Article(id=1320880223072141966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070340, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851985947, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851985947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851985947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851985947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=215, endPage=223, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880223277662863, articleId=1320880223072141966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preliminary Study on Degradation Mechanism and Products of Aflatoxin B1 Using Bacillus aerius CGMCC No.31025, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin that poses a serious threat to food safety and human health. This study aimed to investigate the degradation characteristics of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by the laboratory-preserved strain Bacillus aerius CGMCC No.31025 and to identify its degradation products. Through various treatments of fermentation broth, studies on active components, and analysis on physicochemical properties of active substances, the primary active components of B. aerius CGMCC No.31025 degrading AFB1 were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The degradation products were separated and identified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Results indicated that the primary active component responsible for AFB1 degradation by B. aerius CGMCC No.31025 was the fermentation supernatant, which exhibited high thermal stability for its effective active substances. Protein inactivation treatments indicated that the active component degrading the toxin in the fermentation supernatant might be an enzyme or other active protein. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified multiple degradation products, which were predicted to result primarily from hydroxylation, reduction and dealkylation of functional groups in the parent AFB1 structure. This study provides potential microbial strains and technical support for the biological removal of AFB1 contamination in food and feed.

, authors=Yuxuan WU1, Yuepan TAO2, Xingwang ZHOU3, Mouyong ZOU4, Chunyan ZHANG1, *, Hongli ZHOU1, *, authorsList=Yuxuan WU, Yuepan TAO, Xingwang ZHOU, Mouyong ZOU, Chunyan ZHANG, Hongli ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunyan ZHANG, Hongli ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880226834432679, articleId=1320880223072141966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对黄曲霉毒素AFB1降解机制及产物初探, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄曲霉毒素AFB1是一种强毒性且致癌的真菌毒素,严重威胁食品安全与人类健康。本研究旨在探究实验室保藏菌株空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)的降解特性和降解产物的鉴定。通过对发酵液进行不同处理、活性组分研究、活性物质理化性质分析等,利用高效液相色谱(High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)测定空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025降解AFB1的有效活性成分,并通过超高效液相色谱串联质谱(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)对降解产物进行分离鉴定。结果表明:空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对AFB1的降解主要作用成分是发酵上清液,上清液中有效活性物质有较高的热稳定性;经过不同蛋白质失活处理,结果表明发酵上清液中降解毒素的有效成分可能为酶或其他活性蛋白;通过UPLC-MS/MS分析,得到多种降解产物,并推测降解产物主要是由于AFB1母体结构中基团上的羟基化、还原和脱烷基化形成。本研究为生物法去除食品和饲料中AFB1污染提供了潜在菌株与技术支撑。

, authors=邬雨璇1, 陶越攀2, 周兴旺3, 邹谋勇4, 张春艳1, *, 周红丽1, *, authorsList=邬雨璇, 陶越攀, 周兴旺, 邹谋勇, 张春艳, 周红丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张春艳, 周红丽, authorNote=

邬雨璇(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张春艳(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:木质纤维素原料的糖化发酵及降解机理,E-mail:。
周红丽(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:发酵食品创制,E-mail:。
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注:不同小写字母表示组间具有显著性差异,P<0.05,图2~图6同。

, figureFileSmall=cqhgREWvws1VqgjJ2pXUDQ==, figureFileBig=3zCGzHyHZSRK7/EsH102mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880231523664606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880223072141966, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different treatments on AFB1 degradation rate of bacteria, figureFileSmall=h37nGS953o8BrPGHSt2F0A==, figureFileBig=ajow1Ej5RT+ngiSjz4FIRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880231599162079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880223072141966, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理方式对菌体AFB1降解率的影响, figureFileSmall=h37nGS953o8BrPGHSt2F0A==, figureFileBig=ajow1Ej5RT+ngiSjz4FIRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880231657882336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880223072141966, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different treatment methods on the degradation rate of AFB1, figureFileSmall=AwULvLcR04FBVBX+N85Ymg==, figureFileBig=+2B2/U3zBW0kPOb48KzIZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880231792100065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880223072141966, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理方式对AFB1降解率的影响, figureFileSmall=AwULvLcR04FBVBX+N85Ymg==, figureFileBig=+2B2/U3zBW0kPOb48KzIZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880231871791842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880223072141966, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different metal ions on the degradation rate of AFB1, figureFileSmall=6urbkhc9VpBm2YrycqTswg==, figureFileBig=yi1KHWyCxDe2oiiijPepuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880232165393123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880223072141966, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同金属离子对AFB1降解率的影响, figureFileSmall=6urbkhc9VpBm2YrycqTswg==, figureFileBig=yi1KHWyCxDe2oiiijPepuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880232266056420, 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Liquid chromatography mobile phase conditions

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时间(min)流速(μL/min)梯度B乙晴(%)A甲酸(%)
0~2300−595
2~6300线性梯度3070
6~7300−3070
7~12300线性梯度7822
12~14300−7822
14~17300线性梯度955
17~20300−955
20~21300线性梯度595
21~30300−595
), ArticleFig(id=1320880234988159729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880223072141966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

液相色谱流动相条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流速(μL/min)梯度B乙晴(%)A甲酸(%)
0~2300−595
2~6300线性梯度3070
6~7300−3070
7~12300线性梯度7822
12~14300−7822
14~17300线性梯度955
17~20300−955
20~21300线性梯度595
21~30300−595
), ArticleFig(id=1320880235055268594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880223072141966, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of substance metabolism identification (positive ion mode)

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化合物名称化合物分子式分子质量m/z保留时间(min)
P1C33H46O9586.31182587.319157.014
P2C16H6O4262.02735285.016571.193
P3C21H22N2O5382.15211405.141334.995
), ArticleFig(id=1320880235118183155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880223072141966, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

物质代谢鉴定结果(正离子模式)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称化合物分子式分子质量m/z保留时间(min)
P1C33H46O9586.31182587.319157.014
P2C16H6O4262.02735285.016571.193
P3C21H22N2O5382.15211405.141334.995
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空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对黄曲霉毒素AFB1降解机制及产物初探
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邬雨璇 1 , 陶越攀 2 , 周兴旺 3 , 邹谋勇 4 , 张春艳 1, * , 周红丽 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(15): 215-223
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (15) : 215 -223
空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对黄曲霉毒素AFB1降解机制及产物初探
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邬雨璇1 , 陶越攀2, 周兴旺3, 邹谋勇4, 张春艳1, * , 周红丽1, *
作者信息
  • 1湖南农业大学食品科学技术学院,湖南长沙 410128
  • 2湖南湘窖酒业有限公司,湖南邵阳 422000
  • 3湖南省产商品质量检验研究院,湖南长沙 410111
  • 4龙牌食品股份有限公司,湖南湘潭 411100
通讯作者:
张春艳(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:木质纤维素原料的糖化发酵及降解机理,E-mail:。
周红丽(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:发酵食品创制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

邬雨璇(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Preliminary Study on Degradation Mechanism and Products of Aflatoxin B1 Using Bacillus aerius CGMCC No.31025
Yuxuan WU1 , Yuepan TAO2, Xingwang ZHOU3, Mouyong ZOU4, Chunyan ZHANG1, * , Hongli ZHOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2Hunan Xiangjiao Wine Industry Co., Ltd., Shaoyang 422000, China
  • 3Hunan Province Commodity Quality Inspection Institute, Changsha 410111, China
  • 4Dragon Brand Food Co., Ltd., Xiangtan 411100, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070340
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黄曲霉毒素AFB1是一种强毒性且致癌的真菌毒素,严重威胁食品安全与人类健康。本研究旨在探究实验室保藏菌株空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)的降解特性和降解产物的鉴定。通过对发酵液进行不同处理、活性组分研究、活性物质理化性质分析等,利用高效液相色谱(High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)测定空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025降解AFB1的有效活性成分,并通过超高效液相色谱串联质谱(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)对降解产物进行分离鉴定。结果表明:空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对AFB1的降解主要作用成分是发酵上清液,上清液中有效活性物质有较高的热稳定性;经过不同蛋白质失活处理,结果表明发酵上清液中降解毒素的有效成分可能为酶或其他活性蛋白;通过UPLC-MS/MS分析,得到多种降解产物,并推测降解产物主要是由于AFB1母体结构中基团上的羟基化、还原和脱烷基化形成。本研究为生物法去除食品和饲料中AFB1污染提供了潜在菌株与技术支撑。

黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)  /  降解特性  /  高效液相色谱法(HPLC)  /  降解产物  /  超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin that poses a serious threat to food safety and human health. This study aimed to investigate the degradation characteristics of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by the laboratory-preserved strain Bacillus aerius CGMCC No.31025 and to identify its degradation products. Through various treatments of fermentation broth, studies on active components, and analysis on physicochemical properties of active substances, the primary active components of B. aerius CGMCC No.31025 degrading AFB1 were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The degradation products were separated and identified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Results indicated that the primary active component responsible for AFB1 degradation by B. aerius CGMCC No.31025 was the fermentation supernatant, which exhibited high thermal stability for its effective active substances. Protein inactivation treatments indicated that the active component degrading the toxin in the fermentation supernatant might be an enzyme or other active protein. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified multiple degradation products, which were predicted to result primarily from hydroxylation, reduction and dealkylation of functional groups in the parent AFB1 structure. This study provides potential microbial strains and technical support for the biological removal of AFB1 contamination in food and feed.

aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)  /  degradation characteristics  /  high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)  /  degradation products  /  ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)
邬雨璇, 陶越攀, 周兴旺, 邹谋勇, 张春艳, 周红丽. 空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对黄曲霉毒素AFB1降解机制及产物初探. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 215 -223 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070340
Yuxuan WU, Yuepan TAO, Xingwang ZHOU, Mouyong ZOU, Chunyan ZHANG, Hongli ZHOU. Preliminary Study on Degradation Mechanism and Products of Aflatoxin B1 Using Bacillus aerius CGMCC No.31025[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 215 -223 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070340
黄曲霉毒素(AFT)是黄曲霉和寄生曲霉等其他相关菌株产生的双呋喃环类毒素。其衍生物有约20种,分别命名为B1、B2、G1、G2、M1、M2等。其中以B1的毒性最大。1960年科学家首次报道诺卡氏菌(Nocardia corynebacterioides)可降解黄曲霉毒素,这是发现的第一个可降解黄曲霉毒素的微生物,引起了全世界科学家的关注,微生物对AFB1降解能力的发现为消除和降解AFB1污染提供了新思路。
目前常用降解黄曲霉毒素的方法主要有物理法、化学法和生物法[1−4]。物理法通过高温加热、吸附、紫外线照射、超声和低温等离子体技术等方式[5]达到去除AFB1的效果。物理脱毒方法最为快速简单,但是成本高,不利于工业化生产。化学法常用的方法有强酸强碱处理法、臭氧熏蒸法、电解水技术等[6],有极强的灭活能力,但化学法成本高,脱毒不彻底,存在化学试剂残留,具有一定副作用和危险性。生物法防控真菌污染是一种绿色环保、安全高效的方法,通过微生物对黄曲霉毒素进行吸附去除或分解代谢、利用微生物的代谢产物拮抗真菌、酶降解等途径阻控黄曲霉生长产毒[7]。不同的微生物对真菌毒素的降解途径也不同。乳酸菌主要是通过细胞壁中的肽聚糖、碳水化合物、磷壁酸等,通过物理吸附、离子交换和络合作用与毒素结合去除毒素[8]。通过代谢产物降解真菌毒素的微生物主要有芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、非产毒曲霉等[9]。其中,芽孢杆菌是国标规定允许添加到食品中的微生物,且对AFB1的降解能力普遍较强。通过查阅文献和资料发现,目前对空气芽孢杆菌的研究较少。本研究所用空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对AFB1优化后降解率为89.41%±0.57%。Xiong等[10]筛选了一株具有较强降解AFB1能力的解淀粉芽孢杆菌B10,在72 h时纯化的B10漆酶对AFB1 降解率最高达86.3%。Zhao等[11]直接从豆瓣酱中筛选出了一株耐盐的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌AD8,对AFB1降解率最高达86.04%±0.46%。由此可见,空气芽孢杆菌对AFB1降解能力较强。而且大多数芽孢杆菌属于益生菌,不会对机体产生伤害,具有很大的实际应用潜力[12]。
本文通过探究空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025发酵液各组分、对菌体不同处理方式、活性成分性质及金属离子的影响等方式得到各体系,初步得到有效降解组分,并通过超高效液相色谱串联质谱鉴定降解产物。以期为食品、饲料中AFB1的脱除提供新方法,为探究菌株降解AFB1的机制奠定基础。
空气芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aerius)CGMCC NO.31025 实验室保藏菌株;AFB1标准品 纯度≥99.50%,青岛普瑞邦生物工程有限公司;十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS) 分析纯,上海麦克林生化有限公司;溶菌酶 北京兰杰柯科技有限公司;蛋白酶K 活性≥30 U/mg,广州赛国生物科技有限公司;PBS缓冲剂 北京雷根生物技术有限公司;甲醇(色谱纯)、乙腈(色谱纯)、硫酸铵(分析纯) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;透析袋(截留分子量3.5 kDa) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;营养肉汤培养基、营养琼脂培养基 广东环凯微生物科技有限公司。
PHS-3C酸度计 上海仪电科学仪器有限公司;artorius TE214S分析天平 长沙康源科技开发有限公司;LC-20A高效液相色谱仪 日本Shimadzu公司;LDZX-50KBS立式高压蒸汽灭菌器 上海申安医疗器械厂;SKY-2102C双层全温摇床 苏州赛恩斯仪器有限公司;SW-CJ-1FD单人净化工作台 苏州天创净化设备有限公司;TG16-WS台式高速离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;VL-220R高速冷冻离心机 湖南迈克尔实验仪器有限公司;SCIENTZ-IID超声波细胞粉碎机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;VORTEX-5涡旋混合器 海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司;LTF-8D电热恒温水浴锅 上海龙跃仪器设备有限公司; Thermo Vanquish UHPLC超高效液相色谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
取实验室保藏菌株空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025接种于营养琼脂斜面培养基上37 ℃活化培养24 h后,将其接种于营养肉汤培养基中,摇床培养150 r/min 12 h,得到空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025种子液。再将种子液以5%的接种量接入新的营养肉汤培养基中,以相同条件下继续培养24 h得到菌株发酵液。
取空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025发酵液,在10000 r/min条件下离心15 min,得到无菌上清液和菌体沉淀,收集上清液备用。将沉淀用PBS缓冲液洗涤2~3次,并重悬于PBS缓冲液中。一组菌体细胞悬浮液不做任何处理,另外一组使用超声波细胞粉碎机进行超声破碎,得到细胞破碎液。另取一组发酵液不做任何处理,之后将各组加入AFB1,并调整浓度为0.2 µg/mL。按前期降解条件优化实验得到的最佳条件即摇床37 ℃,160 r/min培养72 h[13]。HPLC测定各组AFB1质量浓度,配制质量浓度为0.25、0.50、2.50、5.00、10.00、25.00 ng/mL的AFB1系列标准溶液,色谱条件为:InertSustain C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 µm);流动相为水:甲醇:乙腈(6:2:2);调整等梯度洗脱条件为A(甲酸):56%、B(乙晴):44%;调整进样量为20 µL;流速为1 mL/min;柱温40 ℃;检测器为荧光检测器;检测波长为激发波长:360 nm;发射波长:440 nm。按下式计算降解率。
$ \rm {降解率}({\text{%}})=\frac{空白组AFB_1含量-实验组AFB_1含量}{空白组AFB_1含量}\times 100 $
将空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025菌株发酵液在10000 r/min条件下离心15 min,得到菌体沉淀,用PBS缓冲液将菌体洗涤2~3次,离心后将菌体分成4组,分别重悬于20 mL PBS缓冲液中,每组重复3次。一组使用灭菌锅进行高温高压处理,得到高压灭活菌(121 ℃ 30 min);一组用溶菌酶(>10000 U/mL)37 ℃处理2 h;一组使用细胞超声破碎仪500 W冰浴处理30 min,工作5 s,暂停5 s,之后离心得到上清液为胞内物质,沉淀细胞壁重悬于PBS缓冲液中;最后一组不做任何处理为菌悬液。各组分别加入AFB1调整最终浓度为0.2 µg/mL。37 ℃,160 r/min摇床培养72 h,HPLC测定各组AFB1质量浓度,按1.2.1.2公式计算降解率。
取1.2.1.1中上清液平均分成六组,每组3个重复。一组用100 ℃水浴加热20 min;一组在121 ℃,0.1 MPa条件下处理20 min;一组使用1 mg/mL蛋白酶K在55 ℃条件下处理30 min;一组使用1% SDS在室温条件下处理30 min;一组使用1 mg/mL蛋白酶K+1% SDS在55 ℃条件下处理30 min;最后一组不做任何处理。各组分别加入AFB1,调整最终浓度为0.2 µg/mL。37 ℃,160 r/min摇床培养72 h后,HPLC测定各组AFB1质量浓度,按1.2.1.2公式计算降解率。
先计算并精确称取K+(K2CO3)、Al3+(AlCl3·6H2O)、Mn2+(MnSO4·H2O)、Cu2+(CuSO4·5H2O)、Fe2+(FeSO4·5H2O)、Zn2+(C4H6O4Zn·2H2O)、Ca2+(CaCl2)、Mg2+(MgSO4·7H2O)、Fe3+(FeCl3·6H2O)、Cd2+(CdCl2·2.5H2O)等金属盐,将其配制成1 mol/L金属离子溶液。然后分别加入培养基中,调整各金属离子的最终浓度为0.01 mol/L。之后以5%的接种量接入种子液,摇床37 ℃,160 r/min 培养48 h。再分别加入AFB1工作液,调整最终浓度为0.2 µg/mL,继续摇床37 ℃,160 r/min培养72 h,以不加入金属离子且AFB1最终浓度相同的反应体系为空白组。10000 r/min离心10 min取上清液,HPLC测定各组AFB1质量浓度,按1.2.1.2公式计算降解率。
取空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025种子液以5%的接种量接入到100 mL营养肉汤培养基中,共四瓶。之后放入摇床37 ℃,160 r/min培养48 h。以转速10000 r/min,4 ℃离心10 min。取上清液,冰浴条件下边研磨边分别加入硫酸铵粉末,依据前人研究结果及硫酸铵饱和度调整浓度为50%、60%、70%、80%和90%[14]。充分混匀后在4 ℃冰箱静置处理24 h。充分盐析后得到粗蛋白液,之后在4 ℃、10000 r/min的转速离心10 min,取沉淀用1 mol/L的PBS缓冲液复溶。装入截留量为3500 Da的透析袋中,透析夹夹紧,放入0.1 mol/L PBS缓冲液中,静置于4 ℃冰箱。4 h换液一次,透析24~36 h。取透析液,加入AFB1标准液,调整最终浓度为0.2 µg/mL。以相同浓度AFB1的等体积PBS缓冲液为空白对照组。摇床37 ℃,160 r/min分别作用24 h和72 h。作用结束后,取适量工作液于离心管,10000 r/min离心10 min,取离心后的上清液检测。最后用HPLC测定各组AFB1质量浓度,按1.2.1.2公式计算降解率。
称取AFB1标准品0.10 mg(精确至0.01 mg),用甲醇(色谱纯)溶解并定容至10 mL,得到浓度约为10 μg/mL的储备液,−20 ℃避光保存。以1×108 CFU的浓度将种子液接入培养基,37 ℃、160 r/min摇床培养48 h。取25 μL浓度为10 μg/mL AFB1溶液加入灭菌的10 mL EP管中,另加975 μL发酵菌液,混匀,37 ℃,160 r/min 振荡培养3 d。加入500 μL纯甲醇,涡旋10 min混匀样品。将混匀的样品溶液用离心机在4 ℃低温下12000 r/min离心10 min。上清液过0.22 μm微孔滤膜,上机检测。
UPLC条件:色谱柱:C18色谱柱(Zorbax Eclipse C18(1.8 μm×2.1 mm×100 mm))柱温为30 ℃;流速0.3 mL/min;流动相组成A:0.1%甲酸水溶液,B:纯乙腈;进样量为2 μL,自动进样器温度4 ℃。
MS条件:正模式:加热器温度325 ℃;鞘气流速:45 arb; 辅助气流速:15 arb;吹扫气流速:1 arb;电喷雾电压:3.5 kV;毛细管温度:330 ℃;S-Lens RF Level:55%。
负模式:加热器温度325 ℃;鞘气流速:45 arb; 辅助气流速:15 arb;吹扫气流速:1 arb;电喷雾电压:3.5 kV;毛细管温度:330 ℃;S-Lens RF Level:55%。
扫描模式:一级全扫描(Full Scan,m/z 100~1500)与数据依赖性二级质谱扫描(dd-MS2,TopN=5);分辨率:120000(一级质谱)和60000(二级质谱)。碰撞模式:高能量碰撞解离(HCD)。流动相梯度洗脱程序见表1。
通过四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱仪Q-Exactive(Thermo Fisher Science,USA)对样品进行一级、二级质谱数据采集。
使用Compound Discover 3.3预测母体化合物经过转化反应后的代谢物质信息,进行保留时间矫正、峰识别、峰提取等工作,根据二级质谱信息利用Thermo mzCloud在线数据库、Thermo mzValut本地数据库等,一级质谱信息利用chemspider在线数据库和MassList本地数据库进行物质鉴定。
实验重复3次,使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件对数据进行分析,采用One-way ANOVN中邓肯检验分析各处理间差异显著性,P<0.05差异显著,P<0.01差异极显著;使用Excel 2021、Origin 2021进行分析绘图。
据报道,微生物去除AFB1主要有两种途径,一种是通过菌体自身结构的吸附作用,代表微生物有乳酸菌和酵母菌,然而最大的问题是吸附作用可逆。另一种是通过微生物代谢产生的活性物质将毒素降解为其他物质,此种为不可逆过程,在去除毒素的方法中更具优势[11]。由图1可看出,菌株发酵液的不同组分均对AFB1有降解作用,但不同组分之间对AFB1的降解能力存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。其中,菌株发酵液最高,对AFB1的降解率达89.41%;其次是上清液,对AFB1的降解率达79.13%,并且显著高于(P<0.05)菌体对AFB1的降解率。由此可判断发挥主要降解作用的组分为发酵上清液,降解活性物质为菌株胞外代谢产物。这与Wang等[15]从鸡盲肠中分离出的大肠杆菌CG1061对AFB1的降解特性相似,研究发现菌株的发酵上清液对毒素的降解效果远远高于胞内提取物。Raksha等[16]发现土壤中的地衣芽孢杆菌CFR1的无细胞上清液能有效降解AFB1,对黄曲霉毒素降解率可达90%以上。Xu等[17]筛选发现沙克氏芽孢杆菌L7的发酵上清液对AFB1的降解率可达92.10%,研究表明,L7降解AFB1是由发酵上清液中的活性物质发挥主要作用。刘亚妹等[18]发现丁酸梭菌的发酵上清液对AFB1降解率可达53.5%,显著高于菌悬液。均与本研究得出结果一致。
由图2可知,菌体经过高压灭活和溶菌酶处理失活后对于AFB1的降解率出现显著下降(P<0.05),分别下降了17.27%和2.99%。细胞壁多糖和肽聚糖是吸附真菌毒素的两个主要成分。高温高压处理会使蛋白质变性,破坏菌体,影响细胞形态,破坏细胞壁结构,改变细胞膜的通透性,使酶失活[19]。溶菌酶是一种能水解细菌中黏多糖的碱性酶,它通过破坏细胞壁中的N-乙酰胞壁酸和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖之间的β-1,4糖苷键,使细胞壁不溶性黏多糖分解成可溶性糖肽,导致细胞壁破裂内容物逸出而使细菌溶解[20]。本研究中,溶菌酶作用导致细胞壁破裂,细菌溶解,使得AFB1降解率降低。超声波在液体中传播时,会产生空化效应,导致液体中的气泡振动、生长,最终破裂。菌体经过超声破碎、高速离心之后,沉淀即为细胞壁碎片,仍有20.50%的降解率,上清液为胞内物质[21]。本研究中,细胞壁和胞内物质对于AFB1的降解率无明显差异。虽然显著低于(P<0.05)活菌的降解率,但仍保留一定的降解能力,表明在降解过程中,一部分作用来自细胞壁的吸附,胞内活性物质也发挥了一定的降解作用。
高温热处理会直接改变蛋白质的形态,使得蛋白质变性,从而失去活性。由图3可知,与无处理上清液组相比,经过不同方法处理之后,AFB1降解率出现了不同程度的下降。热处理组虽出现降低但未出现显著差异(P>0.05)。高温高压处理组降解率降低了12.50%,但仍有良好的降解能力,说明降解AFB1的活性成分具有很好的热稳定性。
蛋白酶K是目前普遍使用的一种非特异性的广谱蛋白酶,可与所有蛋白质发生反应,消化水解蛋白,使其失去活性,无法发挥作用,它的作用范围广泛,且稳定性好,能使大部分蛋白质失活[22]。SDS是一种阴离子表面活性剂,可以破坏蛋白质的三、四级结构,造成蛋白质变性[23]。SDS与蛋白酶K同时作用时,还可以激活蛋白酶K的活性[24]。分别用蛋白酶K、SDS以及两者组合处理后空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025对毒素的降解率均出现显著性的降低(P<0.05),表明在降解毒素的过程中酶或活性蛋白发挥了重要作用。Deng等[25]也同样发现在食吡啶红球菌分别用蛋白酶K和SDS处理之后,对毒素的降解率都出现了不同程度的下降。而Chen等[26]还发现在蛋白酶K和SDS同时处理解淀粉芽孢杆菌的无细胞发酵上清液后,会使其完全丧失对毒素的降解能力。Wu等[27]发现枯草芽孢杆菌ZJ-2019-1的发酵上清液经煮沸后对AFB1的降解率仍可以达到79.85%。Wang等[28]表明镰刀菌WCQ3361的上清液在沸水中加热10 min后对AFB1的降解率达到99.40%。以上结论均表明,微生物的发酵上清液中可能存在降解AFB1的热稳定性酶。Shu等[29]发现贝莱斯芽孢杆菌DY3108的发酵上清液经热处理后,降解率升高,推测可能出现了酶的热活化现象。综上所述,空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025的发酵上清液中,降解AFB1的活性物质是蛋白质或酶。
不同金属离子对酶活性的影响不尽相同,一部分金属离子对酶活性有激活作用,而一部分金属离子对酶活性有抑制作用。因此,探究不同金属离子对降解AFB1的影响能够得到对AFB1的降解率有提高效果的金属离子。Suo等[30]发现Zn2+的存在会使寡养假单胞菌对AFB1的降解率产生明显的抑制作用。而Wang等[28]则发现Zn2+会使镰刀菌WCQ3361的上清液完全丧失对毒素的降解能力。石鸿辉[31]发现Na+、Mn2+和K+显著增强菌株ZG08上清液对AFB1的降解活性,可能作为酶的激活剂或者稳定剂,有助于维持酶结构和功能的完整性。Cai等[32]从土壤中分离得到的寡养单胞菌CW117对毒素的降解过程明显受金属离子的影响,在Li+和Ni2+存在的环境下,菌株对AFB1的降解率显著增加。由图4可知,不同金属离子对AFB1降解率影响程度不同,除了在K+的作用下,AFB1的降解率出现略微提高外,在其他离子的作用下AFB1的降解率均出现不同程度的降低。其中Zn2+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Cd2+这几种金属离子对AFB1降解率影响较显著,极大程度上降低了AFB1的降解率。Cd2+对AFB1降解率抑制影响作用最明显。由此推断,K+可能作为酶的激活剂或者稳定剂,有助于维持酶结构和功能的完整性。
硫酸铵溶液通过调节蛋白质水合层,使蛋白质失去溶解性沉淀析出。不同蛋白质的溶解度不同,故不同浓度的硫酸铵对蛋白质的沉淀作用不同,分别使用了50%、60%、70%、80%和90%五种饱和浓度的硫酸铵沉淀上清液中的活性蛋白。
空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025的上清液经由不同饱和浓度的硫酸铵沉淀,透析之后用于降解AFB1。分别检测不同提取物分别作用24 h和72 h后对AFB1的降解率,结果如图5、图6所示。通过24 h的降解处理之后,80%饱和度硫酸铵沉淀所得粗酶液对AFB1的降解效果最好,降解率为37.20%。处理72 h后,70%饱和度硫酸铵沉淀所得粗酶液对AFB1降解效果最好,降解率为52.62%。并且72 h的AFB1降解率高于24 h。表明降解时间越长提取物对毒素的降解率越高,且所需用的硫酸铵越少。Xiong等[10]通过4种不同饱和度硫酸铵溶液提取粗蛋白,与AFB1标准品共培养24 h后测定其对毒素的降解率,经高效液相色谱检测AFB1降解效率发现,随着硫酸铵浓度的增加,粗提蛋白对AFB1降解效率逐渐提升,浓度为80%的硫酸铵粗提蛋白可以使AFB1降解69.13%,为最高的降解率。依据文献可知,24 h内,80%饱和度硫酸铵沉淀所得粗酶液对AFB1降解效果最佳,与本文研究结果一致。
通过UPLC-MS/MS鉴定空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025降解AFB1产物成分的化学结构。通过样本总离子流图(图7)分析可知,该降解体系复杂且产物多样。经数据库比对,共从降解产物中匹配到多种与AFB1高度同源的物质,极有可能是经空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025降解或继续代谢后,产生的降解产物或次级代谢产物,为芘类、萘类、异黄酮类等。其中,有三种降解产物发生脱烷基化反应,分别命名为P1(C33H46O9)、P2(C16H6O4)、P3(C21H22N2O5),如表2。具体分析结果如图8~图10所示。
从图8可看出,降解产物P1的保留时间为7.014 min,母离子峰为m/z 587.31915,分子式为C33H46O9,准分子离子[M+H]+。在脱烷基化反应中,AFB1分子首先发生特征性结构修饰,其香豆素环或呋喃环上的烷基基团被移除,形成含活性官能团的中间体。该过程通过断裂C=O(内酯环)或C=C键(呋喃环)破坏了AFB1与生物大分子的特异性结合位点[33],Alberts等[34]报道内酯环的断裂会降低AFB1的致突变性。脱烷基化中间体与C16H34O3发生分子间偶联反应,双键被破坏,生成降解产物P1。脱烷基化过程伴随氢原子补全,最终通过共价键实现芳香环片段与脂肪链的连接。AFB1的毒性核心是其分子中的呋喃环(尤其是双键),该结构易与生物体内的蛋白质、DNA结合,导致毒性,而与C16H34O3的加成反应恰好破坏了呋喃环的双键结构,质谱图中未检测到完整呋喃环的特征碎片,且碎片裂解模式显示双键相关结构已饱和或开环,证明脱烷基化及偶联反应成功破坏了该双键,从而降低或去除毒性。
从图9可看出,降解产物P2的保留时间为1.193 min,母离子峰为m/z 285.01657,分子式为C16H6O4,准分子离子[M+Na]+。在脱烷基化降解反应中,AFB1分子发生特征性结构断裂,该脱除过程通过断裂C-O键(甲氧基与母核的连接)及C-H键,直接移除了AFB1分子中增强其脂溶性与生物靶点结合能力的烷基基团。Méndez-Albores等[35]对AFB1酸化过程中的两种降解产物作了研究分析,其中一种是AFD1,非荧光化合物,缺乏内酯基团,m/z为286,具有酚性质,缺乏由 AFB1内酯环打开形式的脱羧衍生的内酯基,毒性和致突变性低于AFB1;程思忠[36]得到菌株HNGD-A6降解AFB1的降解产物AFD1(C16H14O5),m/z 287.08996,是AFB1母体环戊烯酮环脱去C=O,在C=C上加2H还原所得[37],与P2的分子式和m/z相近,通过Ames试验和斑马鱼试验表明,毒性和致突变性低于AFB1。王勇[38]通过碱法和微波辅助碱法处理水溶液中AFB1得到降解产物C16H10O5,m/z 283.0610,产物结构与P2十分相似。
从图10可看出,降解产物P3的保留时间为4.995 min,母离子峰为m/z 405.14133,分子式为C21H22N2O5,准分子离子[M+Na]+。AFB1失去1个氧原子,形成中间体,断裂与烷基取代基相关的C-O键,移除毒性增强基团(烷基)并破坏原有环氧基活性位点。对照文献中目前已知的AFB1降解产物,未发现与P1和P3相似的降解产物,故推测m/z为587.31915和405.14133的物质可能为AFB1新的降解产物。
本研究主要通过分离菌株发酵上清液和菌体,探究空气芽孢杆菌CGMCC NO.31025降解AFB1的有效组分,发现菌株发酵上清液为降解毒素的主要组分。对菌体进行不同方式的致死处理,发现相较于失活菌体,活菌对AFB1有更强的降解能力。用不同的方式处理菌株的发酵上清液,探究菌株降解毒素的特性。通过沸水浴和高温高压处理后,发现菌株的发酵上清液对毒素的降解有很好的热稳定性。经过不同蛋白质失活处理之后,发酵上清液对AFB1的降解率出现显著降低,表明发酵上清液中降解毒素的有效成分可能为酶或其他活性蛋白。经过多种金属离子处理之后发现不同金属离子对微生物降解毒素的影响不同,多数金属离子会抑制菌株对AFB1的降解,使得AFB1降解率降低。利用不同饱和度的硫酸铵溶液沉淀上清液中的粗酶,发现提取物对AFB1处理72 h的降解率明显高于24 h的组别,处理时间越长,AFB1降解率越高,且其所需要的硫酸铵更少。
根据UPLC-MS/MS结果,分析产生了三种主要的AFB1降解产物,分别为P1 C33H46O9(m/z 587.31915)、P2 C16H6O4(m/z 285.01657)和P3 C21H22N2O5(m/z 405.14133)。从三种降解产物的结构上分析,AFB1可能的降解途径是其母体结构的羟基化、还原以及脱烷基化等。
后续实验应结合细胞毒性实验(如CCK-8法)、动物模型毒理学评价(如亚急性毒性试验)等手段,建立系统的降解产物安全性评估体系。这些研究方向不仅能填补微生物降解 AFB1的理论空白,更能为生物脱毒技术的实际落地提供科学依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070340
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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    1湖南农业大学食品科学技术学院,湖南长沙 410128
    2湖南湘窖酒业有限公司,湖南邵阳 422000
    3湖南省产商品质量检验研究院,湖南长沙 410111
    4龙牌食品股份有限公司,湖南湘潭 411100

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张春艳(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:木质纤维素原料的糖化发酵及降解机理,E-mail:。
周红丽(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:发酵食品创制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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