Article(id=1320880241518691118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757260800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851990345, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851990345, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851990345, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851990345, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=224, endPage=236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880243339019056, articleId=1320880241518691118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Akkermansia muciniphila in Ameliorating Intestinal Barrier Damage, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Previous research found that Hericium erinaceus-derived peptide (Lys-Ser-Pro-Leu-Tyr, KSPLY) ameliorated intestinal barrier injury and increased the abundance of the gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. To investigate the role of A.muciniphila in improving intestinal barrier damage, a barrier injury model was established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Caco-2 cells. The cells were treated with different concentrations of A.muciniphila, its cellular components, or its metabolic products. Untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze metabolite profiles, cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay, and mRNA expression levels of mucin-related factors, inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis-related factors, and key MAPK signaling pathway proteins were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Compared to the LPS group, significant upregulation of Muc2 mRNA relative expression was observed by 16.75% and 11.57% after treatment with A.muciniphila at 107 and 105 CFU/mL, respectively, while TFF3 mRNA relative expression was increased by 12.38% and 9.71%. Treatment with the A.muciniphila cell wall resulted in an 18.71% increase in Muc2 mRNA relative expression and a 13.28% increase in TFF3 mRNA relative expression. The major metabolites of A.muciniphila—L-aspartic acid, L-histidine, citric acid, and kynurenic acid—were found to enhance Muc2 mRNA relative expression by 18.09%, 20.29%, 23.67%, and 18.61%, respectively, and TFF3 mRNA relative expression by 10.22%, 10.21%, 10.29%, and 10.98%. Furthermore, the mRNA relative expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), pro-apoptotic factors (Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8), pro-apoptotic proteins (p21, p27), and key MAPK pathway components (p38, JNK, ERK) was significantly downregulated by A.muciniphila, its cell wall, and its key metabolites. In conclusion, A.muciniphila and its cell wall components and primary metabolites can alleviate intestinal barrier injury, likely by inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the active substances and mechanisms by which A.muciniphila improves intestinal barrier damage.

, authors=Boyi WEI1, Bing LI2, Haoru ZHAO1, Zhengye JI1, Ruyi CHEN1, Fei PEI1, Wenjian YANG1, Anxiang SU1, *, authorsList=Boyi WEI, Bing LI, Haoru ZHAO, Zhengye JI, Ruyi CHEN, Fei PEI, Wenjian YANG, Anxiang SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Anxiang SU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880248313463630, articleId=1320880241518691118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌改善肠道屏障损伤的作用机制研究, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本课题组前期研究发现,猴头菇多肽(Lys-Ser-Pro-Leu-Tyr,KSPLY)能够改善肠道屏障损伤,同时能增加肠道菌嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)的丰度,为了探讨A.muciniphila在改善肠道屏障损伤中的作用,本研究采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导Caco-2细胞建立屏障损伤细胞模型,分别采用不同浓度A.muciniphila、菌体组分和菌代谢产物处理细胞,结合非靶向代谢组学、CCK-8法及荧光定量PCR技术,评估细胞活力、黏液相关因子表达、炎症因子、凋亡相关因子及MAPK信号通路关键蛋白的mRNA表达变化。结果显示与LPS组相比,当A.muciniphila浓度为107和105 CFU/mL时,Caco-2细胞Muc2 mRNA的相对表达量显著升高,分别增加16.75%和11.57%,TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量分别增加12.38%和9.71%;A.muciniphila细胞壁处理后,与LPS组相比,Caco-2细胞Muc2 mRNA的相对表达量增加18.71%,TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量增加13.28%;A.muciniphila主要代谢产物L-天冬氨酸(L-aspartic acid)、L-组氨酸(L-histidine)、柠檬酸(Citric acid)和犬尿酸(Kynurenic acid)诱导Caco-2细胞Muc2 mRNA的相对表达量增加18.09%、20.29%、23.67%、18.61%;细胞TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量分别上升10.22%、10.21%、10.29%、10.98%。与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila及其细胞壁和主要代谢产物处理后,Caco-2细胞促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降;细胞促凋亡因子Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8 以及促凋亡蛋白p21和p27 mRNA的相对表达量显著降低;MAPK信号通路中三个关键蛋白p38、JNK、ERK mRNA的相对表达量显著下降。综上所述,A.muciniphila可通过细胞壁及主要代谢产物,抑制MAPK信号通路激活,修复受损的肠道屏障。本研究为完善A.muciniphila在改善肠道屏障损伤中的作用物质及作用机制提供了理论基础。

, authors=韦博艺1, 李冰2, 赵浩如1, 纪正业1, 陈如意1, 裴斐1, 杨文建1, 苏安祥1, *, authorsList=韦博艺, 李冰, 赵浩如, 纪正业, 陈如意, 裴斐, 杨文建, 苏安祥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=苏安祥, authorNote=

韦博艺(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与功能,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
苏安祥(1984−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与功能、食品安全控制,E-mail:。
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注:H组为108 CFU/mL;M组为107 CFU/mL;L组为105 CFU/mL;不同字母代表有显著性差异(P<0.05),图2~图14同。

, figureFileSmall=ZofIfNRRGhsARCYuA5CsSw==, figureFileBig=DxrVhAyZovrBp903bzYWig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253262742408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of A.muciniphila on Muc2 and TFF3 secretion by Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=nkrncSBSXt6ObKw72//Hnw==, figureFileBig=MHB5akOmNfZfkjp1HCbysg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253346628489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图2, caption=A.muciniphila菌对Caco-2细胞分泌Muc2和TFF3的影响

注:(A)Muc2 mRNA相对表达量;(B)TFF3 mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=nkrncSBSXt6ObKw72//Hnw==, figureFileBig=MHB5akOmNfZfkjp1HCbysg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253438903178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of A.muciniphila on apoptosis gene mRNA levels in Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=lje8pz/5+5ifprJijqsO0A==, figureFileBig=3IWakFzvnBVKkH8exWT4IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253518594955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图3, caption=A.muciniphila菌对Caco-2细胞凋亡因子mRNA水平的影响

注:(A)Bax mRNA相对表达量;(B)Bcl-w mRNA相对表达量;(C)Caspase-3 mRNA相对表达量;(D)Caspase-8 mRNA相对表达量;(E)p21 mRNA相对表达量;(F)p27 mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=lje8pz/5+5ifprJijqsO0A==, figureFileBig=3IWakFzvnBVKkH8exWT4IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253589898124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of A.muciniphila on mRNA levels of cytokines secreted by Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=4x273r7horQLoxJhMrNvJQ==, figureFileBig=YZcguoNb/xMxut5EcZsFkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253652812685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图4, caption=A.muciniphila菌对Caco-2细胞分泌细胞因子mRNA水平的影响

注:(A)TNF-α mRNA相对表达量;(B)IL-1β mRNA相对表达量;(C)IL-6 mRNA相对表达量;(D)IL-10 mRNA相对表达量;(E)IL-8 mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=4x273r7horQLoxJhMrNvJQ==, figureFileBig=YZcguoNb/xMxut5EcZsFkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253719921550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of A.muciniphila on MAPK pathway in Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=Pb72HADCqaALg3qGmTbjUQ==, figureFileBig=RRUdjPd2mQ5RrW9c/C8Oaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253778641807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图5, caption=A.muciniphila菌对Caco-2细胞中MAPK通路的影响

注:(A)p38 mRNA相对表达量;(B)JNK mRNA相对表达量;(C)ERK mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=Pb72HADCqaALg3qGmTbjUQ==, figureFileBig=RRUdjPd2mQ5RrW9c/C8Oaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253858333584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of A.muciniphila components on Muc2 and TFF3 secretion by Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=dQdSVrX5foXG3N5IaYy1tQ==, figureFileBig=QKAzCffWmW6lxb+z91p5zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880253921248145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图6, caption=A.muciniphila菌体组分对Caco-2细胞分泌Muc2和TFF3的影响

注:(A)Muc2 mRNA相对表达量;(B)TFF3 mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=dQdSVrX5foXG3N5IaYy1tQ==, figureFileBig=QKAzCffWmW6lxb+z91p5zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254009328530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of cellular components of A.muciniphila on apoptosis of Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=BaYT3gqew+O5cJQJjTY35g==, figureFileBig=irCa6zZBS/k2e0PWnwSNww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254093214611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图7, caption=A.muciniphila菌体组分对Caco-2细胞凋亡的影响

注:(A)Bax mRNA相对表达量;(B)Bcl-w mRNA相对表达量;(C)Caspase-3 mRNA相对表达量;(D)Caspase-8 mRNA相对表达量;(E)p21 mRNA相对表达量;(F)p27 mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=BaYT3gqew+O5cJQJjTY35g==, figureFileBig=irCa6zZBS/k2e0PWnwSNww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254164517780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of A.muciniphila components on cytokine secretion by Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=qJAXDl1BLCma5wj98ePm1A==, figureFileBig=euhTWvcMR+wkauwn6midvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254227432341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图8, caption=A.muciniphila菌体组分对Caco-2细胞分泌细胞因子的影响

注:(A)TNF-α mRNA相对表达量;(B)IL-1β mRNA相对表达量;(C)IL-6 mRNA相对表达量;(D)IL-10 mRNA相对表达量;(E)IL-8 mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=qJAXDl1BLCma5wj98ePm1A==, figureFileBig=euhTWvcMR+wkauwn6midvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254307124118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of A.muciniphila components on MAPK signaling pathway of Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=/6ldHSzMn9wokTzGlFB7sQ==, figureFileBig=/7WYE8DOPscT+Ms96UmNhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254370038679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图9, caption=A.muciniphila菌体组分对Caco-2细胞MAPK信号通路的影响

注:(A)p38 mRNA相对表达量;(B)JNK mRNA相对表达量;(C)ERK mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=/6ldHSzMn9wokTzGlFB7sQ==, figureFileBig=/7WYE8DOPscT+Ms96UmNhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254432953240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of main metabolites of A.maciniphila on the activity of Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=WLrPV01oVUA7kb2jdW/4bQ==, figureFileBig=ySzMn9c9fqr1jFzl77NwcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254495867801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图10, caption=A.muciniphila菌主要代谢产物对Caco-2细胞活性的影响, figureFileSmall=WLrPV01oVUA7kb2jdW/4bQ==, figureFileBig=ySzMn9c9fqr1jFzl77NwcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254562976666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Effect of main metabolites of A.maciniphila on Muc2 and TFF3 secretion by Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=zVnyhKpGpEvxjM4u7nHFZA==, figureFileBig=vyL4ErkfemuVcUwraidw8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254621696923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图11, caption=A.muciniphila菌主要代谢产物对Caco-2细胞分泌Muc2和TFF3的影响

注:(A)Muc2 mRNA相对表达量;(B)TFF3 mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=zVnyhKpGpEvxjM4u7nHFZA==, figureFileBig=vyL4ErkfemuVcUwraidw8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254676222876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Effect of main metabolites of A.maciniphila on mRNA levels of apoptosis genes in Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=8r5XqsA53+bWFwGe+/zJDg==, figureFileBig=SSdnKogDV/EdYjh8HwBF7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254747526045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图12, caption=A.muciniphila菌主要代谢产物对Caco-2细胞凋亡因子mRNA水平的影响

注:(A)Bax mRNA相对表达量;(B)Bcl-w mRNA相对表达量;(C)Caspase-3 mRNA相对表达量;(D)Caspase-8 mRNA相对表达量;(E)p21 mRNA相对表达量;(F)p27 mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=8r5XqsA53+bWFwGe+/zJDg==, figureFileBig=SSdnKogDV/EdYjh8HwBF7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254827217822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Effect of main metabolites of A.maciniphila on cytokine mRNA levels in Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=UdNuwe3GAlynq7JWm9wDMg==, figureFileBig=LhReg4hPzT6ygCxYOFt5ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880254894326687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图13, caption=A.muciniphila菌主要代谢产物对Caco-2细胞细胞因子mRNA水平的影响

注:(A)TNF-α mRNA相对表达量;(B)IL-1β mRNA相对表达量;(C)IL-6 mRNA相对表达量;(D)IL-8 mRNA相对表达量;(E)IL-10 mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=UdNuwe3GAlynq7JWm9wDMg==, figureFileBig=LhReg4hPzT6ygCxYOFt5ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880256538493856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Effect of main metabolites of A.maciniphila on MAPK pathway in Caco-2 cells, figureFileSmall=Y9sKY+bFT5ZO6J7VWmqyiw==, figureFileBig=BlSnGLDwPhW3MJeg8sDC4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880256630768545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=图14, caption=A.muciniphila菌主要代谢产物对Caco-2细胞中MAPK通路的影响

注:(A)p38 mRNA相对表达量;(B)JNK mRNA相对表达量;(C)ERK mRNA相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=Y9sKY+bFT5ZO6J7VWmqyiw==, figureFileBig=BlSnGLDwPhW3MJeg8sDC4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880256723043234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR primer sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目的基因引物序列(5’-3’)
GAPDHF:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
R:TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
Muc2F:GCCTTCCAAGCCATCGTCCAC
R:CAGTCGCACAGCCACCAAGTC
TFF3F:CTGGTCCTGGCCTTGCTGTC
R:CGCAGTCCACCCTGTCCTTG
BaxF:GATGCGTCCACCAAGAAGCTGAG
R:CACGGCGGCAATCATCCTCTG
Bcl-2F:TACGAGTGGGATGCGGGAGATG
R:CCGGGCTGGGAGGAGAAGATG
Bcl-wF:GCTGACCCGCTGCACCAAG
R:TGAGCCGCCAGATCAGAGAAGG
Caspase-3F:GTGGAGGCCGACTTCTTGTATGC
R:TGGCACAAAGCGACTGGATGAAC
Caspase-8F:CTTTGACCACGACCTTTGAAGAGC
R:AGAGGATACAGCAGATGAAGCAGTC
p21F:CTCTCCCGAAAAGCAGTCCC
R:GCGAGAACGAGCCAACCTT
p27F:CAGCACATGACGGAGGTTGT
R:TCATCCAAATACTCCACACGC
TNF-αF:CCCTCACACTCAGATCATCTTCT
R:GCTACGACGTGGGCTACAG
IL-6F:CAGTCGCACAGCCACCAAGTC
R:GTTCTGAAGAGGTGAGTGGCTGTC
IL-8F:GGACCACACTGCGCCAACAC
R:CCCTCTGCACCCAGTTTTCCTTG
IL-10F:GCCAAGCCTTGTCTGAGATGATCC
R:GCCTTGATGTCTGGGTCTTGGTTC
IL-1βF:GACCTGGACCTCTGCCCTCTG
R:GCCTGCCTGAAGCCCTTGC
p38F:GTGCCCGAGCGTTACCAGAAC
R:GGAGAGCTTCTTCACTGCCACAC
JNKF:ACTACAGAGCACCCGAGGTCATC
R:TTTCTCCCATGATGCACCCAACTG
ERKF:TCGCCGAAGCACCATTCAAGTTC
R:TCCTGGCTGGAATCTAGCAGTCTC
), ArticleFig(id=1320880256848872355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880241518691118, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实时荧光定量PCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目的基因引物序列(5’-3’)
GAPDHF:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
R:TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
Muc2F:GCCTTCCAAGCCATCGTCCAC
R:CAGTCGCACAGCCACCAAGTC
TFF3F:CTGGTCCTGGCCTTGCTGTC
R:CGCAGTCCACCCTGTCCTTG
BaxF:GATGCGTCCACCAAGAAGCTGAG
R:CACGGCGGCAATCATCCTCTG
Bcl-2F:TACGAGTGGGATGCGGGAGATG
R:CCGGGCTGGGAGGAGAAGATG
Bcl-wF:GCTGACCCGCTGCACCAAG
R:TGAGCCGCCAGATCAGAGAAGG
Caspase-3F:GTGGAGGCCGACTTCTTGTATGC
R:TGGCACAAAGCGACTGGATGAAC
Caspase-8F:CTTTGACCACGACCTTTGAAGAGC
R:AGAGGATACAGCAGATGAAGCAGTC
p21F:CTCTCCCGAAAAGCAGTCCC
R:GCGAGAACGAGCCAACCTT
p27F:CAGCACATGACGGAGGTTGT
R:TCATCCAAATACTCCACACGC
TNF-αF:CCCTCACACTCAGATCATCTTCT
R:GCTACGACGTGGGCTACAG
IL-6F:CAGTCGCACAGCCACCAAGTC
R:GTTCTGAAGAGGTGAGTGGCTGTC
IL-8F:GGACCACACTGCGCCAACAC
R:CCCTCTGCACCCAGTTTTCCTTG
IL-10F:GCCAAGCCTTGTCTGAGATGATCC
R:GCCTTGATGTCTGGGTCTTGGTTC
IL-1βF:GACCTGGACCTCTGCCCTCTG
R:GCCTGCCTGAAGCCCTTGC
p38F:GTGCCCGAGCGTTACCAGAAC
R:GGAGAGCTTCTTCACTGCCACAC
JNKF:ACTACAGAGCACCCGAGGTCATC
R:TTTCTCCCATGATGCACCCAACTG
ERKF:TCGCCGAAGCACCATTCAAGTTC
R:TCCTGGCTGGAATCTAGCAGTCTC
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嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌改善肠道屏障损伤的作用机制研究
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韦博艺 1 , 李冰 2 , 赵浩如 1 , 纪正业 1 , 陈如意 1 , 裴斐 1 , 杨文建 1 , 苏安祥 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(15): 224-236
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (15) : 224 -236
嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌改善肠道屏障损伤的作用机制研究
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韦博艺1 , 李冰2, 赵浩如1, 纪正业1, 陈如意1, 裴斐1, 杨文建1, 苏安祥1, *
作者信息
  • 1南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023
  • 2昌邑市农业农村发展服务中心,山东昌邑 261300
通讯作者:
苏安祥(1984−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与功能、食品安全控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

韦博艺(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与功能,E-mail:

Mechanism of Akkermansia muciniphila in Ameliorating Intestinal Barrier Damage
Boyi WEI1 , Bing LI2, Haoru ZHAO1, Zhengye JI1, Ruyi CHEN1, Fei PEI1, Wenjian YANG1, Anxiang SU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2Changyi Agricultural and Rural Development Service Center, Changyi 261300, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090083
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本课题组前期研究发现,猴头菇多肽(Lys-Ser-Pro-Leu-Tyr,KSPLY)能够改善肠道屏障损伤,同时能增加肠道菌嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)的丰度,为了探讨A.muciniphila在改善肠道屏障损伤中的作用,本研究采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导Caco-2细胞建立屏障损伤细胞模型,分别采用不同浓度A.muciniphila、菌体组分和菌代谢产物处理细胞,结合非靶向代谢组学、CCK-8法及荧光定量PCR技术,评估细胞活力、黏液相关因子表达、炎症因子、凋亡相关因子及MAPK信号通路关键蛋白的mRNA表达变化。结果显示与LPS组相比,当A.muciniphila浓度为107和105 CFU/mL时,Caco-2细胞Muc2 mRNA的相对表达量显著升高,分别增加16.75%和11.57%,TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量分别增加12.38%和9.71%;A.muciniphila细胞壁处理后,与LPS组相比,Caco-2细胞Muc2 mRNA的相对表达量增加18.71%,TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量增加13.28%;A.muciniphila主要代谢产物L-天冬氨酸(L-aspartic acid)、L-组氨酸(L-histidine)、柠檬酸(Citric acid)和犬尿酸(Kynurenic acid)诱导Caco-2细胞Muc2 mRNA的相对表达量增加18.09%、20.29%、23.67%、18.61%;细胞TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量分别上升10.22%、10.21%、10.29%、10.98%。与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila及其细胞壁和主要代谢产物处理后,Caco-2细胞促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降;细胞促凋亡因子Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8 以及促凋亡蛋白p21和p27 mRNA的相对表达量显著降低;MAPK信号通路中三个关键蛋白p38、JNK、ERK mRNA的相对表达量显著下降。综上所述,A.muciniphila可通过细胞壁及主要代谢产物,抑制MAPK信号通路激活,修复受损的肠道屏障。本研究为完善A.muciniphila在改善肠道屏障损伤中的作用物质及作用机制提供了理论基础。

阿克曼氏菌  /  细胞壁  /  代谢产物  /  肠道屏障保护

Previous research found that Hericium erinaceus-derived peptide (Lys-Ser-Pro-Leu-Tyr, KSPLY) ameliorated intestinal barrier injury and increased the abundance of the gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. To investigate the role of A.muciniphila in improving intestinal barrier damage, a barrier injury model was established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Caco-2 cells. The cells were treated with different concentrations of A.muciniphila, its cellular components, or its metabolic products. Untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze metabolite profiles, cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay, and mRNA expression levels of mucin-related factors, inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis-related factors, and key MAPK signaling pathway proteins were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Compared to the LPS group, significant upregulation of Muc2 mRNA relative expression was observed by 16.75% and 11.57% after treatment with A.muciniphila at 107 and 105 CFU/mL, respectively, while TFF3 mRNA relative expression was increased by 12.38% and 9.71%. Treatment with the A.muciniphila cell wall resulted in an 18.71% increase in Muc2 mRNA relative expression and a 13.28% increase in TFF3 mRNA relative expression. The major metabolites of A.muciniphila—L-aspartic acid, L-histidine, citric acid, and kynurenic acid—were found to enhance Muc2 mRNA relative expression by 18.09%, 20.29%, 23.67%, and 18.61%, respectively, and TFF3 mRNA relative expression by 10.22%, 10.21%, 10.29%, and 10.98%. Furthermore, the mRNA relative expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), pro-apoptotic factors (Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8), pro-apoptotic proteins (p21, p27), and key MAPK pathway components (p38, JNK, ERK) was significantly downregulated by A.muciniphila, its cell wall, and its key metabolites. In conclusion, A.muciniphila and its cell wall components and primary metabolites can alleviate intestinal barrier injury, likely by inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the active substances and mechanisms by which A.muciniphila improves intestinal barrier damage.

Akkermansia muciniphila  /  cell wall  /  metabolites  /  intestinal barrier protection
韦博艺, 李冰, 赵浩如, 纪正业, 陈如意, 裴斐, 杨文建, 苏安祥. 嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌改善肠道屏障损伤的作用机制研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 224 -236 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090083
Boyi WEI, Bing LI, Haoru ZHAO, Zhengye JI, Ruyi CHEN, Fei PEI, Wenjian YANG, Anxiang SU. Mechanism of Akkermansia muciniphila in Ameliorating Intestinal Barrier Damage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 224 -236 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090083
肠道屏障作为维持机体内环境稳态的关键结构,其完整性对于选择性吸收营养物质、抵御病原体和毒素入侵至关重要。肠道屏障主要由物理屏障(上皮细胞及紧密连接)[1]、化学屏障(黏液及抗菌蛋白)[2]、免疫屏障(肠道相关淋巴组织)[3]及生物屏障(共生肠道菌群)共同构成[4]。一旦肠道屏障受损,不仅会导致肠道通透性增加、菌群失衡和局部炎症反应,还会诱发系统性免疫激活和代谢紊乱,进而促进炎症性肠病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病及2型糖尿病等多种慢性疾病[5]。因此,探索修复和增强肠道屏障功能的策略已成为当前重要的研究方向。
诸多内外因素会干扰肠道屏障稳态,而肠道菌群的组成与功能状态在其中起着关键作用。特定的肠道共生菌或益生菌已被证实能够通过与宿主上皮细胞相互作用,直接或间接地增强肠道屏障功能[6]。嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila),作为一种主要定植于肠道黏液层的革兰氏阴性菌,因其对宿主代谢健康和免疫功能的潜在益处,被视为“下一代益生菌”的候选者[7]。研究表明,A.muciniphila可通过多种机制作用于肠道屏障:增强物理屏障完整性,例如上调紧密连接蛋白(如Occludin、Claudin-1、ZO-1)的表达,并在体外实验中减轻脂多糖LPS诱导的Caco-2细胞跨膜电阻下降[7−8];维护化学屏障功能,一方面利用黏蛋白作为能源,另一方面又能刺激杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白(如Muc2)和调节因子(如TFF3),增加黏液层厚度[9];调控免疫反应,表现为降低促炎细胞因子水平(如IL-6,TNF-α),增加抗炎因子(如IL-10),并抑制促凋亡因子表达[10];通过定植竞争间接影响生物屏障平衡[11]。
猴头菇(Hericium erinaceus),作为一种传统药食两用真菌,富含多种生物活性物质,展现出显著的免疫调节、抗炎及肠道保护特性[12]。近年研究发现,其提取物中的功能多肽对肠道屏障具有显著的保护作用。猴头菇多肽HEPH-A可抑制LPS刺激巨噬细胞中促炎因子IL-6的分泌并促进抑炎因子IL-10的释放[13];本课题组前期制备获得猴头菇肽KSPLY(氨基酸序列为Lys-Ser-Pro-Leu-Tyr)不仅能激活巨噬细胞调节免疫应答,还能有效修复小鼠肠道损伤,通过上调紧密连接蛋白(ZO-1、Claudin-1、Occludin)的表达显著增强肠黏膜屏障功能并促进免疫恢复[14−15]。前期试验研究发现,KSPLY在改善肠道屏障损伤的同时,伴随肠道中A.muciniphila丰度的显著改变。由此推测KSPLY的屏障保护效应可能与其调控A.muciniphila密切相关。
然而,猴头菇多肽引起A.muciniphila丰度的改变是与肠道屏障损伤改善同步发生的伴随现象,还是A.muciniphila的变化与改善肠道屏障损伤具有因果关系目前尚不清楚。若具有因果关系,A.muciniphila发挥作用的具体物质是完整菌体、菌体组分,还是其代谢产物尚不明确,下游分子机制亦有待深入阐明。相关机制研究方面,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路是调控细胞增殖、凋亡、炎症反应和紧密连接蛋白表达的核心信号网络[16]。LPS诱导的肠道上皮屏障损伤常伴随MAPK通路的异常激活,而有益菌或益生元通常通过抑制该通路来缓解损伤[17]。
然而,目前关于A.muciniphila是否能通过调节MAPK信号通路来维护肠道屏障尚缺乏直接证据。因此,为深入探究A.muciniphila在改善肠道屏障损伤中的直接作用、有效成分及其分子机制,探索本课题组提出的猴头菇多肽通过调节A.muciniphila介导其屏障保护作用假设,本研究采用LPS诱导的Caco-2细胞屏障损伤模型,分别用不同浓度的A.muciniphila活菌、菌体组分及关键代谢产物进行处理。通过系统检测细胞活力、黏蛋白Muc2及调节因子TFF3的表达、细胞凋亡相关基因、炎症因子水平以及MAPK信号通路关键基因的mRNA表达量等多重指标,旨在明确A.muciniphila对肠道屏障的修复作用,解析发挥保护作用的具体物质,初步揭示其作用机制,为阐明猴头菇多肽KSPLY作用的介导菌群发挥健康效应提供关键实验证据,为开发基于A.muciniphila及其活性成分的肠道屏障保护策略奠定理论基础。
Caco-2细胞 武汉尚恩生物技术有限公司;脂多糖(LPS)、溶菌酶、无酶无菌水 北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司;L-天冬氨酸、L-组氨酸、犬尿酸、柠檬酸 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;Akkermansia muciniphila 广东省微生物菌种保藏中心;胎牛血清(FBS) 上海源培生物科技有限公司;青霉素、链霉素、0.25%胰酶消化液 美国Gibico公司;CCK-8试剂盒  上海碧云天有限公司;哥伦比亚血琼脂平板、哥伦比亚基础培养基、2.5 L厌氧产气包 青岛海博生物科技有限公司;Trizol 美国Thermo Fisher公司;氯仿、异丙醇、75%酒精 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;逆转录试剂、荧光定量试剂 南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司;PCR合成序列 上海生工生物股份有限公司。
SpectrumMax M2e多功能酶标仪 美国Molecular Devices公司;Axio Vert.A1倒置式显微镜 德国ZEISS公司;Nano Drop Lite超微量紫外分光光度计 美国Thermo Fisher公司; Biometra TAvanced 96SG梯度PCR仪 德国AnaLytikjena公司;7500 PCR实时荧光定量PCR仪  美国AppLied Biosystems公司;XD 30倒置式显微镜 北京Precise仪器有限公司;CL21R微量台式冷冻离心机 美国Thermo Scientific公司;JY92-II细胞破碎仪 宁波新艺超声设备有限公司。
参考Yilmaz等[18]的方法稍作修改,制备A.muciniphila菌悬液,将A.muciniphila接种到哥伦比亚液体培养基上,在厌氧工作站中37 ℃下培养48 h,收集菌悬液,离心10 min(4 ℃,5000 r/min),弃去上清液,菌沉淀用无菌水洗涤后再次离心,重复上述步骤3次,得到所需菌泥。将菌泥用不含血清和双抗的DMEM细胞培养基吹打均匀,置于4 ℃保存并用于后续细胞实验。
参考Su等[19]的方法稍作修改,待原细胞生长至80%~90%时,用PBS洗去旧培养液,重复两次,向培养皿中加入2 mL胰酶,放入培养箱中消化3~5 min。消化结束后,向培养皿中加入4 mL完全培养液,轻轻吹打使细胞脱落,转移细胞至15 mL离心管中,1000 r/min离心3 min。离心结束后,弃上清加入1 mL培养液重悬细胞,制成单细胞悬液。将Caco-2细胞以1×104个/mL的密度接种于96孔板中,每孔加入100 μL细胞悬液,于37 ℃、5% CO2 培养箱中培养24 h。弃去旧培养基,用温PBS清洗3次。吸出培养液后加入108 CFU/mL(H组)、107 CFU/mL(M组)和105 CFU/mL(L组)的A.muciniphila菌液培养24 h,向每孔中加入10 μL的CCK-8试剂,随后放入培养箱中培养,1 h后测定450 nm下的吸光度。根据公式计算细胞存活率。
$ \rm 细胞存活率({\text{%}})=\frac{{实验组OD值-空白组OD值}}{{对照组OD值-空白组OD值}} $
将Caco-2细胞以1×106个/mL的密度接种于6孔板中,每孔加2 mL细胞悬液,37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h。弃去旧培养基,用温PBS清洗细胞2次,将不同浓度的A.muciniphila细菌与细胞共培养。在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h后,用PBS清洗3次,收集细胞,用于提取RNA。实验中未做处理的细胞作为空白组(CK组),参考刘倚帆[20]的方法加入1 μg/mL的LPS对细胞处理4 h作为模型组(LPS组),每组3个重复(孔)。
采用实时荧光定量PCR检测Muc2、TFF3、 Bax、Bcl-2、Bcl-w、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、p21、p27、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-1β、p38、JNK、ERK mRNA的表达水平,方法在1.2.4可见。
参考刘阳[21]的制备方法。将培养好的A.muciniphila离心10 min(4 ℃,5000 r/min),然后用10 mmol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液重悬菌泥,使菌泥浓度达到1 g/L。使用细胞破碎仪进行超声破碎,超声破碎结束后离心10 min(4 ℃,3000×g),取上清再离心20 min(4 ℃,13000×g),沉淀即为细胞壁提取物。
参考刘阳[21]的制备方法。将培养好的A.muciniphila在4 ℃、5000 r/min条件下离心10 min,向菌体沉淀中加入TMS溶液(由0.02 mol/L的氯化镁,0.01 mol/L的Tris-HCl,0.5 mol/L的蔗糖组成的混合溶液)至终浓度为30 mg/mL,加入溶菌酶并在37 ℃下孵育3 h,结束后离心10 min(4 ℃,3000×g)沉淀即为胞内容物。
将Caco-2细胞以1×106个/mL的密度接种于6孔板中,每孔加2 mL细胞悬液,37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h。弃去旧培养基,用温PBS清洗细胞3次,将100 μmol/L提取的细菌组分与细胞共培养。在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h后,用PBS清洗3次,收集细胞,用于提取RNA。实验中未做处理的细胞作为空白组(CK组),仅用LPS处理的细胞作为模型组(LPS组),每组3个重复(孔)。
采用实时荧光定量PCR检测Muc2、TFF3、 Bax、Bcl-2、Bcl-w、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、p21、p27、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-1β、p38、JNK、ERK mRNA的表达水平,方法在1.2.4可见。
将培养好的A.muciniphila菌液混匀后,取10 mL的菌液,离心10 min(4 ℃,3000 r/min)。取全部上清,液氮速冻15 min,置于−80 ℃保存,上述操作在操作台中进行。足量干冰寄送至北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司进行非靶向代谢测定,对比代谢产物含量后发现L-天冬氨酸(Asp)、L-组氨酸(His)、柠檬酸(CA)和犬尿酸(KA)为主要代谢产物。
将Caco-2细胞以1×104个/mL的密度接种于96孔板中,每孔加入100 μL细胞悬液,于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h。弃去旧培养基,用温PBS清洗3次。将不含血清和双抗的DMEM培养液加入空白组细胞,将100 μmol/L代谢产物加入细胞中进行培养。培养24 h后,吸出上清液并加入20 μL MTT,随后放入培养箱中培养,4 h后加入150 μL DMSO并测定490 nm下的吸光度。根据1.2.1.2中公式计算细胞存活率。
将Caco-2细胞以1×106个/mL的密度接种于6孔板中,每孔加2 mL细胞悬液,37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养;隔天换液,直至细胞长满。弃去旧培养基,用温PBS清洗细胞2次,将100 μmol/L代谢物用DMEM基础培养基溶解后加入细胞中。在37 ℃、5% CO2 培养箱中培养24 h后,用PBS清洗3次,收集细胞,用于提取RNA。实验中未做处理的细胞作为空白组(CK组),仅用LPS处理的细胞作为模型组(LPS组),每组3个重复(孔)。
采用实时荧光定量PCR检测Muc2、TFF3、 Bax、Bcl-2、Bcl-w、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、p21、p27、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-1β、p38、JNK、ERK mRNA的表达水平,方法在1.2.4可见。
将从培养箱拿出的细胞,用预冷PBS清洗,加入1 mL Trizol进行消化、裂解后,将溶液移入1.5 mL Ep 管中,室温静置5 min,进行RNA提取。向无酶离心管中加入200 μL氯仿,盖紧离心管,剧烈摇晃离心管15 s,室温孵育2~3 min;在4 ℃条件下,12000×g离心15 min后,样品出现分层;吸取上清液转移至新的无酶离心管中,向上清液中加入500 μL异丙醇,轻微振荡;4 ℃孵育10 min,孵育结束后,在4 ℃条件下,12000×g离心10 min。用微量移液枪将上清液吸出弃掉,按1:1的比例加入75%的乙醇,涡旋混匀样品;4 ℃、8000×g离心5 min。离心结束弃去上清液,风干5~10 min;取20 μL的无菌无酶水溶解RNA;55~60 ℃金属浴10 min,金属浴结束后对RNA浓度及纯度进行测定。
根据Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix试剂盒进行操作。qPCR操作体系总体积为20 μL,组成如下:2 μL cDNA,0.4 μL Primer 1,0.4 μL Primer 2,7.2 μL ddH2O,10 μL 2× Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master。引物序列如表1所示。
所有实验重复至少三次,数据以平均值±标准差表示。利用SPSS 27.0软件通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行数据分析,当P<0.05时,差异有统计学意义。用GraphPad Prism 8.3.0对分析数据作图。
如图1所示,与CK组相比,LPS处理后细胞存活率显著下降(P<0.05),加入A.muciniphila后,Caco-2活性增加,与LPS组相比,H组和L组细胞存活率分别上升了12.20%、9.79%,但与LPS组之间没有显著性差异;M组显著上升了16.91%(P<0.05),表明A.muciniphila对Caco-2细胞无毒害作用,能够恢复细胞活性,与刘阳[21]研究结果相似。
Muc2和TFF3作为黏蛋白及辅助因子,能清除肠道内容物,隔离并控制肠道微生物入侵和定植,维持肠道内稳态平衡。根据图1的结果可知,A.muciniphila与LPS共同培养对细胞无毒害作用。为了分析A.muciniphila的修复作用与细胞分泌的Muc2和TFF3之间关系,测定各组细胞Muc2和TFF3的mRNA相对表达量。根据图2A的实验结果可知,与CK组相比,LPS诱导Caco-2细胞分泌的Muc2 mRNA相对表达量显著减少(P<0.05),降低了15.22%;与LPS组相比,H组Muc2 mRNA的相对表达量无显著性变化,上升7.64%,M组和L组显著上升,分别上升了16.75%和11.57%。图2B的实验结果显示,与CK组相比,LPS处理后Caco-2细胞TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05),下降了9.97%;与LPS组相比,H组、M组和L组细胞TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量均显著上升(P<0.05),分别上升了7.34%、12.38%、9.71%。
已有研究表明,LPS诱导Caco-2细胞紧密连接蛋白表达量下降,破坏细胞间紧密连接,抑制细胞分泌Muc2,破坏肠道屏障[22−23]。刘阳[21]研究发现A.muciniphila增加紧密连接蛋白表达量,修复肠道屏障损伤。本研究结果显示,107、105 CFU/mL A.muciniphila显著增加Muc2和TFF3 mRNA相对表达量,108 CFU/mL A.muciniphila显著增加了TFF3 mRNA相对表达量,减轻屏障损伤,保护肠道屏障,说明A.muciniphila菌对LPS诱导造成的肠道屏障损伤有减缓作用,但是没有明确的剂量依赖关系。
为了探究A.muciniphila菌对Caco-2细胞凋亡的影响,检测了促凋亡因子(Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8)、促凋亡蛋白p21、p27、抗凋亡因子Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量。图3A的结果显示,与CK组相比,LPS处理后细胞Bax mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,M组和L组的Bax mRNA的相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05),H组则无显著性差异。图3B的结果显示,与CK组相比,LPS诱导细胞抗凋亡因子Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,H组、M组和L组的Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。图3C和图3D是促凋亡因子Caspase-3和Caspase-8的mRNA的相对表达量,结果显示与CK组相比,LPS显著上调细胞Caspase-3和Caspase-8的mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,H组、M组、L组的Caspase-3 mRNA和Caspase-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05)。图3E、图3F是促凋亡蛋白因子p21、p27 mRNA的相对表达量,结果显示,与CK组相比,LPS处理后细胞p21、p27 mRNA的相对表达量显著增加(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,H组、M组和L组细胞p21、p27 mRNA的相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05)。
有研究发现,LPS处理后促凋亡因子(Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8)表达量显著增加[22]。卷曲乳杆菌下调Caspase-3和Caspase-8表达,抑制Caco-2细胞凋亡;枯草芽孢杆菌通过下调Bax/Bcl-2表达,提高细胞存活率[24]。本研究结果显示,107、105 CFU/mL A.muciniphila显著增加Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量,降低Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、p21和p27 mRNA的相对表达量,108 CFU/mL A.muciniphila显著增加Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量,减少Caspase-3、p21和p27 mRNA的相对表达量,减少细胞凋亡。综合各细胞凋亡因子结果,各指标改善效果最好剂量不一致,A.muciniphila没有明显的剂量依赖关系,Liu等[25]的研究发现相似的结果,可能是由于在高黏蛋白下,A.muciniphila才能在基因和代谢物水平上对培养环境产生显著响应,并通过改变对碳水化合物和氨基酸的影响来改变其代谢特性。
已有大量研究表明肠道屏障受损会导致促炎因子表达量显著增加,抗炎因子表达量显著降低,从而引起肠道炎症[26]。为进一步研究A.muciniphila对肠道屏障的影响,对相关因子表达量进行检测。根据图4的实验结果可知,与CK组相比,LPS诱导Caco-2细胞TNF-α mRNA、IL-1β mRNA、IL-6 mRNA、IL-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升,IL-10 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降,其中M组细胞TNF-α mRNA的相对表达量显著低于H、L组(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,H组、M组和L组细胞TNF-α mRNA、IL-1β mRNA、IL-6 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降,M组和L组细胞IL-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降,H组、M组和L组细胞IL-10 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。A.muciniphila通过增加细胞紧密连接蛋白表达量,抑制细胞分泌促炎因子,促进细胞分泌抗炎因子,减轻沙门氏菌侵染细胞引起的肠道屏障损伤[26]。此外,体外培育的类器官模型结果显示A.muciniphila能改善TNF-α引起的类器官炎症[27]。108、107、105 CFU/mL A.muciniphila能显著降低TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8 mRNA的相对表达量,显著增加IL-10 mRNA的相对表达量,说明A.muciniphila可以通过抑制促炎因子产生,促进抗炎因子产生,减轻细胞炎症,修复肠道屏障损伤。
MAPK信号通路能将细胞外信号从表面传导至细胞核内部,与细胞增殖、凋亡、分化和应激反应有关[28],主要由ERK、p38和JNK三个信号通路组成[29],现MAPK通路中主要的三个蛋白通过调节细胞凋亡和紧密连接蛋白,保护肠道屏障[30]。根据图5A的结果可知,与CK组相比,LPS组Caco-2细胞p38 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,H组、M组和L组细胞p38 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05),分别下降了14.18%、16.49%、14.78%。图5B的结果显示,与CK组相比较,LPS处理后JNK mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05),上升了7.2%;与LPS组相比,H组、M组、L组细胞JNK mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05),分别下降了7.80%、9.69%、9.64%。由图5C的结果可知,与CK组相比,LPS处理后ERK mRNA的相对表达量显著上升了17.1%(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,H组、M组和L组细胞ERK mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05),分别下降了16.92%、24.29%、19.92%。
Zhu等[30]研究发现,LPS引起仔猪肠道屏障受损,促进p38 MAPK和JNK磷酸化,而罗乳杆菌则抑制p38 MAPK和JNK磷酸化,修复受损的肠道屏障。Casula等[31]研究发现植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌调节p38表达,增加肠道通透性,上调紧密连接蛋白表达。本研究结果显示不同浓度的A.muciniphila均可抑制MAPK信号通路激活,增强肠道屏障的完整性,抑制肠道炎症水平。
上述实验证实了A.muciniphila菌可以抑制MAPK信号通路激活,保护肠道屏障的完整性,为进一步探讨发挥作用的具体物质,对A.muciniphila菌体组分剥离,从细胞壁和胞内容物两个部分对A.muciniphila菌体组分的屏障保护作用进行研究。由图6的实验结果可知,与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila菌细胞壁组细胞Muc2和TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05),A.muciniphila菌胞内容物Muc2和TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量与模型组并无显著性差异,说明A.muciniphila菌细胞壁对LPS导致的肠道屏障损伤具有缓解作用,而胞内容物无缓解作用。有研究表明,A.muciniphila胞内容物对DSS造成的屏障损伤并无修复作用,A.muciniphila细胞壁能上调Caco-2细胞紧密连接蛋白表达,恢复DSS造成的肠道屏障损伤,A.muciniphila菌细胞壁调节肠道屏障的作用可能与菌体表面物质有关[30−32]。
根据图7的实验结果可知,A.muciniphila菌体组分可以减轻LPS引起的Caco-2细胞凋亡。图7的结果显示,与CK组相比,LPS处理后,细胞促凋亡因子Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升,促凋亡蛋白因子p21、p27mRNA的相对表达量显著增加(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila菌细胞壁和胞内容物组细胞Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著降低,A.muciniphila细胞壁和胞内容物组细胞p21、p27 mRNA的相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05);与CK组相比,LPS诱导细胞Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量显著降低;与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila细胞壁组细胞的Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05),A.muciniphila胞内容物组则无显著性差异。与图6分析对Caco-2细胞分泌黏蛋白的影响结果相似,相较于细胞内容物,A.muciniphila细胞壁是保护肠道屏障的主要物质。
为进一步研究A.muciniphila菌体组分对肠道屏障的影响,对相关细胞因子表达量进行检测。根据图8的实验结果可知,与CK组相比,LPS诱导Caco-2细胞分泌的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila细胞壁和胞内容物组细胞TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05);与CK组相比,LPS处理后细胞IL-10 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila细胞壁组和胞内容物组细胞IL-10 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。
A.muciniphila菌细胞壁相较于A.muciniphila菌胞内容物更能影响抗炎因子mRNA的相对表达量,减缓炎症损伤。已有研究发现,暹罗芽孢杆菌细胞壁显著上调抗炎因子表达,降低促炎因子表达,对β-伴大豆蛋白造成的细胞损伤具有缓解作用[33]。双歧杆菌细胞壁显著降低促炎因子表达水平,升高抗炎因子表达水平,参与免疫反应,防止炎性后遗症[34]。这与本研究结果相似,说明A.muciniphila菌细胞壁减轻细胞炎症损伤,保护肠道屏障。
根据图9A的结果可知,与CK组相比,LPS组Caco-2细胞p38 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila细胞壁组和胞内容物组细胞p38 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.001),分别下降了15.77%和9.42%。根据图9B的结果可知,与CK组相比,LPS处理后JNK mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05),上升了7.2%;与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila细胞壁组和胞内容物组JNK mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05),分别下降了15.2%、4.8%。根据图9C的结果可知,与CK组相比,LPS处理后ERK mRNA的相对表达量显著上升了17.1%(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,A.muciniphila菌细胞壁组和胞内容物组细胞ERK mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05),分别下降了23.77%和12.97%。上述结果说明,A.muciniphila菌细胞壁相较于A.muciniphila胞内容物更能显著抑制MAPK信号通路的激活,减轻肠道屏障损伤。以往研究发现,嗜酸乳杆菌S层蛋白下调ERK、JNK和p38表达,抑制MAPK信号通路激活,减轻细胞损伤[35]。暹罗芽孢杆菌细胞壁抑制p38表达,抑制MAPK信号通路激活[33]。说明A.muciniphila菌细胞壁能够抑制MAPK信号通路激活。
采用MTT法测定代谢产物对细胞活性的影响,结果如图10所示,与CK组相比,LPS诱导细胞活性显著降低,降低18.23%;与LPS组相比,柠檬酸(CA)和犬尿酸(KA)组细胞活性显著上升,分别上升19.70%、19.25%,L-天冬氨酸(Asp)和L-组氨酸(His)细胞存活率分别上升13.83%、15.06%。上述结果说明,A.muciniphila菌主要代谢产物Asp、His、CA和KA与LPS共同作用后对细胞无毒害作用。
由图11A的结果可知,与CK组相比,LPS组细胞Muc2 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05),与LPS组相比,Asp、His、CA和KA组mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05),分别上升18.09%、20.29%、23.67%、18.61%,说明这几种代谢产物对LPS诱导细胞造成的黏蛋白表达量减少有减缓作用。图11B的结果显示,与LPS组相比,四种代谢产物处理后细胞的TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05),分别上升10.22%、10.21%、10.29%、10.98%。上述结果说明Asp、His、CA和KA能减缓LPS造成的Caco-2细胞Muc 2和TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量降低,减轻肠道屏障损伤。已有研究发现,CA、Asp、His和KA通过上调紧密连接蛋白表达,减轻肠道屏障损伤,促进肠道屏障的稳定[36−38]。说明A.muciniphila菌主要代谢产物Asp、His、CA和KA可以通过上调Muc2和TFF3 mRNA的相对表达量,抑制LPS对肠道屏障的损伤。
图12为不同处理对Bax、Bcl-w、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、p21、p27 mRNA的相对表达量的影响,与CK组相比,LPS处理后细胞Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、p21、p27 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,Asp、His、CA和KA组细胞Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、 p21、p27 mRNA的相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05);图12B是各组细胞Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量,与CK组相比,LPS组Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,Asp、His、CA和KA组Bcl-w mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。本研究结果显示,Asp、His、CA和KA减少促凋亡因子mRNA的相对表达量,增加抗凋亡因子mRNA的相对表达量,减少细胞凋亡,修复受损的肠道屏障。已有研究发现,CA通过上调Bcl/Bax抗凋亡比率,抑制肠道上皮细胞凋亡,维持肠道完整性,保护肠道屏障[37]。Asp能显著降低肠道细胞中Caspase-3和Caspase-8表达量,减轻细胞凋亡,维持肠道屏障完整性,缓解肠道损伤[38]。这与本研究结果相似,说明这四种代谢产物可以通过增加抗凋亡因子mRNA的相对表达量,降低促凋亡因子mRNA的相对表达量,减少细胞凋亡,减轻LPS对肠道屏障的损伤,保护肠道屏障。
图13是各组细胞的细胞因子表达量,由图可知,与CK组相比,LPS组细胞TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05),IL-10 mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,Asp、His、CA和KA组细胞显著降低TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8 mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05),Asp、His、CA和KA组细胞IL-10 mRNA的相对表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。上述结果说明LPS显著增加Caco-2细胞促炎因子mRNA的相对表达量,显著降低抗炎因子mRNA的相对表达量,破坏肠道屏障,引起肠道炎症;而Asp、His、CA和KA则与之相反,通过上调抗炎因子,下调促炎因子保护和修复受损的肠道屏障,减轻肠道炎症。CA处理能显著抑制LPS诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的产生,减轻肠道炎症损伤[37];His可以显著降低肠道IL-8和TNF-α的表达量,增加IL-10表达量,减缓了肠道炎症,保护肠道屏障功能[39];犬尿酸通过降低促炎因子表达量,缓解肠道炎症,保护肠道屏障[37]。本研究结果与上述研究结果相似,说明Asp、His、CA和KA能上调IL-10表达,下调IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α表达,减轻肠道炎症,降低LPS对肠道屏障的损伤,保护肠道屏障。
MAPK信号通路与调控炎症、细胞增殖、分化和死亡等过程有关,主要由JNK、ERK和p38 MAPK途径组成[28]。图14是不同处理MAPK通路表达情况,与CK组相比,LPS诱导细胞p38、JNK、ERK mRNA的相对表达量显著上调(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,Asp、His、CA和KA组细胞p38、JNK、ERK mRNA的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05)。已有研究发现,菌群代谢产物CA显著降低肠道炎症因子表达量,抑制NF-κB通路激活,减缓炎症发展[40];L-His能降低促炎因子的表达量,抑制MAPK信号通路激活,改善免疫效果[41];KA抑制细胞MAPK信号通路激活,抑制HT-29增殖,减轻细胞炎症[42−43],这与本研究结果相似,说明A.muciniphila菌代谢产物能够抑制MAPK信号通路激活,保护肠道屏障。
本研究通过构建LPS诱导的Caco-2细胞肠道屏障损伤模型,系统探讨了A.muciniphila及其菌体组分和代谢产物对肠道屏障功能的保护作用,发现其作用机制可能与抑制MAPK信号通路的激活,提升黏液因子(Muc2、TFF3)的表达,并有效抑制炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8)和促凋亡因子(Bax、Caspase-3/8)的表达有关。研究结果为开发改善肠道屏障功能的A.muciniphila益生菌制剂提供了理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090083
  • 接收时间:2025-09-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-08
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    1南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023
    2昌邑市农业农村发展服务中心,山东昌邑 261300

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苏安祥(1984−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与功能、食品安全控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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