Article(id=1320880188037124156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090324, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759075200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851977595, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851977595, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851977595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851977595, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880188221673533, articleId=1320880188037124156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Thermal Processing Methods on Tuna Quality and Establishment of a Moisture Prediction Model, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tuna samples were processed using steaming, roasting, air frying, and low-temperature boiling methods. Changes in sensory attributes, color, texture, moisture content, pH, crude protein, and crude fat were systematically analyzed. Three prediction models—Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN)—were developed based on moisture content as the characteristic parameter, combined with spectral preprocessing techniques, to establish a non-destructive detection method using hyperspectral imaging technology. The results demonstrated that moist-heat treatments (low-temperature boiling and steaming) resulted in lower hardness, effectively preserved moisture, and yielded a soft texture. In contrast, dry-heat treatments (roasting and air frying) promoted the Maillard reaction and moisture evaporation, imparting a crisp texture and rich aroma. As the thermal processing intensity increased, the moisture content decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the relative contents of protein and fat increased due to the concentration effect. Among the three models developed, the BPNN model exhibited superior prediction accuracy and stability compared to the PLSR and SVR models, achieving optimal performance (R2=0.9239, RMSEP=2.0284). The BPNN model enables accurate and rapid non-destructive detection of moisture content in tuna, providing a highly reliable spectral analysis solution for quality monitoring of thermally processed tuna products.

, authors=Zehui ZHANG1, Qiaoyu LIU1, *, Sili XIAO1, Jiasheng ZHANG1, Shaotai XIE2, *, Zhongcheng XIE2, Haihui HUANG2, Weidong BAI1, authorsList=Zehui ZHANG, Qiaoyu LIU, Sili XIAO, Jiasheng ZHANG, Shaotai XIE, Zhongcheng XIE, Haihui HUANG, Weidong BAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiaoyu LIU, Shaotai XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880190415294542, articleId=1320880188037124156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同热加工方式对金枪鱼品质的影响及水分预测模型建立, columnId=1320880139102171600, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—标准化赋能食品及相关产品高质量发展(客座主编:云振宇、史波林、兰韬、刘鹏、赵琳), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用蒸煮、烤制、空气炸及低温水煮处理金枪鱼,系统分析其感官、色泽、质构、水分、pH、粗蛋白与粗脂肪的变化规律,并运用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、支持向量回归(SVR)和反向传播神经网络(BPNN)三种模型,基于水分含量这一特征参数,结合光谱预处理技术构建预测模型,建立了一种基于高光谱成像技术的无损检测方法。结果表明,湿热处理(低温水煮与蒸煮)鱼肉硬度低,能有效保持金枪鱼的水分,使其质地松软;而蛋白质及脂肪、水分含量结果表明干热处理(烤制与空气炸)则通过促进美拉德反应和水分蒸发,赋予产品酥脆质地和浓郁香气。随着热加工强度的增加,各组水分含量显著降低(P<0.05),由于浓缩效应,蛋白质与脂肪的相对含量则相应上升。在建立的三种模型中,通过比较决定系数(R2)与误差(RMSE)等关键指标,反向传播神经网络(BPNN)模型在预测精度与稳定性方面均优于PLSR与SVR模型,被确定为最优预测模型(R2=0.9239,RMSEP=2.0284),该模型能最为精准地实现金枪鱼水分含量的快速无损检测,为热加工金枪鱼的品质监控提供了最可靠的光谱分析方案。

, authors=张泽辉1, 刘巧瑜1, *, 肖斯立1, 张佳生1, 谢绍泰2, *, 谢忠诚2, 黄海辉2, 白卫东1, authorsList=张泽辉, 刘巧瑜, 肖斯立, 张佳生, 谢绍泰, 谢忠诚, 黄海辉, 白卫东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘巧瑜, 谢绍泰, authorNote=

张泽辉(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0008−2117−1219),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘巧瑜(1977−)(ORCID:0000−0002−1719−6252),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中式传统肉制品加工、保鲜及呈味机理,E-mail:。
谢绍泰(1968−)(ORCID:0009−0002−1478−0880),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工、新型水产品工艺,E-mail:。
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Food Science and Technology Research, 2014, 20(3): 655−661., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880200817168606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曾妮, 江勇, 陈丽丽, 等. 冻藏前后草鱼肉性质的比较与研究[J]. 食品科技, 2016, 41(3): 156−160. [ZENG Ni, JIANG Yong, CHEN Lili, et al. Effect of freeze on composition of grass carp[J]. 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Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 2018, 83(3): 379−390., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880190633398351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880190650175568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, companyId=1320880190633398351, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880190662758481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, companyId=1320880190633398351, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,农业农村部岭南特色食品绿色加工与智能制造重点实验室,现代农业工程创新研究院,广东广州 510225)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880190750838866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880190763421779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, companyId=1320880190750838866, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Guangdong Yingjinqian Haibao Food Co., Ltd., Maoming 525400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880190771810388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, companyId=1320880190750838866, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2广东鹰金钱海宝食品有限公司,广东茂名 525400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880193766543495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different heating methods on sensory evaluation of tuna, figureFileSmall=SECHL0jNqxvy+6qmJBo7Ow==, figureFileBig=Xm71+unSpNQXA8PIl+O/0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880193825263752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同热加工方式对金枪鱼感官评价的影响, figureFileSmall=SECHL0jNqxvy+6qmJBo7Ow==, figureFileBig=Xm71+unSpNQXA8PIl+O/0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194047561865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different heating methods on moisture content of tuna, figureFileSmall=B4b6xGzCW+e33fRBSrwdKA==, figureFileBig=BHBlv5Z4WUmy3ifrzY6kpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194118865034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同热加工方式对金枪鱼水分含量的影响

注:小写字母表示不同热加工方式金枪鱼之间差异显著(P<0.05),图3同。

, figureFileSmall=B4b6xGzCW+e33fRBSrwdKA==, figureFileBig=BHBlv5Z4WUmy3ifrzY6kpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194198556811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different heating methods on pH (A), protein (B) and fat (C) of tuna, figureFileSmall=Zj9vC1PvCycfUTSypowJ8g==, figureFileBig=xhjTfX5kSB76RwwQHqUUYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194274054284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同热加工方式对金枪鱼pH(A)、蛋白质(B)及脂肪(C)的影响, figureFileSmall=Zj9vC1PvCycfUTSypowJ8g==, figureFileBig=xhjTfX5kSB76RwwQHqUUYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194349551757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation analysis of physicochemical indicators of tuna under different heating methods, figureFileSmall=Pdpald32ZQHKcZIhlLN8bA==, figureFileBig=cfPPopNvViRqhDvSFpmd/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194408272014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同热加工方式金枪鱼理化指标相关性分析

注:*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001;****P<0.0001。

, figureFileSmall=Pdpald32ZQHKcZIhlLN8bA==, figureFileBig=cfPPopNvViRqhDvSFpmd/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194471186575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Hyperspectral images of tuna under different heating methods, figureFileSmall=GLFeEKWkbSzpm9jhafsngw==, figureFileBig=uZdfGIng82d3zZ2XxTWP6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194542489744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同热加工方式金枪鱼高光谱图, figureFileSmall=GLFeEKWkbSzpm9jhafsngw==, figureFileBig=uZdfGIng82d3zZ2XxTWP6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194622181521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of PLSR model based on hyperspectral, figureFileSmall=8DBbR0QNdKbapFzJE0FkEg==, figureFileBig=n67Wr+b73KbO+/3VX1IT5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194680901778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于高光谱的PLSR模型效果

注:R2代表决定系数;RMSEP代表均方根误差,图7~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=8DBbR0QNdKbapFzJE0FkEg==, figureFileBig=n67Wr+b73KbO+/3VX1IT5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194748010643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of SVR model based on hyperspectral, figureFileSmall=jBeRTB3yu83IEUX0KFODmg==, figureFileBig=UoBb6v1DI748ZbPdHLaJjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194815119508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于高光谱的SVR模型效果, figureFileSmall=jBeRTB3yu83IEUX0KFODmg==, figureFileBig=UoBb6v1DI748ZbPdHLaJjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194873839765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of BPNN model based on hyperspectral, figureFileSmall=sx8+0ysd0Pa3mOehBItBXw==, figureFileBig=GPsBns6xRMO+dMCOeYSQzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194945142934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于高光谱的BPNN模型效果, figureFileSmall=sx8+0ysd0Pa3mOehBItBXw==, figureFileBig=GPsBns6xRMO+dMCOeYSQzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880194999668887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for tuna samples under different heating methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准分值(分)等级
气味香气浓郁,富有鱼的鲜香味,没有腥味等不良
气味
9~10优
香气较明显,鱼的鲜香味较淡,没有鱼腥味等
不良气味
7~8良
鱼的香气弱,有较明显鱼腥味等不良气味4~6中
无香气,有明显鱼腥味等不良气体0~3差
外观鱼块完整,鲜亮有光泽9~10优
鱼块基本完整,有光泽7~8良
鱼块较不完整,略有光泽4~6中
鱼块不完整,无光泽0~3差
滋味鲜味突出,无异味(腥味等)9~10优
鲜味较淡,无异味(腥味等)7~8良
鲜味一般,无异味(腥味等)4~6中
无鲜味,有其他异味(腥味等)0~3差
质地肉质柔软,肌肉组织较为紧密,弹性很好9~10优
肉质较柔软,肌肉组织较为紧密,弹性较好7~8良
肉质较粗硬,肌肉组织较松散,弹性较差4~6中
肉质很粗硬,肌肉组织松散,弹性很差0~3差
可接受度高7~10喜欢
适中4~6还行
低0~3不接受
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195066777752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同热加工方式下金枪鱼样品的感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准分值(分)等级
气味香气浓郁,富有鱼的鲜香味,没有腥味等不良
气味
9~10优
香气较明显,鱼的鲜香味较淡,没有鱼腥味等
不良气味
7~8良
鱼的香气弱,有较明显鱼腥味等不良气味4~6中
无香气,有明显鱼腥味等不良气体0~3差
外观鱼块完整,鲜亮有光泽9~10优
鱼块基本完整,有光泽7~8良
鱼块较不完整,略有光泽4~6中
鱼块不完整,无光泽0~3差
滋味鲜味突出,无异味(腥味等)9~10优
鲜味较淡,无异味(腥味等)7~8良
鲜味一般,无异味(腥味等)4~6中
无鲜味,有其他异味(腥味等)0~3差
质地肉质柔软,肌肉组织较为紧密,弹性很好9~10优
肉质较柔软,肌肉组织较为紧密,弹性较好7~8良
肉质较粗硬,肌肉组织较松散,弹性较差4~6中
肉质很粗硬,肌肉组织松散,弹性很差0~3差
可接受度高7~10喜欢
适中4~6还行
低0~3不接受
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195146469529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different heating methods on color difference of tuna

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式饱和度c*白度值W黄度值YI
生鱼8.29±0.33a40.59±0.84a28.70±0.48a
低温水煮17.21±0.17b69.62±0.35c32.57±0.08b
蒸煮17.50±0.06b69.02±0.88c33.39±0.38b
烘烤20.99±0.44c60.72±1.10b44.45±1.63c
炸制23.01±0.26d59±1.32b48.61±1.33d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195230355610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同热加工方式对金枪鱼色差的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式饱和度c*白度值W黄度值YI
生鱼8.29±0.33a40.59±0.84a28.70±0.48a
低温水煮17.21±0.17b69.62±0.35c32.57±0.08b
蒸煮17.50±0.06b69.02±0.88c33.39±0.38b
烘烤20.99±0.44c60.72±1.10b44.45±1.63c
炸制23.01±0.26d59±1.32b48.61±1.33d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195293270171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different heating methods on texture of tuna

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式硬度(N)内聚性(Ratio)弹性(mm)胶粘性(N)咀嚼性(mJ)
生鱼1.21±0.43a0.49±0.06a1.62±0.77a0.67±0.17a1.16±0.75a
低温水煮7.43±1.68b0.55±0.02a2.88±0.28b4.6±1.25b13.48±1.85b
蒸煮7.85±0.9bc0.55±0.03a2.82±0.5b4.83±0.68b14.56±1.67b
烘烤9.6±1.53bc0.49±0.02a2.9±0.33b5.56±1.91b15.22±1.49b
炸制10.54±2.17c0.51±0.09a3.66±0.48c5.74±1.17b18.08±0.59c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195356184732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同热加工方式对金枪鱼质构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式硬度(N)内聚性(Ratio)弹性(mm)胶粘性(N)咀嚼性(mJ)
生鱼1.21±0.43a0.49±0.06a1.62±0.77a0.67±0.17a1.16±0.75a
低温水煮7.43±1.68b0.55±0.02a2.88±0.28b4.6±1.25b13.48±1.85b
蒸煮7.85±0.9bc0.55±0.03a2.82±0.5b4.83±0.68b14.56±1.67b
烘烤9.6±1.53bc0.49±0.02a2.9±0.33b5.56±1.91b15.22±1.49b
炸制10.54±2.17c0.51±0.09a3.66±0.48c5.74±1.17b18.08±0.59c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195435876509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Feature band extraction based on CARS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征波长(nm)
935.61939.06942.52945.98949.43952.89966.73970.19
973.65977.11987.51990.97994.43997.91001.371008.3
1011.771015.241018.711022.181032.591039.5310431056.9
1060.381063.851067.331077.761081.241084.721088.21091.68
1095.171102.131109.11112.581116.071119.551123.041130.01
1133.51136.991140.471143.961147.451150.941154.431157.93
1161.421164.911168.41171.91175.391178.891182.381185.88
1189.371192.871196.371199.871203.371206.871210.371213.87
1220.871224.371227.871231.381234.881238.391241.891280.48
1283.991287.511291.021294.531298.051301.561305.081308.59
1312.111315.621319.141322.661326.181329.71333.221336.74
1343.781347.31350.821354.351361.391382.551386.081389.61
1393.141396.671403.731407.261414.321421.391424.921428.46
1442.61456.761467.381470.921474.461481.551485.091488.64
1492.181513.461520.561538.321541.871545.421566.751580.99
1584.551588.111595.231598.791605.921616.611620.171623.74
1634.441638.011648.711652.291655.8616631666.571670.14
1677.291680.871688.021702.331705.911713.071716.65
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195523956894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于CARS的特征波段提取

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特征波长(nm)
935.61939.06942.52945.98949.43952.89966.73970.19
973.65977.11987.51990.97994.43997.91001.371008.3
1011.771015.241018.711022.181032.591039.5310431056.9
1060.381063.851067.331077.761081.241084.721088.21091.68
1095.171102.131109.11112.581116.071119.551123.041130.01
1133.51136.991140.471143.961147.451150.941154.431157.93
1161.421164.911168.41171.91175.391178.891182.381185.88
1189.371192.871196.371199.871203.371206.871210.371213.87
1220.871224.371227.871231.381234.881238.391241.891280.48
1283.991287.511291.021294.531298.051301.561305.081308.59
1312.111315.621319.141322.661326.181329.71333.221336.74
1343.781347.31350.821354.351361.391382.551386.081389.61
1393.141396.671403.731407.261414.321421.391424.921428.46
1442.61456.761467.381470.921474.461481.551485.091488.64
1492.181513.461520.561538.321541.871545.421566.751580.99
1584.551588.111595.231598.791605.921616.611620.171623.74
1634.441638.011648.711652.291655.8616631666.571670.14
1677.291680.871688.021702.331705.911713.071716.65
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195603648671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Modeling results of moisture content prediction model

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模型预处理
方式
特征波长
数(nm)
定标决定
系数R2cal
决定
系数R2
定标标准
误差
RMSEC
预测标准
误差
RMSEP
PLSRSG、数据归
一化、均值
1430.90180.89522.39942.3802
SVR0.87880.88802.66492.4602
BPNN0.95650.92391.59722.0284
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195700117664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

水分含量预测模型建模结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型预处理
方式
特征波长
数(nm)
定标决定
系数R2cal
决定
系数R2
定标标准
误差
RMSEC
预测标准
误差
RMSEP
PLSRSG、数据归
一化、均值
1430.90180.89522.39942.3802
SVR0.87880.88802.66492.4602
BPNN0.95650.92391.59722.0284
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195771420833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Prediction results of moisture content by PLSR prediction model

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真实值(g/100 g)预测值(g/100 g)误差(g/100 g)
53.3147.425.89
61.7759.412.36
71.0267.833.19
71.9871.480.50
70.3770.90−0.53
72.8573.36−0.51
69.9770.85−0.88
66.5165.491.02
67.2664.063.20
67.1964.452.74
66.9667.80−0.84
72.1572.95−0.80
51.9752.51−0.54
54.4453.431.01
66.8965.071.82
71.3472.31−0.97
71.7670.960.80
72.5270.701.82
67.0468.23−1.19
71.6972.17−0.48
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195863695522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

PLSR预测模型水分含量预测结果

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真实值(g/100 g)预测值(g/100 g)误差(g/100 g)
53.3147.425.89
61.7759.412.36
71.0267.833.19
71.9871.480.50
70.3770.90−0.53
72.8573.36−0.51
69.9770.85−0.88
66.5165.491.02
67.2664.063.20
67.1964.452.74
66.9667.80−0.84
72.1572.95−0.80
51.9752.51−0.54
54.4453.431.01
66.8965.071.82
71.3472.31−0.97
71.7670.960.80
72.5270.701.82
67.0468.23−1.19
71.6972.17−0.48
), ArticleFig(id=1320880195939192995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Prediction results of moisture content by SVR prediction model

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真实值(g/100 g)预测值(g/100 g)误差(g/100 g)
53.3153.060.25
61.7758.383.39
71.0268.023.00
71.9871.030.95
70.3770.46−0.09
72.8572.280.30
69.9769.520.45
66.5165.860.65
67.2662.514.75
67.1963.413.78
66.9668.70−1.74
72.1572.030.12
51.9752.88−0.91
54.4457.58−3.14
66.8966.93−0.04
71.3471.93−0.59
71.7669.142.62
72.5272.180.34
67.0469.46−2.42
71.6972.29−0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1320880196023079076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

SVR预测模型水分含量预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真实值(g/100 g)预测值(g/100 g)误差(g/100 g)
53.3153.060.25
61.7758.383.39
71.0268.023.00
71.9871.030.95
70.3770.46−0.09
72.8572.280.30
69.9769.520.45
66.5165.860.65
67.2662.514.75
67.1963.413.78
66.9668.70−1.74
72.1572.030.12
51.9752.88−0.91
54.4457.58−3.14
66.8966.93−0.04
71.3471.93−0.59
71.7669.142.62
72.5272.180.34
67.0469.46−2.42
71.6972.29−0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1320880196106965157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Prediction results of moisture content by BPNN prediction model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真实值(g/100 g)预测值(g/100 g)误差(g/100 g)
53.3150.203.11
61.7758.303.47
71.0272.20−1.18
71.9871.750.23
70.3770.290.08
72.8572.88−0.03
69.9770.60−0.63
66.5166.390.12
67.2664.582.68
67.1964.083.11
66.9666.780.18
72.1571.740.41
51.9751.130.84
54.4453.201.24
66.8966.98−0.09
71.3472.20−0.86
71.7670.701.06
72.5271.401.12
67.0467.54−0.50
71.6971.80−0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1320880196169879718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

BPNN预测模型水分含量预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真实值(g/100 g)预测值(g/100 g)误差(g/100 g)
53.3150.203.11
61.7758.303.47
71.0272.20−1.18
71.9871.750.23
70.3770.290.08
72.8572.88−0.03
69.9770.60−0.63
66.5166.390.12
67.2664.582.68
67.1964.083.11
66.9666.780.18
72.1571.740.41
51.9751.130.84
54.4453.201.24
66.8966.98−0.09
71.3472.20−0.86
71.7670.701.06
72.5271.401.12
67.0467.54−0.50
71.6971.80−0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1320880196253765799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

t-Test results of moisture content models for validation set samples

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模型T值自由度P值
PLSR预测模型真实值与预测值0.797190.435
SVR预测模型真实值与预测值0.690190.498
BPNN预测模型真实值与预测值2.016190.058
), ArticleFig(id=1320880196320874664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880188037124156, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

验证集样品水分含量模型t检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型T值自由度P值
PLSR预测模型真实值与预测值0.797190.435
SVR预测模型真实值与预测值0.690190.498
BPNN预测模型真实值与预测值2.016190.058
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不同热加工方式对金枪鱼品质的影响及水分预测模型建立
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张泽辉 1 , 刘巧瑜 1, * , 肖斯立 1 , 张佳生 1 , 谢绍泰 2, * , 谢忠诚 2 , 黄海辉 2 , 白卫东 1
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—标准化赋能食品及相关产品高质量发展(客座主编:云振宇、史波林、兰韬、刘鹏、赵琳) 2026,47(15): 56-66
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—标准化赋能食品及相关产品高质量发展(客座主编:云振宇、史波林、兰韬、刘鹏、赵琳) 2026 , 47 (15) : 56 -66
不同热加工方式对金枪鱼品质的影响及水分预测模型建立
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张泽辉1 , 刘巧瑜1, * , 肖斯立1, 张佳生1, 谢绍泰2, * , 谢忠诚2, 黄海辉2, 白卫东1
作者信息
  • 1仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,农业农村部岭南特色食品绿色加工与智能制造重点实验室,现代农业工程创新研究院,广东广州 510225
  • 2广东鹰金钱海宝食品有限公司,广东茂名 525400
通讯作者:
刘巧瑜(1977−)(ORCID:0000−0002−1719−6252),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中式传统肉制品加工、保鲜及呈味机理,E-mail:。
谢绍泰(1968−)(ORCID:0009−0002−1478−0880),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工、新型水产品工艺,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张泽辉(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0008−2117−1219),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Effects of Thermal Processing Methods on Tuna Quality and Establishment of a Moisture Prediction Model
Zehui ZHANG1 , Qiaoyu LIU1, * , Sili XIAO1, Jiasheng ZHANG1, Shaotai XIE2, * , Zhongcheng XIE2, Haihui HUANG2, Weidong BAI1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
  • 2Guangdong Yingjinqian Haibao Food Co., Ltd., Maoming 525400, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090324
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采用蒸煮、烤制、空气炸及低温水煮处理金枪鱼,系统分析其感官、色泽、质构、水分、pH、粗蛋白与粗脂肪的变化规律,并运用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、支持向量回归(SVR)和反向传播神经网络(BPNN)三种模型,基于水分含量这一特征参数,结合光谱预处理技术构建预测模型,建立了一种基于高光谱成像技术的无损检测方法。结果表明,湿热处理(低温水煮与蒸煮)鱼肉硬度低,能有效保持金枪鱼的水分,使其质地松软;而蛋白质及脂肪、水分含量结果表明干热处理(烤制与空气炸)则通过促进美拉德反应和水分蒸发,赋予产品酥脆质地和浓郁香气。随着热加工强度的增加,各组水分含量显著降低(P<0.05),由于浓缩效应,蛋白质与脂肪的相对含量则相应上升。在建立的三种模型中,通过比较决定系数(R2)与误差(RMSE)等关键指标,反向传播神经网络(BPNN)模型在预测精度与稳定性方面均优于PLSR与SVR模型,被确定为最优预测模型(R2=0.9239,RMSEP=2.0284),该模型能最为精准地实现金枪鱼水分含量的快速无损检测,为热加工金枪鱼的品质监控提供了最可靠的光谱分析方案。

高光谱  /  金枪鱼  /  热加工  /  理化特性  /  水分预测

Tuna samples were processed using steaming, roasting, air frying, and low-temperature boiling methods. Changes in sensory attributes, color, texture, moisture content, pH, crude protein, and crude fat were systematically analyzed. Three prediction models—Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN)—were developed based on moisture content as the characteristic parameter, combined with spectral preprocessing techniques, to establish a non-destructive detection method using hyperspectral imaging technology. The results demonstrated that moist-heat treatments (low-temperature boiling and steaming) resulted in lower hardness, effectively preserved moisture, and yielded a soft texture. In contrast, dry-heat treatments (roasting and air frying) promoted the Maillard reaction and moisture evaporation, imparting a crisp texture and rich aroma. As the thermal processing intensity increased, the moisture content decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the relative contents of protein and fat increased due to the concentration effect. Among the three models developed, the BPNN model exhibited superior prediction accuracy and stability compared to the PLSR and SVR models, achieving optimal performance (R2=0.9239, RMSEP=2.0284). The BPNN model enables accurate and rapid non-destructive detection of moisture content in tuna, providing a highly reliable spectral analysis solution for quality monitoring of thermally processed tuna products.

hyperspectral  /  tuna  /  hot working  /  physical and chemical properties  /  moisture prediction
张泽辉, 刘巧瑜, 肖斯立, 张佳生, 谢绍泰, 谢忠诚, 黄海辉, 白卫东. 不同热加工方式对金枪鱼品质的影响及水分预测模型建立. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090324
Zehui ZHANG, Qiaoyu LIU, Sili XIAO, Jiasheng ZHANG, Shaotai XIE, Zhongcheng XIE, Haihui HUANG, Weidong BAI. Effects of Thermal Processing Methods on Tuna Quality and Establishment of a Moisture Prediction Model[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090324
金枪鱼族(Thunnini)系硬骨鱼纲鲭形目鲭科的重要海洋生物类群,涵盖金枪鱼属、舵鲣属、狐鲣属等六个属种,其在渔业资源与海洋生态系统中具有重要地位[1]。金枪鱼蛋白质组分中必需氨基酸比例显著优于陆生动物源蛋白,更易被人体吸收利用[2],被联合国粮农组织列为全球优质蛋白源三大推荐鱼种之一。肌肉组织富含DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)[3]与EPA(二十碳五烯酸)等ω-3系多不饱和脂肪酸。热加工会引起蛋白质变性凝固、美拉德反应(非酶褐变反应)及脂质氧化等系列化学变化[4],该过程不仅能改善肉品的质构和风味,还能促进蛋白质等营养物质的消化吸收,从而提升其整体感官品质与营养价值。不同热加工方式会引起肉品理化性质的显著差异,进而作用于其感官特性、营养组成和风味特征[5]。探究不同热加工方式对金枪鱼品质的影响,对鱼类加工产业的产品开发具有重要指导意义,也能为金枪鱼标准化生产加工工艺的优化提供科学参考。
高光谱是一种图像和光谱的融合技术,能够在非接触、无损伤的条件下,快速获取食品表面的光谱信息与空间图像,能将食物内部的各种信息转化成数字信息可视化表达出来[6]。高光谱成像技术在食品质量分析领域的应用研究已取得显著进展,正逐步建立基于该技术的检测体系。贾敏[6]和赵静远等[7]针对羊肉掺假问题开发了短波近红外(900~1700 nm)光谱检测方案,其采用光谱标准化(SNV)结合变量优选(SPA)的偏最小二乘回归模型,成功实现掺假比例可视化分析,模型预测决定系数达0.9684,展现出优异的定量检测能力。张冬妍等[8]通过融合高光谱图像特征与纹理参数构建支持向量回归(SVR)模型,该模型将榛子水分预测的均方根误差降至0.0401,相关系数提升至0.9601,为坚果类产品的水分监控提供了创新技术路径。Men等[9]针对油茶籽酸价检测难题,设计基于反向传播神经网络的定量模型,通过高光谱特征提取与非线性建模的有机结合,使模型预测决定系数突破0.9602,显著提升检测效率。高光谱及近光谱成像技术结合智能算法,已能实现对食品关键品质参数的快速、精准无损检测,为推动食品品质监控从传统方法向智能化、可视化方向转型提供了坚实的技术支撑。
本研究基于不同热加工方式金枪鱼感官评价及质构、水分含量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪等理化品质,选用PLSR(偏最小二乘回归)、SVR(支持向量回归)和BPNN(反向传播神经网络)三种数学模型,结合高光谱成像,建立金枪鱼品质模型预测方法,以期为鱼类及水产品的品质预测提供理论和技术支撑。
冰鲜金枪鱼 购买于广州本地市场,样品质量200~500 g;硼酸、溴甲酚绿、甲基红、石油醚、硫酸铜、硫酸钾、浓硫酸、氢氧化钠 购自麦克林生化科技有限公司(中国,上海);所有试剂均为分析纯。
AND微量分析电子天平 深圳科衡仪器有限公司;HH-1恒温数显水浴锅 浙江苏泊尔股份有限公司;ZN23FK830多功能电蒸锅 广东半球实业集团公司;KGLS机械式电烤箱 广东格兰仕集团有限公司;KKZG-4009-Q多功能可视触屏电炸锅 康佳集团股份有限公司;PHS-3CB/3CU台式数显酸度计 上海越平科学仪器有限公司;TA-XT2i 质构仪 英国Stable MicroSystems公司;DS-220手持色差仪 彩谱科技有限公司。
热加工参数通过前期预实验优化确定,其核心依据是保证金枪鱼块在特定加热条件下能够完成从外至内的充分热变性,同时形成湿热与干热在温度和时间上的显著对比。金枪鱼取鱼脊两旁嫩肉,清洗分割成均匀的长方体鱼块(4 cm×2 cm×2 cm),质量控制在15±0.5 g。生鱼组(对照组):分割后的样品;蒸煮组:蒸炉预先煮沸(蒸汽温度≥98 ℃)后,放入鱼块,保持沸腾状态5 min;烘烤组:烤箱预热至上下火200 ℃并稳定5 min后,鱼块平铺于烤盘内烤制5 min;炸制组:使用空气炸锅,将鱼块平铺于垫有锡纸的炸篮中,180 ℃下热加工10 min;低温水煮组:鱼块装入食品级耐热真空包装袋(排除空气后密封),完全浸没于85 ℃恒温水浴锅中10 min。热加工组样品处理后均取出自然冷却至室温备用。
参考谭青玲[10]的方法略作修改,参考国标GB/T 37062-2018制定感官评价标准,见表1。由10名经过培训的感官评定员(年龄25~40岁,男女各半,均具有2年以上食品感官评定经验,且无味觉、嗅觉障碍)在专用感官实验室内对样品进行评价。评价指标包括气味、外观、滋味、质地与总体可接受度。
参照游云等[11]的方法,使用手持式色差仪测定金枪鱼肉不同部位的L*值、a*值和b*值,每个样品重复5次。L*表示明亮度,a*表示红绿色泽,b*表示黄蓝色泽。
计算其饱和度(c*)、白度值(Whiteness,W)、黄度指数(Yellowness index,YI):
$ {c}^{*}=\sqrt{{a}^{{{*}^{2}}}{+b}^{{{*}^{2}}}} $
$ \mathrm{W}=100-\sqrt{{(100-{{L}^{*}})}^{2}{+a}^{{{*}^{2}}}{+b}^{{{*}^{2}}}} $
$ \mathrm{YI}=142.86\times \frac{{b}^{*}}{{L}^{*}} $
参照游云等[11]的方法进行修改,使用P/36 R探头,滤波值调至100,感应元为10,测试速率为1 mm/s。测试参数:模式为5,启点为5 N,目标为30%,等待时间为0 s,探头移动10 mm,归零后测定。
根据国家标准GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分测定》中恒质量法进行测定。
参照GB/T 9695.5-2008《肉与肉制品 pH测定》[12]进行pH测定。
参照GB/T 5009.5-2025《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》[13],取金枪鱼样品大约0.1 g,用锡纸包裹,放入定氮仪进行测定,每个样品重复3次。
根据GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪测定》中索氏抽提法进行测定。
采用SG平滑优先去除高频噪声[14],归一化消除量纲差异,均值处理修正低频偏移这三种方法对高光谱数据进行预处理,最终形成光谱特征清晰、分布一致的数据集,为后续特征提取与分类提供可靠输入。
将处理好的金枪鱼肉使用高光谱仪进行数据采集,物距为25 cm,载物台前进速度为0.9 cm/s,返回速度为2 cm/s,原点距离为6.5 cm(相对限位开关的距离),曝光时间为15 ms[15]。
采集930组样品的数据进行计算,剔除异常样品;再采用系统抽样分组,随机选取80%的样品作为定标集,用于高光谱建模,20%的样品作为预测集,用于高光谱预测模型的外部检验。利用ENVI 5.6对高光谱数据进行校正、ROI提取、平均光谱反射率提取,采用软件Matlab 2024b,结合CARS计算选取特征波长,采用Python 3.13.2进行光谱预处理和建模。构建不同热加工方式(蒸煮、烤制、空气炸锅以及低温水煮)下,金枪鱼水分含量的偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR)预测模型、支持向量机回归(Support Vector Regression,SVR)预测模型以及反向传播神经网络(Back Propagation Neural Network,BPNN)预测模型。
金枪鱼样品的实验数值取3次平行测量的平均值,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)与Tukey多重比较检验评估均值间的显著性差异(P<0.05)。采用SPSS26软件对数据进行配对样本t检验、相关性分析和逐步回归分析,采用Origin2022进行绘图。
四种加工方式下,金枪鱼的感官评价结果如图1。图1中,蒸煮、低温水煮加工的金枪鱼肉汁液较多,保水情况较好,外观完整、质地松软;烤制、炸制的金枪鱼肉外皮酥脆,呈金黄色,脂香味浓郁。四种热加工方式下,金枪鱼的总体接受度无显著性差异(P>0.05)。烘烤、炸制口感酥脆,香气浓郁,易激发食欲,由于是高温烹调,肉质汁水较少[16]。而低温水煮及蒸煮加工汁液充足[17]。
颜色特征是反映食品在加工过程中蛋白质变性、脂质氧化及非酶褐变等化学变化的重要指标[18],其变化可直观体现热加工对金枪鱼外观品质的影响。表2数据显示,与生鱼样本相比,不同热加工方式均显著影响了金枪鱼的色泽特性。生鱼的饱和度显著(P<0.05)低于所有热加工组,这主要是由于加热过程中蛋白质变性及美拉德反应的加速进行,促使部分蛋白质与还原糖结合形成褐色产物,从而显著提升了饱和度与黄度值。其中,炸制组c*值(23.01±0.26)最高,这可能与高温下油脂渗透及表面快速脱水导致的色泽集中有关。
在白度方面,经低温水煮和蒸煮后白度显著高于生鱼组(P<0.05),说明温和的湿热处理有利于保持较高白度,可能与蛋白质凝固和水分保留作用有关[19]。相较于低温水煮和蒸煮,烘烤与炸制组白度值降低,这可能是由于干热处理导致表面脱水、焦糖化及局部褐变加剧所致,尤其在炸制过程中,油脂渗入与高温共同促使表面形成金黄色外壳,从而降低了鱼肉白度。
黄度值(YI)从生鱼向炸制组逐渐上升,且各组间差异显著(P<0.05),说明热加工强度与黄色物质的积累呈正相关。高温炸制过程中,油脂氧化产生的羰基化合物(如醛、酮类)与非酶褐变产物共同作用,可能进一步促使黄度显著增加[20]。以上结果表明,热加工方式通过影响水分状态、蛋白质构象及脂质氧化程度,综合调控了鱼肉的色泽表现。
质构特征是反映食品在加工过程中蛋白质变性、水分迁移及组织结构重排的综合指标[21],其变化可直观体现热加工对金枪鱼口感与质地的影响。生鱼的硬度显著低于所有热加工组,而低温水煮、蒸煮、烘烤和炸制的硬度依次升高(表3),表明热处理显著增强了金枪鱼的质地紧实度,这可能是因为低温水煮时蛋白质初步变性形成凝胶网络,导致硬度提升;炸制因高温快速凝固表面蛋白质并脱去大量水分,形成致密结构,使硬度达到最高[22]。各组样品的内聚性无显著差异(P>0.05),表明热处理虽引起蛋白质变性,但金枪鱼凝胶内部网络的结合力得以保持。这可能是由于在热诱导下,尽管部分原有的作用力被破坏,同时又有新的分子间作用力形成并维持动态平衡,例如疏水相互作用的增强、二硫键的重组以及氢键的重新形成共同补偿了因变性造成的结合力损失,从而维持了结构的整体稳定性[23]。与生鱼相比,热加工组的弹性显著增加(P<0.05),炸制组弹性最高,与高温促使肌纤维形成更稳定的交联结构有关[4]。胶粘性和咀嚼性呈现相似规律,生鱼胶粘性和咀嚼性最低,而炸制分别升至5.74±1.17 N和18.08±0.59 mJ。金枪鱼胶粘性和咀嚼性的变化,可能与水分流失与蛋白质浓缩有关[24]。
水分含量是反映食品在加工过程中水分迁移、蒸发及组织结构变化的关键指标[25],其变化可直观体现热加工对金枪鱼质地与保水性的调控作用。图2中,低温水煮金枪鱼与生鱼组的水分含量无显著性差异(P>0.05),是因为水煮过程中减缓了水分的蒸发,蛋白质受热后发生凝胶化,形成网络结构锁住部分自由水,水分含量无显著变化[26]。蒸煮、烘烤和炸制样品的水分含量依次显著降低(P<0.05),该变化趋势与热加工过程中的传热介质及温度密切相关。在蒸煮(湿热)条件下,外部水蒸气可减缓样品表面水分的散失;而烘烤与炸制(干热)则使样品暴露于高温空气中,导致表面水分急剧蒸发并形成致密结构,进而加剧内部水分的迁移与流失,这与臧启明等[27]的研究结果相同。结果表明,干热加工更易导致水分流失,而湿热处理有助于更好地保持产品的持水性,与质构的结果一致。
食品加工过程中蛋白质变性、脂肪氧化及微生物代谢等化学变化可以通过pH的变化体现出来[6,28],pH的变化可揭示热加工对鱼肉微环境酸碱平衡的影响。各组样品的pH变化如图3(A)所示。生鱼组的pH最低,而经四种热加工处理后,pH均发生显著上升(P<0.05),这主要源于加热过程中肌肉蛋白质降解产生的碱性含氮物质(如氨和胺类)的释放。不同加热方式间pH上升幅度不同,低温水煮和烘烤组的pH相对较高,而炸制组的pH在热处理组中最低。该现象可能的原因是,在高温油炸过程中,脂质氧化反应更为剧烈,其产生的游离脂肪酸及某些羰基化合物(如短链醛酮)可能在一定程度上中和了部分碱性物质,从而缓和了pH的上升幅度[29]。此外,炸制时样品表面快速失水形成硬壳,可能限制了内部碱性物质的逸出,这也是其pH相对较低的一个潜在因素。
图3(B)测定的是金枪鱼(湿基)的粗蛋白质含量,该指标是表征食品加工过程中蛋白质变性、分解及与其他成分(如还原糖)反应程度的核心依据[30],其变化可反映热加工对金枪鱼营养保留及质构形成的影响机制。图3(B)中,生鱼组蛋白质含量最低,低温水煮组与蒸煮组蛋白质含量逐步升高,可能与湿热处理中部分水分的浓缩效应有关——自由水减少使蛋白质相对含量提升,同时适度热作用促使肌肉纤维收缩,释放部分结合态蛋白[31]。烘烤组与炸制组蛋白质含量显著升高,且组间无统计学差异(P>0.05),表明干热处理组水分含量显著低于湿热处理组,与曾妮等[32]对草鱼肉的研究结果一致。
热加工方式对金枪鱼粗脂肪含量的影响见图3(C)。生鱼组粗脂肪含量最低,经不同方式加热后,其含量呈现规律性上升,这一变化主要归因于加热过程中的水分损失与脂肪迁移行为的共同作用。低温水煮处理后,样品出现轻微脂肪浓缩,可能源于部分水分的流失;而蒸煮组脂肪含量的进一步增加,则与高温蒸汽所引发的强烈水分蒸发密切相关。烘烤与炸制组粗脂肪含量最高,这不仅是由于高温环境下水分的急剧散失所致,更可能与干热加工条件下脂肪组织的熔融、渗出以及表面油脂的富集有关。尤其在炸制过程中,外部油脂的渗透与内部脂肪的迁移共同作用,进一步提升了样品的整体脂肪含量[29]。
不同热加工方式下,金枪鱼品质变化的相关性分析结果见图4。在不同热加工方式下,金枪鱼的水分含量与蛋白质含量(r=−0.89,P<0.0001)、脂肪含量(r=−0.90,P<0.0001)呈极显著负相关。这一结果反映出热加工过程中水分流失与干物质组分占比变化之间的共变关系,提示热加工对蛋白质、脂肪湿基含量的影响可能在很大程度上与失水引起的浓缩效应有关;水分含量与硬度(P<0.01)、弹性(P<0.01)、胶粘性(P<0.05)和咀嚼性(P<0.01)都呈负相关。随着金枪鱼水分含量的降低,蛋白质和脂肪的相对含量显著升高,同时鱼肉的硬度增加、弹性下降,直接影响口感。
水分子因化学结构稳定,不易受外界因素干扰,且对光源吸收波段丰富,具有稳定的光谱特性,选择水分含量构建高光谱模型的关键参数,为实现金枪鱼品质的快速无损检测奠定基础。
测定金枪鱼不同热处理后的高光谱图谱,采用SG平滑优先去除高频噪声,归一化消除量纲差异,均值处理修正低频偏移这三种方法对高光谱数据进行预处理,得到光谱图如图5所示,分析发现,不同热加工方式下的金枪鱼样品在1100 nm和1400 nm附近均呈现明显的吸收特征。其中,1100 nm处的吸收谷主要归属于水分中–OH键的二级倍频伸缩振动,其响应强度与水分含量密切相关;而1400 nm附近的吸收峰则对应脂质和蛋白质中C–H键的合频振动,反映了样品中脂肪与有机组分的构成变化。由于金枪鱼在热加工过程中水分迁移与脱除程度受加热方式影响显著,其分子间氢键网络、水分状态随之发生改变,进而引起–OH相关波段的光谱响应产生系统性偏移。因此,基于上述特征波段的光谱信息,结合化学计量学方法,能够有效捕捉不同热加工方式下水分含量的变化规律,为实现水分含量的快速、无损预测提供了关键依据[33]。
为构建高效的水分预测模型,采用竞争性自适应重加权抽样(CARS)算法对预处理后的高光谱数据进行了特征波段筛选。如表4所示,CARS从全光谱中成功提取出143个特征波段,仅占原始波段数的12.5%,显著提升了模型的运算效率与鲁棒性。分析发现,这些特征波段并非均匀分布,而是密集出现在935~1100、1280~1400以及1400~1650 nm等区间。这些区间恰好分别对应水分子中O-H键的三级倍频、O-H键的合频振动以及C-H键的伸缩振动吸收带。此结果从光谱学层面证实,所筛选的特征波段与金枪鱼中水分的氢键网络结构、水分状态以及水分与脂质/蛋白质的相互作用高度相关,为后续建立精准的水分预测模型提供了关键的光谱依据。
建立PLSR模型、SVR模型、BPNN模型结果如表5所示。比较PLSR、SVR和BPNN三种模型的建模效果发现,PLSR中其定标决定系数与决定系数接近,且预测标准误差与定标误差差异较小,表明模型稳定性较好,未出现明显过拟合。SVR的决定系数略高于定标值,预测误差高于PLSR,可能存在模型泛化能力较弱的问题[34]。BPNN在定标阶段表现突出,R2cal=0.9565且RMSEC=1.5972,但预测阶段R2下降至0.9239,RMSEP升至2.0284,表明存在一定过拟合风险[35],但其验证误差仍为三者最低,验证相关性最高,综合表现较优。总体而言,PLSR稳定性较强,BPNN预测精度更高但需警惕过拟合,SVR表现居中。
基于高光谱的PLSR、SVR、BPNN模型效果图分别如图6、图7、图8所示。BPNN的整体模型预测相较于其他两者更好,符合评判模型参数R2的结果。预测低水分含量(水分含量大概在30%以下)的金枪鱼样品,三种预测模型效果均较差,水分越高(水分含量大于30%),预测效果越好。可能是水分含量越低,对光谱的吸收峰幅度越小,导致光谱数据无法完全反映水分含量的变化。
为进行外部验证以评估模型的泛化能力,从全体实验样本中随机选取20个未参与模型建立的金枪鱼样品作为预测集。采集其高光谱信息,输入已建立的水分含量预测模型中得到预测值,并与实际测量值进行比较,以评估模型的预测性能,结果见表6~表8。
分别对金枪鱼水分含量的真实值和预测值进行配对样本t检验,结果见表9,PLSR预测模型、SVR预测模型和BPNN预测模型经过t检验结果得到的各种T值分别为0.797、0.69和2.016,均小于t0.05(20)=2.086,表明真实值与模型的预测值之间不存在显著性差异,三种模型均可以对金枪鱼水分进行快速测定。
研究结果表明,不同热加工方式对金枪鱼的品质特性影响显著,湿热处理(蒸煮、低温水煮)以水分为传热介质,通过促进蛋白质凝胶化形成水分保持网络,显著延缓水分流失,最终形成质地柔软、色泽浅淡的产品特性;而干热处理(烤制、空气炸)则以空气或油脂为介质,通过高温快速蒸发表面水分并引发美拉德反应与脂质氧化,形成酥脆质地、浓郁风味与深色泽特征。这一规律明确了热加工中传热介质与水分状态是水产品品质分化的核心驱动力。相关性分析显示,不同热加工方式下金枪鱼的水分含量呈现显著性梯度变化,且与粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量及质构特征等理化指标呈负相关关系。
在此基础上,成功将高光谱成像技术应用于金枪鱼水分含量的快速、无损检测。通过对比PLSR、SVR和BPNN三种建模方法,发现PLSR模型在预测精度与稳定性间取得了最佳平衡,为本领域提供了一种可靠的定量分析方案。本研究成果为金枪鱼热加工工艺的优化提供了理论依据,所建立的高光谱检测策略也为肉类行业品质控制的智能化升级提供了可行的技术路径。后续研究可进一步优化模型对低水分样品的适应性,并拓展至蛋白质变性、脂质氧化等多项品质指标的同步检测,以推动该技术从实验室向产业应用的转化。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090324
  • 接收时间:2025-09-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-29
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    1仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,农业农村部岭南特色食品绿色加工与智能制造重点实验室,现代农业工程创新研究院,广东广州 510225
    2广东鹰金钱海宝食品有限公司,广东茂名 525400

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刘巧瑜(1977−)(ORCID:0000−0002−1719−6252),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中式传统肉制品加工、保鲜及呈味机理,E-mail:。
谢绍泰(1968−)(ORCID:0009−0002−1478−0880),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工、新型水产品工艺,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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