Article(id=1320880209163825212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070319, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851982632, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851982632, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851982632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851982632, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=153, endPage=159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880209381929021, articleId=1320880209163825212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Improvement of Ice Cream Quality by Oleogel Full-replacement Premix Powder, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To obtain healthy and low-fat ice cream products, beeswax oleogel-based ice cream premix (BW-P) was prepared by fully replacing hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO) with medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oleogel. The powder properties and the enhancing effect on ice cream quality characteristics were investigated. The results showed that compared with commercial premix (C-P), both BW-P and HPKO-based ice cream premix (HPKO-P) had higher moisture content, lower fluidity and solubility. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that both BW-P and HPKO-P exhibited a spherical morphology. After reconstitution, the emulsion particle sizes of HPKO-P and BW-P were mainly in the range of 1~10 μm, while that of C-P was larger (10~100 μm). Microrheological measurements indicated that the reconstituted emulsion of BW-P had a longer decorrelation time and a dense fat network, which was similar to C-P. The BW-P ice cream showed a lower overrun (45.3%) and higher hardness (15.1 kPa), with uniform appearance color and intact shape. This sample had a slow melting rate and a slight greasy feeling, and its oral tribological properties and electronic tongue scores were close to those of C-P, exhibiting good potential to replace HPKO in the preparation of ice cream premix powder.

, authors=Xiaomiao JING1, Ning LIU1, *, Jin NAN1, Shan LI2, Meng YAN1, Xiaolin YAO1, authorsList=Xiaomiao JING, Ning LIU, Jin NAN, Shan LI, Meng YAN, Xiaolin YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ning LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880210778632266, articleId=1320880209163825212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=油凝胶全替代型预拌粉对冰淇淋的品质提升研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为获得健康低脂的冰淇淋制品,采用中链甘油三酯(MCT)油凝胶全替代氢化棕榈仁油(HPKO),制备蜂蜡油凝胶基冰淇淋预拌粉(BW-P),考察其粉末性质及对冰淇淋品质特性的提升效果。结果表明,相较于商用预拌粉(C-P),BW-P和HPKO基冰淇淋预拌粉(HPKO-P)水分含量更高,流动性与溶解性较低。扫描电镜观察发现,BW-P和HPKO-P均呈球形。经复溶后,HPKO-P和BW-P乳液粒径主要分布于1~10 μm,而C-P乳液粒径较大(10~100 μm)。微流变学测定显示,BW-P复溶乳液的去相关时间较长,脂肪网络致密,与C-P相近。BW-P冰淇淋的膨胀率较低(45.3%),硬度较高(15.1 kPa),其外观色泽均匀、形状完整。该样品融化速率较慢,略有油腻感,其口腔摩擦学特性及电子舌评分与C-P接近,具备替代HPKO制备冰淇淋预拌粉的良好潜力。

, authors=景小苗1, 刘宁1, *, 南锦1, 李珊2, 鄢檬1, 姚晓琳1, authorsList=景小苗, 刘宁, 南锦, 李珊, 鄢檬, 姚晓琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘宁, authorNote=

景小苗(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮油食品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘宁(1984−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品胶体功能化,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=AvlcXXoCSRYGeFUNQP8SlQ==, magXml=NAjjXXHesYzteRt5nJIHuQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=97B4gBIfWadb/tToHU0QNQ==, pdfFileSize=3475843, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rti8JMT0Vy9gKa7OmWp+wA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=2Q+K+kB7RIplcd4kSuz9HQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880211227422802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880209163825212, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=240411015@sust.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880211323891796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880209163825212, authorId=1320880211227422802, language=EN, stringName=Xiaomiao JING, firstName=Xiaomiao, middleName=null, lastName=JING, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320880211420360789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880209163825212, authorId=1320880211227422802, language=CN, stringName=景小苗, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1陕西科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西西安 710021, bio={"content":"

景小苗(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮油食品加工,E-mail:

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LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2015, 64(1): 316−325., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880221125980344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880209163825212, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=桂海佳, 任丽蓉, 王晓华, 等. 基于SPME-GC-MS和电子鼻技术对牛肉蛋白肽美拉德反应产物风味成分分析[J]. 中国调味品, 2023, 48(5): 160−166. [GUI Haijia, REN Lirong, WANG Xiaohua, et al. Analysis on flavor components of beef protein peptide Maillard reaction products based on SPME-GC-MS and electronic nose technology[J]. 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Physical properties of different ice cream premix powders

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物理特性C-PHPKO-PBW-P
水分含量(g/100 g)2.33±0.58b4.34±0.66a3.32±0.59b
BD(g/cm3)0.57±0.02a0.34±0.03b0.36±0.03b
TD(g/cm3)0.67±0.03a0.53±0.04b0.49±0.05b
CI(%)15.08±1.38c36.74±0.66a26.68±1.48b
HR1.18±0.02c1.58±0.02a1.36±0.03b
溶解性(%)83.33±1.16a72.67±0.58b68.30±1.53c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880214666752137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880209163825212, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同冰淇淋预拌粉的物理特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理特性C-PHPKO-PBW-P
水分含量(g/100 g)2.33±0.58b4.34±0.66a3.32±0.59b
BD(g/cm3)0.57±0.02a0.34±0.03b0.36±0.03b
TD(g/cm3)0.67±0.03a0.53±0.04b0.49±0.05b
CI(%)15.08±1.38c36.74±0.66a26.68±1.48b
HR1.18±0.02c1.58±0.02a1.36±0.03b
溶解性(%)83.33±1.16a72.67±0.58b68.30±1.53c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880214750638218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880209163825212, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory scores of different powdered ice creams

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感官评分C-PHPKO-PBW-P
色泽17.37±0.51a17.70±0.14a17.82±0.21a
形态17.20±0.68a18.53±0.43a17.81±0.20a
组织16.83±0.33a16.08±0.60a16.54±0.33a
滋味气味17.75±0.26a12.43±0.30c16.10±0.30b
杂质18.60±0.80a17.75±0.60a17.98±0.72a
总分87.75±1.76a82.50±1.25b85.86±0.69a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880216411582607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880209163825212, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同粉末冰淇淋的感官评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官评分C-PHPKO-PBW-P
色泽17.37±0.51a17.70±0.14a17.82±0.21a
形态17.20±0.68a18.53±0.43a17.81±0.20a
组织16.83±0.33a16.08±0.60a16.54±0.33a
滋味气味17.75±0.26a12.43±0.30c16.10±0.30b
杂质18.60±0.80a17.75±0.60a17.98±0.72a
总分87.75±1.76a82.50±1.25b85.86±0.69a
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油凝胶全替代型预拌粉对冰淇淋的品质提升研究
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景小苗 1 , 刘宁 1, * , 南锦 1 , 李珊 2 , 鄢檬 1 , 姚晓琳 1
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(15): 153-159
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (15) : 153 -159
油凝胶全替代型预拌粉对冰淇淋的品质提升研究
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景小苗1 , 刘宁1, * , 南锦1, 李珊2, 鄢檬1, 姚晓琳1
作者信息
  • 1陕西科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西西安 710021
  • 2西安爱菊粮油工业集团有限公司,陕西西安 710016
通讯作者:
刘宁(1984−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品胶体功能化,E-mail:。
作者简介:

景小苗(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮油食品加工,E-mail:

Improvement of Ice Cream Quality by Oleogel Full-replacement Premix Powder
Xiaomiao JING1 , Ning LIU1, * , Jin NAN1, Shan LI2, Meng YAN1, Xiaolin YAO1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
  • 2Xi'an Aiju Grain and Oil Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710016, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070319
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为获得健康低脂的冰淇淋制品,采用中链甘油三酯(MCT)油凝胶全替代氢化棕榈仁油(HPKO),制备蜂蜡油凝胶基冰淇淋预拌粉(BW-P),考察其粉末性质及对冰淇淋品质特性的提升效果。结果表明,相较于商用预拌粉(C-P),BW-P和HPKO基冰淇淋预拌粉(HPKO-P)水分含量更高,流动性与溶解性较低。扫描电镜观察发现,BW-P和HPKO-P均呈球形。经复溶后,HPKO-P和BW-P乳液粒径主要分布于1~10 μm,而C-P乳液粒径较大(10~100 μm)。微流变学测定显示,BW-P复溶乳液的去相关时间较长,脂肪网络致密,与C-P相近。BW-P冰淇淋的膨胀率较低(45.3%),硬度较高(15.1 kPa),其外观色泽均匀、形状完整。该样品融化速率较慢,略有油腻感,其口腔摩擦学特性及电子舌评分与C-P接近,具备替代HPKO制备冰淇淋预拌粉的良好潜力。

油凝胶  /  预拌粉  /  冰淇淋  /  微流变学  /  口腔摩擦学  /  电子舌

To obtain healthy and low-fat ice cream products, beeswax oleogel-based ice cream premix (BW-P) was prepared by fully replacing hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO) with medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oleogel. The powder properties and the enhancing effect on ice cream quality characteristics were investigated. The results showed that compared with commercial premix (C-P), both BW-P and HPKO-based ice cream premix (HPKO-P) had higher moisture content, lower fluidity and solubility. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that both BW-P and HPKO-P exhibited a spherical morphology. After reconstitution, the emulsion particle sizes of HPKO-P and BW-P were mainly in the range of 1~10 μm, while that of C-P was larger (10~100 μm). Microrheological measurements indicated that the reconstituted emulsion of BW-P had a longer decorrelation time and a dense fat network, which was similar to C-P. The BW-P ice cream showed a lower overrun (45.3%) and higher hardness (15.1 kPa), with uniform appearance color and intact shape. This sample had a slow melting rate and a slight greasy feeling, and its oral tribological properties and electronic tongue scores were close to those of C-P, exhibiting good potential to replace HPKO in the preparation of ice cream premix powder.

oleogel  /  premix powder  /  ice cream  /  microrheology  /  oral tribology  /  electronic tongue
景小苗, 刘宁, 南锦, 李珊, 鄢檬, 姚晓琳. 油凝胶全替代型预拌粉对冰淇淋的品质提升研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 153 -159 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070319
Xiaomiao JING, Ning LIU, Jin NAN, Shan LI, Meng YAN, Xiaolin YAO. Improvement of Ice Cream Quality by Oleogel Full-replacement Premix Powder[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 153 -159 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070319
冰淇淋凭借细腻的口感与独特的风味风靡全球,但传统冰淇淋往往含较多的饱和脂肪甚至一定量反式脂肪酸,不适合高脂血症、脂肪肝、糖尿病等亚健康人群食用。冰淇淋的形成与稳定涉及复杂的物理化学过程,其乳液需经过杀菌、均质、老化等步骤处理,而在储运过程中,由于对低温条件的严格要求,物流成本被大幅增加[1]。冰淇淋预拌粉是通过喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥等技术,将乳液转化为干燥的粉末形态,不仅能保证产品的干燥性与稳定性,实现常温下的有效储存,还显著提升了物流运输的便捷性与经济性[2]。
油凝胶通过少量的凝胶剂实现液态油的固化,而不改变其脂肪酸组成,该技术依托亲脂性液体(主要是植物源油脂)与微量凝胶剂的复合作用,形成具有热可逆性的半固态脂质混合物,从而呈现显著的粘弹特性。作为固体脂肪的替代品,油凝胶已被广泛用于食品领域[3−4]。相关研究发现,利用蜂蜡油凝胶(BW)替代冰淇淋中的氢化棕榈仁油(HPKO),能够模拟出冰淇淋应有的质地和口感[5]。目前,国内关于冰淇淋预拌粉研究相对较少,现有报道主要集中在粉末制备方法及参数优化方面[6]。本研究以油凝胶全替代HPKO制备了冰淇淋乳液,采用喷雾干燥法将其加工成预拌粉,通过扫描电镜、口腔摩擦学、电子舌等手段,对比蜂蜡油凝胶基冰淇淋预拌粉(BW-P)、HPKO基冰淇淋预拌粉(HPKO-P)以及商用冰淇淋预拌粉(C-P)的粉末性质及其所制冰淇淋的品质特性差异,以期为油凝胶在冰淇淋预拌粉中的应用提供技术依据与理论参考。
蜂蜡(BW) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;中链甘油三酯(MCT) 广州永晟工贸有限公司;氢化棕榈仁油BL-39 上海益海嘉里食品科技有限公司;脱脂奶粉 新西兰恒天然集团;瓜尔豆胶 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;麦芽糊精 无锡超科食品有限公司;蔗糖酯S370 日本三菱化工有限公司;蔗糖 河北昊德盟农副产品有限公司;商用冰淇淋预拌粉(配料为白砂糖、植脂末、葡萄糖、全脂乳粉、食用盐、羧甲基纤维素钠、黄原胶、单/双甘油脂肪酸酯、食用香精等) 安徽汉钦健康产业有限公司。
LE204E分析天平 奥豪斯仪器设备有限公司;DF-101S集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器 河南省巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司;T25高速剪切分散机 艾卡(广州)仪器设备有限公司;AH-2010高压均质机 加拿大ATS工程公司;YM-6000Y喷雾干燥机 上海豫明仪器有限公司;IC6308C冰淇淋机 佛山柏翠电器有限公司;H1850R高速台式冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;DHG-9035A电热鼓风干燥箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;Phenom Pharos G2电子扫描显微镜 上海复纳科学仪器有限公司;Mastersizer 2000激光粒度分析仪 英国Malvern公司;Rheolaser Master扩散波光谱仪 法国Formulaction公司;TA-XT Plus物性分析仪 英国SMS公司;HAAKE旋转流变仪 德国Thermo Scientific公司;Super Tongue电子舌 法国ISENSO公司。
以MCT为基料油,采用直接法制备BW油凝胶。称取一定量的BW加入MCT中(BW占比为MCT质量的7%),于80 ℃恒温加热搅拌至BW完全溶解。将样品在20 ℃静置24 h,可在翻转状态下保持形状不流动,即视为凝胶制备成功。
参考Liu等[5]的方法。将10%脂肪(HPKO或BW油凝胶)、0.3%蔗糖酯、0.25%瓜尔豆胶、0.2%麦芽糊精、4%脱脂奶粉、10%蔗糖及75.25%饮用水作为冰淇淋预拌粉的配方(各组分质量分数为在乳液总质量中的占比)。除脂肪外,将其他组分的干粉混合后加入60 ℃水中,使用高速剪切分散机在700 r/min搅拌下混匀,加入脂肪,持续搅拌30 min制备冰淇淋粗乳液。乳液经两次高压均质(200 bar/100 bar)后,通入喷雾干燥机,收集得到预拌粉于4 ℃保存。喷雾干燥的参数为:进、出风温度分别设定为180 ℃和80 ℃,进料量50 mL/h。将不同预拌粉C-P、HPKO-P、BW-P分别以1:3比例(w/v)溶于常温饮用水中,搅拌溶解后于4 ℃静置1 h,再倒入冰淇淋机中冷冻搅打30 min,可获得粉末冰淇淋产品。
参照GB 5009.3-2016 《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》对预拌粉的水分含量进行测定。
参考Korma等[7]的方法测定粉末的流动性、粘聚性。将2.5 g粉末从15 cm高度轻落入10 mL量筒中,记录体积A,计算堆积密度(BD);轻敲量筒上部,记录此时体积B,并计算紧实密度(TD)。
$ \text{BD}({\mathrm{g}/\text{cm}}^{3})=\frac{\mathrm{样品质量}(\mathrm{g})}{\text{样品体积}\mathrm{A}({\text{cm}}^{3})} $
$ \text{TD}({\mathrm{g}/\text{cm}}^{3})=\frac{\mathrm{样品质量}(\mathrm{g})}{\text{样品体积}\mathrm{B}({\text{cm}}^{3})} $
根据BD和TD计算粉末的卡尔指数(CI)和粘聚性(HR):
$ \text{CI}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{TD}-\text{BD}}{\text{TD}}\times 100 $
$ \text{HR}=\frac{\text{TD}}{\text{BD}} $
参考Korma等[7]的方法测定粉末的溶解性。将1 g粉末溶于100 mL去离子水中,室温搅拌30 min,采用3000×g转速于4 ℃离心5 min。取25 mL上清液在105 ℃下干燥至恒重,计算粉末的溶解度:
$ \mathrm{溶解度}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{4m}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,m表示上清液干燥至恒重后的固体质量,g;m0表示初始称取冰淇淋预拌粉质量,g。
采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察粉末的形态和微观结构。将微量粉末颗粒固定在导电胶上,经60 s喷金后,在加速器电压为10.0 kV的高真空中观察。
将不同预拌粉以1:3的比例(w/v)与常温饮用水混合均匀制备复溶乳液,用激光粒度分析仪测量乳液的粒径分布,以去离子水为分散介质。连续相和分散相的折射率分别为1.33和1.47。遮蔽度范围为10%~20%[8]。在测量之前,所有乳液都用水或2%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)稀释100倍。
采用扩散波光谱仪对冰淇淋乳液的微观流变特性进行分析[9]。通过检测布朗运动确定样品的粘弹性结构,用液滴随时间的均方位移(MSD)进行评价。利用RheoSoft Master 14.0程序确定样品的宏观粘度(MVI)。
分别测定同体积的搅打前老化乳液和搅打后冰淇淋的质量,通过公式进行计算膨胀率:
$ \text{膨胀率}( \text{%} ) =\frac{\left.{\mathrm{m}}_{0}-\mathrm{m}\right.}{\mathrm{m}}\times 100 $
式中,m0表示一定体积的老化乳液质量,g;m表示同体积的冰淇淋质量,g。
用物性分析仪和直径为36 mm的圆柱形探头(P/36R)测量粉末冰淇淋的硬度。探头以2 mm/s的速度穿插样品至20 mm深度,触发值为5.0 g。参考Jiang等[10]的方法观察粉末冰淇淋的融化行为,使用孔径为10 mm×10 mm的不锈钢丝网过滤器,在室温下融化冰淇淋,拍摄融化过程图片。
采用流变仪集成的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)球和板组装的三球板装置,测量粉末冰淇淋的口腔摩擦学性能[11]。将0.6 g样品置入测量池中,对10 min内卷吸速度在0.1~300 mm/s 范围内的摩擦系数进行测量。施加1 N的恒定法向力,温度设置为25 ℃。
采用电子舌测量冰淇淋的味道[12]。将20 g冰淇淋样品稀释2倍,放入电子舌专用测试杯中进行味觉检测和数据采集。每个样本的采集时间和清洗时间分别为120 s和10 s。
参考国标GB/T 31114-2014《冷冻饮品 冰淇淋》,选择30名小组成员(男生15名,女生15名,年龄范围:22~40岁)经感官培训后对冰淇淋色泽、形态、组织、滋味气味和杂质5个方面进行评估(每项20分,总分100分)。
所有实验重复进行三次以上,结果以平均值±标准差(SD)表示。数据统计分析采用SPSS 26.0,利用ANOVA进行检验,并用邓肯检验来确定均值差异性(显著性水平P<0.05)。对实验样本电子舌数据进行主成分分析(PCA)。
如表1所示,商用预拌粉C-P的水分含量2.33 g/100 g;HPKO-P为4.34 g/100 g,高于C-P,而BW-P的水分含量为3.32 g/100 g,与C-P无显著性差异(P>0.05)。实验所制粉末的水分含量均低于5 g/100 g,可认为是喷雾干燥粉末的理想特性[13]。粉末的流动性可以通过BD、TD、CI等来评价。HPKO-P、BW-P、C-P的BD分别为0.34、0.36和0.57 g/cm3,TD分别为0.53、0.49和0.67 g/cm3。HPKO-P和BW-P的BD和TD无显著差异(P>0.05)。更高的HR和CI表示粉末的凝聚力更强,自由流动能力更差[14]。HPKO-P、BW-P以及C-P的HR值分别为1.58、1.36和1.18,CI值分别为36.74%、26.68%和15.08%。不同样品的流动性能呈现显著差异(P<0.05)。HPKO-P比BW-P表现出更低的流动性和更高的粘结性,表明颗粒间存在更大的摩擦力。室温下C-P呈现较高的溶解度(83.33%),HPKO-P、BW-P的溶解度分别为72.67%和68.30%,可能是因为自制粉末表面含有疏水油,增加了粉末表面的疏水性,限制其在水中扩散。下一步可对乳液配方和喷雾干燥工艺进行优化,以提升自制冰淇淋粉末的溶解性。
冰淇淋预拌粉的SEM图像如图1所示。C-P呈无规则形状,尺寸差异大,表面较为粗糙。HPKO-P和BW-P外观呈球状,表面光滑,这可能是加入的麦芽糊精在喷雾干燥过程中形成了硬壳结构[15]。Qu等[16]在喷雾干燥制备酪蛋白酸钠和麦芽糊精组成的无水乳脂粉中也发现了颗粒表面的皱纹或疤痕。在HPKO-P和BW-P表面均观察到一些气孔的存在,这是在干燥最后阶段,由于壁材收缩不均匀而造成的。HPKO-P和BW-P存在水分或油迁移,可能因为粉末颗粒表面存在气孔,从而使粉末发生粘聚[17]。整体来看,自制冰淇淋预拌粉与C-P的微观结构差异较大,这可能是因为产品配方和干燥方式均存在一定差异。
粒径分布显著影响食品的质地和感官特性[18]。如图2所示,所有复溶乳液呈现明显的双峰分布,表明复溶乳液液滴尺寸分布不均匀。HPKO-P和BW-P复溶乳液粒径分布主要为1~10 μm,少量聚集液滴在10~100 μm;而C-P复溶乳液粒径大多分布在10~100 μm。这可能是因为BW-P和HPKO-P配料简单,乳液高压均质和喷雾干燥效果较好,更易形成细小液滴的乳液体系;C-P 配料中所含成分较复杂,如植脂末、全脂乳粉、羧甲基纤维素钠、黄原胶等,预拌粉溶解后倾向于形成稍大尺寸液滴的乳液。根据Fang等[19]的研究,微胶囊产品粒度(1~100 μm)可满足喷雾干燥食品粉末的要求。
图3A~图3C显示了冰淇淋粉末复溶乳液中液滴随时间变化的MSD曲线。通常情况下,乳液MSD曲线呈线性,表明粒子运动较快,乳液流动性较强[20];其平台区若不明显,表明凝胶网络较疏松。可以发现,BW-P复溶乳液比HPKO-P乳液的斜率更小,说明BW油凝胶在体系中形成的脂肪网络更致密。HPKO-P复溶乳液的去相关时间较短;而BW-P复溶乳液的去相关时间较长,且与C-P复溶乳状液相近,这可能是乳液粘度的增加或脂肪网络对液滴运动的束缚力增强所导致的。图3D为复溶乳液的MVI曲线。相同时间下,MVI值越高,表明体系粘度越大。C-P复溶乳液在测定初期粘度最大,MVI曲线达到平衡的时间较短,约13 min。BW-P和HPKO-P复溶乳液的MVI曲线约50 min后趋于相对平缓,但后期曲线呈下降趋势,表明乳液粘度减小,这可能是测定时间较长,乳液中发生了局部失稳[21],乳液储存稳定性较C-P更低。
图4A~图4B显示了粉末冰淇淋的膨胀率和硬度。C-P冰淇淋膨胀率最高,BW-P冰淇淋膨胀率较低(45.3%)。一般来说,脂肪含量、总固形物含量、甜味剂、稳定剂及加工工艺等因素均会影响冰淇淋膨胀率[22]。此外,可以发现,BW-P和HPKO-P冰淇淋的硬度相对较高,这可能是自制冰淇淋乳液中加入的麦芽糊精具备良好亲水性,通过与自由水的结合降低了体系的水分活度,从而提升了冰淇淋的硬度[23]。3个样品中,BW-P冰淇淋的硬度最高(15.1 kPa),可能因为该样品中含有蜂蜡结晶,脂肪网络更致密,在搅打过程中发生部分聚结的液滴更多,从而提高了冰淇淋硬度[24]。
冰淇淋的融化行为显著影响产品的口感和稳定性,常受配方组分、冷冻方式和储存条件等影响[2]。从图4C可知,各样品置于室温30 min后均开始融化,但融化速率存在一定差异。60 min后,C-P冰淇淋已经全部融化,其融化速率最快;HPKO-P和BW-P冰淇淋融化相对较慢,60 min后仍有少量残留,这可能是体系中氢化油或蜂蜡的存在,延缓了冰淇淋在室温下的融化过程[25]。
实验测量了冰淇淋熔融样品的摩擦学性能,结果如图5所示。BW-P和C-P样品的摩擦系数曲线相似,随着卷吸速度的增加,摩擦系数减小。整体来看,BW-P样品中发现了较低的摩擦系数,油凝胶的加入有利于更多液滴在接触区吸附,可能归因于液态脂肪良好的润滑能力[26]。BW-P和C-P样品促进了液滴润滑口腔摩擦表面,降低了摩擦力,从而提供了更流畅的口腔感觉[27]。随着卷吸速度的增加,HPKO-P样品摩擦系数在约0.20 μ处达到拐点,可能是因为,测定初期较少的液滴进入接触区,只形成了一层薄的润滑膜,导致摩擦系数逐渐增加[28];在较高的卷吸速度下,乳滴的结构被破坏,从而引起内部水和油相的泄漏,致使摩擦系数下降[29]。总的来说,BW-P冰淇淋的摩擦系数较低,表明其在低咀嚼程度时的摩擦情景有更柔滑的感觉,具备模拟C-P冰淇淋的口腔摩擦学特性的能力。
通过电子舌评分的雷达图(图6A)发现,HPKO-P和BW-P样品导致冰淇淋模型的苦味和鲜味发生变化。喷雾干燥过程中,因高温导致美拉德反应,蛋白可能产生较多的苦味氨基酸,影响系统的风味。Liu等[30]研究发现,超过120 ℃热处理致使木糖与鸡肉肽的美拉德反应产物中缬氨酸等苦味氨基酸含量显著提高。C-P配料中含有更丰富的甜味剂(白砂糖、葡萄糖)和食品添加剂(食用香精),其甜度、酸度和其他味道成分较为平衡协调,获得愉悦的味觉体验[31]。BW-P冰淇淋模型中的大部分口感评分均较接近C-P样品,一定程度上表明该冰淇淋的口感与C-P冰淇淋具有一致性。如图6B所示,两个主成分分析的总和为94.2%,包含了原始指标的大部分贡献率,电子舌的测定结果可以用于冰淇淋模型系统的口感差异分析。C-P冰淇淋与BW-P冰淇淋模型体系在横坐标上更接近,说明PC1具有较高相似性。
由表2可知,HPKO-P和BW-P冰淇淋呈现均匀一致的色泽,形态完整,滋味纯正。C-P冰淇淋大部分指标评分较高,其整体最符合消费者的口味。与C-P冰淇淋相比,HPKO-P样品入口后存在较低的颗粒感,些许气孔导致表面呈现粗糙的组织感官。BW-P冰淇淋融化后留有一些油腻感,可能是油凝胶中含有少量的液态油迁移。总体来看,BW-P冰淇淋的可接受度高于HPKO-P冰淇淋,其感官特性接近C-P冰淇淋(P<0.05)。
本研究制备了油凝胶基冰淇淋预拌粉,系统评价了其粉末性质、复溶乳液特性、冰淇淋质构特性和感官品质等。结果发现,HPKO-P、BW-P的水分含量高于C-P,流动性和溶解性更低。经扫描电镜观察,HPKO-P和BW-P呈球状,C-P为无规则状。HPKO-P和BW-P复溶乳液的整体粒径比C-P乳液较小,MVI曲线平衡所需时间更长(50 min)。与C-P所制冰淇淋相比,BW-P和HPKO-P冰淇淋的硬度相对较高,融化速率较慢。HPKO-P冰淇淋表面粗糙,入口后存在颗粒感,而BW-P冰淇淋融化后留有一些油腻感。经感官评价,BW-P冰淇淋的整体可接受度接近C-P冰淇淋,具备商业化应用的潜力。本实验中关于油凝胶与其他组分(如蛋白质、小分子乳化剂)相互作用对脂肪失稳的影响机制探讨不够深入,后续将对配方进一步优化,并结合脑电技术等智能评价手段,开发具有更佳感官品质和市场前景的功能性冰淇淋预拌粉。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070319
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
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    1陕西科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西西安 710021
    2西安爱菊粮油工业集团有限公司,陕西西安 710016

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刘宁(1984−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品胶体功能化,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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