B. 阴离子模式M VS L;C. 阳离子模式M VS N;D. 阴离子模式M VS N。

, figureFileSmall=rZvxgzu111iu2Dv7V8zx9g==, figureFileBig=sKNmQVmzodFT5yDn5YBsGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880259042497278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=KEGG functional annotation of differential metabolites, figureFileSmall=ghqFb7AiYM66LLVvikHphA==, figureFileBig=dFMeaLNh0B3c+7BiJbNxNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880259122189055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=CN, label=图3, caption=差异代谢物KEGG功能注释

注:A. M VS L;B. M VS N。

, figureFileSmall=ghqFb7AiYM66LLVvikHphA==, figureFileBig=dFMeaLNh0B3c+7BiJbNxNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880259189297920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Results of enrichment analysis, figureFileSmall=p0btFaR7W5h9cRl9jGG01g==, figureFileBig=Zr9+5Pla8T7w82U0yOr5pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880259256406785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=CN, label=图4, caption=富集分析结果

注:A. M VS L;B. M VS N。

, figureFileSmall=p0btFaR7W5h9cRl9jGG01g==, figureFileBig=Zr9+5Pla8T7w82U0yOr5pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880259327709954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Bacterial survival rates under different treatment groups, figureFileSmall=e4ajWbFeB3R8KvsCBc8ogg==, figureFileBig=4TlVguNgKaa6+hRvxXvRCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880261009625859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理组条件下细菌存活率

注:不同字母代表不同处理组内的差异显著性(P<0.05),图6、图9~图11同。

, figureFileSmall=e4ajWbFeB3R8KvsCBc8ogg==, figureFileBig=4TlVguNgKaa6+hRvxXvRCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880261089317636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of different treatment conditions on the intracellular protein content of S-1, figureFileSmall=9O3s3ewX3sVgiCeA0Fumtw==, figureFileBig=Ck04PgGTL+vaLZrm6BHpPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880261160620805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理条件对S-1胞内蛋白含量影响, figureFileSmall=9O3s3ewX3sVgiCeA0Fumtw==, figureFileBig=Ck04PgGTL+vaLZrm6BHpPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880261236118278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Transmission electron micrographs of S-1 under different acting conditions, figureFileSmall=0C1mR9ZzqgN97iPOrVHpKw==, figureFileBig=kGJn+nOt94bze7YrnFFtZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880261299032839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880250469339833, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同作用条件下S-1透射电镜图

注:A. 空白对照组;B. Nisin组;C. PP-2组。

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普罗旺斯类芽孢杆菌代谢物的抑菌作用及其对南美白对虾蛋白特性的影响
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管媛媛 , 刘颖洁 , 高昕 , 薛勇 , 赵元晖 *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(15): 194-203
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (15) : 194 -203
普罗旺斯类芽孢杆菌代谢物的抑菌作用及其对南美白对虾蛋白特性的影响
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管媛媛 , 刘颖洁, 高昕, 薛勇, 赵元晖*
作者信息
  • 中国海洋大学三亚海洋研究院,食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572025
通讯作者:
赵元晖(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品高值化利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

管媛媛(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品高值化利用,E-mail:

Bacteriostatic Effects of Paenibacillus provencensis Metabolites and Their Influence on the Protein Characteristics of Litopenaeus vannamei
Yuanyuan GUAN , Yingjie LIU, Xin GAO, Yong XUE, Yuanhui ZHAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060329
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南美白对虾在贮藏中易因微生物污染和内源酶作用腐败变质。本研究以南美白对虾为对象,微嗜酸性寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila,S-1)和虾的关键品质成分肌原纤维蛋白为研究重点,多维度探究普罗旺斯类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus provencensis,PP-2)代谢物对S-1的抑制作用及对肌原纤维蛋白特性的影响。运用非靶向代谢组学等技术,发现PP-2代谢物中有20种抗菌活性物质,其作用于S-1时,可改变细胞膜通透性,致使胞内蛋白外泄,最终细菌死亡,实现抑菌。与乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)、瑟氏哈萨克斯坦酵母菌(Kazachstaniaservazzii,3-D)、酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae,7-C)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,L. plantarum)代谢物对比发现,贮藏末期PP-2代谢物处理组蛋白浓度相对较高,巯基含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活性较高,维持蛋白质二级结构效果最优。本研究明确了PP-2代谢物的抑菌机制及对南美白对虾蛋白特性的影响,为南美白对虾的生物保鲜技术开辟新路径,也为PP-2代谢物在水产品保鲜领域的应用提供了理论依据。

南美白对虾  /  腐败菌  /  普罗旺斯类芽孢杆菌  /  蛋白特性  /  抑菌机制

White-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is prone to spoilage and deterioration during storage due to microbial contamination and the action of endogenous enzymes. This study focused on white-leg shrimp, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila (S-1), and myofibrillar protein, the key quality component of shrimp, with the aim of multidimensionally exploring the inhibitory effect of the metabolites of Paenibacillus provencensis (PP-2) on S-1 and the effect on myofibrillar protein properties. By using techniques such as non-targeted metabolomics, it aimed to explore the preservative effects of the metabolites of Paenibacillus provencensis (PP-2) on white-leg shrimp from multiple dimensions. Using non-targeted metabolomics and other techniques, it was found that there were 20 antibacterial active substances in the metabolites of PP-2. When these metabolites acted on S-1, they could change the cell membrane permeability, resulting in the leakage of intracellular proteins and ultimately the death of bacteria, thus achieving antibacterial effects. Compared with the metabolites of Nisin, Kazachstania servazzii (3-D), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (7-C), and Lactobacillus plantarum, at the end of storage, the protein concentration in the group treated with PP-2 metabolites was relatively high, the sulfhydryl group content and Ca2+-ATPase activity were relatively high, and it had the best effect in maintaining the secondary structure of proteins. This study clarifies the antibacterial mechanism of PP-2 metabolites and their effects on the protein characteristics of white-leg shrimp, opening up a new path for the biological preservation technology of white-leg shrimp and providing a theoretical basis for the application of PP-2 metabolites in the field of aquatic product preservation.

Litopenaeus vannamei  /  spoilage bacteria  /  Paenibacillus provencensis  /  protein properties  /  mechanisms of bacterial inhibition
管媛媛, 刘颖洁, 高昕, 薛勇, 赵元晖. 普罗旺斯类芽孢杆菌代谢物的抑菌作用及其对南美白对虾蛋白特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 194 -203 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060329
Yuanyuan GUAN, Yingjie LIU, Xin GAO, Yong XUE, Yuanhui ZHAO. Bacteriostatic Effects of Paenibacillus provencensis Metabolites and Their Influence on the Protein Characteristics of Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 194 -203 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060329
南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)因其身形较大、肉质鲜美、生长速度快、环境适应能力强,已成为全球重要的水产养殖品种之一。然而,因其捕捞周期集中、虾体组织内水分含量高且富含易分解的肌浆与肌原纤维蛋白,南美白对虾在捕捞、运输及贮藏环节中极易因微生物污染和内源酶作用导致腐败变质[1],主要表现为蛋白质降解、脂质氧化和黑变等问题[2],产生的生物胺和其他挥发性化合物严重影响其食用价值和经济价值[3]。
目前,南美白对虾的保鲜技术主要包括物理保鲜、化学保鲜和生物保鲜。物理保鲜中的低温保鲜虽能一定程度上延缓腐败[4],但保鲜周期短、设备要求高,且极易影响虾的品质;气调保鲜通过调控气体环境以达到延长货架期的目的,但技术要求高;超高压保鲜则会改变虾肉的蛋白质构象,破坏分子间相互作用,导致结构变化[5]。化学保鲜通常是利用化学防腐剂如苯甲酸钠、山梨酸钾等抑制微生物生长、延缓蛋白质氧化,然而多种化学保鲜剂混合使用存在潜在安全风险,已被多地禁止使用,并且这对虾肉品质产生负面影响。然而,以动植物和微生物为原材料的生物保鲜剂因其天然、安全、高效的优点而备受关注,其中微生物源保鲜剂(如乳酸菌[6−8]、酵母菌代谢物[9])展现出良好的应用前景。
普罗旺斯类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus provencensis,PP-2)属类芽孢杆菌属,是一类能产生多种抗菌活性物质的革兰氏阳性菌,其代谢产物包括抗菌肽、有机酸和酶类,以及醛酮类和吡嗪类等抗菌活性物质[10],这些物质能够损害细胞的细胞壁和细胞膜,破坏其结构完整性,致使菌体细胞裂解,对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌以及多种真菌均能产生显著抑制效果,在食品保鲜、生物防治以及医药等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。已有的研究从鲟鱼子酱中成功分离PP-2,其代谢物中的挥发性有机化合物如丁酸、苯甲醛等,与亚硝胺生成呈负相关,同时能减少蛋白质降解、脂质氧化及生物胺(苯乙胺、精胺、尸胺等)积累,较根际寡养单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌,PP-2代谢物对午餐肉中的N-亚硝胺类物质合成方面具有更为显著抑制效果[11]。另外,鲈鱼在贮藏过程中因高水分和脆弱肌肉组织易受腐败菌侵袭,PP-2代谢物抑制优势腐败菌(如腐败希瓦氏菌和脆弱假单胞菌)的生长、破坏细菌细胞膜、延缓蛋白氧化和脂质氧化,维持肉质的品质特性[12]。但在南美白对虾保鲜方面的研究却极为匮乏,其抑菌机制以及对虾蛋白质特性的影响尚不明确。
本实验以南美白对虾为研究对象,采用多光谱技术、代谢组学分析及多种理化指标测定,针对从南美白对虾在储藏期间分离出的优势腐败菌微嗜酸性寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila,S-1)和对虾主要组成部分肌原纤维蛋白,从微生物学、生物化学和食品品质等多维度深入探究PP-2代谢物的抑菌机理,并在此基础上分析PP-2代谢物成分,评估其对冷藏南美白对虾蛋白质稳定性和氧化性的影响,推动南美白对虾保鲜技术的不断革新,为生物保鲜剂在食品保鲜方面的广泛应用奠定理论根基、提供技术支持。
南美白对虾(长11.5±0.5 cm,重8.5±0.5 g) 购于三亚市崖州第一农贸市场;PP-2(CGMCC M 20211109) 课题组在鲟鱼鱼子酱中自筛;微嗜酸性寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila,S-1) 课题组在南美白对虾中自筛;瑟氏哈萨克斯坦酵母菌(Kazachstaniaservazzii,3-D)、酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae,7-C) 课题组在牡蛎中自筛;植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,L. plantarum) 中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(菌种编号:CICC 22200);乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)、LB固体培养基、LB液体培养基、PCA培养基、2.5%戊二醛固定液、ATP溶液、溴化钾、总巯基含量测定试剂盒、三氯乙酸、硫酸钼、米吐尔 北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司;丙酮、磷酸钠、EGTA、氯化镁、氯化钠、无水硫酸铜、酒石酸钾、氢氧化钠、氯化钙 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;L-2-氯苯丙氨酸、二乙酸荧光素 阿拉丁生化科技公司;Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒 碧云天生物技术有限公司;所有分离用有机溶剂均为国产分析纯。
SpectraMax ABS PLUS酶标仪 美谷分子仪器有限公司;LGJ-10C真空冷冻干燥机 美国Labconco公司;Acquity I-Class PLUS超高效液相色谱、Xevo G2-XS QTof高分辨质谱、Acquity UPLC HSS T3(1.8 μm,2.1 mm×100 mm)色谱柱 沃特世科技有限公司;Talos F200C透射电子显微镜、A51119500C荧光分光光度计 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;UV-6100紫外分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;BRUKER TENSOR 27傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国布鲁克光谱仪器公司。
对PP-2菌株进行培养与代谢物提取。取适量PP-2菌株LB培养基划线,于适宜条件下培养24~48 h。待菌落形成后,挑取单菌落接种至液体培养基,培养24 h,之后每隔24 h取1%的接种量传代培养,连续7 d。
将PP-2菌液进行处理后分为三组:未处理的菌液为L组;在4 ℃下的菌液以8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液并用0.22 μm滤膜进行过滤,记为M组,同时可得到菌丝沉淀记为N组。每组取50 mg样本与1 mL预冷提取液(甲醇:乙腈:水=2:2:1,v/v/v,含2 mg/L L-2-氯苯丙氨酸内标,作为质量控制(QC)标记物)混合,45 Hz研磨10 min,超声提取10 min后在−20 ℃环境下沉淀1 h,4 ℃下12000 r/min离心15 min,取500 μL上清液真空浓缩干燥,加入160 μL复合溶液(乙腈:水=1:1,v/v),经涡旋30 s、4 ℃超声处理10 min后再次离心,取120 μL上清液进样,各取10 μL样本混合成QC样本进行超高效液相色谱-质谱检测[13]。
流动相A:0.1%甲酸水溶液,流动相B:0.1%甲酸乙腈,流速:400 μL/min,柱温:40 ℃,进样量:2 μL。
流速:400 μL/min。流动相A占比98%,流动相B占比2%,维持0.25 min,随后从0.25~10.0 min,流动相A比例逐渐降至2%,B比例升至98%;10.0~13.0 min期间,A、B比例保持2%和98%不变,之后花费0.1 min时间A比例迅速回升至98%,B比例回落至2%;13.1~15.0 min,流动相A、B比例继续保持98%和2%。
扫描频率为0.2 Da/s,毛细管电压(正离子模式)为2000 Pa,毛细管电压(负离子模式)为1500 Pa,锥孔电压为30 V,离子源温度为150 ℃,脱溶剂气温度为500 ℃,反吹气流速为50 mL/min,脱溶剂气流速为800 mL/min,低碰撞能量为2 eV,高碰撞能量区间为10~40 eV。
对获得的滤液即1.2.1中的M组进行冷冻干燥即得到PP-2代谢物,并以相同的方法制备3-D代谢物、7-C代谢物和L. plantarum代谢物。以南美白对虾优势腐败菌S-1为实验菌株,将Nisin、PP-2代谢物、3-D代谢物、7-C代谢物和L. plantarum代谢物分别加入到S-1发酵液中,设置代谢物浓度为0、50、60、70、80、90、100、150、180、200 mg/mL,以相同浓度只含S-1发酵液的培养基作为空白对照组,在30 ℃无菌摇床中150 r/min培养12 h,测定OD600 nm。以无抗菌物质的空白对照孔作为基准,该孔中菌体正常生长,细胞存活率定义为100%,其OD600 nm为“基准OD值”;对于添加不同浓度抗菌物质的处理组,培养后测定其OD600 nm,通过公式计算相对存活率,绘制剂量-效应抑菌曲线,将OD600 nm<0.5的最低抗菌浓度定为MIC值[14]。
$ \text { 细胞存活率 }({\text{%}})=\frac{\mathrm{OD}_{\text {处理 }}}{\mathrm{OD}_{\text {空白 }}} \times 100 $
式中:OD处理表示不同处理组别的样品在600 nm处测得的OD值,OD空白表示空白对照组样品在600 nm处测得的OD值。
聚焦于PP-2代谢物抑菌活性的初步验证,选取具有代表性的生物保鲜剂Nisin为阳性对照,取10 mL S-1发酵液,分别加入抑菌阈值浓度的Nisin和PP-2代谢物,振荡均匀后于30 ℃、晃动频率为150 r/min的条件下培养。在开始培养后的第0、6、12 h时各取出一份样品,8000 r/min和4 ℃下离心10 min,沉淀用PBS溶液进行清洗后离心,重复清洗3次后重悬于PBS溶液中[15]。超声10 min破碎细菌细胞,用碧云天Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定胞内蛋白含量,每个样品设置三组平行。
用1.2.3方法进行预处理,取培养6 h细菌沉淀洗净,加2.5%戊二醛于4 ℃固定过夜。取10 μL菌液滴在铜网上干燥,PBS清洗后二次干燥,置于透射电子显微镜下观察S-1的细胞形态变化[16]。
采用二乙酸荧光素(FDA)法,用1.2.3方法预处理,取4 mL细菌培养6 h的菌悬液,与500 μL浓度为2 mg/mL的FDA丙酮溶液混合,30 ℃避光培养20 min,在8000 r/min和4 ℃下离心10 min,PBS清洗三次,取沉淀重悬于PBS中。最终使用荧光分光光度计测定荧光强度[17]。
进一步引入3-D、7-C及L. plantarum等同类微生物代谢物作为横向对照组,通过与这些菌株的系统性比较,不仅能建立新型菌株与传统优势菌种间的性能参照系,更能通过差异分析凸显PP-2代谢物在蛋白稳定性、氧化延缓等方面的独特生物学特性。新鲜南美白对虾加冰处死,取中间虾肉,设未处理的对虾为空白对照组,其余分别在最小抑菌浓度的Nisin、PP-2代谢物、3-D代谢物、7-C代谢物和L. plantarum代谢物中浸泡30 min。浸泡完成后沥干,真空包装放置于4 ℃保存,分别在第0、1、3、5、9 d取样进行测定分析。
取5.0 g冷藏虾肉,加入4倍体积的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液(10 mmol/L磷酸三钠,0.1 mol/L氯化钠,2 mmol/L氯化镁,1 mmol/L EGTA,pH7.0),10000 r/min均质30 s,在8000 r/min和4 ℃下离心15 min,取沉淀重复操作三次,最后向沉淀中加入4倍体积的0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液,10000 r/min均质30 s,在5000 r/min和4 ℃下离心10 min,取上清液,即肌原纤维蛋白溶液[18]。
将1.5 g无水硫酸铜和6.0 g酒石酸钾加入到500 mL水中,搅拌使其溶解均匀,加入300 mL 10%氢氧化钠溶液,定容至1 L即为双缩脲试剂[19],配好备用。取试管分别加入0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1 mL的10 mg/mL标准牛血清蛋白溶液,定容至1 mL,加入4 mL双缩脲试剂,25 ℃避光30 min,于540 nm测定吸光度值。以牛血清蛋白浓度为横坐标,吸光值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,得到方程:y=0.8324x+0.1282(R2=0.998)。以第一组作为空白对照组,取1 mL 1.2.5中预处理的待测样品,步骤同上,参照标准曲线完成定量分析。
将1.2.5预处理的蛋白样品与0.50 mol/L Tris-顺丁烯二酸缓冲液,0.10 mol/L 氯化钙及20 mmol/L ATP的溶液通过涡旋振荡充分混匀,并使混合溶液在37 ℃的环境下反应5 min后,加入15%三氯乙酸以停止反应。取反应后的溶液,依次加入1.0 mL硫酸钼、0.5 mL米吐尔及2.5 mL去离子水,在25 ℃的阴暗处放置45 min使溶液显色,测定640 nm处吸光值[20],酶活力单位为U。
使用总巯基含量测定试剂盒测定巯基含量变化,按照说明书进行操作,每组设置三个平行,测定412 nm处吸光度值记为A,ΔA=A测定−A对照,总巯基含量参照下式计算:
$ \rm { 总巯基含量 }({\text μ}{mol} /{g})=\frac{0.4763 \times(\Delta A+0.0042)}{0.1} $
式中:A测定是不同处理组别的样品在412 nm处测得的吸光度,A对照是空白对照组样品在412 nm处测得的吸光度。
将贮藏末期的肌原纤维蛋白样本冻干处理,得到干燥的蛋白粉末。将1.00 mg蛋白粉末与100.00 mg溴化钾充分混合后进行研磨,压制为直径15.0 mm、厚度0.50 mm的能够透过光源的片状物[21]。在400~4000 cm−1范围内,以溴化钾作为采集背景光谱信号,使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪以0.20 cm/s的速度连续扫描32次,光谱分辨率4 cm−1,获取光谱信号。
每个处理组均开展3次独立重复实验,实验结果用“平均值±标准差”表示,使用Origin 9 软件绘制实验图表,利用IBM SPSS 17软件进行单因素方差分析,P<0.05表示具有统计学意义。
基于人类代谢组数据库(HMDB)对PP-2代谢物成分进行解析得图1,由于PP-2是从鱼子酱中分离出来的普罗旺斯类芽孢杆菌,周围环境脂质类营养物质丰富,故PP-2代谢物中脂类(脂肪酰基、萜烯醇脂质、甘油磷脂、甘油酯)最大,占30.21%(155种),其次则是有机酸及其衍生物(羟基酸及其衍生物、羧酸及其衍生物)占27.49%(141种),PP-2利用鱼子酱中富含的蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质,分泌酸性代谢产物,抑制其他杂菌生长,维持自身适宜的生存环境。
本研究采用菌液L、无菌上清液M和菌沉淀N三种样本体系,菌液作为完整体系,能够反映微生物群体与代谢产物协同作用的综合抑菌效应,无菌上清液可特异性表征胞外分泌代谢物的抑菌潜能,菌沉淀可以消除胞内组分对抑菌物质溯源的干扰,三者联合使用可实现抑菌物质的精准定位。
如图2所示,基于超高效液相色谱-质谱技术,在正负离子检测模式下对M、L、N三组样本的代谢物进行非靶向分析。结合双离子模式数据分析发现,M组与L组、N组相比,分别筛选出65种和826种上调差异代谢物,其种类远超以往文献所报道的情况[22],可能是由于微生物所处的环境条件不同,包括营养成分、理化性质(pH、温度、渗透压)、微生物间互作等因素,导致微生物体内的代谢调控因子发生变化,激活或抑制相关基因的表达,显著改变代谢物的种类和丰度,导致了不同研究间差异代谢物谱的显著差异。
基于京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)数据库注释系统,本研究对M、L、N三组样本的差异代谢物进行功能分类与通路富集分析,结果如图3、图4所示,三组间的差异代谢物主要分为氨基酸代谢(有机酸及其衍生物)、脂质代谢(脂质及脂类物质)、萜类化合物和聚酮类化合物代谢(有机杂环化合物)三大类别,其中氨基酸代谢产生的有机酸及其衍生物在差异代谢物中富集程度最高,该类物质主要通过穿透细胞膜、降低胞内pH及破坏细胞膜电化学梯度等机制来破坏细胞膜完整性,干扰病原菌正常代谢,进而发挥抑菌作用,在PP-2菌株代谢调控中可能发挥关键作用。
对PP-2菌株差异代谢物中的抗菌物质进行分析,鉴定出20种有抗菌活性的物质,涵盖生物碱类(二氢辣椒素)、抗生素类(吲哚霉素、卡那霉素)、多糖衍生物(N-琥珀酰壳聚糖)、有机酸(甲基异柠檬酸)等多种化学类别。其中N-琥珀酰壳聚糖可通过其阳离子特性与细菌细胞膜磷脂双分子层发生静电相互作用,破坏膜蛋白结构并诱导脂质过氧化,进而导致细胞膜完整性丧失[23];甲基异柠檬酸则作为异柠檬酸裂解酶竞争性抑制剂,特异性阻断乙醛酸循环关键步骤,干扰细菌碳源代谢途径,使病原菌因能量供应中断而生长受抑[24]。PP-2代谢物中的不同抗菌成分通过破坏细胞膜结构、干扰能量代谢、抑制生物合成等多元途径协同作用,抑制微生物生长繁殖,其中,甲基异柠檬酸与N-琥珀酰壳聚糖的细胞膜靶向协同作用可能构成核心抑菌机制,为新型生物抗菌剂的开发提供重要理论依据。
图5系统展示了Nisin、PP-2代谢物、3-D代谢物、7-C代谢物及L. plantarum代谢物对水产腐败菌S-1的剂量-效应抑菌曲线。随着各物质浓度的增加,抑菌效能显著增强,达到特定阈值后趋于平缓,该阈值即为最小抑菌浓度。由图5可得,Nisin、PP-2代谢物、3-D代谢物、7-C代谢物和L. plantarum代谢物对S-1最小抑菌浓度MIC分别为100、180、150、150、150 mg/mL,对S-1抑菌率分别为77.74%±1.67%、73.11%±1.77%、77.57%±1.80%、62.75%±1.43%、66.79%±0.45%。综上所述,其他四种代谢物的MIC均低于PP-2代谢物,PP-2代谢物展现出多种机制协同作用模式,其富含的有机酸可导致细胞膜磷脂双分子层结构变化,显著提升膜通透性。这种独特的作用方式使得PP-2代谢物对真菌[25]、革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌[26]等均有抑制作用,广谱性更强。同时,有研究发现Nisin、3-D代谢物、7-C代谢物和L. plantarum代谢物处于各自对应的MIC浓度时,可以通过形成跨膜离子通道来干扰细菌能量代谢与物质运输系统,降低细菌细胞膜活性,干扰细胞正常生理生化反应,从而阻碍细菌的正常代谢活动[27−28]。此外,代谢物抑菌存在浓度依赖性,超过MIC后抑菌率趋于稳定,且不同微生物代谢物因成分差异抑菌效果不同[27−28],PP-2代谢物可能通过代谢物(有机酸、抗菌肽)改变膜通透性,破坏细菌生长繁殖,导致活菌数量降低。
细胞胞内蛋白质含量正常是细胞正常生理功能的保障,图6呈现了空白对照组、Nisin组以及PP-2代谢物处理组对S-1蛋白含量的作用情况。随着时间的增加,胞内蛋白含量呈下降趋势,在12 h时,蛋白含量最低,其中PP-2代谢物组蛋白含量为0.44±0.02 mg/mL,显著低于空白对照组及Nisin处理组。PP-2代谢物中的活性成分如脂肽类部分可作用于细胞膜磷脂双分子层,破坏细胞膜结构,影响其发挥作用,导致膜结构溶解与通透性增加,胞内蛋白通过受损的膜结构发生外泄,引发细胞内蛋白质含量显著降低,与链霉菌的大环内酰胺类化合物通过破坏香蕉枯萎病菌细胞膜的完整性,使胞内蛋白泄漏,进而抑制细菌生长的抑菌机理相类似[29]。本研究进一步证实,PP-2代谢物通过破坏腐败菌S-1细胞膜完整性导致蛋白外泄的作用机制具有显著效果。
运用透射电镜观察不同物质处理后S-1细胞形态,如图7所示,无特殊处理的菌体细胞形态完整,呈现出饱满的杆状,边缘清晰,细胞之间没有明显的粘连;Nisin处理后的细胞形态相对完整,没有出现明显的变形或破裂迹象。PP-2代谢物处理后的细胞形态与前两组相比,发生了显著变化,细胞出现了明显溶解现象,细胞膜不再完整,细胞内容物有泄漏的迹象,部分细胞甚至出现了空腔现象,这表明细胞受到了严重的破坏,可能已经死亡或濒临死亡。研究发现,微生物代谢产物可破坏微生物细胞结构,导致细胞膜破裂、内容物释放、细胞空腔化[30−31],反映了微生物代谢产物对靶标菌细胞结构的破坏作用,这与本研究中PP-2代谢物处理后S-1细胞出现空腔、细胞膜溶解的现象高度一致,这证实了微生物代谢物通过破坏细胞膜完整性实现抑菌是一种普遍机制。
正常具有活性的细胞内含有酯酶,当二乙酸荧光素(FDA)进入细胞后,酯酶迅速将其上的乙酰基水解,释放具有强荧光特性的荧光素,这种极性较大的荧光素难以自由通过疏水性的细胞膜磷脂双分子层,在具有完整细胞膜的细胞中积累,发出黄绿色荧光,当细胞膜被破坏时,原本在细胞内的荧光素会穿过细胞膜向外流出[32],这一过程会使荧光强度随之降低。利用该原理,细胞膜的完整性和通透性可通过FDA荧光强度进行反映[33]。从图8实验数据可知,经过PP-2代谢物处理的S-1在500~530 nm波长区间的荧光强度显著低于空白对照组和Nisin组。荧光强度越弱,细胞膜受损越严重,即PP-2代谢物作用于S-1细胞膜,破坏其磷脂双分子层,扰乱细胞膜的正常生理功能,致使原本被细胞膜阻隔的荧光素大量外流。PP-2代谢物的抑菌效果与其含有的20种抗菌活性物质密切相关,其中N-琥珀酰壳聚糖和富集的有机酸及其衍生物破坏细胞膜结构,改变细胞膜通透性、破坏屏障功能,减弱细胞膜对荧光素的阻挡,加速荧光素流出细胞,共同发挥抑菌作用。综上所述,PP-2代谢物含有20种抗菌活性物质,可使腐败菌细胞膜溶解,改变其完整性和通透性,并干扰细菌生理活动,通过多种不同的作用机制共同实现对细菌的抑制效果。
随着冷藏时间的延长,微生物尤其是优势腐败菌生长繁殖迅速,分泌的蛋白酶将肌原纤维蛋白分解为氨基酸和肽,导致肌原纤维蛋白含量降低。图9记录了南美白对虾在不同处理条件下,肌原纤维蛋白浓度随冷藏时间的变化情况。在第9 d时,肌原纤维蛋白含量达到最低,其中PP-2代谢物处理组肌原纤维蛋白浓度最高,为1.06±0.05 mg/mL。Nisin、3-D代谢物、7-C代谢物和L. plantarum代谢物对南美白对虾贮藏过程中的优势腐败菌S-1的抑制效果弱于PP-2代谢物,S-1大量生长繁殖,分解肌原纤维蛋白,导致蛋白浓度明显下降。而PP-2代谢物能够有效破坏S-1细胞膜,抑制其生长繁殖,维持蛋白稳定性。有研究指出,壳寡糖-没食子酸这类有机酸复合物浸泡凡纳滨对虾,可显著增加南美白对虾贮藏过程中的肌原纤维蛋白留存量,组织学观察显示其可有效保护肌肉组织的完整性和稳定性[34]。这一结果与本研究中PP-2代谢物的作用效果具有一致性,PP-2代谢物富含有机酸等生物活性成分,二者均证明有机酸在维持肌原纤维蛋白含量方面发挥关键作用。
肌原纤维蛋白中Ca2+-ATP酶定位于肌球蛋白的球状头部,该酶通过水解ATP获取能量,将肌浆中的Ca2+转运回肌质网,以此调控肌肉收缩舒张,维持肌原纤维蛋白结构和功能稳定[35]。随着低温贮藏时间的延长,细胞中产生的冰晶逐渐增大,破坏了细胞结构和内部渗透压,导致肌球蛋白头部状态变化,进而改变ATP结合位点,再加上低温对酶活性的抑制作用,使得Ca2+-ATP酶活性下降。由此可得,Ca2+-ATP酶活性高低能够体现蛋白质结构的完整水平,反映肌原纤维蛋白的变性过程及变性情况[36],Ca2+-ATP酶活性越低,说明肌球蛋白头部受到的破坏越严重,越不稳定。如图10所示,在第9 d时,所有处理组的Ca2+-ATP酶活性降至最低,其中PP-2代谢物组的Ca2+-ATP酶活性为10.21±0.09 U,高于空白对照组和其它生物代谢物处理组。与PP-2代谢物组相比,其他生物代谢物针对的微生物单一,无法全面且有效地抑制微生物的生长繁殖,导致蛋白结构被破坏,Ca2+-ATP酶活性降低。Zhang等[35]将贝莱斯芽孢杆菌代谢物作用于草莓叶斑病的病原菌,发现该代谢物可降低病菌细胞膜上Ca2+-ATP酶活性,扰乱依赖钙信号传导的细胞过程,与本研究选用PP-2代谢物(无菌上清液)一致,PP-2代谢物能破坏腐败菌细胞膜,使胞内物质流失,抑制细菌的生长繁殖,减少对肌原纤维蛋白的破坏,有效保护Ca2+-ATP酶的活性。
巯基是蛋白质的重要组成部分,受到自由基攻击时两个巯基结合形成二硫键,使得蛋白质折叠形成特定空间构象,维持蛋白质的高级结构[37]。如图11所示,经过不同处理的样品的肌原纤维蛋白中巯基含量随着贮藏时间的延长呈现下降趋势,在第9 d时,PP-2代谢物组中的巯基含量与初始状态相比下降了52.07%,与其他处理组相比下降幅度最小。在冷藏过程中,肌原纤维蛋白中的巯基逐渐被氧化,由肌原纤维蛋白浓度可知,PP-2代谢物处理组中Ca2+-ATP酶活性维持在较高水平,保证肌原纤维蛋白结构的稳定性,并减少了巯基暴露,使得巯基保留率最高。因此,PP-2代谢物更能抑制肌原纤维蛋白的降解,维持蛋白稳定性。前人研究发现随着复合有机酸物质处理浓度的增加,巯基含量降低,诱导肌原纤维蛋白聚集,虾肉显示出更好的质地特性,进一步分析可得,含有丰富有机酸等多种生物活性物质的PP-2代谢物可以提高Ca2+-ATP酶活性,进而抑制肌原纤维蛋白的降解,抑制巯基氧化[38],达到维持肌原纤维蛋白稳定性的目的。
对肌原纤维蛋白进行傅里叶红外光谱分析,呈现出特定的红外特征吸收峰分别为肌原纤维蛋白的酰胺A(2800~3000 cm−1)、酰胺Ⅰ带(1600~1650 cm−1)、酰胺Ⅱ带(1300~1502 cm−1)和酰胺Ⅲ带(1000~1070 cm−1)。其中,酰胺Ⅰ带在探究蛋白质二级结构,如α-螺旋、β-折叠方面具有关键作用[39]。蛋白质二级结构中β-折叠含量的增加,对于提高蛋白质的凝胶特性有着积极贡献[40]。
由图12可知,PP-2代谢物处理组在1643 cm−1处观察到的酰胺Ⅰ带吸收峰与空白对照组和其他代谢物处理组相比有所偏移,并且峰面积最大,其次是7-C组,L. plantarum组和3-D组的峰面积最小。在红外光谱分析中,酰胺Ⅰ带的吸收峰面积越大,说明蛋白质二级结构中β-折叠的占比越高,蛋白质的凝胶特性越强,虾的弹性越大。Rui等[41]的研究发现植物乳杆菌发酵大豆分离蛋白,发酵产生的有机酸破坏了蛋白分子间的氢键,导致β-折叠结构去折叠,酰胺Ⅰ带吸收峰向低波数偏移,β-折叠结构比例降低,暴露更多极性基团,与本研究PP-2代谢物的作用效果相吻合。由此可见,维持肌原纤维蛋白酰胺Ⅰ带结构的稳定,是确保蛋白质整体稳定性的重要环节。
本文以南美白对虾为研究对象,研究了PP-2代谢物的抑菌机制及对虾蛋白特性的影响。分析发现PP-2代谢物含20种抗菌活性物质,作用于S-1时可改变细胞膜通透性,使胞内蛋白外泄致细菌死亡,与3-D、7-C、L. plantarum代谢物相比,贮藏末期PP-2代谢物处理组蛋白浓度、巯基含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活性较高,维持蛋白质二级结构效果最佳。未来可将其应用于实际的水产品保鲜中,通过优化工艺来降低成本,进一步分离纯化抗菌物质以明确抑菌机制,还可与其他保鲜技术协同构建复合体系以延长水产品货架期和提高产品竞争力。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060329
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
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    中国海洋大学三亚海洋研究院,食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572025

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赵元晖(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品高值化利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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