Article(id=1320880186158072045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750003200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851977146, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851977146, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851977146, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851977146, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=67, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880186942406895, articleId=1320880186158072045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Pretreatment Methods on Extraction, Separation, and Processing Properties of Chlorella Protein, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effects of various pretreatment methods on the extraction, separation, and processing properties of Chlorella protein, freezing, freeze-drying, and spray-drying were applied. Proteins were subsequently extracted by high-pressure homogenization and separated using chitosanase combined with ethanol precipitation, followed by determination of extraction yield, purity, amino acid composition, and molecular weight distribution. The protein isolates underwent different storage conditions-refrigeration, freezing, hot-air drying, and freeze-drying-after which their functional properties were evaluated. Results indicated that spray-drying significantly improved the protein extraction rate to 67.3% (ethanol concentration was 80%) and increased purity to 48.8% (ethanol concentration was 50%), outperforming both freezing and freeze-drying while better preserving RubisCo and essential amino acids, with total amino acids reaching 74.8% and essential amino acids accounting for 40.8%. Refrigerated storage resulted in superior functional performance, yielding an emulsifying activity index (101.4 m2/g) 3.4 times higher than that of whey protein, along with significantly improved solubility (52.9%) and foaming capacity (137.5%). These findings demonstrate that spray-drying enhances extraction efficiency through effective cell wall disruption, while refrigeration maintains structural stability, reduces hydrophobic group exposure, and optimizes functional properties, providing a theoretical basis for efficient extraction and industrial application of Chlorella protein.

, authors=Shuaiyi GUO1, Shuo LIU1, 2, Ruoyu WU1, Xiaoyan LAI1, Yihuan LI3, Chen ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Shuaiyi GUO, Shuo LIU, Ruoyu WU, Xiaoyan LAI, Yihuan LI, Chen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880188850815230, articleId=1320880186158072045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同预处理方法对小球藻蛋白提取、分离和加工性能的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同预处理方法对小球藻蛋白提取、分离及加工性能的影响,本研究采用冷冻、冷冻干燥及喷雾干燥法预处理小球藻,经高压破碎法提取蛋白质后,再采用壳聚糖酶联合乙醇沉降分离,测定提取率、纯度、氨基酸组成和分子量分布;随后将蛋白分离物经冷藏、冷冻、烘干、冻干等处理,测定小球藻蛋白质的加工性能。结果表明,喷雾干燥预处理相较于冷冻、冷冻干燥显著提升蛋白质提取率至67.3%(乙醇浓度为80%),纯度高达48.8%(乙醇浓度为50%),且保留更多RubisCo及必需氨基酸(总氨基酸含量74.8%,必需氨基酸占比40.8%)。经冷藏保存的分离蛋白在加工性能中表现最优,乳化活性指数(101.4 m2/g)为乳清蛋白的3.4倍,溶解性(52.9%)与起泡性(137.5%)亦显著优于其他方法。研究证实,喷雾干燥通过高效破坏细胞壁提升提取效率,而冷藏处理可维持蛋白质结构稳定性,减少疏水基团暴露,从而优化功能特性。本研究为小球藻蛋白的高效提取及工业化应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=郭帅怡1, 刘硕1, 2, 吴若渝1, 赖小燕1, 李奕欢3, 张晨1, *, authorsList=郭帅怡, 刘硕, 吴若渝, 赖小燕, 李奕欢, 张晨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晨, authorNote=

郭帅怡(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张晨(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质科学与生物资源再利用,E-mail:。
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注:不同的小写字母代表不同预处理的小球藻干物质和蛋白质提取率差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=WRUgnAex/hzaYRnYEqSKhA==, figureFileBig=3m+DHo6qcfT2+/vUyTYxeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880192361447733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Protein molecular weight distribution of CHPE with different pretreatment methods, figureFileSmall=9xxwal4OfpEi70phsVpMEQ==, figureFileBig=9c/7Wstt4GQABT2XIkXODQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880192428556598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同预处理的CHPE中蛋白质分子量分布

注:1:冷冻,2:冷冻干燥,3:喷雾干燥;以防电泳条带过浓而影响观察,样品均稀释3倍进行SDS-PAGE实验。

, figureFileSmall=9xxwal4OfpEi70phsVpMEQ==, figureFileBig=9c/7Wstt4GQABT2XIkXODQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880192508248375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Molecular weight distribution of CHPE with different pretreatment methods, figureFileSmall=3LdOSXSCVbcpZdoPo/FsaA==, figureFileBig=RSzZmh59ppj5bn6mHukukQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880192592134456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同预处理的CHPE分子量分布, figureFileSmall=3LdOSXSCVbcpZdoPo/FsaA==, figureFileBig=RSzZmh59ppj5bn6mHukukQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880192676020537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Protein purity and protein recovery of CPI with different pretreatment methods, figureFileSmall=E3BiUVGPWBGKgPqrWW/HVw==, figureFileBig=0StP6mQP1DBw3LD0DhDlhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880192755712314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同预处理的CPI中蛋白质纯度和蛋白质回收率

注:(a)蛋白质纯度,(b)蛋白质回收率;不同的小写字母代表不同预处理方式的蛋白质纯度和回收率差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=E3BiUVGPWBGKgPqrWW/HVw==, figureFileBig=0StP6mQP1DBw3LD0DhDlhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880192822821179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Protein molecular weight distribution of CPI protein with different pretreatment methods, figureFileSmall=3PM2lb1CC/72ssIv0uCxWQ==, figureFileBig=RkTLOK1GRLVWF/+WUfd+BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880192927678780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同预处理的CPI中蛋白质分子量分布

注:1:对照,2:33%,3:50%,4:66%,5:80%;以防电泳条带过浓而影响观察,将提取液稀释3倍,其余未稀释进行SDS-PAGE实验。

, figureFileSmall=3PM2lb1CC/72ssIv0uCxWQ==, figureFileBig=RkTLOK1GRLVWF/+WUfd+BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880193007370557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Molecular weight distribution of CPI with different pretreatment methods, figureFileSmall=K9Dlf6FltYwBo6QZGdZ1lw==, figureFileBig=K9/RU0YIZk4j44E/hXb/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880193070285118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同预处理的CPI分子量分布

注:(a)冷冻,(b)冷冻干燥,(c)喷雾干燥。

, figureFileSmall=K9Dlf6FltYwBo6QZGdZ1lw==, figureFileBig=K9/RU0YIZk4j44E/hXb/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880193133199679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Protein solubility of CPI with different storage conditions, figureFileSmall=YlKndAMoSfUaM2b6A6F30w==, figureFileBig=AXeUoAgc7HU+D3cetfAUUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880193204502848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CPI在不同贮藏条件下的蛋白质溶解度

注:不同小写字母代表不同储藏条件下的蛋白质溶解度差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=YlKndAMoSfUaM2b6A6F30w==, figureFileBig=AXeUoAgc7HU+D3cetfAUUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880193275806017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Amino acid content and composition of CHPE with different pretreatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸(%)冷冻冷冻干燥喷雾干燥氨基酸(%)冷冻冷冻干燥喷雾干燥
Lys1.7±0.1b1.3±0.1c2.1±0.1aTyr1.0±0.1b1.3±0.1a1.4±0.1a
Trp−−−Glu5.2±0.1c5.8±0.1b6.7±0.2a
Phe1.3±0.1c1.6±0.1b2.2±0.1aAsp2.8±0.1c3.6±0.2b4.4±0.1a
Met0.3±0.1a0.2±0.1a−Pro2.8±0.1b2.4±0.1c3.2±0.1a
Thr2.2±0.1b2.2±0.1b3.0±0.1aArg1.1±0.1c2.4±0.1b2.6±0.1a
Ile1.5±0.1a1.7±0.1a1.7±0.1aAla8.8±0.1a4.3±0.1c5.2±0.1b
Leu2.8±0.1b2.8±0.1b4.2±0.2aGly2.2±0.1ab2.1±0.1b2.5±0.1a
Val3.0±0.1a2.5±0.1b3.1±0.1aSer1.2±0.1c1.5±0.1b1.9±0.1a
His0.4±0.1b0.4±0.1b0.7±0.1a总氨基酸38.1±0.2b36.2±0.4c45.0±0.6a
必需氨基酸13.1±0.3b12.7±0.1b17.0±0.3a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880193363886402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同预处理的CHPE中氨基酸含量及组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸(%)冷冻冷冻干燥喷雾干燥氨基酸(%)冷冻冷冻干燥喷雾干燥
Lys1.7±0.1b1.3±0.1c2.1±0.1aTyr1.0±0.1b1.3±0.1a1.4±0.1a
Trp−−−Glu5.2±0.1c5.8±0.1b6.7±0.2a
Phe1.3±0.1c1.6±0.1b2.2±0.1aAsp2.8±0.1c3.6±0.2b4.4±0.1a
Met0.3±0.1a0.2±0.1a−Pro2.8±0.1b2.4±0.1c3.2±0.1a
Thr2.2±0.1b2.2±0.1b3.0±0.1aArg1.1±0.1c2.4±0.1b2.6±0.1a
Ile1.5±0.1a1.7±0.1a1.7±0.1aAla8.8±0.1a4.3±0.1c5.2±0.1b
Leu2.8±0.1b2.8±0.1b4.2±0.2aGly2.2±0.1ab2.1±0.1b2.5±0.1a
Val3.0±0.1a2.5±0.1b3.1±0.1aSer1.2±0.1c1.5±0.1b1.9±0.1a
His0.4±0.1b0.4±0.1b0.7±0.1a总氨基酸38.1±0.2b36.2±0.4c45.0±0.6a
必需氨基酸13.1±0.3b12.7±0.1b17.0±0.3a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880193443578179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Amino acid content and composition of CPI with different pretreatment methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸(%)冷冻(乙醇50%)冷冻(乙醇80%)冷冻干燥(乙醇50%)冷冻干燥(乙醇80%)喷雾干燥(乙醇50%)喷雾干燥(乙醇80%)
Lys2.6±0.1b3.3±0.1a1.8±0.1c3.4±0.1a3.6±0.1a2.0±0.1c
Trp−−−−−−
Phe3.5±0.1c4.3±0.1a3.0±0.1d3.4±0.1c3.9±0.1b2.4±0.1e
Met0.1±0.1c0.5±0.1a0.3±0.1b0.5±0.1a0.1±0.1c0.3±0.1b
Thr3.8±0.2b3.8±0.1b2.8±0.1c3.9±0.1b4.8±0.1a2.3±0.1d
Ile2.5±0.1c3.2±0.1a2.0±0.1d2.9±0.1b3.0±0.1ab1.9±0.1d
Leu6.5±0.1c7.4±0.2ab4.9±0.1d7.3±0.1ab8.3±0.2a3.8±0.1e
Val3.8±0.3b5.3±0.1a3.4±0.1bc5.3±0.2a5.1±0.1a3.2±0.1c
His1.3±0.1b1.3±0.1b0.8±0.1c1.7±0.1a1.6±0.1a0.8±0.1c
必需氨基酸24.2±0.7c29.0±0.2b19.0±0.1d28.3±0.1b30.5±0.5a16.7±0.1e
Tyr2.9±0.1a2.9±0.2a2.0±0.1b2.8±0.1a3.2±0.1a1.4±0.1c
Glu7.8±1.1ab6.7±0.1bc4.7±0.1d8.0±0.1ab8.4±0.1a5.9±0.1cd
Asp4.5±0.1c5.3±0.1ab3.3±0.1d4.9±0.1b5.7±0.1a3.0±0.1d
Pro4.6±1.0b6.6±0.1ab6.3±0.1ab6.3±0.1ab8.1±1.1a4.8±0.1b
Arg2.9±0.1d3.4±0.1cd2.4±0.1e4.0±0.2b4.5±0.1a3.6±0.1c
Ala5.2±0.2c5.7±0.1b4.0±0.1d5.9±0.2b6.7±0.1a3.5±0.1e
Gly3.8±0.1d4.3±0.1b3.1±0.1e3.7±0.1c4.5±0.1a2.7±0.1f
Ser2.4±0.1b2.7±0.1b1.9±0.1c2.6±0.1b3.1±0.1a1.9±0.1c
总氨基酸58.3±0.9c66.7±0.8b46.7±0.1d66.6±0.5b74.8±0.3a43.8±0.2e
), ArticleFig(id=1320880193670070596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同预处理的CPI中氨基酸含量和组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸(%)冷冻(乙醇50%)冷冻(乙醇80%)冷冻干燥(乙醇50%)冷冻干燥(乙醇80%)喷雾干燥(乙醇50%)喷雾干燥(乙醇80%)
Lys2.6±0.1b3.3±0.1a1.8±0.1c3.4±0.1a3.6±0.1a2.0±0.1c
Trp−−−−−−
Phe3.5±0.1c4.3±0.1a3.0±0.1d3.4±0.1c3.9±0.1b2.4±0.1e
Met0.1±0.1c0.5±0.1a0.3±0.1b0.5±0.1a0.1±0.1c0.3±0.1b
Thr3.8±0.2b3.8±0.1b2.8±0.1c3.9±0.1b4.8±0.1a2.3±0.1d
Ile2.5±0.1c3.2±0.1a2.0±0.1d2.9±0.1b3.0±0.1ab1.9±0.1d
Leu6.5±0.1c7.4±0.2ab4.9±0.1d7.3±0.1ab8.3±0.2a3.8±0.1e
Val3.8±0.3b5.3±0.1a3.4±0.1bc5.3±0.2a5.1±0.1a3.2±0.1c
His1.3±0.1b1.3±0.1b0.8±0.1c1.7±0.1a1.6±0.1a0.8±0.1c
必需氨基酸24.2±0.7c29.0±0.2b19.0±0.1d28.3±0.1b30.5±0.5a16.7±0.1e
Tyr2.9±0.1a2.9±0.2a2.0±0.1b2.8±0.1a3.2±0.1a1.4±0.1c
Glu7.8±1.1ab6.7±0.1bc4.7±0.1d8.0±0.1ab8.4±0.1a5.9±0.1cd
Asp4.5±0.1c5.3±0.1ab3.3±0.1d4.9±0.1b5.7±0.1a3.0±0.1d
Pro4.6±1.0b6.6±0.1ab6.3±0.1ab6.3±0.1ab8.1±1.1a4.8±0.1b
Arg2.9±0.1d3.4±0.1cd2.4±0.1e4.0±0.2b4.5±0.1a3.6±0.1c
Ala5.2±0.2c5.7±0.1b4.0±0.1d5.9±0.2b6.7±0.1a3.5±0.1e
Gly3.8±0.1d4.3±0.1b3.1±0.1e3.7±0.1c4.5±0.1a2.7±0.1f
Ser2.4±0.1b2.7±0.1b1.9±0.1c2.6±0.1b3.1±0.1a1.9±0.1c
总氨基酸58.3±0.9c66.7±0.8b46.7±0.1d66.6±0.5b74.8±0.3a43.8±0.2e
), ArticleFig(id=1320880193770733893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Foaming properties of CPI with different storage conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保存方法起泡性(%)起泡稳定性(%)
蛋白浓度
2%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
4%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
2%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
4%(w/v)
WP66.3±6.5c97.5±4.3b26.9±4.6c49.9±6.2ab
冷藏108.1±7.8a137.5±7.5a50.5±6.8ab53.2±3.6ab
冷冻99.4±1.1b128.1±4.8a45.9±4.7b43.3±2.9b
烘干70.0±4.1c84.2±5.1c52.6±4.6ab65.4±3.9a
冻干92.5±5.4bc99.2±3.1b62.9±3.0a57.3±4.2a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880193850425670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CPI在不同贮藏条件下的起泡性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保存方法起泡性(%)起泡稳定性(%)
蛋白浓度
2%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
4%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
2%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
4%(w/v)
WP66.3±6.5c97.5±4.3b26.9±4.6c49.9±6.2ab
冷藏108.1±7.8a137.5±7.5a50.5±6.8ab53.2±3.6ab
冷冻99.4±1.1b128.1±4.8a45.9±4.7b43.3±2.9b
烘干70.0±4.1c84.2±5.1c52.6±4.6ab65.4±3.9a
冻干92.5±5.4bc99.2±3.1b62.9±3.0a57.3±4.2a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880193959477575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Emulsifying properties of CPI with different storage conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保存方法乳化性(m2/g)乳化稳定性(d)
蛋白浓度
2%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
4%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
2%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
4%(w/v)
WP24.9±0.7a29.7±0.3c20.5±0.1a16.9±0.9b
冷藏24.3±0.5a101.4±1.3a11.9±0.2b62.7±0.1a
冷冻24.2±0.5a94.5±1.6b2.6±0.1d3.5±0.1c
烘干11.0±0.5b14.3±0.0d3.5±0.1c15.1±0.1b
冻干10.7±0.0b15.1±0.5d2.6±0.1d1.9±0.1d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880194026586440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880186158072045, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

CPI在不同贮藏条件下的乳化性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保存方法乳化性(m2/g)乳化稳定性(d)
蛋白浓度
2%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
4%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
2%(w/v)
蛋白浓度
4%(w/v)
WP24.9±0.7a29.7±0.3c20.5±0.1a16.9±0.9b
冷藏24.3±0.5a101.4±1.3a11.9±0.2b62.7±0.1a
冷冻24.2±0.5a94.5±1.6b2.6±0.1d3.5±0.1c
烘干11.0±0.5b14.3±0.0d3.5±0.1c15.1±0.1b
冻干10.7±0.0b15.1±0.5d2.6±0.1d1.9±0.1d
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不同预处理方法对小球藻蛋白提取、分离和加工性能的影响
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郭帅怡 1 , 刘硕 1, 2 , 吴若渝 1 , 赖小燕 1 , 李奕欢 3 , 张晨 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(15): 67-76
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (15) : 67 -76
不同预处理方法对小球藻蛋白提取、分离和加工性能的影响
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郭帅怡1 , 刘硕1, 2, 吴若渝1, 赖小燕1, 李奕欢3, 张晨1, *
作者信息
  • 1福州大学生物科学与工程学院,福建福州 350108
  • 2福州青肽领航生物科技有限公司,福建福州 350108
  • 3泰兴市东圣生物科技有限公司,江苏泰州 225400
通讯作者:
张晨(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质科学与生物资源再利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郭帅怡(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Effects of Pretreatment Methods on Extraction, Separation, and Processing Properties of Chlorella Protein
Shuaiyi GUO1 , Shuo LIU1, 2, Ruoyu WU1, Xiaoyan LAI1, Yihuan LI3, Chen ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 2Fuzhou Qingtai Leading Biotech Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 3Taixing Dongsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225400, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060179
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为探究不同预处理方法对小球藻蛋白提取、分离及加工性能的影响,本研究采用冷冻、冷冻干燥及喷雾干燥法预处理小球藻,经高压破碎法提取蛋白质后,再采用壳聚糖酶联合乙醇沉降分离,测定提取率、纯度、氨基酸组成和分子量分布;随后将蛋白分离物经冷藏、冷冻、烘干、冻干等处理,测定小球藻蛋白质的加工性能。结果表明,喷雾干燥预处理相较于冷冻、冷冻干燥显著提升蛋白质提取率至67.3%(乙醇浓度为80%),纯度高达48.8%(乙醇浓度为50%),且保留更多RubisCo及必需氨基酸(总氨基酸含量74.8%,必需氨基酸占比40.8%)。经冷藏保存的分离蛋白在加工性能中表现最优,乳化活性指数(101.4 m2/g)为乳清蛋白的3.4倍,溶解性(52.9%)与起泡性(137.5%)亦显著优于其他方法。研究证实,喷雾干燥通过高效破坏细胞壁提升提取效率,而冷藏处理可维持蛋白质结构稳定性,减少疏水基团暴露,从而优化功能特性。本研究为小球藻蛋白的高效提取及工业化应用提供了理论依据。

小球藻蛋白  /  蛋白质提取  /  蛋白质分离  /  氨基酸  /  分子量分布  /  加工性能

To explore the effects of various pretreatment methods on the extraction, separation, and processing properties of Chlorella protein, freezing, freeze-drying, and spray-drying were applied. Proteins were subsequently extracted by high-pressure homogenization and separated using chitosanase combined with ethanol precipitation, followed by determination of extraction yield, purity, amino acid composition, and molecular weight distribution. The protein isolates underwent different storage conditions-refrigeration, freezing, hot-air drying, and freeze-drying-after which their functional properties were evaluated. Results indicated that spray-drying significantly improved the protein extraction rate to 67.3% (ethanol concentration was 80%) and increased purity to 48.8% (ethanol concentration was 50%), outperforming both freezing and freeze-drying while better preserving RubisCo and essential amino acids, with total amino acids reaching 74.8% and essential amino acids accounting for 40.8%. Refrigerated storage resulted in superior functional performance, yielding an emulsifying activity index (101.4 m2/g) 3.4 times higher than that of whey protein, along with significantly improved solubility (52.9%) and foaming capacity (137.5%). These findings demonstrate that spray-drying enhances extraction efficiency through effective cell wall disruption, while refrigeration maintains structural stability, reduces hydrophobic group exposure, and optimizes functional properties, providing a theoretical basis for efficient extraction and industrial application of Chlorella protein.

Chlorella protein  /  protein extraction  /  protein separation  /  amino acid  /  molecular weight distribution  /  processing performance
郭帅怡, 刘硕, 吴若渝, 赖小燕, 李奕欢, 张晨. 不同预处理方法对小球藻蛋白提取、分离和加工性能的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060179
Shuaiyi GUO, Shuo LIU, Ruoyu WU, Xiaoyan LAI, Yihuan LI, Chen ZHANG. Effects of Pretreatment Methods on Extraction, Separation, and Processing Properties of Chlorella Protein[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060179
小球藻蛋白含量丰富,其氨基酸组成全面且均衡,营养价值高[1−2],在食品、保健品等领域具有广泛的应用潜力[3−4]。但是,小球藻的细胞壁较难被破坏,阻碍了小球藻蛋白的应用。前期研究表明,小球藻蛋白质可通过高压破碎法[5]进行高效提取,再通过乙醇沉降纯化[6],可获得较高纯度的蛋白质。然而,在工业生产中,小球藻常需经过冷冻、冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥等不同处理,以便于小球藻的保藏,而在研究过程中发现,不同预处理方法处理的小球藻经高压破碎法提取会得到不同的蛋白提取率。因此,研究预处理方法对小球藻蛋白的提取、分离和加工性能的影响,是提高小球藻蛋白应用价值的有效途径之一。
小球藻蛋白质主要包括RubisCo、小分子肽和膜蛋白等[7−8],其提取和分离受到了小球藻细胞壁、细胞聚集和胞内蛋白酶对蛋白质降解等问题的影响[9−11]。小球藻细胞壁外层主要由多糖组成,可能含有孢粉素,而孢粉素是一种坚韧的生物聚合物,这种聚合物在高温条件下会发生热解,也可被高压破坏结构[12−13]。同时,细胞壁中间层主要由微纤维组成,其纳米孔隙受到环境变化的影响,进而会影响小球藻胞内物质的溶出[14−15],且在环境发生改变时,小球藻常常发生细胞聚集现象。这一现象会导致藻细胞与溶剂接触的表面积变小,从而降低小球藻蛋白质的提取效果[13]。此外,小球藻胞内存在Clp家族蛋白酶等,这些蛋白酶会将蛋白质降解为小分子肽和氨基酸[16],蛋白酶的活性会受到环境胁迫的影响,从而部分或全部失活。因此,在喷雾干燥的高温环境、冷冻和冷冻干燥的低温环境中,小球藻可能存在上述的各种问题。
经提取分离后得到的小球藻蛋白质的加工性能受到蛋白质疏水基团暴露、蛋白质间相互作用力、蛋白质与非蛋白质间相互作用力的影响。小球藻蛋白质的疏水基团主要来源于其氨基酸组成中的疏水性氨基酸,如亮氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸等。这些疏水性基团通常聚集在蛋白质分子内部,形成疏水核心以稳定蛋白质的三维结构,还有部分疏水基团常分布在蛋白质表面的活性区域,而环境变化会导致蛋白质结构展开,将内部疏水基团暴露,从而影响蛋白质的加工性能[17]。蛋白质间、蛋白质与脂质、多酚等非蛋白质分子间均存在氢键、疏水相互作用等非共价相互作用,这些作用力会使蛋白质与蛋白质、蛋白质与非蛋白质分子形成复合物,这会影响蛋白质的加工性能,而环境变化会破坏分子间相互作用力。
因此,本研究采用冷冻、冷冻干燥及喷雾干燥法预处理小球藻,通过高压破碎法提取蛋白质,再采用壳聚糖酶联合乙醇沉降分离获得高纯度的小球藻蛋白质,测定提取率、纯度、氨基酸组成和分子量分布,探究预处理方法对小球藻蛋白质提取和分离的影响;然后采用冷藏、冷冻、烘干、冻干等不同贮藏条件保存小球藻蛋白质,测定小球藻蛋白质的加工性能,探究不同贮藏处理对小球藻蛋白质加工性能的影响。本研究为小球藻蛋白的高效提取及工业化应用提供了理论依据。
小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris) 泰兴东圣生物科技有限公司提供;壳聚糖酶(20 U/mg)、乳清蛋白(纯度>80%) 购自上海源叶生物有限公司;无水乙醇 购自上海国药集团有限公司;Bis Tris电泳胶 购自南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司;大豆油 购自益海嘉里金龙鱼粮油食品股份有限公司;所有提取用有机溶剂均为国产分析纯。
LGJ-25E冷冻干燥机 四环福瑞科仪科技发展有限公司;ZQ-6000Y喷雾干燥机 上海争巧科学仪器有限公司;WKB-100-4恒温振荡器 上海净信实业发展有限公司;One shot高压细胞破碎仪 英国Constant Systems公司;TOCN-4200总有机氮有机碳分析仪 日本京都岛津制作所;A300自动氨基酸分析仪 曼默博尔(德国)公司;PowerPacTM Basic电泳仪 伯乐生命医学产品有限公司;JS-2012凝胶成像仪 上海培清生物科技有限公司;L2000高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC) 美国Agilent公司;LC-SFJ-10均质机 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;Paar Physica MCR 302旋转流变仪 安东帕(上海)商贸有限公司;UV2000分光光度计 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司。
小球藻原料由泰兴东圣生物科技公司分别进行冷冻、冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥预处理后提供。处理条件如下:冷冻(密封置于−20 ℃冰箱中冷藏存放)、冷冻干燥(−20 ℃冰箱中预冻12 h,再置于冻干机中冷冻干燥48 h)、喷雾干燥(进风温度180 ℃,出风温度70 ℃,进样速度为1 L/h)。
参考Grossmanna等[18]的方法,将经三种预处理过的小球藻原料配制成浓度为2.5%(m/v)小球藻悬液并调节pH至7。使用高压破碎仪(Constant Systems)在30 kpsi的压力下破碎处理,后离心(6000×g,15 min)收集上清液,即为小球藻高压提取物(Chlorella high-pressure extract,CHPE)。
向40 mL的CHPE溶液中添加壳聚糖酶(24 U/g),于恒温振荡器中在55 ℃反应3 h,调节pH至8并灭酶(水浴加热100 ℃,10 min)。取CHPE溶液10 mL加入无水乙醇,并使最终溶液中无水乙醇的浓度分别为33%、50%、66%和80%(v/v),于室温下反应1 h后离心(6000×g,15 min),收集沉淀物并复溶至10 mL,即获得不同乙醇浓度处理后的小球藻蛋白分离物(Chlorella protein isolate,CPI)。
于铝盘中加入一定体积的CHPE,在80 ℃下烘24 h后得样品干重,干物质提取率按下式计算:
$ 干物质提取率(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{(m}}_{2}-{\text{m}}_{1})\times 10}{\text{M}\times \text{V}}\times 100 $
式中:m1为铝盘的质量,mg;m2为烘干后的铝盘总质量,mg;M为10 mL小球藻悬液干重,mg;V为铝盘中CHPE溶液体积,mL。
小球藻原料、CHPE及CPI中蛋白质质量由总有机碳分析仪(TOC)测定,并使用4.44的转换因子计算蛋白质质量[19],蛋白质提取率、纯度及回收率按下式计算:
$ \text{CHPE}蛋白质提取率(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{4}}{{\text{m}}_{3}}\times 100 $
$ \text{CPI}蛋白质纯度(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{5}}{{\text{m}}_{6}}\times 100 $
$ \text{CPI}蛋白质回收率(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{5}}{{\text{m}}_{4}}\times 100 $
式中:m3、m4和m5分别为10 mL下小球藻悬液、CHPE和CPI中蛋白质质量,mg;m6为10 mL CPI的干重,mg。
含量参考魏文志等[20]的方法使用自动氨基酸分析仪进行测定,分别取1 mL CHPE或CPI样品加入5 mL 6 mol/L的盐酸,冰浴下氮吹5 min除去氧气。后于110 ℃金属浴中加热24 h,并从中取200 μL进行脱酸,再加入1 mL氨基酸稀释液后过0.22 μm膜,上样[21]。
CHPE或CPI中蛋白质的分子量分布通过SDS-PAGE还原性电泳法测定[22]。
采用高效分子排阻色谱法测定CHPE或CPI的分子量分布[23]。取待测溶液1 mL,用0.22 μm滤膜过滤用于色谱分析。液相色谱条件:仪器为安捷伦L2000高效液相色谱仪,柱子为Acclaim SEC 300,检测器为紫外检测器,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为25 ℃,流速为0.3 mL/min,进样体积为50 μL,流动相为pH7.0的磷酸盐缓冲液。色谱图使用分子量标准曲线(y=−9.4494x+236.39,y:分子量(kDa),x:时间(min),R2=0.9959),该曲线使用具有规定分子量的蛋白质和酶标准物建立。这些标准品的分子量如下:醛缩酶(158 kDa),鸡蛋清蛋白质(42.5 kDa),马脾铁蛋白(44.5 kDa),牛血清蛋白质(66 kDa)。
将CPI溶液浓度分别调至1%、2%、4%(以干重计,w/v,pH7),分别采用冷藏(4 ℃,12 h)、冷冻(−20 ℃,12 h)、烘干(50 ℃,12 h)、冻干(−20 ℃预冻12 h,再于冻干机中冷冻干燥48 h)四种不同贮藏条件保存。经冻干或烘干处理后的CPI样品加去离子水复溶(1%、2%、4%,w/v)进行后续测定。
将1.2.8中四种CPI样品溶液(1%,w/v)置于4 ℃冰箱中过夜,再将其离心(6000×g,15 min)收集上清液,蛋白质溶解度按下式计算:
$ 蛋白质溶解度(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{7}}{{\text{m}}_{8}}\times 100 $
式中:m7为上清液中溶解的蛋白质质量,mg;m8为CPI溶液中总蛋白质质量,mg。
参考Lyu等[22]的方法,分别取1.2.8中四种CPI样品(2%和4%,w/v)和乳清蛋白溶液(2%和4%,w/v),使用均质机在20000 r/min条件下均质2 min。蛋白质起泡性及蛋白质起泡稳定性分别按下式计算:
$\rm FC(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{V}}_{1}-{\text{V}}_{0}}{{\text{V}}_{0}}\times 100 $
$\rm FS(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{V}}_{30}-{\text{V}}_{0}}{{\text{V}}_{1}-{\text{V}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:V0为初始体积,mL;V1为均质后的样品体积,mL;V30为静置30 min后的泡沫体积,mL。
参考Guo等[24]的方法,分别取1.2.8中四种CPI样品(2%和4%,w/v)和乳清蛋白溶液(2%和4%,w/v)配制油水比7:3(v/v)的油水混合液,均质(20000 r/min,2 min)制备样品乳化液。参考Aziz等[25]方法,取20 μL乳状液于SDS(0.1%,w/v)溶液中,在500 nm波长下测定吸光度。蛋白质的乳化活力指数(emulsifying activity index,EAI)和乳化稳定性指数(emulsifying stability index,ESI)按下式计算:
$ {\text{EAI(m}}^{2}\text{/g)}=\frac{2\times 2.303\times {\text{A}}_{1}\times \text{N}\times {10}^{-4}}{\theta{\text{C}} }$
$\rm ESI (d)=\frac{{\text{A}}_{1}}{{\text{A}}_{1}-{\text{A}}_{2}} $
式中:N为稀释倍数;θ为油相在溶液中占比;C为蛋白质浓度,计算值固定为1 g/mL;A1为静置10 min后吸光度值;A2为静置1 d后吸光度值。
采用Microsoft excel 2016软件进行数据统计与分析,若无特别说明,每个样品重复测定3次,其结果表示为“平均值±标准差(Means±SD)”。采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan's 法多重比较分析各组的差异显著性,显著性水平为P<0.05。同行或同列肩标含有相同的英文小写字母表示差异性不显著,不同的英文小写字母表示差异性显著。
测定冷冻、冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥三种不同预处理方法下CHPE的干物质和蛋白质提取率,结果如图1所示。高压破碎法提取后,经喷雾干燥预处理的小球藻的总干物质和蛋白质提取率分别为69.5%和67.3%,分别比冷冻预处理的小球藻高出25.1%和15.5%,比冷冻干燥预处理的小球藻高出11.7%和21.7%。喷雾干燥组在干物质和蛋白质提取率上均表现出明显优势,且不同的预处理方法对小球藻蛋白质的提取有显著影响。相比于其他研究中如热碱法(55.3%)[26]、超声浸提法(46.4%)[27]所得的小球藻蛋白提取率,喷雾干燥组的小球藻经高压破碎法提取所得的蛋白质提取率依然具有优势。这可能是因为喷雾干燥使小球藻呈分散状,经高压破碎更为彻底故提取率高,而冷冻和冷冻干燥过程中,冰晶的生成与融化/升华导致小球藻细胞受到不同程度的破坏以及小球藻蛋白质或小球藻蛋白-多糖等聚合物也受到不同影响[28–30]。
测定CHPE中氨基酸组成及含量,结果如表1所示。经冷冻、冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥预处理的CHPE中氨基酸总量分别为38.1%、36.2%和45.0%。同时,三种方法预处理的CHPE中必需氨基酸含量分别为13.1%、12.7%和17.0%,占氨基酸总量比例分别为34.4%、35.1%和37.8%。喷雾干燥组的CHPE中氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量都更高,故营养价值可能更高。这可能是因为喷雾干燥预处理后的小球藻经高压破碎后,细胞破碎程度更高[31],提取后得到更多种类蛋白质,而冷冻组和冷冻干燥组则较差。此外,经冷冻预处理的CHPE中的丙氨酸的含量为8.8%,分别高出另外两种方法4.5%和3.6%。由于丙氨酸多来源于小球藻中的膜蛋白[8],冷冻预处理可能因其低温保护了膜蛋白免受脱水聚集变性与热降解而含量较高。同时,冷冻、冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥预处理的CHPE中的赖氨酸含量分别为1.7%、1.3%和2.1%,苏氨酸含量分别为2.2%、2.2%和3.0%。而赖氨酸和苏氨酸在叶绿体中参与光合作用的关键酶——核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(RuBisCo)中含量丰富[22],推测冷冻干燥预处理的CHPE中RuBisCo含量可能较低,而喷雾干燥预处理的小球藻的CHPE中RuBisCo含量可能较高。
采用SDS-PAGE技术测定不同预处理方法下的CHPE中蛋白质的分子量分布,结果如图2所示。结果显示,喷雾干燥组的CHPE中的蛋白质在分子量范围11~245 kDa均有分布。相比之下,冷冻组和冷冻干燥组的CHPE中的蛋白质大多小于分子量25 kDa。有研究指出,25 kDa处的条带可能是叶绿素与蛋白质结合物的亚基,这类物质在叶绿体类囊体膜中大量存在[22]。冷冻干燥组的CHPE中的蛋白质主要分布在分子量范围11~17 kDa。冷冻组的CHPE中的蛋白质不仅在分子量范围11~25 kDa有分布,还在大约55 kDa处有一条明显的条带,这主要是RuBisCo的亚基[32–33]。而冷冻干燥组的CHPE中的蛋白质在55 kDa处条带不明显。结合表1数据,说明冷冻干燥组的CHPE中RuBisCo的含量更低,不利于提取得到小球藻中的RuBisCo。
采用分子排阻色谱测定不同预处理方法下CHPE分子量分布,结果如图3所示。由于提取物CHPE中包括蛋白质、多糖等多种生物大分子为混合物,因此其分子量较图2中分子量更大。冷冻干燥组和喷雾干燥组的CHPE的分子量吸收峰分布较为集中且吸收峰峰值更高,而冷冻组的CHPE的分子量吸收峰分布则相对分散且吸收峰峰值更小。具体来说,冷冻干燥组和喷雾干燥组的CHPE的分子量吸收峰主要集中在121~178 kDa范围内。结合图2数据,喷雾干燥组该分子量范围内可能为大分子蛋白质,而冷冻干燥组该分子量范围内可能为大分子聚合物[8]。冷冻组的CHPE的分子量吸收峰虽然在81~204 kDa范围内均有分布,但其吸收峰比喷雾干燥组的CHPE的分子量吸收峰更小,结合图2数据,冷冻组在该分子量范围内没有电泳条带,即没有蛋白质,这表明冷冻组该分子量范围内的物质为多糖等大分子物质或聚合物,也表明冷冻组对小球藻蛋白质提取效果不如喷雾干燥组提取效果好。
测定不同预处理方法下CPI蛋白质纯度与回收率,对照组为CHPE,结果如图4所示。如图4(a)所示,在冷冻组和喷雾干燥组的CPI中,随着沉降过程中的乙醇浓度的增加,蛋白质纯度整体上呈上升趋势。然而,在冷冻干燥组的CPI中,蛋白质纯度差异不显著。在乙醇浓度为66%时,冷冻组、冷冻干燥组和喷雾干燥组的CPI蛋白质纯度相比未分离的CHPE中蛋白质纯度分别提高了43.1%、6.9%和24.5%。结合图1数据,进一步表明喷雾干燥组提取得到更多且纯度更高的蛋白。而结合图3数据,冷冻干燥组提取得到的蛋白可能更多地与其他物质如多糖形成聚合物而难以除杂[34],导致其蛋白质纯度差异与沉降过程中的乙醇浓度无关。
如图4(b)所示,冷冻组、冷冻干燥组和喷雾干燥组CPI的蛋白质回收率分别随着沉降过程中的乙醇浓度的增加而减少、增加、增加,在乙醇浓度为80%时,冷冻干燥组和喷雾干燥组的CPI的蛋白质回收率分别为49.1%和69.3%,较乙醇浓度为33%时的蛋白质回收率分别增加了41.5%和46.1%。蛋白质回收率与乙醇浓度呈正相关,可能是由于乙醇增强了蛋白质间的疏水作用力,促使蛋白质发生聚集并沉淀[35]。然而,冷冻组的CPI的蛋白质回收率在乙醇浓度为80%时为43.6%,较乙醇浓度为33%时的蛋白质回收率下降了9.6%。结合表1数据,这可能是因为冷冻预处理保留了更多的膜蛋白,具有较强疏水性,在较低乙醇浓度下已发生大量聚集沉淀,当乙醇浓度进一步提高至80%时,可能导致已形成的沉淀物重新分散,或形成絮状、难以离心沉降的松散结构,从而降低了沉淀回收率[36]。
为探究不同预处理方法对氨基酸的影响,选择CHPE在相对较低(50%)和较高(80%)的乙醇浓度下分离所得CPI氨基酸含量和组成进行测定分析(33%的低乙醇浓度处理下CPI蛋白质回收率过低而不考虑),结果如表2所示。这6种纯化物中必需氨基酸含量较高,均约为总氨基酸含量的40%。此外,沉降过程中的乙醇浓度对小球藻蛋白质的氨基酸含量有明显影响。喷雾干燥组的CPI氨基酸含量随沉降过程中的乙醇浓度升高而降低,乙醇浓度从50%升至80%时,总氨基酸含量从74.8%降至43.8%。这可能是由于喷雾干燥预处理后高效破壁释放了大量变性蛋白[37],获得高提取率及初始纯度(变性蛋白占比高),变性蛋白疏水基团暴露使其在较低乙醇浓度(50%)下即可有效沉淀[35],故此时氨基酸含量高。当乙醇浓度升至80%时,导致更多的非蛋白物质如多糖一同沉淀,从而降低了分离产物中氨基酸占总干重的比例[38]。而冷冻组和冷冻干燥组的CPI的氨基酸含量则随沉降过程中的乙醇浓度升高而升高,两者均在乙醇浓度为80%时达到峰值,总氨基酸含量均趋近于67%。这可能是由于冷冻组和冷冻干燥组破壁效率低,释放的蛋白质接近天然状态,此类蛋白需更高乙醇浓度(80%)才能有效分离,故氨基酸含量随乙醇浓度升高而上升。此外,总氨基酸含量作为实际蛋白纯度与2.2.1中测定的蛋白质纯度有较大差异(转换因子4.44)。这可能是因为藻类物质中通常具有较多的非蛋白类含氮化合物,如叶绿素、核酸和无机盐[39]。由于壳聚糖酶与乙醇组合处理去除了一些非蛋白含氮化合物,使小球藻蛋白质分离物具有更高的纯度。
具体而言,冷冻组CPI的氨基酸含量经分离步骤后明显提高,当乙醇浓度为80%时,总氨基酸含量升至66.7%,其中疏水氨基酸含量明显增加(亮氨酸从6.5%升至7.4%,缬氨酸从3.8%升至5.3%),这表明冷冻预处理实现了膜蛋白特异性富集[40]。而喷雾干燥组的丙氨酸呈下降趋势,推测高温处理使其在乙醇条件下更易被自由基氧化[41–42]。此外,乙醇浓度为50%时,喷雾干燥组CPI的氨基酸含量最高,为74.8%,表明喷雾干燥获得的小球藻营养价值最高。
通过SDS-PAGE分析不同预处理方法下的小球藻经提取分离后的CPI的蛋白质分子量分布,结果如图5所示。结合图2可见,分离过程本身对蛋白质亚基组成影响有限。冷冻干燥组和喷雾干燥组的CPI亚基组成基本不变。冷冻干燥组亚基仍主要分布于11~17 kDa的小分子量范围,而喷雾干燥组则几乎保留了11~245 kDa的所有蛋白质亚基。只有冷冻组CPI与CHPE原样相比亚基组成发生了变化。经壳聚糖酶联合33%浓度的乙醇处理后,冷冻组CPI的蛋白质在55 kDa和25~30 kDa处的条带变浅,而在11~17 kDa的条带变深。这表明冷冻预处理可能造成了物理损伤,使得大亚基更易被壳聚糖酶中潜在的蛋白酶活性或乙醇的变性作用选择性降解[35],而小亚基则可能因其结构稳定或作为降解产物的积累而增多。
由图5可知,随着分离步骤中乙醇浓度的增加,冷冻、冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥所得到的CPI的蛋白质种类与含量均明显增加。结合图2与图5,随着乙醇浓度升高,冷冻组CPI的25~30 kDa处的亚基条带逐渐变浅,可能是部分蛋白质-多糖聚合物被壳聚糖酶解聚形成小分子物质[43]。冷冻干燥组CPI的蛋白质始终主要分布在11~17 kDa的小分子量范围内,且随着沉降过程中乙醇浓度的增加,条带颜色逐渐变深。在冷冻干燥过程中,这些小分子亚基随沉降过程中乙醇浓度升高而聚集沉淀,表明小球藻内部的酶可能依然保持活性并将蛋白酶解成小分子肽和氨基酸。随乙醇浓度升高,喷雾干燥组CPI则在大分子量蛋白质的电泳条带更深,这可能是因为壳聚糖酶和乙醇联合处理,使CHPE中高溶解度蛋白质和蛋白质聚合物中的蛋白质得以沉淀。
采用分子排阻色谱测定不同预处理方法下的小球藻经提取分离后的CPI分子量分布,结果如图6所示。如图6(a)所示,冷冻组CPI的吸收峰峰值随着沉降过程中乙醇浓度的增加而略微减少。经壳聚糖酶联合乙醇处理后,冷冻组CPI分子量在40~160 kDa范围内均有分布,与CHPE原样的分子量相比,其在110~120 kDa和16~190 kDa范围内的吸收峰明显减弱。这可能是因为乙醇沉降处理去除了较多的脂质和色素等杂质[19]。
如图6(b)和图6(c)所示,冷冻干燥组和喷雾干燥组的CPI吸收峰主要分布在70~190 kDa范围内,且吸收峰峰值随沉降过程中的乙醇浓度的增加而增大。结合图3和图5数据,三种预处理的CPI吸收峰所分布的分子量范围都小于CHPE原样吸收峰所分布的分子量范围。这表明壳聚糖酶处理CHPE后,将部分多糖-蛋白质聚合物解聚形成小分子蛋白和多糖,而壳聚糖-蛋白聚合物是藻细胞壁的主要组成成分之一[44]。而喷雾干燥组的CHPE分离所得的CPI吸收峰峰值要远大于冷冻组和冷冻干燥组的CPI吸收峰峰值。这表明喷雾干燥预处理的小球藻在高压破碎时破壁效果要更好。喷雾干燥预处理通过瞬时高温脱水诱导小球藻细胞壁形成多孔脆性结构,可能促进后续高压破碎中孔隙介导的应力传递与裂纹扩展,从而提升了破壁效率[31]。故细胞壁中的壳聚糖-蛋白聚合物被大量提出并经壳聚糖酶解聚,从而使喷雾干燥组的CPI吸收峰峰值更大。
综上所述,喷雾干燥预处理的小球藻在小球藻蛋白质提取与分离中都表现出明显优势,且经高压破碎处理表现出了更好的破壁效果。这为小球藻蛋白提取与分离、小球藻原料的保存提供了理论依据。
前期实验表明,喷雾干燥预处理的小球藻经过提取分离(乙醇浓度为50%)后获得的CPI的蛋白含量最高,为74.8%。因此,选择该蛋白分离物进行后续实验探究。为了探究不同的贮藏条件对CPI加工性能的影响,本研究采用了冷藏、冷冻、烘干和冻干方法四种不同贮藏条件保存CPI,并测定了不同贮藏条件下蛋白质的溶解性、起泡性和乳化性。
测定不同贮藏条件下CPI的溶解度,结果如图7所示。冷藏组和冷冻组的溶解度相对较高,而烘干组和冻干组的溶解度则相对较低。冷藏、冷冻、烘干和冻干处理的CPI溶解度分别为52.9%、50.0%、14.7%和41.7%。这表明,不同的贮藏条件对于小球藻蛋白的溶解性有显著影响。有研究显示,蛋白质的溶解度与其表面疏水性有一定关系,蛋白质的表面疏水性越小,其溶解度越高。同时,蛋白质疏水基团暴露更多会导致蛋白间疏水相互作用增强,促使蛋白质聚集和沉淀,进而使蛋白质溶解度降低。因此,烘干组和冻干组的CPI溶解度相对较低可能是因为干燥处理导致小球藻蛋白暴露出了更多的疏水基团[45]。
测定不同贮藏条件下的CPI的起泡性和起泡稳定性,并以乳清蛋白为参照,结果如表3所示。四种贮藏条件处理下的CPI均表现出优于WP的起泡性与起泡稳定性,而冷藏组和冷冻组表现最优。在蛋白浓度分别为2%和4%时,冷藏组的起泡性比WP分别高41.8%和40.0%,冷冻组的起泡性比WP分别高33.1%和30.6%。这可能是因为低温处理(4 ℃冷藏、−20 ℃冷冻)最大程度维持了蛋白质天然构象,表面疏水区充分暴露,有利于快速吸附至气-液界面降低表面张力[46]。此外,当CPI浓度为4%时,烘干组获得最高的起泡稳定性,为65.4%,比WP在相同蛋白浓度下高15.5%。这可能是烘干处理因热聚集导致蛋白质分子柔性下降,界面刚性增强从而稳定性增强[47]。结果表明小球藻蛋白的起泡性能优于WP,且不同的贮藏条件对于小球藻蛋白的起泡性有显著影响。该现象符合蛋白溶解度与其起泡性规律,高溶解度蛋白质(冷藏组、冷冻组)通常具有较好的起泡性[18,45],而低溶解度蛋白(烘干组)起泡性相对较低。
测定不同贮藏条件下的CPI的乳化活力指数(EAI)和乳化稳定性指数(ESI),并以乳清蛋白为参照,结果如表4所示。四种贮藏条件中,冷藏组CPI显示出最高的乳化性能,冷冻组的CPI的乳化性能仅次于冷藏组,而烘干组和冻干组的CPI的乳化性能更差,低于乳清蛋白。
当蛋白质浓度为2%,静置10 min时,乳清蛋白EAI值最高,为24.9 m2/g,冷藏组的CPI表现出接近乳清蛋白的EAI值,为24.3 m2/g。当蛋白质浓度为4%,静置10 min时,和乳清蛋白相比冷藏组和冷冻组的CPI的EAI分别提高了71.7 m2/g和64.8 m2/g,远高于乳清蛋白(29.7 m2/g)。这可能是因为低蛋白浓度下,小球藻蛋白分子间作用弱,形成的界面吸附层较为松散,乳化性能受到影响。而当蛋白浓度升高时,小球藻蛋白分子间作用力增强,形成的界面吸附层趋于稳定且紧密,从而提升乳化性能。此外,当蛋白浓度为4%时,冷藏组的ESI值最高,显著高于其他组,且是乳清蛋白的3.7倍。综合乳化性和乳化稳定性结果可知,冷藏条件下保存的小球藻蛋白的乳化性能最优。
本研究通过对比分析冷冻、冷冻干燥及喷雾干燥处理后的小球藻蛋白提取率/纯度、氨基酸组成和分子量分布,明确了处理方法对小球藻蛋白提取、分离和加工性能的影响。结果表明,喷雾干燥处理的小球藻经高压破碎后,有效克服了藻细胞壁的抗性屏障,使蛋白质提取率提高至67.3%,并在乙醇浓度为50%时,使纯度提升至48.8%,同时保留了高丰度的RubisCo及必需氨基酸(占总氨基酸40.8%)。冷藏处理的小球藻蛋白质溶解性(52.9%)最优,且在蛋白浓度为4%时,乳化活性(101.4 m2/g)及起泡性(137.5%)达到最优。这与冷藏过程中小球藻蛋白质未受高温或低温冰晶破坏蛋白结构或对蛋白结构破坏程度较小有关。相较而言,冷冻与冷冻干燥因细胞壁破坏不彻底及胞内酶活性残留,导致提取蛋白以小分子肽为主,功能特性受限。本研究从处理藻原料与处理藻蛋白的角度,揭示了热处理与非热处理对藻蛋白提取分离和加工性能的影响,为藻原料与藻蛋白的处理提供依据。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060179
  • 接收时间:2025-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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    1福州大学生物科学与工程学院,福建福州 350108
    2福州青肽领航生物科技有限公司,福建福州 350108
    3泰兴市东圣生物科技有限公司,江苏泰州 225400

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张晨(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质科学与生物资源再利用,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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