Article(id=1320880244261761400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090100, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757433600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851991000, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851991000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851991000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851991000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=237, endPage=247, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880244526002553, articleId=1320880244261761400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Fermentation Modification on the Structural Characteristics and Biological Activity of Mulberry Polysaccharides, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To investigate the effects of fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 14917), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 9763), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 9327) on the structural characteristics and bioactivities of mulberry polysaccharides (MPs). Methods: Three fermented MPs (MFP-Z, MFP-N, MFP-K) and an unfermented control (MFP) were prepared using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Their structural features were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC). The antioxidant, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities were systematically evaluated in vitro. Results: Fermentation significantly increased the yield and total sugar content of MPs, while altering their molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions. MFP, MFP-N and MFP-Z consisted of nine monosaccharides (mannose, glucosamine hydrochloride, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose) with distinct molar ratios. MFP-K additionally contained galactosamine hydrochloride. Fermentation with L. plantarum increased the molecular weight of MPs, whereas B. subtilis and S. cerevisiae fermentation reduced it. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed that the major functional groups of MPs were retained after fermentation. For bioactivities, the overall antioxidant capacity followed the order MFP-N>MFP-K>MFP-Z>MFP, and the hypoglycemic activity ranked MFP-N>MFP-Z>MFP-K>MFP. Moreover, MFP-K and MFP-N markedly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and stimulated the secretion of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6. Conclusion: Microbial fermentation can modulate the structure and enhance the bioactivities of mulberry polysaccharides in a strain-dependent manner without damaging the main functional groups. This study provides an effective strategy for the high-value utilization of mulberry polysaccharides in functional foods and pharmaceuticals.

, authors=Baigang ZHANG1, Yue PEI1, Qunhe LI2, Huan ZHOU2, Yujiao ZHANG1, Weiwei JIN2, *, authorsList=Baigang ZHANG, Yue PEI, Qunhe LI, Huan ZHOU, Yujiao ZHANG, Weiwei JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weiwei JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880248158269838, articleId=1320880244261761400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同菌种发酵对桑葚多糖结构特征及生物活性的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探究植物乳杆菌(ATCC 14917)、酿酒酵母(ATCC 9763)和枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC 9327)发酵对桑葚多糖的结构及生物活性的影响。方法:采用超声辅助提取法获得三种发酵多糖(MFP-Z、MFP-N、MFP-K)与未发酵桑葚多糖(MFP),通过高效液相色谱、高效凝胶渗透色谱等方法对四种多糖进行结构表征,并评价其抗氧化、降血糖及免疫调节活性。结果:三种发酵均提高了桑葚多糖的得率和总糖含量,改变了多糖的分子量与单糖组成,其中MFP、MFP-N、MFP-Z是由甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖等9种单糖组成,各单糖相对摩尔比不同,MFP-K除以上9种单糖,另检出氨基半乳糖盐酸盐;分子量结果显示植物乳杆菌发酵使桑葚多糖分子量上升,枯草芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母发酵使其分子量降低。红外光谱显示发酵后桑葚多糖具有典型的多糖化合物吸收特征。四种桑葚多糖的综合抗氧化能力表现为MFP-N>MFP-K>MFP-Z>MFP,降血糖能力表现为MFP-N>MFP-Z>MFP-K>MFP。免疫调节方面,MFP-K与MFP-N能显著激活巨噬细胞提高其吞噬活性,促进NO、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌。结论:发酵可在不破坏多糖主要官能团的前提下调控多糖结构、改善其生物活性,且具有菌株特异性。本研究为天然植物多糖的高效改性提供了新策略,为桑葚多糖在功能食品、药品领域的开发提供了新思路。

, authors=张百刚1, 裴悦1, 李群和2, 周环2, 张玉娇1, 金微微2, *, authorsList=张百刚, 裴悦, 李群和, 周环, 张玉娇, 金微微, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=金微微, authorNote=

张百刚(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
金微微(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学,E-mail:。
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张百刚(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

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张百刚(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

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注:1-甘露糖;2-盐酸氨基葡萄糖;3-鼠李糖;4-葡萄糖醛酸;5-半乳糖醛酸;6-氨基半乳糖盐酸盐;7-葡萄糖;8-半乳糖;9-木糖;10-阿拉伯糖;11-岩藻糖。

, figureFileSmall=LMhEioMvAtHZ7uXTd7DhUg==, figureFileBig=8av/+xqJ78H2w0tfGqIuCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253027856837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=DPPH radical scavenging activity of four types of mulberry polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=AqeKcam2tUnqF3jXP6n0mA==, figureFileBig=7B7k7boToA9lunWAeKuZ9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253107548614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=CN, label=图5, caption=四种桑葚多糖的 DPPH 自由基清除能力

注:不同小写字母表示相同浓度下不同样品有显著性差异(P<0.05),图6~图7同。

, figureFileSmall=AqeKcam2tUnqF3jXP6n0mA==, figureFileBig=7B7k7boToA9lunWAeKuZ9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253199823303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of four types of mulberry polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=/15UWJNQFKELmzrsiCgogA==, figureFileBig=kmfKc8j4iyuUGBackherxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253271126472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=CN, label=图6, caption=四种桑葚多糖的ABTS+自由基清除能力, figureFileSmall=/15UWJNQFKELmzrsiCgogA==, figureFileBig=kmfKc8j4iyuUGBackherxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253350818249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Inhibitory effects of four kinds of mulberry polysaccharides on α-glucosidase (A) and α-amylase (B), figureFileSmall=/l4/OhbY36JeLiH1u4/1qg==, figureFileBig=NlIOE2pvEwdkO00zrxOyeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253417927114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=CN, label=图7, caption=四种桑葚多糖对ɑ-葡萄糖苷酶(A)、ɑ-淀粉酶(B)的抑制能力, figureFileSmall=/l4/OhbY36JeLiH1u4/1qg==, figureFileBig=NlIOE2pvEwdkO00zrxOyeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253485035979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of four mulberry polysaccharides on the cell proliferation activity of RAW264.7, figureFileSmall=Zm6qqOscPkzE48ZBo+c9OA==, figureFileBig=lztIu3H4azyjSvrQInQBBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253552144844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=CN, label=图8, caption=四种桑葚多糖对 RAW264.7 细胞的增殖活性影响

注:与Control组相比,ns表示P>0.05;*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01;***表示P<0.001,图9~图10同。

, figureFileSmall=Zm6qqOscPkzE48ZBo+c9OA==, figureFileBig=lztIu3H4azyjSvrQInQBBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253615059405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of four mulberry polysaccharides on phagocytosis activity of RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=8TRgPFc3Wn1WHAjtiNBHNw==, figureFileBig=QgxgvRRLCbnIFd23KoDY+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253690556878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=CN, label=图9, caption=四种桑葚多糖对 RAW264.7 细胞的吞噬活性影响, figureFileSmall=8TRgPFc3Wn1WHAjtiNBHNw==, figureFileBig=QgxgvRRLCbnIFd23KoDY+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253753471439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effects of four kinds of mulberry polysaccharides on NO content (A), TNF-α content (B), and IL-6 content (C) in RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=ZQkoYpnKRM69X/kQ2Z2Tpw==, figureFileBig=GlgO6KvPS0m3Vl7KbWJ0cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253824774608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=CN, label=图10, caption=四种桑葚多糖对 RAW264.7 细胞NO含量(A)、TNF-ɑ含量(B)、IL-6含量(C)影响, figureFileSmall=ZQkoYpnKRM69X/kQ2Z2Tpw==, figureFileBig=GlgO6KvPS0m3Vl7KbWJ0cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253896077777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Polysaccharide yield, total sugar content, protein content and uronic acid content of the four mulberry polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类别多糖得率
(%)
总糖含量
(%)
蛋白质含量
(%)
糖醛酸含量
(%)
MFP3.65±0.68d33.98±0.83c1.43±0.19a13.93±0.16d
MFP-N4.79±0.56a65.01±0.61a0.21±0.01a42.50±0.28c
MFP-K4.60±0.46b61.67±0.62a0.71±0.16a47.88±0.37a
MFP-Z4.09±0.71c55.23±0.97b0.96±0.29a46.51±0.41b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880253963186642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四种桑葚多糖的多糖得率、总糖含量、蛋白含量及糖醛酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类别多糖得率
(%)
总糖含量
(%)
蛋白质含量
(%)
糖醛酸含量
(%)
MFP3.65±0.68d33.98±0.83c1.43±0.19a13.93±0.16d
MFP-N4.79±0.56a65.01±0.61a0.21±0.01a42.50±0.28c
MFP-K4.60±0.46b61.67±0.62a0.71±0.16a47.88±0.37a
MFP-Z4.09±0.71c55.23±0.97b0.96±0.29a46.51±0.41b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880254042878419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of molecular weight distribution of four mulberry polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称保留时间(min)Mp(Da)Mw(Da)Mn(Da)峰面积占比(%)多分散性指数(Mw/Mn)
MFP25.999831691103034471518918.621.44
31.70574517842015320555.541.58
38.42921283851139325.842.76
MFP-N33.068405521099591032810010.65
MFP-K31.7772416936885591265.521.68
35.097150858394392134.482.14
MFP-Z31.366862463162405046888.846.27
37.4839183018212611.161.42
), ArticleFig(id=1320880254126764500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

四种桑葚多糖的分子量分布结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称保留时间(min)Mp(Da)Mw(Da)Mn(Da)峰面积占比(%)多分散性指数(Mw/Mn)
MFP25.999831691103034471518918.621.44
31.70574517842015320555.541.58
38.42921283851139325.842.76
MFP-N33.068405521099591032810010.65
MFP-K31.7772416936885591265.521.68
35.097150858394392134.482.14
MFP-Z31.366862463162405046888.846.27
37.4839183018212611.161.42
), ArticleFig(id=1320880254189679061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Monosaccharide composition and molar percentage of the four mulberry polysaccharides (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖MFPMFP-NMFP-KMFP-Z
甘露糖4.3213.2983.2632.796
盐酸氨基葡萄糖1.1991.1071.6520.746
鼠李糖24.17423.25510.16927.654
葡萄糖醛酸7.9987.5907.1467.710
半乳糖醛酸9.92616.84816.09018.806
氨基半乳糖盐酸盐−−0.620−
葡萄糖12.40812.70412.1426.047
半乳糖18.27118.73027.79619.094
木糖1.6661.5081.6041.388
阿拉伯糖20.03814.96019.51715.759
岩藻糖−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320880254265176534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880244261761400, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

四种桑葚多糖的单糖组成及摩尔百分比(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖MFPMFP-NMFP-KMFP-Z
甘露糖4.3213.2983.2632.796
盐酸氨基葡萄糖1.1991.1071.6520.746
鼠李糖24.17423.25510.16927.654
葡萄糖醛酸7.9987.5907.1467.710
半乳糖醛酸9.92616.84816.09018.806
氨基半乳糖盐酸盐−−0.620−
葡萄糖12.40812.70412.1426.047
半乳糖18.27118.73027.79619.094
木糖1.6661.5081.6041.388
阿拉伯糖20.03814.96019.51715.759
岩藻糖−−−−
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不同菌种发酵对桑葚多糖结构特征及生物活性的影响
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张百刚 1 , 裴悦 1 , 李群和 2 , 周环 2 , 张玉娇 1 , 金微微 2, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(15): 237-247
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (15) : 237 -247
不同菌种发酵对桑葚多糖结构特征及生物活性的影响
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张百刚1 , 裴悦1, 李群和2, 周环2, 张玉娇1, 金微微2, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730050
  • 2温州市农科院温州市特色食品资源工程技术研究中心,全省食用农产品资源挖掘与高值利用重点实验室,浙江温州 325006
通讯作者:
金微微(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张百刚(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

Effect of Fermentation Modification on the Structural Characteristics and Biological Activity of Mulberry Polysaccharides
Baigang ZHANG1 , Yue PEI1, Qunhe LI2, Huan ZHOU2, Yujiao ZHANG1, Weiwei JIN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Wenzhou Characteristic Food Resources Engineering and Technology Research Center, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agri-food Resources and High-value Utilization, Wenzhou 325006, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090100
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目的:探究植物乳杆菌(ATCC 14917)、酿酒酵母(ATCC 9763)和枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC 9327)发酵对桑葚多糖的结构及生物活性的影响。方法:采用超声辅助提取法获得三种发酵多糖(MFP-Z、MFP-N、MFP-K)与未发酵桑葚多糖(MFP),通过高效液相色谱、高效凝胶渗透色谱等方法对四种多糖进行结构表征,并评价其抗氧化、降血糖及免疫调节活性。结果:三种发酵均提高了桑葚多糖的得率和总糖含量,改变了多糖的分子量与单糖组成,其中MFP、MFP-N、MFP-Z是由甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖等9种单糖组成,各单糖相对摩尔比不同,MFP-K除以上9种单糖,另检出氨基半乳糖盐酸盐;分子量结果显示植物乳杆菌发酵使桑葚多糖分子量上升,枯草芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母发酵使其分子量降低。红外光谱显示发酵后桑葚多糖具有典型的多糖化合物吸收特征。四种桑葚多糖的综合抗氧化能力表现为MFP-N>MFP-K>MFP-Z>MFP,降血糖能力表现为MFP-N>MFP-Z>MFP-K>MFP。免疫调节方面,MFP-K与MFP-N能显著激活巨噬细胞提高其吞噬活性,促进NO、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌。结论:发酵可在不破坏多糖主要官能团的前提下调控多糖结构、改善其生物活性,且具有菌株特异性。本研究为天然植物多糖的高效改性提供了新策略,为桑葚多糖在功能食品、药品领域的开发提供了新思路。

桑葚多糖  /  发酵修饰  /  免疫活性  /  抗氧化  /  降血糖

Objective: To investigate the effects of fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 14917), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 9763), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 9327) on the structural characteristics and bioactivities of mulberry polysaccharides (MPs). Methods: Three fermented MPs (MFP-Z, MFP-N, MFP-K) and an unfermented control (MFP) were prepared using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Their structural features were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC). The antioxidant, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities were systematically evaluated in vitro. Results: Fermentation significantly increased the yield and total sugar content of MPs, while altering their molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions. MFP, MFP-N and MFP-Z consisted of nine monosaccharides (mannose, glucosamine hydrochloride, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose) with distinct molar ratios. MFP-K additionally contained galactosamine hydrochloride. Fermentation with L. plantarum increased the molecular weight of MPs, whereas B. subtilis and S. cerevisiae fermentation reduced it. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed that the major functional groups of MPs were retained after fermentation. For bioactivities, the overall antioxidant capacity followed the order MFP-N>MFP-K>MFP-Z>MFP, and the hypoglycemic activity ranked MFP-N>MFP-Z>MFP-K>MFP. Moreover, MFP-K and MFP-N markedly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and stimulated the secretion of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6. Conclusion: Microbial fermentation can modulate the structure and enhance the bioactivities of mulberry polysaccharides in a strain-dependent manner without damaging the main functional groups. This study provides an effective strategy for the high-value utilization of mulberry polysaccharides in functional foods and pharmaceuticals.

mulberry polysaccharide  /  fermentation modification  /  immunological activity  /  antioxidant activity  /  hypoglycemic activity
张百刚, 裴悦, 李群和, 周环, 张玉娇, 金微微. 不同菌种发酵对桑葚多糖结构特征及生物活性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 237 -247 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090100
Baigang ZHANG, Yue PEI, Qunhe LI, Huan ZHOU, Yujiao ZHANG, Weiwei JIN. Effect of Fermentation Modification on the Structural Characteristics and Biological Activity of Mulberry Polysaccharides[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 237 -247 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090100
桑葚为桑科桑属植物果实,在世界各地均有栽培,尤以欧洲、亚洲和非洲为多[1]。桑葚具有很高的营养价值和保健功能,享有“中华果圣”之美称,并于1988年被原国家卫生部列入“药食同源”目录[2]。其果实富含多种生物活性成分,主要包括多糖、多酚、黄酮、白藜芦醇、氨基酸、挥发油及生物碱等[3]。其中多糖作为由十个以上单糖分子通过糖苷键连接而成的天然大分子化合物,广泛存在于动植物、藻类、微生物中[4]。已有研究表明,桑葚多糖具有抗氧化[5]、抗肿瘤[6]、降血糖[7]、免疫调节[8]等多种生物活性,因而成为近年来天然产物研究的热点之一。
大量研究表明,多糖的生物活性与其分子量、化学结构和构象有很大的关系[9]。然而,传统提取工艺如水提醇沉法所得的多糖常因分子量分布宽泛或活性基团掩蔽等问题,导致其生物活性未能充分释放,为突破这一局限,研究者提出了多糖分子修饰策略。目前常见的修饰方式包括化学修饰与物理修饰,这两类修饰方法虽可在不同程度上增强多糖的水溶性与生物活性,但物理修饰易破坏糖环完整性,而化学修饰可能带来有机溶剂的残留,对生物体产生一定的毒副作用。相较之下,发酵修饰多糖依托微生物在温和条件下的多酶协同与代谢调控,实现对天然多糖的结构重塑,并且工艺绿色环保,避免了化学试剂的潜在毒性。已有研究表明,发酵修饰会使植物多糖的分子量、单糖组成及其它结构发生改变,可以提升多糖的生物活性,例如,Tian等[10]利用益生菌Bacillus sp. DU-106发酵铁皮石斛茎部多糖,发现发酵后铁皮石斛多糖的分子量、单糖组成和分支情况发生改变,同时显著增强铁皮石斛多糖的免疫调节活性;Du等[11]通过复合益生菌(枯草芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和酿酒酵母)对甘草进行发酵,引起了甘草叶片表面形态的变化,降低了甘草叶多糖的分子量,且发酵后甘草叶多糖具有更高的抗氧化活性;Wang等[12]通过酿酒酵母CICC 32883对山药多糖进行发酵,发酵后山药多糖的单糖组成发生改变,多糖分子量和多分散系数下降,抗氧化活性得到了提升。
目前对于发酵改性多糖的研究主要集中在单一菌种,多种菌种对比分析的研究相对较少,且通过微生物发酵改性桑葚多糖尚未见广泛报道。基于此,本研究选取了三种食品级安全菌株植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌,利用其差异化的代谢途径与酶系进行发酵修饰。对发酵前后的桑葚多糖进行初步结构表征和生物活性比较,旨在探讨微生物发酵对多糖结构重塑及功能增强的作用规律,为改良多糖结构与活性提供新思路,为桑葚多糖在食品和保健品中的应用提供科学依据。
桑葚干果 产地浙江金华,经鉴定品种为无籽大十;植物乳杆菌(ATCC 14917)、酿酒酵母(ATCC 9763)、枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC 9327) 规格均为冻干粉,美国菌种保藏中心;RAW264.7 细胞(小鼠单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞) 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;D354-FD大孔树脂 和成新材料科技有限公司;单糖标准品、ɑ-淀粉酶(α-AMY,100 U/mg)、ɑ-葡萄糖苷酶(α-GLS,50 U/mg)、对硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG) 上海源叶有限公司;DMEM高糖完全培养基(含10%FBS) 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;脂多糖(LPS) 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;CCK8试剂盒 美国APE×BIO;中性红细胞增殖及细胞毒性检测试剂盒、NO含量检测Griess试剂盒、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)ELISA试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;正丁醇 分析纯,新乡市恒兴化学试剂有限公司;浓硫酸(优级纯)、三氯甲烷(分析纯) 浙江中兴化工试剂有限公司;苯酚 分析纯,广东光华科技股份有限公司;无水葡萄糖、牛血清蛋白、考马斯亮蓝G250、间羟基联苯、DPPH、ABTS 分析纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
UV-1800PC-DS2紫外可见分光光度计 上海美谱达仪器有限公司;3-18KS离心机 SIGMA公司;R-215旋转蒸发仪 瑞士BUCHI公司;SCIENTZ-100FG冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝设备有限公司;戴安U3000高效液相色谱仪、Nicolet iZ-10傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 Thermo公司;LC-DCY-12GK氮吹仪 上海力辰邦西仪器科技;Waters 2707自动进样器、Waters2414示差检测器、Waters 1515高效液相色谱仪 美国Waters Corporation;Ohpak SB-804 HQ、Ohpak SB-806M HQ聚合物基质水溶性SEC(GFC)色谱柱 日本Shoko Science Co., Ltd.;3503-2无菌培养箱 美国Sheldon Manufacturing;KQ 400SM型超声清洗器  昆山市超声仪器有限公司。
取500 g桑葚于烘箱65 ℃烘干48 h,然后粉碎,将粉碎后的桑葚粉末加入三倍体积的95%乙醇,70 ℃回流加热搅拌3 h,反复脱脂至上清液接近无色[13],将脱脂后的桑葚样品置于烘箱55 ℃,50 min烘干,过0.18 mm筛网,得桑葚粉末备用。参照王振伟[14]的方法,根据响应面法得出的最佳提取条件进行桑葚多糖的提取,称取适量桑椹粉末按液料比20 mL/g加入去离子水常温浸泡过夜后超声提取,提取温度55 ℃,超声功率180 W,时间30 min,频率30 kHz,提取结束后过滤取上清,残渣再重复提取1次后合并滤液,将滤液浓缩,加入4倍体积无水乙醇,充分搅拌后密封避光置于4 ℃静置醇沉过夜,于3000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清液收集沉淀得桑葚粗多糖。
采用Sevag法[15]除蛋白,向多糖溶液中加入其体积三分之一的Sevag溶液(正丁醇:三氯甲烷=1:4),混匀反应15 min,于6000 r/min离心10 min,取最上层溶液,重复以上操作,直至两相间无乳白色絮状物为止,之后用旋转蒸发仪去除残留的三氯甲烷。使用D-354FD大孔树脂对样品进行脱色处理,取除蛋白后的多糖溶液300 mL上柱吸附,流速为2 mL/min,纯水洗脱柱中残留多糖溶液,流速为2 mL/min,收集洗脱液浓缩后转移至截留分子量7000 Da的透析袋内,置于纯水中透析48 h,冷冻干燥得桑葚多糖MFP。
根据菌种说明书配制三种菌所需的培养基,分别称取5.4 g MRS肉汤培养基、2.5 g LB培养基、5.0 g YPD培养基,100 mL蒸馏水溶解,121 ℃高压灭菌20 min。4 ℃冷藏待用(MRS用于植物乳杆菌,LB用于枯草芽孢杆菌,YPD用于酿酒酵母)。菌种复苏:将在甘油中保存的菌种在30 °C水浴中快速解冻,按接种量4%分别吸取菌液400 μL接种到相应的10 mL液体培养基中,分别将植物乳杆菌置于37 ℃恒温静置培养24 h,枯草芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母于30 ℃恒温静置培养48 h,以恢复菌种活性。
称取适量桑葚粉末按20 mL/g加入超纯水充分搅拌使其分散均匀,121 ℃高压灭菌20 min,冷却至室温后,按照4%的接菌量分别接种三种菌种,将植物乳杆菌置于37 ℃、枯草芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母于30 ℃恒温培养24 h。发酵后进行二次灭菌,按1.2.1方法超声提取多糖,经初步纯化得植物乳杆菌发酵后桑葚多糖(MFP-Z)、酿酒酵母发酵后桑葚多糖(MFP-N)、枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后桑葚多糖(MFP-K)。
采用硫酸-苯酚法测定样品的总糖含量[16];采用考马斯亮蓝法[17]测定样品的蛋白质含量;采用间羟基联苯法测定样品糖醛酸含量[18];多糖得率按以下公式计算:
$ \rm{多糖得率}({\text{%}})=\frac{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{M}}\times 100 $
式中:m是冷冻干燥后桑葚多糖的质量(g);M是桑葚粉末的质量(g)。
配制1 mg/mL多糖样品溶液,在200~600 nm波长范围内进行紫外扫描,分析多糖纯度。
取冻干后的桑葚多糖样品,按1:100质量比与溴化钾充分研磨后,压成半透明片,在傅里叶变换红外光谱仪下扫描,扫描波数范围4000~400 cm−1[19]。
准确称取多糖样品5 mg,向样品中加入0.05 mol/L NaCl溶液1 mL,配制成5 mg/mL供试样品溶液,8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液用0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤,然后将样品转置于2 mL进样瓶中备用。采用HPGPC法,使用高效凝胶渗透色谱串联柱进行检测。色谱条件:聚合物基质水溶性SEC(GFC)色谱柱(8×300 mm)2根串联,流动相0.05 mol/L NaCl溶液,流速0.50 mL/min,柱温40 ℃,进样量30 μL,洗脱时间60 min。
依次称取鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖盐酸盐单糖各5 mg,岩藻糖10 mg,溶解后用容量瓶定容至10 mL,配制成标准品母液。再分别配制质量浓度梯度的标准溶液,过0.22 μm微孔滤膜后装入进样瓶中。
取干净色谱瓶,精确称量多糖样品5 mg,加入1 mL 2 mol/L TFA酸溶液,121 ℃加热2 h。通氮气,吹干。加入3 mL甲醇清洗,再吹干,重复甲醇清洗2~3次。加入1 mL无菌水溶解,转入色谱瓶中待测。
取单糖标准品溶液或多糖水解液0.2 mL于具塞尖底离心管,加入0.2 mL 0.5 mol/L NaOH溶液,0.5 mL 0.5 mol/L PMP甲醇溶液,涡旋混匀后于70 ℃水浴中反应1 h,反应完成后加0.2 mL 0.5 mol/L盐酸中和所加入的氢氧化钠,加氯仿1 mL涡旋萃取3次除去多余的PMP,弃去氯仿层后,取0.3 mL加水定容至1 mL。
Thermo U3000液相色谱系统,色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX EclipseXDB-C18(4.6×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈:磷酸盐缓冲液(磷酸二氢钾12 g/L,2 mol/L NaOH调整pH至6.8)梯度洗脱,乙腈和磷酸盐缓冲液的体积比为17:83,流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,检测波长250 nm,进样量10 μL,洗脱时间75 min。
采用外标法定量,通过配制不同浓度标样来制定标准曲线,各单糖物质的量比利用标准曲线外标法计算。
参考Yu等[20]的实验方法测定DPPH自由基清除能力。分别配制浓度梯度为0.1、0.15、0.2、0.25、0.3 mg/mL四种桑葚多糖样品溶液。吸取1 mL不同浓度桑葚多糖样品溶液与1 mL DPPH溶液(0.2 mol/L),漩涡仪振荡混匀。室温避光反应30 min,以VC为阳性对照。测定其在517 nm波长下的吸光度。实验重复测定三次,DPPH自由基清除率计算公式如下:
$ \text{DPPH}\mathrm{自由基清除率}({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{3}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品溶液与DPPH溶液的混合溶液的吸光度;A2为样品溶液与无水乙醇的混合溶液的吸光度;A3为无水乙醇与DPPH溶液的混合溶液的吸光度。
参考黄媛媛[21]的方法并稍作修改进行测定。分别配制浓度梯度为0.1、0.15、0.2、0.25、0.3 mg/mL四种桑葚多糖样品溶液。吸取0.4 mL不同浓度桑葚多糖样品溶液与3 mL ABTS+自由基溶液,漩涡仪振荡混匀。室温避光反应30 min,以VC为阳性对照。测定其在723 nm波长下的吸光度。重复测定三次,ABTS+自由基清除率计算公式如下:
$ \text{ABTS}^+\mathrm{自由基清除率}({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{3}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品溶液与ABTS溶液的混合溶液的吸光度;A2为样品溶液与超纯水的混合溶液的吸光度;A3为超纯水与ABTS溶液的混合溶液的吸光度。
参考Gu等[22]方法并稍作修改,测定ɑ-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率,用PBS缓冲液(pH6.8)分别配制浓度梯度为0.5、1、2、4、8 mg/mL的四种桑葚多糖样品溶液,以阿卡波糖为阳性对照,吸取50 μL不同浓度桑葚多糖样品溶液与100 μL ɑ-葡萄糖苷酶溶液(1.5 U/mL),漩涡仪混匀,37 ℃下孵育20 min,再加入100 μL PNPG,继续在37 ℃下孵育10 min,最后加入1 mL Na2CO3溶液(1 mol/L)终止反应。测定其在400 nm波长下的吸光度。实验重复三次,ɑ-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率计算公式如下:
$ \alpha {\text-}葡萄糖苷酶抑制率({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{1}-{\text{A}}_{2}}{{\text{A}}_{3}}\right) \times 100 $
式中:A1为样品溶液和PNPG、ɑ-葡萄糖苷酶的混合溶液吸光度,A2为PBS缓冲液替换酶液的吸光度;A3为PBS缓冲液替换样品溶液的吸光度。
参照陈春[23]的方法并稍作修改,测定ɑ-淀粉酶抑制率,用PBS缓冲液(pH6.8)分别配制浓度梯度为0.5、1、2、4、8 mg/mL的四种桑葚多糖样品溶液,以阿卡波糖为阳性对照,吸取500 μL不同浓度桑葚多糖样品溶液与500 μL ɑ-淀粉酶溶液(2 U/mL),漩涡仪混匀。37 ℃下孵育10 min,再加入500 μL 1%(w/v)可溶性淀粉溶液,继续在37 ℃下孵育10 min,最后加入1 mL DNS溶液并煮沸 5 min以终止反应。冷却至室温后用超纯水定容至10 mL,测定其在520 nm波长下的吸光度。实验重复三次,ɑ-淀粉酶抑制率计算公式如下:
$ \alpha{{\text-}淀粉酶抑制率}({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{1}-{\text{A}}_{2}}{{\text{A}}_{3}}\right) \times 100 $
式中:A1为样品溶液和ɑ-淀粉酶、淀粉溶液的混合溶液吸光度,A2为PBS缓冲液替换酶液的吸光度;A3为PBS缓冲液替换样品溶液的吸光度。
采用CCK-8法[24]分析四种桑葚多糖对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖活性的影响。取对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞以(1×105个,100 μL/孔)接种于96孔板中,置于细胞培养箱中连续培养24 h(培养条件:37 ℃、5% CO2)。设置空白对照组(100 μL DMEM完全培养基),阳性组(1 μg/mL LPS),试验组即分别加入系列浓度的四种多糖样品溶液(终浓度分别为50、200、400、600、800 μg/mL),另设置一个没有细胞的孔为纯空白组,每组3个复孔。继续培养24 h后,每孔加入10 μL CCK8,于培养箱继续培养1 h,于450 nm处测定吸光度。细胞增殖活性计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{细胞增殖活性}({\text{%}})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{3}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{2}-{\mathrm{A}}_{3}}\times 100 $
式中:A1为试验组吸光度;A2为空白对照组吸光度;A3为纯空白组吸光度。
采用中性红法检测四种桑葚多糖对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞吞噬活性的影响,按照1.2.11.1进行细胞处理及分组,继续培养24 h后,弃去旧培养基,用PBS缓冲液洗涤两次,每孔加入200 μL新培养液及20 μL中性红溶液,于培养箱孵育2 h后弃去培养液,用PBS缓冲液洗涤,每孔加入200 μL中性红裂解液,于摇床室温裂解10 min。于540 nm处测定吸光度。相对吞噬率计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{相对吞噬率}({\text{%}}))=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:A1为试验组吸光度;A2为空白组对照组吸光度。
通过Griess法和ELISA法分别测定四种桑葚多糖对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的NO和TNF-α、IL-6分泌水平。按照1.2.11.1进行细胞处理及分组,继续培养24 h后,分别收集各组细胞培养物的上清液。用Griess试剂按照说明书要求检测培养液中的NO含量,用ELISA试剂盒按照说明书要求检测培养液中的TNF-α和IL-6含量。
所有实验均重复3次,结果用平均值±标准偏差表示,使用Excel 2016和SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行统计分析,使用Origin Pro 2021软件作图,P<0.05表示具有显著性差异。
如表1所示,四种桑葚多糖的多糖得率由高到低依次是MFP-N>MFP-K>MFP-Z>MFP;其次相比于MFP,MFP-N、MFP-K、MFP-Z的总糖含量均显著提升(P<0.05),分别提高了31.03%、27.69%、21.25%;此外三种发酵后多糖的糖醛酸含量均高于未发酵多糖,其中MFP-K的糖醛酸含量最高达到47.88%±0.37%,说明发酵不仅提升了桑葚多糖的得率以及总糖含量,还会引起其糖醛酸含量的变化;四种多糖的蛋白质含量均低于2%,表明通过Sevag法除蛋白的效果良好,多糖中仅含少量蛋白质,不影响后续的结构及活性测定。
由图1可以看出MFP、MFP-N、MFP-K、MFP-Z的紫外吸收光谱在260 nm处没有吸收峰,说明四种多糖不含核酸类物质;在280 nm处有微弱的吸收峰,说明四种桑葚多糖含有微量蛋白质。
四种桑葚多糖的红外光谱结果如图2所示,四种多糖在3410、2930、1733、1613、1421、1072、894、816 cm−1左右均具有吸收峰。其中3410 cm−1处有宽而强的吸收峰归属于多糖分子中O-H伸缩振动[25],表明四种桑葚多糖样品中存在羟基(-OH)基团;2930 cm−1处的吸收峰为C-H伸缩振动[26];在1700 cm−1附近的吸收峰表明糖醛酸的存在[27],提示桑葚多糖中存在糖醛酸;1613、1421 cm−1左右出现吸收峰,被证实为末端糖残基或糖醛酸中的羰基C=O振动和C-O伸缩振动[25];1072 cm−1左右出现的强吸收峰来源于C-O-C和C-O-H键的伸缩振动,是吡喃糖的特征峰[28];894 cm−1处的吸收峰可鉴定为β-型糖苷键的变形振动[29],表明多糖主链以β-构型连接;816 cm−1处吸收峰可能来源于甘露糖或半乳糖的α-构型环振动。
以上结果表明发酵并未改变桑葚多糖的主体结构,四种桑葚多糖均具有典型的多糖化合物吸收特征,为含β-糖苷键的酸性多糖。与之相符,屈雅宁等[30]在通过干酪乳杆菌发酵豆粉粗多糖的研究中,亦发现发酵后豆粉粗多糖的红外光谱上含典型的多糖化合物吸收特征。
如表2和图3所示,MFP由三个组分所构成,据峰面积加权Mw为239.5 kDa,Mn为163.1 kDa;多分散性指数为1.47,为中等分散体系;MFP-N仅有一个组分,Mw为109.959 kDa,Mn为 10.328 kDa;多分散性指数为10.65,分布显著变宽;MFP-K由两个组分组成,据峰面积加权Mw为64.28 kDa,Mn为37 kDa,多分散性指数为1.69;相较MFP,Mw明显降低而分散度仅小幅上升;MFP-Z由两个组分组成,据峰面积加权Mw为281.3 kDa,Mn为45.1 kDa,多分散性指数为6.24,提示存在高分子量长尾或潜在聚集体导致的宽分散。
总体而言四种多糖的Mw顺序为:MFP-Z>MFP>MFP-N>MFP-K;分散度为:MFP-N>MFP-Z>MFP-K>MFP。对比三种菌种发酵对桑葚多糖分子量的影响,发现枯草芽孢杆菌与酿酒酵母发酵降低了桑葚多糖的分子量,而植物乳杆菌发酵使其分子量增加。另外,相比之下MFP-K是三种发酵后多糖中多分散性指数最低的,说明其均一性最好。由此可见,不同菌种发酵处理对桑葚多糖的分子量分布产生了特异性影响。有研究对比了发酵前后多糖的链接方式和NMR谱图,推测发酵主要是通过“断裂多糖链”来改变分子量的[31]。Pei等[32]通过鼠李糖乳杆菌和酿酒酵母发酵蓝靛果,发现两种发酵后蓝靛果多糖的分子量均低于未发酵蓝靛果多糖。孙圆等[33]利用灰树花对糠麸进行发酵,发现相比未发酵糠麸多糖,发酵后糠麸多糖其分子量从10.77 kDa提高至24.07 kDa。上述研究亦证实了并非所有发酵都会使多糖的分子量降低,发酵对多糖分子量的调控具有菌株特异性。
如表3和图4所示,MFP、MFP-N、MFP-Z是由相同的9种单糖组成的,分别是甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,而MFP-K除了以上9种单糖外还检测出了少量的氨基半乳糖盐酸盐。四种多糖的单糖比例各不相同,存在显著差异,其中MFP-N中占比较高的单糖是鼠李糖23.255%、半乳糖18.730%、半乳糖醛酸16.848%,MFP-K中占比较高的单糖是半乳糖27.796%、阿拉伯糖19.517%、半乳糖醛酸16.090%,MFP-Z中占比较高的单糖是鼠李糖27.654%、半乳糖19.094%、半乳糖醛酸18.806%,MFP中占比较高的单糖是鼠李糖24.174%、阿拉伯糖20.038%、半乳糖18.271%。
结果表明MFP以中性糖为主,酸性糖半乳糖醛酸仅占9.926%,相比于MFP,发酵后的三种多糖半乳糖醛酸的占比均显著提升。原因可能是微生物在发酵过程中分泌的果胶酶类如果胶裂解酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶,将桑葚细胞壁中原有的果胶类物质降解,释放出更多的半乳糖醛酸,使其在多糖组分中的相对含量增加。张志红[34]在研究芦笋多糖时,发现发酵改变了芦笋多糖的单糖组成,降低了中性糖的含量,增加了葡萄糖醛酸和半乳糖醛酸的含量,这与本研究得出的结果相似。
另外在解析发酵后多糖的单糖组成变化时,需考虑发酵菌体自身多糖的潜在贡献。酿酒酵母细胞壁富含以甘露糖为主要成分的甘露聚糖[35];枯草芽孢杆菌的细胞壁以含有氨基葡萄糖的肽聚糖为特征[36];而植物乳杆菌能合成以葡萄糖、半乳糖等为主要单糖的胞外多糖[37]。在本研究中,发酵后样品MFP-N、MFP-K、MFP-Z的甘露糖与氨基葡萄糖含量均未出现明显升高,同时,MFP-Z中葡萄糖含量的显著下降也与植物乳杆菌引入葡聚糖类胞外多糖的预期趋势相反。这些数据表明,在本实验采用的发酵与纯化工艺下,菌体自身多糖的引入对最终产物组成的影响程度较低,观察到的单糖组成变化主要源于微生物酶系对桑葚多糖结构的特异性修饰。但由于发酵过程与多糖结构的复杂性,目前对于发酵过程中是否存在菌种自身多糖混入这一疑问,相关报道仍较为有限,有待进一步深入探讨。
如图5所示,在实验设置的浓度范围内,四种桑葚多糖对DPPH自由基均有一定的清除能力,清除活性均呈现浓度依赖性。EC50值指达到最大效应的50%时所需的样品浓度,EC50值越小代表抗氧化活性越强,经计算得知MFP-N、MFP-K、MFP-Z、MFP与VC的EC50值依次是0.039、0.058、0.110、0.163、0.0003 mg/mL,可以看出三种发酵后桑葚多糖DPPH自由基清除能力均明显高于未发酵多糖。有研究发现发酵可使多糖分子量下降、溶解性提高,暴露还原端与羟基位点,进而提升对DPPH自由基的清除能力,这是多糖类抗氧化活性在发酵后常增强的直接原因之一[38−39],而本研究中枯草芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母发酵均引起桑葚的多糖分子量下降,且由EC50值可以看出 MFP-N和MFP-K表现出的清除活性最优,故推测低分子量多糖具有较强的提供电子或者氢原子能力进而提升了多糖的抗氧化活性。
如图6所示,四种桑葚多糖对ABTS+自由基的清除率随着多糖浓度的增加而不断增加。在浓度为0.25 mg/mL时,三种发酵后多糖的清除率趋于稳定,MFP-N、MFP-K的ABTS+自由基清除率较高,分别达到了96.33%±0.50%、94.42%±0.30%,MFP-Z的清除率相对较低为79.55%±0.36%。MFP-N、MFP-K、MFP-Z、MFP与VC的EC50值分别是0.102、0.127、0.183、0.298、0.015 mg/mL。其中MFP的ABTS+自由基清除率最低,在浓度0.3 mg/mL时仅为66.79%,显著低于阳性对照VC与三种发酵后多糖(P<0.05)。逄梦玉等[40]也发现发酵提高了桑黄多糖的ABTS+自由基清除率,综合提升了其抗氧化能力。
如图7所示,四种桑葚多糖对ɑ-葡萄糖苷酶和ɑ-淀粉酶均有明显的抑制能力,且呈现出明显的剂量依赖性抑制,随着多糖浓度的增加抑制能力随之提升,在浓度为8 mg/mL时抑制率达到最高。其中MFP-N对ɑ-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制效果最好,抑制率达到了84.94%±0.82%,显著高于其他三种多糖(P<0.05),其次是MFP-Z(83.09%±0.59%)、MFP-K(63.01%±0.60%)、MFP(56.73%±0.71%)。IC50是指半数抑制浓度,即抑制率达到50%时的样品浓度,IC50值越低说明多糖对酶的抑制效果越好,经计算得四种桑葚多糖的IC50值由低到高依次为MFP-N(0.49 mg/mL)、MFP-Z(2.62 mg/mL)、MFP-K(4.86 mg/mL)、MFP(6.76 mg/mL)。
在ɑ-淀粉酶抑制实验中,当多糖浓度为 8 mg/mL时,MFP-N、MFP-K、MFP-Z的抑制率相比于MFP(47.97%±0.73%),分别提升至61.95%±0.58%、52.38%±0.55%、55.56%±0.81%;四种多糖的IC50值由低到高依次为MFP-N(3.4 mg/mL)、MFP-Z(6.16 mg/mL)、MFP-K(6.34 mg/mL)、MFP(8.37 mg/mL),可以看出MFP-N的抑制效果最佳,明显高于MFP-Z、MFP-K、MFP。
综上,四种桑葚多糖具有良好的降血糖活性,微生物发酵显著提升了桑葚多糖的降血糖能力。MFP-N的降糖能力最好,可能是由于酿酒酵母在发酵过程中释放的淀粉酶、半乳糖苷酶使多糖主链糖苷键水解,使其含有较高的总糖含量,可以暴露较多的活性位点,被认为具有较高的降糖活性[21]。
实验采用CCK8法测定MFP、MFP-N、MFP-K、MFP-Z在不同浓度下(50、200、400、600、800 μg/mL)对RAW264.7细胞增殖活性的影响,以确定合适的实验浓度。结果如图8所示,与空白对照组(Control)相比,MFP、MFP-N、MFP-K、MFP-Z在50~800 μg/mL浓度范围内对RAW264.7细胞均具显著的促增殖作用(P<0.05),且在浓度为400 μg/mL时增殖活性均达到了极显著水平(P<0.001)。当浓度达到800 μg/mL时,四种多糖对RAW264.7细胞的增殖率均有所下降,但仍高于空白对照。
结果表明,四种桑葚多糖对RAW264.7细胞均无毒性,为方便后续研究选用50~400 μg/mL的浓度测定多糖对RAW264.7细胞的吞噬活性、NO释放能力及炎症因子释放活性。
巨噬细胞作为重要的免疫调节细胞,在维持免疫系统平衡和防御入侵病原体方面发挥着至关重要的作用[41]。吞噬活性的增强代表了巨噬细胞功能的提升,反映出免疫系统受到激活。因此,通过检测巨噬细胞的吞噬活性,可以评价外源性多糖对机体先天免疫反应的调节作用。结果如图9所示,与空白对照组相比,四种多糖在50~400 μg/mL的浓度范围内均表现出不同程度的免疫增强作用,且呈现出浓度依赖性递增趋势,四种桑葚多糖均能在不同程度上提高RAW264.7细胞的吞噬活性,其中MFP-K、MFP-Z、MFP-N的增强作用在200 μg/mL时达到极显著水平(P<0.001),而MFP在400 μg/mL时达到极显著水平(P<0.001)。以上结果表明,桑葚多糖具有明显的免疫调节潜力,且发酵后多糖对RAW264.7细胞的免疫调节作用优于未发酵多糖。
NO、TNF-α、IL-6是巨噬细胞在受到刺激后产生的典型炎症和免疫因子,在调节炎症和免疫机制过程中具有重要作用[42]。因此,检测巨噬细胞RAW264.7分泌NO、TNF-α和IL-6的水平,可用于评价外源性多糖的免疫增强和免疫调节潜力。如图10所示,与空白对照组相比,四种桑葚多糖均能不同程度地促进RAW264.7细胞分泌NO、TNF-α和IL-6,且具有浓度依赖性。当多糖浓度达到400 μg/mL时促进作用达到最佳,其中分泌NO效果最好的是MFP-K达到了26.40 μmol/L,接近LPS组的37.62 μmol/L,而MFP-Z的增强作用相对较弱为17.30 μmol/L。在TNF-α分泌方面,四种多糖均极显著提高了RAW264.7细胞分泌TNF-α水平(P<0.001),其中MFP-N、MFP-K、MFP-Z在400 μg/mL时分别达到904.98、924.02和907.80 pg/mL,MFP的促进作用仅略低于其他三种发酵后多糖;IL-6分泌方面,在多糖浓度为50 μg/mL时MFP与Control组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但在多糖浓度达到400 μg/mL时,四种桑葚多糖均显示出较强的促免疫因子分泌作用,与Control组相比差异极显著(P<0.001)。
综合分析表明,四种桑葚多糖均以剂量依赖性方式促进RAW264.7细胞NO、TNF-α与IL-6分泌,且发酵组整体强于未发酵组,尤其MFP-K、MFP-N表现最为突出。这一模式与Wang等[43]发现乳酸菌发酵秋葵多糖后免疫因子分泌能力增强的报道相符,与Choi等[44]发现发酵后诺丽果多糖在细胞与小鼠体内同时提升了NO、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的结果一致;且上述研究共同指向两个结构线索:发酵降低了多糖的分子量,使更多活性位点暴露及发酵后多糖糖醛酸等酸性基团富集更有利于巨噬细胞免疫激活,这与本研究中的发现相匹配。
本研究采用酿酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌与植物乳杆菌对桑葚多糖进行发酵修饰,与未发酵多糖相比,三种发酵均显著提高了桑葚多糖的得率及总糖含量,红外光谱结果表明发酵并没有破坏桑葚多糖主要官能团,仍保留了多糖的特征吸收峰;发酵对多糖分子量的影响具有菌株特异性,MFP-K、MFP-N使多糖分子量下降,MFP-Z则使多糖分子量上升;另外发酵改变了桑葚多糖的单糖组成摩尔比,发酵后的三种桑葚多糖半乳糖醛酸含量均显著增加。体外活性实验显示出桑葚多糖具有良好的抗氧化活性、降血糖及免疫调节活性,且发酵显著提升了桑葚多糖的生物活性。不同菌种对比来看,植物乳杆菌在发酵中的关键代谢产物是有机酸,通过酸解作用释放桑葚中的果胶,成为提高半乳糖醛酸比例最显著的菌种;枯草芽孢杆菌因具有复杂的多功能酶系如淀粉酶类、纤维素酶类以及多种糖苷酶,酶解能力远优于另外两种菌,这也是其能降解桑葚多糖的复杂结构使其分子量大幅下降的原因;而酿酒酵母分泌的酶类以碳水化合物代谢相关酶为主,故推测其可部分水解多糖主链糖苷键,提升桑葚多糖的总糖含量进而表现出最优的抗氧化活性和降血糖活性。尽管对于发酵改变多糖结构和生物活性的理解已有所进展,但要全面揭示不同菌种发酵对多糖修饰原理,还需通过进一步的实验定性定量分析发酵液中的小分子代谢产物、酶类及活性物质,明确菌株代谢产物的种类及功能贡献。总体来说,发酵是一种可行的多糖修饰方法,且修饰作用具有菌株特异性,可用于定向改变多糖的分子量及单糖组成,提高多糖的生物活性。研究结果为天然植物多糖的高效改性提供了新策略,为桑葚多糖的应用提供了新思路,尤其为开发天然抗氧化剂、降血糖及免疫调节功能食品提供了实验依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090100
  • 接收时间:2025-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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    1兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730050
    2温州市农科院温州市特色食品资源工程技术研究中心,全省食用农产品资源挖掘与高值利用重点实验室,浙江温州 325006

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金微微(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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